Floorings: Lecturer Department of Civil Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

Civil Engineering
Construction & Graphics
Floorings Lecture # 16
Engr. Shad Muhammad

Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus.
Lecture # 15 _ Doors (Summary)
Table of Content 2
• Introduction to Doors
• Location of Doors
• Important Technical Terms
• Fixing a door frame in a wall
Types of Doors
1. Ledged and Battened Doors
2. Ledged, Battened and Braced Doors
3. Framed, Ledged, Battened and Braced Doors
4. Framed and Paneled Doors
5. Paneled and Glazed Doors
6. Flush Doors
7. …etc.
Engr. Shad Muhammad, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University, Sahiwal. Website: www.mytrustworth.com
Lecture # 16 _ Floorings
Table of Content 3
• Introduction to Floorings
• Factors Affecting Selection of Floors
• Materials for Flooring
• Types of Floors
1. Brick Flooring
2. Cement Concrete Flooring
3. Terrazo Flooring
4. Mosaic Flooring
5. Tile Flooring
6. Glass Flooring
7. Asphalt Flooring
8. Wooden Flooring
9. Marble Flooring
10. Vinyl (PVC) Flooring Sheet
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✓ Purpose of flooring is to get a good hard, level and beautiful surface for living.
✓ The floors directly resting on the ground are known as Ground Floors.
✓ While, the floors of each storey above ground floors are known as Upper Floors.
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Ground Floor 5
✓ Apart from giving good finished surface, these floors should have good damp resistance.
✓ The ground surface is rammed well and a layer of red earth or sand is placed which is
compacted.
✓ A layer of broken bricks, stones etc. is provided up to 150 mm below floor finish level and rammed.
While ramming the surface is kept moist to get good compaction.
✓ Then 1 : 4 : 8 concrete of 100 to 150 mm thickness is provided as base course. Over this bed floor
finish is laid.
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Types of Floors 6
Normally the following types of floors are generally used:

▪ Brick Floor
▪ Earth Floor
▪ Cement Concrete Floor
▪ Mosaic Floor
▪ Tile Floor
▪ Marble Floor
▪ Wooden Floor
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Materials for Flooring 7
The materials used for Ground Floor Construction are:

▪ Stones
▪ Bricks
▪ Concrete
▪ Marble
▪ Chips
▪ Asphalt
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Factors Affecting Selection Of Floors 8
Following are the factors to be considered while selecting material for flooring :
▪ Durability
▪ Appearance
▪ Initial Cost
▪ Hardness
▪ Smoothness
▪ Damp resistance
▪ Cleanliness
▪ Slipperiness
▪ Fire resistance
▪ Maintenance
▪ Thermal Insulation
▪ Sound Insulation
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Factors Affecting Selection of Floors 9
1- Initial Cost
▪ The cost of floor covering is the most important thing.
▪ The expensive types of floor coverings are marble and terrazzo(chips).
▪ Tiles and asphalt are less expensive, whereas concrete and brick are the cheapest and are
commonly used.
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2- Appearance
▪ Color, texture, and architectural beauty are the factors taken into consideration.
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3- Durability
▪ Resistance to wear and tear is an important factor for a floor covering.
▪ Resistance to temperature changes, humidity, disintegration, and decay has to be taken into
account.
▪ Tiles, marble, and concrete floor covering offer good resistance to these factors.
▪ Wherever heavy floor traffic is not anticipated bricks and wood blocks can be used.
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4- Cleanliness of Floor
▪ A floor should be non absorbent and capable of being easily cleaned.
▪ All joints should be simple so that they can be made water tight as possible.
▪ Glass strips used for making panels, should not be more than 16 sq. ft. i.e. (4`x4`).
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5- Dampness
▪ Moisture should not penetrate in the floor.
▪ They should be completely water tight.
▪ Wood, Rubber, are not suitable in damp places; whereas, tiles, bricks, concrete, and Terrazzo is
suitable for use on flooring which are subjected to dampness.
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6- Indentation
▪ Marks, depression due to furniture legs or ladies shoes should not make any impression on the floor.
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7. Sound Insulation
▪ The floor material should be good in sound insulating otherwise it will produce noise when users walk
on it. Timber, cork, rubber, etc. are good sound insulators.
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8- Maintenance
▪ For keeping floor in perfect condition it is necessary to clean, repair and apply any other treatment
from time to time.
▪ Marble and concrete floors require less repair whereas wood blocks, need frequent maintenance.
▪ Concrete surfaces can not be repaired easily, while tiles

can be replaced quickly.
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Types of Floors 17
1- Brick Flooring
▪ This is also a cheap floor construction.
▪ It is commonly used in godowns and factories.
▪ Bricks are laid flat or on edges.
▪ Bricks of good quality should be used for the construction.
▪ Brick layer is provided on sand bed or on lean concrete (1:8:16)
bed. In both cases joints are rendered flush and finished with
cement mortar.
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Types of Floors 18
1- Brick Flooring
▪ The filling over which this floor is to be laid should be well compacted.
▪ The level of the flooring being known, the filling is excavated the desired depth.
▪ Generally two types of beds are provided.
▪ In the first type, after excavation the surface is leveled and a layer of 3’’ sand is spread, over which a
course of bricks is laid.
▪ In the second type, a lean cement concrete (P.C.C), one part of cement, 6 parts of sand and 18
parts of aggregates of 10 to15 cm in thickness is laid on the compacted bed.
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Types of Floors 19
1- Brick Flooring
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Types of Floors 20
2- Cement Concrete Flooring
▪ This type of floors are most commonly used both in residential and commercial buildings.
▪ The flooring can be constructed either monolithic or non-monolithic.
▪ In monolithic floors, a base layer is laid and then immediately a concrete topping is provided.
▪ In non-monolithic floors, the topping is laid after the base has set.
▪ It consists of two courses - base course and wearing coat.
▪ Base course is laid over well compacted soil. Its thickness is usually 75 mm to 100 mm. It consists
of lean cement concrete mix (1 : 4 : 8) or lime concrete containing 40% of 1 : 2 lime mortar and
60% of coarse aggregate of 40 mm size.
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Types of Floors 21
▪ After base coarse is hardened wearing coat of 40 mm is laid.
▪ It consists of panels of 1 m × 1 m, 2 m × 2 m or 1 m × 2 m. Alternate panels are laid with 1 : 2 : 4
concrete using wooden, glass or asbestos strip separators of 1.5 mm to 2.0 mm thickness.
▪ To get good bond between base coarse and wearing coat cement slurry wash is given before laying
wearing coat panels.
▪ After 3–4 days of laying of one set of panel, another alternate panels are laid.
▪ Top of these panels are finished by tamping the surface with wooden floats and tapping with
trowels, till cement slurry appears on top. It needs curing for 7 to 14 days.
▪ To get good appearance many times red-oxide finishing coat is provided.
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Types of Floors 22
▪ Topping is laid in panels over a base

thickness which varies 1’’ to 3’’.
▪ If the thickness is 1-1/2’’ then it can be laid in
single layer, and if it is exceeding then it is laid in
double layer.
▪ To avoid cracks due to shrinkage, the area of
a panel is restricted to 4’ x 4’ (i.e. 16 sq. ft.).
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Types of Floors 23
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Types of Floors 24
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Types of Floors 25
Disadvantages of Monolithic Floors
▪ The topping is likely to get damaged due to subsequent building operations.
▪ It is likely to develop hair-like cracks on account of small settlements which may occur in the
base course immediately after it is laid.
▪ When the surface of the topping gets damaged, it is very difficult to repair it.
▪ The workmanship progress is slow since the topping can be laid only after the base course
has sufficiently set to allow the workmen to lay the top layer.
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Types of Floors 26
3. Terrazo Flooring
▪ Terrazo finishing coat is applied over concrete flooring to get pleasing appearance.
▪ Terrazo finish consists of 75 to 80% of surface marble chips embedded in cement mortar.
▪ Marble chips are mixed in cement in the proportion 1 : 1.25 to 1 : 2 and about 6 mm terrazo topping
is laid. The top is tamped and rolled.
▪ Additional marble chips are spread during tamping to get proper distribution of marble chips on
the surface.
▪ After drying it for 12 to 20 hours, it is cured for 2–3 days.
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Types of Floors 27
3. Terrazo Flooring
▪ Then grinding is made in the following three steps:
1. 1st grinding—Using coarse grade (No. 60) carborundum stones.
2. 2nd grinding—Using medium grade (No. 120) carborundum stones.
3. 3rd grinding—Using fine grade (No. 320) carborundum stones.
▪ Plenty of water is used during grinding. After each grinding, cement grout of cream-like consistency
is applied and cured for 6–7 days.
▪ After final grinding and curing, the floor is washed with plenty of water and then with dilute oxalic
acid solution.
▪ Then floor is finished with polishing using machines and wax polish.
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Types of Floors 28
3. Terrazo Flooring
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Types of Floors 29
3. Terrazo Flooring
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Types of Floors 30
3. Terrazo Flooring
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Types of Floors 31
4. Mosaic Flooring
▪ It consists of a finishing coat of small pieces of broken tiles of China glazed or of marble
arranged in different patterns set in lime-surkhi or cement mortar.
▪ The base coarse is concrete flooring and on it 30 to 40 mm mortar layer is provided.
▪ On this mortar layer broken pieces of China glazed or marble are set to get different attractive
patterns.
▪ After 20 to 24 hours of drying, the top is rubbed with carborundum stone to get smooth and
polished surface.
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Types of Floors 32
4. Mosaic Flooring
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Types of Floors 33
4. Mosaic Flooring
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Types of Floors 34
5. Tile Flooring
▪ This is an alternative to terrazo flooring, used commonly used in residential, office and commercial buildings.
▪ Tiles of clay, cement or terrazo of standard sizes are manufactured in factories under controlled conditions.
▪ On the concrete base, 25 mm to 30 mm thick mortar is laid and these tiles are placed and pressed with trowel
or wooden mallet.
▪ Before placing tiles care is taken to see that, neat cement slurry is applied to bottom side and sides of tiles to
get good bond.
▪ Next day joints are cleaned of loose mortar and raked up to 5 mm depth. Then that is filled with coloured cement
slurry to get uniform colour on the top surface.
▪ After curing for 7 days, grinding and polishing is made as in the case of terrazo flooring.
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Types of Floors 35
5. Tile Flooring
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Types of Floors 36
5. Tile Flooring
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Types of Floors 37
6. Glass Flooring
▪ Glass floors are used wherever it is desired to admit light into the basements through the upper
floor.
▪ The glass blocks are fitted within the frames of various thicknesses to transmit light at an angle to
the farther areas in a room.
▪ Structural glass is available in the from of tiles or slabs and its thickness ranges from 12 to 30
millimeters.
▪ The framework is spaced closed apart so the glass can withstand loads coming over it.
▪ Glass flooring is not commonly used.
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Types of Floors 38
6. Glass Flooring
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Types of Floors 39
6. Glass Flooring
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Types of Floors 40
7. Asphalt Flooring
▪ Asphalt mastic is a mixture of fine aggregates (sand), natural or artificial asphalt and coarse
aggregates.
▪ It can be mixed hot and laid in continuous sheets or pressed into blocks which can be used as
flooring.
▪ It can also be mixed with a mineral oil and asbestos and applied cold.
▪ While heating, the asphalt is stirred thoroughly so that the layer at the bottom may not get burnt,
when the whole quantity is fused, sand or aggregates equal to twice the volume of asphalt is added
gently and mixed thoroughly. This mixture is then ready for laying.
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Types of Floors 41
7. Asphalt Flooring
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Types of Floors 42
7. Asphalt Flooring
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Types of Floors 43
8. Wooden Flooring
▪ This type of floor construction is not extensively used but is popular for special purpose floors, e.g.
in auditorium, hospitals.
▪ Wooden flooring should have a concrete base or should rest on joists spanning across walls
which are constructed at suitable interval.
▪ For the fixing of wooden floors on concrete slabs, longitudinal railing strips are provided.
▪ Timber plates may be directly placed on concrete bed or may be provided over timber frame work.
In latter case it is necessary to provide proper ventilation below the floor. This flooring is costly.
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Types of Floors 44
8. Wooden Flooring – A) Hard Wood Flooring
▪ Hardwood floors can be really expensive but they offer a classic look to any interior.
▪ They are mostly used in the drawing room or in the master bedroom for a luxurious feel.
▪ For many people, hardwood floors have no substitute. Hardwood floors require proper maintenance
to keep them safe from moisture and termites.
▪ To maintain their lustre, regular polish might also be needed.
▪ They are water-sensitive too and can get damp.
▪ One of the best features of modern wood flooring is that it can always be pulled up and re-installed
elsewhere whenever you decide to move, thereby making it a viable option for renters as well.
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Types of Floors 45
8. Wooden Flooring – A) Hard Wood Flooring
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Types of Floors 46
8. Wooden Flooring – A) Hardwood Flooring - Pros and Cons
✓ For hardwood, oak and teak are popular
modern wood flooring options in
Pakistan.
✓ The current per square foot rate of
hardwood varies between PKR 585 –
PKR 680. It’s always wise to compare
two or more options. Therefore, if
you’re considering wood, try to weigh it
against, let’s say, marble floor tile prices
in Pakistan.
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Types of Floors 47
8. Wooden Flooring – B) Laminated Wood Flooring
▪ Laminate wood flooring is a multi-layer synthetic material and
gives the impression of a hardwood floor. It is made through a
lamination process and is finished with an applique photographic
layer.
▪ This type of flooring has gained significant popularity because, as
compared to hardwood and marble flooring, as it is easier to install
and maintain and at the same time it is much cheaper.
▪ The labor required to install a laminate floor can also be employed at
reasonable rates.
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Types of Floors 48
8. Wooden Flooring – B) Laminated Wood Flooring
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Types of Floors 49
8. Wooden Flooring – A) Laminated Wood Flooring - Pros and Cons
It is cost-effective and requires less

maintenance. If you want affordable
flooring options on a certain budget,
then you can explore this option.
Interwood offers laminate boards from

PKR 175 to PKR 350 per square foot.
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Types of Floors 50
9. Marble Flooring
▪ Marble slabs are cut to get marble tiles of 20 to 25 mm thickness.
▪ They are laid on floors similar to other tiles.
▪ With power driven machine surface is polished to get even and shining surface.
▪ This type of flooring is widely used in hospitals and temples.
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Types of Floors 51
9. Marble Flooring
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Types of Floors 52
9. Marble Flooring
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Types of Floors 53
9. Marble Flooring - Pros and Cons
▪ The price of unpolished marble tiles

range between PKR 100 and PKR 400
per square foot.
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Types of Floors 54
▪ If marble prices in Pakistan are a little out of your budget or if you find wood flooring too expensive,
there’s an agreeable alternative you can explore.
▪ For those with a limited budget, the best option for a fancy floor can be vinyl. Vinyl flooring is
considered one of the most inexpensive home flooring options in Pakistan.
▪ Vinyl is an engineered product, made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
▪ Vinyl floors can be used pretty much everywhere because of their durable nature.
▪ The material is water-resistant. You do not have to worry if water spills on the floor, especially in
kitchens and bathrooms, which are damp areas.
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Types of Floors 55
▪ Poly-Vinyl-Chloride (PVC) is a plastic which is available in different colour and shade.
▪ Nowadays, tiles of this material are used widely.
▪ Adhesives are applied on concrete base as well as on bottom of PVC tiles.
▪ Then the tile is pressed gently with 5 kg wooden roller till the oozing of adhesive is seen.
▪ The oozed out adhesive is wiped and the floor is washed with warm soap water.
▪ The floor finish is smooth, attractive and can be easily cleaned. However it is slippery and costly.
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Types of Floors 56
▪ Moreover, Vinyl flooring is twice as cost-effective
as laminate flooring, if applied by professionals,
gives almost exactly the same look as a laminate,
marble or even granite floor.
▪ However, like all other materials discussed, please
make sure to check out the current vinyl
flooring prices in Pakistan. It will more or less be
more affordable than marble or granite floor tile
prices.
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Types of Floors 57
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Types of Floors 58
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Types of Floors 59
10. Vinyl (PVC) Flooring Sheet - Pros and Cons
Vinyl flooring prices in Pakistan usually

range between PKR 55 and PKR 90 per
square foot.
Thank-you for Listening! 60
To understand people current and subsequent actions, do explore their pasts.

(Shad)

Floorings: Lecturer Department of Civil Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

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Civil Engineering

Construction & Graphics

Engr. Shad Muhammad

Normally the following types of floors are generally used:

The materials used for Ground Floor Construction are:

▪ Concrete surfaces can not be repaired easily, while tiles

▪ Topping is laid in panels over a base

It is cost-effective and requires less

Interwood offers laminate boards from

▪ The price of unpolished marble tiles

Vinyl flooring prices in Pakistan usually

To understand people current and subsequent actions, do explore their pasts.

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