Masonry

Types of Masonry Wall

Types of Masonry Walls

Load Bearing Wall

Constructed with bricks, stones
or concrete blocks. These walls
can be exterior as well as interior
walls.

2
Types of Masonry Walls
Reinforced Masonry
Walls
The use of reinforcement in walls
helps it to withstand tension
forces and heavy compressive
loads.

3
Types of Masonry Walls

Hollow Masonry Walls

Used to prevent moisture reaching
the interior of the building by
providing hollow space between
outside and inside face of the wall.

4
Types of Masonry Walls
Composite Masonry Walls
▫ These walls are constructed with two or
more units such as stones or bricks and
hollow bricks.
▫ This type of masonry wall construction
is done for better appearance with
economy.

5
Types of Masonry Walls
Post-Tensioned Masonry
Walls
Constructed to strengthen the
masonry walls against the forces
that may induce tension in the wall
such as earthquake forces or wind
forces.
. 6
Masonry
Testing of Samples
 SHAKE TABLE
TESTING
▫ An experimental platform that
stimulates earthquake motion to
verify seismic performance of
building structures.

8
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
OF BRICKS
▫ The compressive strength of bricks is found
by crushing 12 of them individually until
they fail of crumble.
▫ The pressure required to crush them is
noted and the average compressive strength
of the brick is stated as newtons per mm of
surface area required to ultimately crush the
brick.

9
 GROUT SLUMP
TESTING
▫ The consistency of grout may range
from stiff (about 4 gallons of water
per sack of cement) to fluid (as
many as 10 gallons of water per
sack of cement), depending upon
the nature of the grouting job at
hand.

10
2. Asphalt
In Relation to Civil Engineering
 ASPHALT
▫ Asphalt is a dark brown to black
cementitious materials in semisolid or solid
form consisting of bitumen found in deposits
of natural asphalt.
▫ The aggregates used for asphalt mixtures are
sand, gravel or slags. In order to bind the
aggregates into a cohesive mixture a binder
is used. Most commonly, bitumen is used as
a binder. It typically contains approximately
4-7% of bitumen. 12
 ASPHALT
▫ Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates, binder and
filler, used for constructing and maintaining
roads, parking areas, railway tracks, ports,
airport runways, bicycle lanes, sidewalks and
also play- and sport areas.
▫ Asphalt mixtures can be produced at different
temperatures:
▫ Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
▫ Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)
▫ Cold Mix Asphalt 13
Bitumen
 Bitumen
▫ A black, oily, viscous material that is petroleum, a
naturally-occurring organic by product of
decomposed organic materials. Bitumen is the
thickest form of petroleum there is, made up of 83%
carbon, 10% hydrogen and lesser amounts of
oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements.
▫ Appearance: Black, sticky, viscose, thermoplastic.
▫ Construction: Currently, approximately 80% of
bitumen demand is for road construction.

15
Properties of Bituminous
Materials
 Properties of Bituminous Materials
▫ Adhesive: Binds together all the components without bringing about
any positive or negative changes in their properties.

▫ Water proof: Bitumen is insoluble in water and can serve as an

effective sealant.

▫ Strong: though the coarse aggregates are the main load bearing
component in a pavement, bitumen or asphalt also play a vital role in
distributing the traffic loads to the layers beneath.

17
 Properties of Bituminous Materials
▫ Durable: Bitumen lives up to twenty years if maintained properly
throughout the pavement life.

▫ Versatile : Bitumen is a relatively easy to use material because of its

thermoplastic property. It can be spread easily along the underlying
pavement layers as it liquefies when heated making the job easier and
hardens in a solid mass when cooled.
▫ Economical: It is available in cheaper rates almost all over the world.

18
Asphalt Vs. Bitumen
 Asphalt vs. Bitumen
ASPHALT
▫ Asphalt pavements are durable; with ▫
a layer depth of 25-40 mm and life
span of 20+ years.
▫ Surface made of asphalt is smoother ▫
and more skid-resistant, ensuring the
driver’s safety and minimal noise.
BITUMEN
Bitumen pavements are less durable;
with a layer depth of 10-20 mm and
lifespan of 5-10 years.
The loose fragments on bitumen
pavements make the driving
experience noisier and can wear down
tires, consequently causing safety
issues.
20
 Asphalt vs. Bitumen
ASPHALT
▫ Reduced friction between tire and car;
meaning better fuel economy and
minimization of carbon dioxide
emission.
▫ Asphalt is an impermeable material,
thus the pavements do not leach.
Therefore, they have a lesser chance of
infiltrating and polluting the
groundwater.
BITUMEN
▫ Higher frictional resistance of a
bitumen pavement means less
efficiency in energy utilization.
▫ Exposure to bitumen leaching
may cause deterioration of soil
and groundwater quality.
21
 Asphalt vs. Bitumen
ASPHALT BITUMEN
▫ Less sensitive to temperature ▫ Pavements are susceptible to high
compared to bitumen pavements. temperature, which can make it
Negative impacts are seen only in slick and soft.
extremely high or low temperature. ▫ Cheap to install compared to
▫ Installation is comparatively asphalt.
costlier.

22
 Asphalt vs. Bitumen
ASPHALT
▫ Cost effective. An asphalt surface
doesn’t require regular
maintenance like bitumen surface,
rather a routine check periodically
is enough.
BITUMEN
▫ They require regular
maintenance, especially when
resurfacing a pavement with
greater traffic volume. So not
cost effective in the long run.
23
Uses of Asphalt
Six Uses of Asphalt
Uses of Asphalt
• Road surfaces
• Aircraft landing
• Waterproofing for fabrics
• Used to seal some alkaline batteries
• Used for water proofing and as an adhesive
• For flooring, damp proofing in buildings, waterproofing of
various types of pools and baths.
Brief discussion of Concrete and Asphalt:
Portland Cement (PC) Asphalt Cement (AC)
Concrete Concrete
▫ Sand ▫ Sand
▫ Aggregates ▫ Aggregates
▫ Cement (manufactured from ▫ Bitumen (manufactured from
limestone) crude oil)

26
Arguments Favoring Asphalt Over Concrete
1. asphaltallows surface/ rain/ storm/ flood water to percolate
while concrete does the exact opposite, it does not allow for
surface/ rain/ storm/ flood water percolation and it accelerates the
flow of surface water to the lower elevations particularly if the
drainage system is overloaded or unable to function (causing flash-
floods)

2. asphalt comes from recycled waste products while cement/

concrete comes from all new materials 27
Arguments Favoring Asphalt Over Concrete

3. asphalt offers better traction in all types of weather.

4. asphalt pavement is easier to maintain and repair as

it is reusable/ recyclable and repairable unlike
concrete pavement which becomes waste matter
once it is broken

28
Asphalt
Three (3) Main Types of Asphalt
Three (3) Main Types Of Asphalt
▫ Hot Asphalt
▫ Mc Cold Mix
▫ UPM

30
Three (3) Main Types Of Asphalt
HOT ASPHALT
▫ A permanent solution to a problem, but must be used almost
immediately after purchasing
▫ It is easiest to work with when the temperature of the asphalt is
high
▫ Mostly used for paving and patching (roads, parking lots,
driveways)
31
Three (3) Main Types Of Asphalt
MC COLD MIX
▫ Can be used as a temporary fix.
▫ Cold mix does not require heating for application
▫ Not nearly as strong as hot mix asphalt
▫ Slow curing

32
Three (3) Main Types Of Asphalt
UPM
▫ High quality cold mix patch specifically designed to repair
large problems in asphalt
▫ UPM is rated the best cold mix patch in the industry and is
known for being extremely durable.
▫ Highly versatile product that can be applied in both wet and
dry conditions
33
Asphalt
Other Types of Asphalt
Other Types Of Asphalt
1. CUTBACK ASPHALT
▫ Combination of asphalt cement and petroleum solvent.
After a cutback asphalt is applied the petroleum solvent
evaporates leaving behind asphalt cement residue on the
surface to which it was applied. A cutback asphalt is said to
“cure” as the petroleum solvent evaporates away.

35
On the basis of relative speed of evaporation, cutback
asphalts are divided into three types:

1. Rapid Curing (RC)

2. Medium Curing (MC)
3. Slow Curing (SC)

36
The degree of fluidity obtained in each case depends on the grade of asphalt cement/binder, volatility of the solvent, and
proportion of solvent to binder. The degree of fluidity results in several grades of cutback asphalt. Some are quite fluid at
ordinary atmospheric temperatures and others are somewhat more viscous and may require heating to melt them enough for
construction operations. 37
Other Types Of Asphalt
2. EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
▫ An asphalt emulsion is liquid asphalt cement emulsified in water.
It is composed of asphalt, water and an emulsifying agent (such as
soap). The emulsifying agent is sometimes called the surfactant,
which is composed of large molecules.
▫ Consist of microscopic particles of asphalt cement coated with a
mild soap solution to form homogenous, water-based asphalt.
Emulsions can be either anionic (negatively charged) or cationic
(positively charged). 38
Other Types Of Asphalt

3. PLASTIC ASPHALT CEMENT

▫ An asphaltic concrete or paving material includes from 5 to 20
percent or more of granular recycled plastic, which
supplements or replaces the rock aggregate component of the
mixture.

39
Other Types Of Asphalt
4. ASPHALT ROOFING
▫ It is a porous fabric strip saturated with asphalt.

40

ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF ASPHALT ROLL ROOFING

Asphalt
Laboratory Test of Asphalt
Laboratory Test of Asphalt
1. Viscosity Test
▫ Viscosity is a kind of ability reflecting that the materials inside
asphalt hinder its fluidity. Viscosity also reflects the hardness
and density of asphalt.
▫ This is used to test the flow properties of asphalt at a
temperature. The advantage of using the viscosity test as
compared with the penetration test is that the viscosity test
measures a fundamental physical property rather than an
empirical value.
42
Laboratory Test of Asphalt
2. Penetration Test
▫ It is an empirical test that measures the consistency (hardness) of
an asphalt at a specified test condition. The penetration test is one
of the oldest and most commonly used tests on asphalt cements or
residues from distillation of asphalt cutbacks or emulsions.
▫ Penetration means the depth that the standard needle of the
regulated mass (100 g) penetrate into the sample after the given
time (5 s) at the specified temperature (25 °C), in the unit of l/10
mm.
43
Laboratory Test of Asphalt
3. Flash-Point Test
▫ The flash point test determines the temperature to which an asphalt can be
safely heated in the presence of an open flame.
▫ A typical flash point test involves heating a small sample of asphalt binder in
a test cup. The temperature of the sample is increased and at specified
intervals a test flame is passed across the cup. The flash point is the lowest
liquid temperature at which application of the test flame causes the vapors of
the sample to ignite. The test can be continued up to the fire point – the point
at which the test flame causes the sample to ignite and remain burning for at
least 5 seconds. 44
Laboratory Test of Asphalt

4. Ductility Test
▫ The ductility test (ASTM D113) measures the distance a standard
asphalt sample will stretch without breaking under a standard
testing condition (5 cm/min at 25 °C)

45
Laboratory Test of Asphalt
5. Thin Film Oven Test
▫ The thin-film oven (TFO) test simulates short-term aging by
heating a film of asphalt binder in an oven for 5 hours at 163° C
(325° F). The effects of heat and air are determined from
changes incurred in physical properties measured before and
after the oven treatment by other test procedures.
▫ This test subjects a sample of asphalt to hardening condition
similar to that occur in a hot mix plan operation.

46
Laboratory Test of Asphalt
6. Specific Gravity Test
▫ Because the specific gravity of asphalt binders change with temperature,
specific gravity tests are useful in making volume corrections based on
temperature. The specific gravity at 15.6° C (60° F) is commonly used
when buying/selling asphalt cements. A typical specific gravity for asphalt
is around 1.03.
▫ The specific gravity test of a materials is the ratio of the weight of a given
volume of the materials to the weight of equal volume of the water. The
various grade of asphalt softens at different temperature. The softening
point is found by the ring and mold test. 47