CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

This paper is about “ Experimental Investigation on Pervious Concrete”. In this the nature
of pervious concrete, the materials collection, mix design and proportions , specimens details
and testing will be discussed. Later, pervious concrete will be applied to a real time
application.

1.2 CONCRETE
Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and
coarse aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the
commonly used type of cement for production of concrete. Concrete technology deals with
study of properties of concrete and its practical applications. In a building construction,
concrete is used for the construction of foundations, columns, beams, slabs and other load
bearing elements. There are different types of binding material is used other than cement such
as lime for lime concrete and bitumen for asphalt concrete which is used for road
construction. Various types of cements are used for concrete works which have different
properties and applications. Some of the type of cement are Portland Pozzolana Cement
(PPC), Rapid hardening cement, Sulphate resistant cement etc. Concrete can be casted in any
shape. Since it is a plastic material in fresh state, various shapes and sizes of forms or
formworks are used to provide different shapes such as rectangular, circular etc. Various
structural members such as beams, slabs, footings, columns, lintels etc. are constructed with
concrete. ACI 318 Building code requirements for structural concrete and ACI 301
Specifications for Structural Concrete are used in United States as standard code of practice
for concrete construction. Various types of concrete are manufactured these days for
construction of buildings and structures. These have special properties and features which
improve quality of construction as per requirement.
COMPONENTS AND GRADE OF CONCRETE

Components of concrete are cement, sand, coarse aggregates, water and admixtures.
Mixture of Portland cement and water is called as paste. So, concrete can be called as a
mixture of paste, sand and aggregates. Sometimes rocks are used instead of aggregates.

Grade of concrete denotes its strength required for construction. For example, M30 grade
signifies that compressive strength required for construction is 30MPa. The first letter in
grade “M” is the mix and 30 is the required strength in MPa. Based on various lab tests, grade
of concrete is presented in Mix Proportions. For example, for M30 grade, the mix proportion
can be 1:1:2, where 1 is the ratio of cement, 1 is the ratio of sand and 2 is the ratio of coarse

1
aggregate based on volume or weight of materials. Cube or cylinders are made during casting
of structural member and after hardening it is cured for 28 days. Then compressive strength

2
test is conducted to find the strength. There are regular grades of concrete are M15, M20,
M25 etc. For plain cement concrete works, generally M15 is used. For reinforced concrete
construction minimum M20 grade of concrete are used.

1.3 MAKING OF CONCRETE:

Concrete is manufactured or mixed in proportions with respect to cement quantity. There

are two types of concrete mixes, i.e. nominal mix and design mix. Nominal mix is used for
normal construction works such as small residential buildings. Most popular nominal mix are
in the proportion of 1:2:4.Design mixed concrete are those for which mix proportions are
finalized based on various lab tests on cylinder or cube for its compressive strength. This
process is also called as mix design. These tests are conducted to find suitable mix based on
locally available material to obtain strength required as per structural design. A design mixed
offers economy on use of ingredients.

1.4 TYPES OF CONCRETE:

There are different types of concrete - which is depends on its materials used, properties
and its applications and so on. Some of it are:

▪ Light – Weight Concrete

▪ High-Density Concrete
▪ Air Entrained Concrete
▪ Limecrete
▪ Pervious concrete
▪ Polymer Concrete
▪ Self – Consolidated Concrete
▪ Glass Concrete
▪ Vacuum Concrete

1.5 PERVIOUS CONCRETE

Pervious concrete was first used in the 1800s in Europe as pavement surfacing and load
bearing walls. Cost efficiency was the main motive due to a decreased amount of cement. It
became popular again in the 1920s for two storey homes in Scotland and England. It became
increasingly viable in Europe after WWII due to the scarcity of cement. It did not become as
popular in the US until the 1970s. In India it became popular in 2000.
Pervious concrete (also called porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines
concrete and porous pavement) is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for
concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass
directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge.
Pervious concrete is made using large aggregates with little to no or some amount of fine
aggregates. The concrete paste then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the
concrete slab. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic,
residential streets, pedestrian walkways and greenhouses. It is an important application
for sustainable construction and is one of many low impact development techniques used by
builders to protect water quality. The strength of pervious concrete is low when compared to
conventional concrete due to absence of fine aggregate.
After curing, density and porosity are the important properties to study, as they are related
to strength and permeability. The porosity range for drained concrete is 15% and 30% which
it depends on its compaction method. Generally, the density of it various between 1600kg/m3
and 2000kg/m3. Fig No.1.1 shows the difference between impervious concrete and pervious
concrete at different ways, Fig No.1.2 the pores ratio of pervious and impervious concrete &
Fig No.1.3 The comparison between pervious and impervious concrete permeability.

Fig No.1.1 The difference between impervious concrete and pervious concrete.

Fig No.1.2 The pores ratio of pervious and impervious concrete

 Fig No.1.3 The comparison between pervious and impervious concrete permeability

1.5.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE

Fresh Properties
The plastic pervious concrete mixture is stiff compared to traditional concrete. Slumps,
when measured, are generally less than ¾ inches (20 mm), although slumps as high as 2
inches (50 mm) have been used. When placed and compacted, the aggregates are tightly
adhered to one another and exhibit the characteristic open matrix. For quality control and
quality assurance, unit weight or bulk density is the preferred measurement. Some fresh
concrete properties, such as slump, are not meaningful for pervious concrete. Conventional
cast-cylinder strength tests are also of little value, because the field consolidation of pervious
concrete is difficult to reproduce in cylindrical test specimens, and strengths are heavily
dependent on the void content. Unit weights of pervious concrete mixtures are approximately
70% of traditional concrete mixtures. Concrete working time is typically reduced for pervious
concrete mixtures. Usually, one hour between mixing and placing is all that is recommended.
However, this can be controlled using retarders and hydration stabilizers that extend the
working time by as much as 1.5 hours, depending on the dosage.

Hardened Properties
The density of pervious concrete depends on the properties and proportions of the
materials used, and on the compaction, procedures used in placement. In-place densities on
the order of 100 lb/ft³ to 125 lb/ft³ (1600 kg/m³ to 2000 kg/m³) are common, which is in the
upper range of lightweight concretes. A pavement 5 inches (125 mm) thick with 20% voids
will be able to store 1 inch (25 mm) of a sustained rainstorm in its voids, which covers the
vast majority of rainfall events in the U.S. When placed on a 6-inch (150-mm) thick layer of
open-graded gravel or crushed rock subbase, the storage capacity increases to as much as 3
inches (75 mm) of precipitation.
1.5.2 BENEFIT OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
▪ Eliminates untreated storm water and creates zero run off.
▪ Directly recharge ground water. Mitigates “first flush” pollution.
▪ Protect watershed, streams and ecosystems.
▪ Reduces surface temperatures and heat island effects.
▪ All storm water catches basins structures within the plat.
▪ Need for interior plat curbing.
▪ A pervious infrastructure is more beneficial for the developers.
▪ Eliminates the cost of curbs and gutter installations.
▪ It’s one of the sustainable development materials used in developed areas
where fully constructed buildings.

1.5.3 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE

▪ Pavements
• Water capture and storage
• Decorative pavements
• Sports courts
• Precast pavement segments
• Greenhouse floors
• Animal stalls
▪ Reef blocks.
▪ Semi artificial oyster reefs.
▪ Porous concrete pipe.
▪ Walls
• Sound walls
• Retaining walls
• Retaining wall block
• Fire walls
• Wet walls
▪ Noise barriers.
▪ Parking areas, sidewalks.
▪ Meets LEED requirements for reducing urban heat islands.
▪ Risk of Hydroplaning and skidding is reduced.
Fig. No.1. 4 shows the concept of pervious concrete
 Fig. No.1.4 shows the concept of pervious concrete

1.5.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

▪ To find the materials which gives high strength for pervious concrete and also
environmentally friendly.
▪ To perform the test on materials and to determine the test results of materials.
▪ To finalizing the mix design of a specimen.
▪ To casting, curing and testing of specimen.
▪ To analysing the results of specimens and applying it in real times.
▪ To make the pavements for parking areas and animal stalls.
▪ To know the durability and density of pervious concrete.
1.6 METHODOLOGY

1.7 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

▪ Scope of this project is to use pervious concrete in pavements, animal stalls

and also in green buildings.
▪ To carry out the investigation on the study of pervious concrete with Fly ash,
GGBS and Silica fume.
▪ To make and prove the concrete as Sustainable material.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

To make this project successful, several literatures are collected, studied and then
finalized the idea of it. Literature’s helped to design the project mix designs, materials to be
used, testing and analyzing the results. Before doing project or research work , the points of
literatures are very important and to be noted for references.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEWS

Busanaboyina j. Chakravarthi, b. Sushmitha -2019

In this experimental study they stated that, by increasing the strength of pervious
concrete they used the different ratio of sand namely 5%,10% &15% of total aggregates.
Where this concrete is used in poor drainage system, this leads to severe flooding in low
areas. The optimum water / cement ratio for permeable concrete is 0.32, but adopted
between 0.30 and
0.35 for various mix designs. The mix designs are not prepared as per IS code because there is
no IS standard for designing the proportion of permeable concrete. In this they used cement,
FA and CA. The compressive strength of pervious concrete increases as increasing the FA
but permeability will be very low. Where the permeameter is used to test soil permeability can
also used to measure the permeability of permeable concrete. As water / cement ratio
decreases ,the permeability decreases and the resistance increases. The specimen will achieve
optimum strength and permeability at water / cement ratio of 0.32. By adding small amounts
of fines, it will reach M20, but the concrete seepage is reduced. Even without the addition
of any admixtures, almost it is possible to reach the strength of M15 in raw concrete. But
generally pervious or permeable concrete should have very less amount of FA, to get enough
strength and permeability different methods and strategy should be find out, developed and
then experimented.

K.S.B. Prasad, N.V.L.N. Pavankumar – 2019

In this paper they have done about the effect of polycarboxylate on compressive strength
of pervious concrete. The compressive strength of plain pervious concrete for 10mm size
aggregate at 7days is 8.58 and for 11.2 size is 9.91 if we observe for 28 days values are 9.48
and 5.63 respectively. When we compare with 28 days strength of modified pervious concrete
for 5ml it is 10.04 and in 11.2 sizes 12.76 at 5ml. This observation tells addition of
polycarboxylate at 28 days gives increment in strength values. The compressive strength
results of 10mm and 11.2mm sizes of aggregate explains about the chemical reaction
between polycarboxylate and cement gives high compressive strength at 5ml admixture
content.
However, the Compressive strength values of modified Pervious Concrete are according to
the standards and are applicable for constructions. Usage of pervious concrete with addition
of such admixtures can improve the strength and can be used for construction of low load
bearing pavers. The main objective is to study about the applications of pervious concrete
and also develop a strong and durable Pervious cement concrete mix using additive
polycarboxylate as addition. This helps the pervious concrete to withstand load even more.

B.V.R Murthy, G. Rajeshwari -2018

In this study experiment, they have tried to improve the strength of pervious concrete by
using ingredients like cement, river sand, robo sand and coarse aggregate. They have used the
robo sand (crushed granite dust) as an alternative material in lower amounts as a fine
aggregate in pervious concrete, for the river sand due to the demand of river sand and its
higher cost . Laboratory tests were conducted on the materials like fineness test ,specific
gravity and setting time on OPC 53 grade of cement. The water cement ratio was 0.35 and
then various mix design and its proportions are prepared. The robo sand was replaced in
terms of 2.5% and 5.0% of total FA. After casting of concrete they tested it on 7,14,28 days
for compressive strength and permeability test. They concluded that the strength of pervious
concrete is improved by adding
5% robo sand as FA and 100% ( 80% of 16mm and 20% of 6mm ) coarse aggregate in the
mix. The results proved that the porousness decreased with increased percentage of FA and
also
6mm CA in the modified pervious concrete.

V.Prakash, K.Chandrasekar, P.Vinoth – 2018

This paper is about Partial Replacement of Silica Fume and Fly Ash in Pervious
Concrete. It is clearly seen from the experimental result that pervious concrete has very low
compressive strength as well as flexural strength, so it cannot be used for structural
applications. Pervious concrete pavements should be designed to withstand the traffic load
and mainly for storm water. As with any pavement, proper subgrade preparation is important.
The durability is maximum for pervious concrete. Hence, concrete durability id one of the
most important considerations in the design of new structures and when assessing the
condition of existing structures. The main purpose of durability is about minimizing the rate
of deterioration. Durability of concrete is related to the design process, specifications of
materials, workmanship, environmental effects, accidents and repairs. The strength of
pervious concrete has been improved at 28 days of 20% replacement.
Bhagyashree S. Katkar, Dr. N.K. Gupta – 2017

In this study experiment they utilized the DWA instead of CA to increase the
compressive strength and density. In this they replaced DWA in the proportions of 0% ,10%,
20% and 30%. The laboratory test are conducted on DWA as for CA. The specific gravity of
NCA is more than DWA. Where water absorption, impact value and abrasion value is high in
DWA than NCA. Then evaluated the properties like density and compressive strength ( at
7,14,& 28 days) of hardened pervious or penetrable concrete using DWA. The density and
compressive strength of penetrable or pervious concrete was observed to be decreasing with
increase in percentage of DWA. The results of 7 & 14 days test on 0% and 10% of DWA
replacement: table No.1 shows the test results of concrete
Table No.1 the test results of concrete

% of DWA 7 DAYS 14 DAYS

0% 11.11 Mpa 10.27 Mpa

10% 9.15 Mpa 9.5 Mpa

Marek Kovac, Alena Sicakova – 2017

This paper discusses pervious concrete as a sustainable pavement solution for urban
areas. Based on literature review, pervious concrete can be successfully utilized when
designed, performed and maintained properly. However, pervious concrete has some
performance issues mainly lower strength and durability due to its porous structure and risk
of loss hydraulic conductivity due to clogging by debris and suspended solid matter. Pervious
concrete in general is suitable for low – volume road applications like parking lots, driveways
or sidewalks. However, this is a big space here for research of the technological aspects in
order to take advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of this material, as pervious
pavement seems to be a perspective construction element for sustainable urban areas. In this,
they explained about the pervious concrete - advantages, disadvantages, performance issues,
challenges, failure mechanism, freeze thaw effect, clogging and its utilization. By this
literature, it tends to know the characteristics of concrete and its maintenance.

Usha K N, B K Smitha – 2016

In this paper, they have said about Suitability of Fly Ash in Replacement of Cement in
Pervious Concrete. Based on the analysis of results following conclusion are drawn. The
compressive strength of concrete with 20% replacement results in increased strength
compared to the pervious concrete without fly ash. By the use of cementitious material fly
ash, the usage of cement can be reduced which will reduce the cost of concrete to certain
extent. As the pervious concrete with 20% replacement of fly ash gives slight increase
in compressive
strength, hence this material can be used for road pavement at the places of low volume of
traffic road, parking lots, play grounds etc. which helps in recharging underground water
table. The co-efficient of permeability in the range of 1.11x103is permissible as per IS Code
3085is also achieved. By this report it tends to know that, the replacement of cement with fly
ash of certain percentage will give higher strength. This makes pervious concrete to withstand
more strength normal one.

Sonali K. Gadpalliwar, R. S. Deotale, Abhijeet R. Narde –2014

This paper is about to Study the Partial Replacement of Cement by GGBS & RHA (
Rice Husk Ash) and Natural Sand by Quarry Sand In Concrete. This research is carried out in
three phase, in first phase mix of M40 grade concrete with
replacement of
0%,15%,30%,45%,60%,75%,90% and 100% of quarry sand with natural sand is carried out
to determine the optimum percentage of replacement at which maximum compressive
strength is achieved. Based on the results presented above, the following conclusion can be
drawn:
Compressive strength increases with increase of percent of quarry sand up to certain limit.
Concrete acquires maximum increase in compressive strength at 60% quarry sand replaced
by natural sand for M40 grade of concrete. This mix is named as critical mix. By adopting
same critical mix and replacing cement by GGBS, it is found that by increasing the
percentage of GGBS; workability increases but strength decreases. According to mix the
combine gradation of 45% QS and 55% NS meets the grading limits of IS: 383, But it has
been found that on adding more percent of QS i.e 60% QS and 40% NS in concrete gives
maximum compressive strength. In order to increase the strength cement is replaced by
combination of GGBS and RHA. Good compressive strength is obtained when 22.5% GGBS
+ 7.5% RHA is replaced with cement and natural sand is replaced by 60% quarry sand. The
maximum 28 days split tensile strength was obtained with 30% GGBS replaced with cement.
The maximum 28 days flexural strength was obtained at A4 mix (60% QS and 40% NS) and
B2 mix ( 20% cement is replaced with GGBS) .

Stephen A. Arhin, Rezene Mahdi, Wasi khan – 2014

In this paper, they have discussed about the Optimal Mix Designs for Pervious
Concrete Urban Area . The ideal pervious concrete mix is expected to provide the maximum
compressive strength, and the optimal infiltration rate. Especially for pervious concrete used
on roadways, there is the need for it to be able to withstand various traffic loadings while
providing adequate infiltration to reduce surface runoffs. From the results of the analysis, the
Control Mix is recommended. The control design mix showed a maximum compressive
strength of 3,500 psi with a coefficient of permeability ranging between 57.8 and 299.5 in/hr.
The standard Proctor Hammer compaction method appears to be the optimum procedure for
preparing the pervious concrete. The average infiltration rate of the field tests conducted on
the pervious concrete was determined to be between 86.1 and 208.7 in/hr., which falls within
the
typical infiltration rate range of pervious concrete (i.e.,100 to 200in/hr.). Based on the
outcome of this research, the following recommendations are made for future work:
▪ Consider a pilot deployment of pervious concrete on local/residential streets and
conduct field tests to monitor their performance of deployed pervious concrete over
time.
▪ Incorporate the Control Mix design into materials specifications for DDOT together
with the field test procedures using ASTM C1701.
This gives the clear idea about improving the strength of pervious concrete and the proper mix
design for pervious concrete. Because, there is no proper mix design for pervious concrete
and no code book for it.

M.C. Nataraja and Lelin das – 2010

In this literature paper, they said about the Concrete mix proportioning as per IS
10262:2009 – Comparison with IS 10262:1982 and ACI 211.1-91. Based on the analysis of
the methods of mix design, following conclusions can be drawn : The mix design as per IS
10262:2009 is in line with ACI 211.1. The code permits the use of supplementary materials
such as chemical and mineral admixtures. Provisions of IS 456:2000 are applicable for
durability requirements with all types of exposure. The flowing concrete for RMC
applications can be designed. The code illustrates this with an M40 concrete with and without
fly ash. A typical mix design (first mix) for commonly used M20 grade is illustrated in the
paper based on the properties of the ingredients using the new BIS and ACI methods. The
fine aggregate content in ACI method is higher compared to new BIS method. Coarse
aggregate is substantially more with BIS method. Thus, ACI mix will lead to higher
workability. Presumably, it would also contribute to increased strength as the voids are filled
by fine aggregate. In the case of BIS, fine aggregate content is reduced as the design
strength requirement goes up. Therefore, voids are likely to be higher for high strength
concrete which may lead to decreased strength in such cases. These observations are to be
verified by actual tests. Experimental work is in progress for better understanding of the
procedure as per new code.

LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY

It is concluded from all these literature reviews that: there is no proper mix design for
pervious concrete. There is weaker strength of normal pervious concrete, in order to increase
the strength of concrete they added admixtures as a ingredient in it. So, its decided to add
admixtures like fly ash , GGBS and Silica fume to increase the strength without affecting the
porosity and density of pervious concrete. Its derived for the mix proportions for M30 grade
of concrete.
 CHAPTER 3

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

3.1 GENERAL

The properties of materials depends on the various physical and chemical properties such
as particle size, specific gravity etc. The performance and usage of materials are depends on
its types, environmental conditions, the way of usage and quality. All these tests on materials
are conducted based on respective IS codes.
3.2 MATERIALS USED:

The materials that are used for making concrete for this study, where tested before casting
the specimen. The properties of materials are well examined and tested and then used. The
preliminary tests were conducted for the following materials. Fig No.3.1 shows the material
collections of this project.
1. Cement
2. Coarse aggregate
3. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)
4. Fly ash
5. Silica fume

Fig No.3.1 Material collection for the project

3.3 CEMENT

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together. In this project Portland pozzolanic cement of 53 garde
is used and its properties are tested. The test on cement are:
▪ Specific gravity
▪ Fineness test
▪ Soundness test
▪ Consistency test
▪ Setting time test

3.3.1 Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity of cement is the ratio of the density or mass of cement to the density or
mass of a reference substance. But in both of the state's density or mass, the volume should be
same. If the volume does not remain same the specific gravity has no existence then. Its
important to calculate the Specific gravity to know the behaviour of the material in water.
Every material has its own specific gravity, and it usually ranges between 0.1 – 100. If the
specific gravity of the material is less than 1, then that material floats in water. IS code for
cement is IS 12269:1987 and all tests on cements are based on codes.
WHY WE CALCULATE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT:

Normally the nominal mix design based on the specific gravity of cement as 3.14. But this
value will change with time if the cement is exposed to the different climatic conditions (Due
to moisture content).Therefore it is very important to know the specific gravity of cement
before using it in the mix.

The specific gravity of cement is can be done either in Le-Chatelier of 250 capacity /
Pycnometer (100 ml) with kerosene where before using the apparatus it should be clean and
dried thoroughly. Where W1 is Measure the weight of empty flask ,fill half of it with cement
(approx. 50gms) and then weight with its stopper (W2).Then filling the flask with kerosene
and measure Weight the flask with cement and kerosene (W3) and Now empty the flask and
again fill it with kerosene upto the top of the flask. Weigh the flask (W4). Note: Specific
gravity of Kerosene = 0.79 g/cc. Fig no. 3.2 shows the specific gravity test of cement
( 𝐖� – 𝐖�)
Specific gravity = G =
(𝐖� – 𝐖�)– (𝐖�
– 𝐖�)∗�.𝟕𝟗

= 3.15
 Fig no. 3.2 the specific gravity test of cement

3.3.2 Fineness test by sieve test

Procedure:

100 g of cement was taken on standard sieve 90 microns. Continuously sieve the sample
for 15minutes. Weight the residue left on sieve. This weight shall not exceed 10% for
ordinary cement. Fig no. 3.3 shows the fineness test of cement

Fineness of cement = Weight of sample retained in 90microns X 100

Weight of sample
= 9%

Fig no. 3.3 the fineness test of cement

3.3.3 Consistency test
The consistency of cement is measured by Vicat apparatus. It is defined as the
consistency which will permit the Vicat plunger having 10mm diameter and 50mm length to
penetrate a depth of 33-35mm from top of the mould.
300g of cement was taken and a paste with weight quantity of water say 24% of
weight of cement for 1st trial was prepared. This paste is prepared and filled into the Vicat
mould within 3-5minutes. The plunger is attached and brought down to touch the surface of
the paste and quickly released allowing it to sink into the paste by its own weight. The reading
by noting the depth of penetration of plunger was taken. The second trial by 25% of water was
conducted x weight of cement increase the water content gradually and the penetration depth
the water content at which the plunger penetrates for a depth of 33-35mm from top is known
as % of water required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency was found out.
Table No.2 shows the consistency test of cement. Fig No. 3.4 shows the consistency test

Table No.2 shows the consistency test of cement

S.NO Wgt of cement % of water Amount of Penetration
water added from bottom
1. 300g 26 78ml 28
2. 300g 28 84ml 30
3. 300g 30 90ml 32
4. 300g 32 96ml 34
Standard consistency = weight of water added X 100
Weight of cement
= 96ml/300 X 100
= 32%

Fig No. 3.4 the consistency test

3.3.4 Setting time
Initial setting time

The initial setting time is measured by vicat apparatus. The time elapsed between the
moment that the water is added to the cement to the time that the paste starts losing its
plasticity is called initial setting time usually 30minutes. 300g of cement sample was taken
and added water to bring it to standard consistency. The sample was placed in vicat mould
within 3-5 minutes. The needle was lowered gently and contact with surface of the rest block
and quickly released it. Allow it to penetrate into the test block. In the beginning the needle
will completely pierce through the test block. But after some time when the paste starts losing
its plasticity, the needle may penetrate only to a depth of 33-35mm from top. The period
elapsing between the time when water is added and the time at which needle penetrates to a
depth equal to 33-35mm is called initial setting time.
Initial setting time of cement = 32 mins

Final setting time

The time at which cement completely loses its plasticity and become hard is a final
setting time of cement. The time taken by cement to gain its entire strength is a final setting
time of cement. It’s also done by Vicat apparatus.
Final setting time = 268mins
3.3.5 Soundness test

Soundness of cement is the ability of a hardened paste to retain its volume after setting.
The test conducted to identify the excess of lime in cement. Its done by Le-chatlier’s
apparatus. Fig No. 3.5 shows the apparatus for soundness test, table no. 3 shows the test result
of cement
& table no. 4 shows the chemical composition of cement.
Soundness of cement = 5mm

Fig No. 3.5 The apparatus for soundness test

 Table no. 3 Test results of Cement

S.no Name of the test Result

1. Fineness of Cement ( by sieve analysis ) 9%

2. Specific Gravity of Cement 3.15

3. Consistency of Cement 32%

4. Setting Time
a) Initial Setting Time b) 32 mins
Final Setting Time 268 mins
5. Soundness of Cement 5mm

Table no. 4 chemical composition of cement

S. no Chemical composition Values in %

1. Lime 61.8

2. Silica fume 21.2

3. Alumina 5.3

4. Iron oxide 3.4

5. Magnesium oxide 0.6

6. Loss on ignition 2.8

3.4 COARSE AGGREGATE

Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that,
along with water and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete. Coarse
aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5
inches in diameter. Is code 383: 1970 is the code book for coarse aggregate and fine
aggregate. Tests on coarse aggregate are:
▪ Specific gravity
▪ Aggregate impact test
▪ Aggregate crushing test
▪ Los – Angel’s Abrasion test
3.4.1 Specific gravity
The specific gravity of aggregate is its density compared with water density. Specific
gravity value of an aggregate represents how much dense the aggregate is compared with
water. IS Code for Aggregate specific gravity is IS 2386 part 3. The limit of specific gravity
of coarse aggregate is between 2.0 to 3.0. This test was done by pycnometer apparatus. Fig no
.3.6 shows the test on coarse aggregate.
( 𝐖� – 𝐖�)
Specific gravity = G =
(𝐖� – 𝐖�)– (𝐖�
– 𝐖�)

= 2.69

Fig no .3.6 the test on coarse aggregate.

3.4.2 Aggregate Impact test

Impact Test on Aggregates is done to carry out to:

▪ Determine the impact value of the road aggregates,

▪ Assess their suitability in road construction on the basis of impact value
As per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 the test was done. The aggregate impact value is a measure
of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually
applied compressive load. Table no. 5shows the calculation of impact value & table no.6
shows the classification of aggregates using aggregate impact value.
 Table no. 5 shows the calculation of impact value

S.no Observations Sample 1 Sample 2

1. Total weight of dry sample (W1 gm) 2300 2300

2. Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm sieve (W2 gm) 500 450

3. Aggregate Impact Value (percent) = W2 / W1 X 100 21.7 19.5

Table no. 6 the classification of aggregates using aggregate impact value

S.no Classification
Aggregate Impact Value

1. <20% Exceptionally Strong

2. 10 – 20% Strong

3. 20-30% Satisfactory for road surfacing

4. >35% Weak for road surfacing

Therefore, Mean aggregate imapct value have taken as 20.6 from the samples average.

3.4.3 Aggregate crushing test

Aggregate Crushing value test procedure of Coarse aggregate is required to find out the
relative measure of resistance of an coarse aggregate crushing under gradually applied
compressive load. Its described that the procedure of crushing value of aggregate test as per
IS Code with Crushing value apparatus and Limits. IS Code for this test is IS 2386 part 3.
Crushing value of aggregate is the resistance strength after applying a fixed load.
Why is Aggregate Crushing Value Required?

▪ Aggregate Crushing Value test required to know the resistance strength of coarse
aggregate.
 ▪ Aggregate Crushing Value must be satisfied with resistance to crushing under the
roller during compaction.
▪ If the aggregate are weak in resistance, the stability of the pavement or structure is
likely to be adversely affected. So that the Crushing value of coarse aggregate is
required.
Table no.5 the table below shows limits of aggregate crushing value for different
types of road construction

Aggregate crushing value = weight sample passing 2.36mm IS sieve X 100

Weight of sample taken in cylinder

Table.no 7 The table is the limits of aggregate crushing value for different types of road
construction.

S.no Types of Roads / Pavements Aggregate Crushing Value Limit

1. Flexible Pavements

2. Soling 50

3. Water bound macadam 40

4. Bituminous macadam 40

Bituminous surface dressing or thin

5. 30
premix carpet

6. Dense mix carpet 30

7. Rigid Pavements

8. Other than wearing course 45

9. Surface or Wearing course 30

Therefore, the aggregate crushing value is 21.5% .

3.4.4 Los – Angel’s Abrasion test

The Los Angles abrasion test on aggregates are done for following purposes:

▪ To determine the Los Angeles abrasion value.

▪ To find the suitability of aggregates for use in road construction.

Table no.6 shows, the suitability of aggregates for different road constructions & table no. 7
shows the test results of coarse aggregate and fig no.3.7 shows the coarse aggregate test.

Original weight of aggregate sample = W1 g

Weight of aggregate sample retained = W2 g
Weight passing 1.7mm IS sieve = W1 – W2 g
Abrasion Value = (W1 – W2) / W1 X 100

Table no.8 shows the depending upon the value, the suitability of aggregates for
different road constructions can be judged as per IRC specifications.

Max. permissible abrasion

S.no Type of Pavement
value in %

1 Water bound macadam sub base course 60

2 WBM base course with bituminous surfacing 50

3 Bituminous bound macadam 50

4 WBM surfacing course 40

5 Bituminous penetration macadam 40

Bituminous surface dressing, cement concrete

6 35
surface course

7 Bituminous concrete surface course 30

Therefore, the Los – Angel’s Abrasion test value is 27 %.

 Table no.9 Test results of coarse aggregate

S.no Name of the test As per is code Result

1. Specific Gravity of CA 2.5-3.0 2.66

2. Aggregate Impact Test <30% 22

3. Aggregate Crushing Test <30% 21.5%

4. Los Angel’s Abrasion Test <50% 27%

Fig no.3.7 shows the coarse aggregate test.

3.5 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GGBS)

The GGBS used in research is obtained from Steel Plants. Ground granulated blast-
furnace slag is the granular material formed when molten iron blast furnace slag is rapidly
chilled by immersion in water. It’s a hydraulic binder i.e. cement which has been known and
used for 150 years. It improves the quality and durability of concrete and its production is
virtually CO2 -free. Yet its many advantages in producing sustainable, high quality concrete
remain under underappreciated and underused . It is a granular product with very limited
crystal formation, is highly cementitious in nature and, ground to cement fineness, and
hydrates like port land cement. The specific gravity of GGBS is 2.85.
3.6 FLY ASH

Fly ash is byproduct of the thermal power plants. Class F -Fly ash was used have a lower
content of Cao and exhibit Pozzolanic properties. Fly ash can be a cost-effective substitute for
Portland cement in many markets. Fly ash is also recognized as an environmentally friendly
material because it is a by-product and has low embodied energy, the measure of how much
energy is consumed in producing and shipping a building material Specific gravity of fly ash
is 2.2 as per Specific gravity Test IS: 2386 Part III, 1963.

Other benefits include:

▪ Produces various set times

▪ Cold weather resistance
▪ High strength gains, depending on use
▪ Can be used as an admixture
▪ Considered a non-shrink material
▪ Produces dense concrete with a smooth surface and sharp detail
▪ Great workability

3.7 SILICA FUME

The incorporation of silica fume in concrete can improve the “stability” of concrete,
which can reduce the segregation and bleeding of concrete. The sand and stone in the
concrete will cause the internal gap to become larger due to the larger size, and the small
diameter of the silica fume particles can fill these gaps and cut off the flow passage of the
bleeding process. Many experiments have shown that adding a certain amount of silica fume
to the concrete has a certain influence on the setting time of the concrete.
3.6.1 Effect of silica fume in concrete strength
The application of silica fume to concrete has no major changes to the early strength
(1d and 2d) of concrete, but has a greater influence on the 3d to 28d strength of concrete,
which can significantly increase the strength of concrete. The specific gravity of silica fume
is generally in the range of 2.2 to 2.3.The obtained the Specific gravity of silica fume is 2.2.
It consists of 0.1 to 1 micron sized fine, smooth spherical particles with fineness conforming
to ASTM C1240 – 1999 standards.
 CHAPTER – 4

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

4.1 GENERAL

The introduction about the concrete , the literature reviews and materials details have
been explained above very clearly. In this chapter, the mix proportions for strong and worthy
pervious concrete was discussed. Because, this mix combinations will determine whether the
concrete was successful or not.

4.2 MIX PROPORTIONS

The grade of concrete have been taken as M30 of concrete. The mix design was find out
as 1:6. The derived water/ cement ratio as 0.4. The permeability should be 80 -720 lit/m/m2
pervious concrete. The porosity should be 15 %-30 %. All these have been taken based on
literatures because, there is no proper design and code book from pervious concrete. Taking
mix design’s as M1,M2,M3,M4 and M5 , ground granulated blast furnace slag as GGBS , fly
ash as FA, silica fume as SF, coarse aggregate as CA and water/ cement ratio as W/C ratio.
All are represented in %. Table no.8 shows the mix designs derived for this project based on
literature review from B K Smitha, Usha K N “Suitability of Fly Ash in Replacement of
Cement in Pervious Concrete” project and some derived mix designs.

Table no.10 shows the mix designs derived for this project based on literature review
Mix Cementitious materials CA W/C ratio
design
Cement FA SF GGBS

Reference 100 - - - 4 0.32

mix
M1 90 10 - - 4 0.34

M2 65 10 5 25 6 0.34

M3 55 15 10 20 6 0.40

M4 55 10 15 30 6 0.42
From the above table and literature reviews its taken for this project. Table no.9 shows the
mix combinations for this project.

Table no.11 shows the mix combinations for this project

Cement Fly ash GGBS Silica fume Coarse aggregate Water

270.88 73.87kg/m3 98.5kg/m3 49.25kg/m3 974.64kg/m3 0.197m3

kg/m3

1 6 0.40

4.3 SPECIMEN DETAILS

The mix design and mix proportions are derived and discussed . The casting of
specimen is very important for making the project successful.Some the shapes for casting of
concretes are: table no.12 shows the specimen details
Table no.12 the specimen details
S.no Shape Size Nos.

1. Cube 150*150mm 12

2. Slab 100mm*100mm 12
4.3.1 TESTING OF CONCRETE
After deriving mix designs, then testing of concrete will be held. The concrete will be
tested on two basis. They are:
▪ Fresh concrete test
▪ Hardened concrete test
There are a dozen different test methods for freshly mixed concrete and at least another dozen
tests for hardened concrete, not including test method.
4.3.1.1 FRESH CONCRETE TEST

Let the fresh concrete testis done for pervious concrete . This will be done before casting
the specimen, by doing this , the concrete workability, flowability and that whether the
designed proportions are correct or not. If not later, design further more. The fresh concrete
test for conventional concrete are : Slump cone test, compacting factor test, flow table test,
Vee-Bee consistometer test and Kelly ball test. But from literatures and research papers, it
tends to know that for pervious concrete Slump Cone Test is done mostly. So, Its
adopted for pervious concrete.
Slump cone test

The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is
performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with
which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch. The
test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. The slump test
is used to ensure uniformity for different loads of concrete under field conditions. The slump
test is suitable for slumps of medium to low workability, slump in the range of 5 – 260 mm,
the test fails to determine the difference in workability in mixes. which have zero slump, or
for wet mixes that give a collapse slump. It is limited to concrete formed of aggregates of
less than
38 mm (1.5 inch). As per the literature study, the slump value for pervious concrete will range
between 20 – 25 mm. Generally, pervious concrete will have low workability than
conventional concrete. Fig no. 4.1 & 4.2 shows the slump cone test of pervious concrete.
Slump cone value for pervious concrete obtained is 20mm.

Fig no. 4.1 slump cone test Fig no.4.2 workability of concrete
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 GENERAL

In this the further work details will be discussed. In this paper, up to mix designs and
fresh concrete test are completed. This chapter gives the information about the further work to
be done in phase II. It gives information on the specimen details, hardened concrete test, mix
combination of concrete. Pervious concrete will be lay as a pavements for car parking’s and
animals stalls.
5.2 FURTHER WORK

➢ Casting of specimens
• Cube - 12
• Slab - 12

➢ Testing of specimens
• Hardened concrete test
➢ Analyzing the result

➢ Result and conclusion of research and paper work

5.2.1 HARDENED CONCRETE TEST

There are several methods to test the hardened concrete. Some types are : Destructive
test and Non- Destructive test. Mostly adopted test type is destructive type of tests. The test
for pervious concrete are : Following figures will shows the casting, testing of concrete. Fig
no.
5.1 & 5.2 shows the casting of concrete and fig no. 5.3 & 5.4 shows the compressive testing
and permeability test of concrete

▪ Compressive strength of concrete

▪ Flexural strength of concrete
▪ Permeability test of concrete
▪ Air void content test on concrete
 Fig no. 5.1 & 5.2 shows the casting of cube

Fig no. 5.3 the compressive testing Fig no. 5.4 permeability test of concrete

5.3 SUMMARY

In this project the test on materials, mix design and fresh concrete test are completed.
The following shows the test results on materials.
Cement
▪ The specific gravity – 3.15
▪ Fineness test - 9%
▪ Consistency test – 32%
▪ Initial setting time - 32 mins
▪ Final setting time - 268mins
▪ Soundness test – 5mm
COARSE AGGREGATE
▪ Specific gravity - 2.66
▪ Aggregate impact value - 22
▪ Aggregate crushing test - 21.5%
▪ Los angels abrasion test - 27%

FLY ASH
▪ Specific gravity - 2.2
GGBS

▪ Specific gravity - 2.85

SILICA FUME
▪ Specific gravity - 2.2

FRESH CONCRETE TEST

▪ Slump cone test - 20mm

The further works will be continued by testing of hardened concrete in phase 2 project.
Then, the report will be completed with result and analysis and laying of pavements will be
done later.
 CHAPTER - 6

REFERENCES

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IS
8112: 1989 for 43 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement, IS 1489 (Part 2) 1991, Portland
Pozzolana Cement.
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mentioned in IS : 456-19785, IS : 4098-196711.
21. IS code books for coarse aggregate and fine aggregate : IS 383 :2016 . Former
version is IS 383 :1970 .