FLOOR

S
Floors
• Floors are the horizontal elements which divide the building into
different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation
within the restricted space one above the other and provide support
for the occupants, furnitue and equipment.
• The floor resting directly on the ground surface is known as ground
floor(solid floor).While the other floors of each storey situated
above the ground level are known as upper floor(suspended floor).

• NOTE: For building with basement the floor resting on ground

surface becomes basement floor and the GF and UF will be
suspended floor.
Requirements of Floors
It should have:
1. Adequate strength
2. Adequate fire resistance
3. Sound insulation
4. Damp resistance
5. Thermal insulation
Components of Floor
1. Sub floor/floor base:
It is the layer which provides supports to the floor covering and
other superimposed loads. Incase of ground floor sub floor also
provides damp resistance and thermal insulation.

2. Floor covering/flooring/floor finishes:

This is meant to provide hard, clean, smooth, impervious,
durable and attractive surface to the floor.
Floor base in GF and Basement of RCC
Frame Structure
• Refer the different layers of floor base in GF and basement floor.
Floor covering/flooring in RCC frame structure
The material used for flooring are:
a. Mud
b. Bricks
c. Concrete
d. Terrazzo
e. Mosaic
f. Tiles
g. Marble
h. Granolithic
i. Timber
j. Asphalt
k. Rubber
l. Cork
m. Linoleum
n. Glass
o. Palstic/PVC
p. Stones
Selection of flooring depends upon:
1. Initial cost
2. Appearance
3. Cleanliness
4. Durability
5. Damp resistance
6. Sound insulation
7. Thermal insulation
8. Fire resistance
9. Smoothness
10. Hardness
11. maintenance
Different types of flooring
1. Mud Flooring
• Found in the villages
• Cheap
• Hard
• Easy to maintain
• Easy to construct
• Provides good thermal insulation

Figure: Mud Floor

Method of Construction:
• The selected soils are spread to make 25 mm thick layer.
• Ground is made wet by spraying water.
• The soil is tempered so that the thickness is about 15mm.
• We can also add dung and wet soil mixture.
2. Brick Flooring
• Used in cheap constructions
• Bricks of uniform shapes and good color are used
• Its laid either flat or on the edge in a good looking
pattern
• Its non-slippery, durable
• Easily repairable
• Its drawback is that it absorbs water
• Used in making the floors of warehouses, stores,
etc.

Figure: Brick Floor

3. Cement Concrete Floor
• Cement concrete flooring is one of the most common types of flooring
used in both in residential as well as public building.
• It is moderately cheap
• Quite durable
• Easy to construct
• The thickness should be about 40 mm
• Commonly used for residential, commercial and even industrial building.

Figure: Cement Floor

4. Terrazzo floor
• Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place, which is used for floor
and wall treatment.
• It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable
material and poured with cementitious binder, polymeric or both.

Figure: Terrazzo Floor

5. Tiled floor
• Tiles are made from clay, cement concrete or terrazzo
• Available in different size and thickness
• Used as an alternative for terrazzo floor when floor is to be laid quickly
• Lime mortar is used as a bedding material
• Used in residential buildings, schools, hospitals, etc.

Figure: Tiled flooring

Uses:
• Construction of floors in residential houses, offices, schools, hospitals and
other public buildings.
• (alternative to terrazzo flooring)
6. Mosaic floor
• Made from broken pieces of china glazed or cement or marble arranged in
desired patterns and used in superior buildings like temples, museum,
church etc..
• Is arranged on the concrete base.
• It is the art of arranging colored material, stones pieces, broken tiles,
colored marble to have particular pattern.
• Doesn’t provide good insulation against cold
• Not advisable for heavy duty factory and bathrooms.

Figure : Mosaic flooring

7. Marble Floor
• Superior type of floor
• Used where extraordinary cleanliness is required
• Used in hospitals, temples and kitchens
• Expensive

Figure: Marble flooring

Method of construction

1. Over the base concrete,20mm thick bedding mortar is spread.

2. The marble slabs are then laid over it and gently pressed by
wooden mallet and leveled.
3. The marble slabs are again lifted up and fresh mortar is added to
the hollows of the bedding.
4. The cement slurry is spread over it, the edges of already laid slabs
are smeared with the slurry, and is placed in position.
8. Timber Flooring
• It is used for carpentry halls, dancing halls, auditorium
• Expensive
• Common in hilly areas where timber is cheap
• Major problems in timber flooring is the damp prevention. Entire area
below the floor is covered with an impervious material(cement concrete
or asphalt)
• Elastic in nature.
• Resistant to wear and tear.
• Well seasoned
• Free from cracks,knots and other
defects

Figure: Timber flooring

 PLASTERING
AND POINTING
PLASTERIN
G
• Plastering is the process of
covering rough surfaces of walls,
columns, ceilings and other
building components with thin
coat of plastic mortars to form a
smooth durable surface.
Objectives of plastering
Plastering is done to achieve the following objects
1. To protect the external surfaces against penetration of rain
water and other atmospheric agencies
2. To give smooth surface in which dust and dirt cannot lodge
3. To give decorative effect
4. To protect surfaces against vermin.
5. To conceal inferior materials or defective workmanship
Selection criteria of plastering:

• It should adhere to the background and should remain

adhered during all variations of the climatic changes.
• It should be cheap and economical
• It should be hard and durable.
• It should be possible to apply it during all weather
conditions
• It should be effectively check the entry or penetration of
moisture from the surface
• It should possess good workability
Types of mortars for
plastering
1)Lime mortar
2)Cement mortar
3)Lime Cement Mortar
 Lime Plaster
•When lime is used as a binding material
it is called lime plaster.
•Lime plaster is a type of plaster
composed of hydrated lime, sand and
water.
•Lime plaster is similar to lime mortar, the
main difference is based on use rather
than composition.
•Mortar for lime plaster is usually
prepared by mixing sand and lime in
equal proportions, to improve the strength
small quantity of cement is added to it
 How is lime made?
1.Kiln burn: first limestone,seashells or other material
containing calcium carbonate is heated in kiln driving off
carbon dioxide and leaving calcium oxide also known as
quick lime
2.Hydration:quicklime reacts with water in a volatile
process called slaking resulting in calcium hydroxide or
hydrated lime. Calcium hydroxide cam look like powder
or a thick, sour cream consistency putty. If purchased as
a powder, it must be rehydrated in water for many weeks
to create many weeks to create high-quality putty for
plaster
3. Carbonation: calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon
dioxide in the air to create calcium carbonate
The ingredients in lime
plaster
1. Lime putty: sticky binder that adheres to wall or
substrate and holds the sand intact
2. Sand : aggregates, provides strength and cracking
control; use fine,angular masons sand for fine
plasters, and course or fine sand for base coats .

Safety for lime plaster: Note that lime is highly alkaline

and can severely burnt your skin. Unlike acid burns,
you generally do not feel an alkali burn as it occurs.
Therefore it is necessary to use full protective gear
whenever working with lime, including elbow-length
rubber gloves , long sleeves, eye protection etc.
Cement
Plaster
• When cement is used as a binding material it is called cement
plaster.
• It is specially suited for damp condition.
• Cement plaster is usually applied in one coat.
• Thickness of coat can be 12 – 15mm or 20mm depending upon
site conditions and type of building.
• 6mm thickness of plastering of 1:3 or 1:4 Ratio is recommended
for cement plastering of RCC surface
Mud
Plaster
• The surface to be prepared exactly in the same manner as that
of for lime plaster or cement plaster.
• Mud plaster is generally applied in two coats, the first coat
being 18mm thick while the thickness of second coat kept
6mm.
 • All types of mud plaster but especially those on external surfaces
needs to offer erosion resistance , impermeability to moisture ,
impact resistance and well bonded to wall.

Erosion resistance: The main cause of erosion is heavy rain and

high winds driving the rain hard onto walls at an angle will
increase erosion further still . Heavy rain even for a short time is
much more damaging than prolonged light rain.
A knowledge of local weather patterns and an analysis of
meteorological data can give an indication of erosion risk and hence
appropriate plastering materials and methods.
Impact resistance : The durability of mud plasters depends on
their ability to withstands the impacts of humans and animals by
bumping, scratching and scraping .
Stucco
Plaster
• Stucco is the name given to
decorative type of plaster which
gives an excellent finish.
• Stucco plaster can be used for
interior as well as exterior
surfaces.
• It is usually laid in three coats
making the total thickness of
plaster about 25mm. The first
coat is called scratch coat, the
second coatis called fine coat, it
is also known as brown coat
and the third coat is called
white coat or finishing coat
METHODS OF
PLASTERING
1.Preparation of the background
Lime Plaster:
i. Three coat plaster
ii. Two coat plaster

Cement Plaster OR Cement Lime Plaster:

iii. Two coat plaster
iv. Three coat plaster
v. Single coat plaster
Types of plaster finishes

1.Smooth cast finish

2.Sand faced finish
3.Rough cast finish
4. Pebble dash OR
dry dash finish
5.Depeter finish
6.Scrapped finish
7.Textured finish
 Sand plastering

Rough cast plaster

Pebble dash
plastering
Smooth cast
plastering
 DEFECTS IN
PLASTERING
1. Blistering of plastered surface

1.
Cracking
4. Efflorescence

5.Popping
6.Flaking

7.Peeling
7.Rust stains

8.Uneven surfaces.
POINTIN
G• Pointing is action of filling the joints of brickwork or
masonry with brick
• The technique of repairing mortar joints between
brick or other masonry elements
• Pointing includes raking the joints to the
depth of 10 to 20 mm and filling it with
better quality mortar in desired shape.
OBJECTIVES OF
POINTING
• To improve the appearance of the structure as a whole
and to give smooth surface.
• To protect the exposed surfaces from the effects
of atmospheric action simply weatherproofing .
• To rectify the defective workmanship or to conceal
inferior materials.
• Pointing is the most effective way of restoring the
condition and appearances of the building
Pointing
criteria:
• Must be cheap
• Must be able to protect the joints from external
agents.
• Must give proper external outlook.
• Suitable cement or lime mortar must be used.
Pointing
criteria:
• Must be cheap
• Must be able to protect the joints from external
agents.
• Must give proper external outlook.
• Suitable cement or lime mortar must be used.
MORTAR USED IN
POINTING
1. Lime Mortar
lime: sand
1 : 2
2. Cement Mortar
Cement : sand
1

3
METHODS OF
POINTING
• Preparation of the surface
• The mortar of masonry joints to be covered by pointing is raked
out at least to a depth of 20 mm.
• The dust from the masonry joints is removed by the brushes.
• The surface is then washed with clean water and it is kept wet
for a few hours.
• The mortar is then carefully placed in desired shapes in these
prepared joints.
• The mortar is placed by a small trowel and it is slightly pressed
to bring into close contact with the old interior mortar of the
joint.
• The finished surface is well-watered for a period of at least 3
days, if lime mortar is used and 10 days, if cement mortar is
used.
  TYPES
POINTIN
OF
G

 Simplest of all &

economical
compared to
other types of
pointing.
 Used in superior work as
this design has good
water resistance.
 Not suitable for exposed
walls as it do not readily
shed water.

 Only bricks with good frost

resistance should be used.

 Gives architectural
appearance.
 It is made similar to
grooved pointing.

 Also known as ‘Beak’ or

‘Double Struck’ pointing.
 5. V Pointing

 It is similar to the weathered pointing but is

inverted.

 Also known as ‘Keyed Type’ pointing.

 Struck pointing has
better effect of throwing
rain water.

 Also known as ‘Ruled

Pointing’.
9. Galletted Pointing

 Small stone or flint chips

are introduced to the
mortar & visible in the
surface of the pointing.

 Architectural work
  Plastering  Pointing

 Mortar is applied on the full  Mortar is applied only at the joints

surface. of building blocks.

 It is done on both the surfaces;  It is done only on the outside

inside & outside of a wall. surface of the wall.

 More materials are needed.  Less materials are needed.

 After plastering, the surface of the  After pointing, the surface of the
wall becomes plain. wall is not plain like plastering.

 Defects of the masonry work is not  The masonry work is seen fully
seen. plus defects are noticeable.

 Plastering is done to all classes of  Pointing is done only with the first
bricks. class bricks in order to have
exposed architectural appearance.
PAINTING AND
DISTEMPERING
WHITE & COLOUR
WASHING
 Painting
A substance that is applied as a liquid or paste, and dries
into a solid coating that protects or adds color to an object or
surface to which it has been applied is called paints
 The process of application of paint as coating is termed as
painting.
 Characteristics of paints
 Good spreading or cover power
 Economical
 Adhere well to thesurface
Paint firm on drying should be
impervious, uniform thickness, and smooth.
Provide adequate film thickness to resist
the weathering agencies(rain, heat, wind,
etc.)
Do not show any signs of brush marks,
cracks, patches, etc.
 Resist moisture penetration
 Objectives of painting
It protects the surface from weathering
effects of the atmosphere and actions of
fumes and gases.
It prevents decay of wood and corrosion
in metal.
It provides a smooth surface for easy
cleaning.
It is used to give good appearance to the
surface.
Composition of paints
1.Base
2. Vehicle: (Also known as binder
3. Pigment
4. Thinner or solvent
5. Dryers(also known as plasticizer)

FOR DETAIL, PLZ REFFER THE

PRESENTATION ON PAINTS AND
VARNISHES
TYPES
OF
PAINTS
1. Oil paint
2. Aluminum paint
3. Water paint
4. Asbestos paint
5. Bituminous paint
6. Cellulose paint
7. Cement paint
8. Plastic paint

FOR DETAIL, PLZ REFFER THE

PRESENTATION ON PAINTS AND
VARNISHES
TERMINOLOGY ON
PAINTING
Brushes
should be made of bristle because they are elastic and
possess good paint holding capacity.
 Round brushes are preferred.

Fig. Round,
bristle brush
Paints:
Paints are available in two
forms :Ready mixed i.e. readymade
and as a stiff paint(Have to prepare it
manually).
Ready-mixed paints are applied in
the same form as received.
Ready-mixed paints are expensive
and are to be used soon after
opening the sealed container
because the volatisation of the
vehicle and solvent will take place
when exposed to the atmospheric
oxygen.
Ready made paints come in different
Knotting:
 It is the covering of all the knots in woodwork with a substance
through which the resin cannot come out.
 There are three methods ofknotting:
a. Ordinary/SizeKnotting
 First Coat: Red lead grounded in water & mixed with strong glue is
 Second Coat: Read lead grounded in oil and is thinned by boiledused.
oil
an d
turpentine.
b. Patent Knotting:
 Knots sealed by applying coat of varnish.
c. Lime Knotting:
 Knot is covered by hot lime and is left for 24 hrs.
 After that follow same process of ordinary
knotting
Spray Painting:
 Instead of ordinary brushes, a spraying pistol is used for
painting. The spray painting is superior to painting by
brushes.
Advantages ofSpray Painting :
The speed of workincreases.
Artistic patterns/designs can be created on the surface.
Economical in material andlabor.
There is uniform mixing of ingredients of the paint.
 Painting on Different
Surfaces
1. Painting On New Wood work:
 The process is carried out asfollows:
The surface of the woodwork is cleaned thoroughly. The
woodwork should be seasoned well and should not contain
more than 15%of the moisture content at the time of
painting.
 The surface is then knotted.
 Surface is rubbed smooth with abrasive paper.
 The primary coat is applied on the surface of the
woodwork.
 The process of stopping(i.e. rubbing by purmice stone or
glass
paper) is carried out.
2. Repainting Old Woodwork:
 If the paint on the old woodwork has cracked or has
developed blisters, it is to be removed.
 If the surface has become greasy, it should be cleaned
with a sand-paper or fine pumice stone.
 The old paint can be removed by applying any of the
following
three paint solvents:
 Applying solution containing 1 kg of caustic soda in 5
litres of water.
 A mixture of one part of soft soap and two parts of potash with
one part of quicklime and should apply in a hot state
and allowed to stay for about
24 hrs. The surface is then washed with a hot water.
 A mixture consisting of equal parts of washing soda and
quicklime is brought to a paste form by adding
required quantity of water. It is applied on the
surface and kept for about an hour. The surface is then
washed with water.
 After removing the old paint, the repainting is done in
3. Painting new ironwork and steelwork:
The surface should be cleaned and made free
from rust, grease, dirt, etc.
A film of phosphoric acid is applied on the
cleaned surface which will protect the surface
from further rusting and provides adhesion of
paint.
After that, first coat is applied with the help of
brush (3 kg of red lead is to1 liter of boiled
linseed oil ).
Once the first coat is dried, 2 or 3 under-coat is
applied with brush or spray gun (3 kg of red lead
is to5 liters of boiled linseed oil ).
After that, final coat of desired type is
applied. Final coat should ne smooth finish.
4. Repainting old ironwork and
steelwork:
The surface should be cleaned by soap water
and if grease is present, by washing the surface
with lime and water.

If old paint have crack, it is removed by

flame- cleaning

After the old paint is removed, repainting is

carried as in case of new ironwork or
steelwork.
5. Painting Galvanized Ironwork

 Paints does not easily get spread on the G.I work.

Paints can be applied if G.I is exposed to weathering for about
a year. However, if paints are to be applied immediately, some
treatment has to be done as follows:
 Solution containing 40 gm of copper acetate in 1 litre of water
Solution containing 13 gm each of muriatic acid, copper
chloride, copper nitrate and ammonium chloride in 1 litre
of water.
(after applying any of these solution, surface turns black)
First coat is applied after 24 hours (red lead mixed
with linseed or turpentine in equal proportion)
 After first coat is dried, suitable paint is applied.
6. Painting on Plastered surface:
For successful painting on a cement plastered surface,
the following factors should be carefully considered:
 The surface should be free from moisture.
Alkali resistant primer should be used. The cement
plaster is alkaline in nature hence the oil based paints
and distempers are liable for alkali attack.
 Defects on the surface should be removed.
Efflorescence developed on the surface should be
brushed off
If there are chances for the discoloration of the painted
surface, the surface should be treated with an antiseptic
wash. The organism responsible for discoloration are algae,
mould
 Few of the recommended paints are cement paint,
emulsion
 Defects on
Fading: painting
The gradual loss of color is known
as fading. This may be due to the
effect of sun rays.

Flaking or Peeling:
Due to the poor adhesion, paint
may peel off from the surface.

Blistering:
This is caused by water vapour,
which is trapped behind the painted
surface. It may occur due to
imperfect seasoning of timber.
Bloom:
 The formation of dull patches on the
finished surface is known as bloom. It
may occur due to bad ventilation or
defective paint.

Running:
The paint runs back and leaves some areas
of surface un covered. This defect occurs
when surface is too thickly painted
sagging will occur.

Wrinkling:
If the horizontal surface is too thickly
painted wrinkling will occur.
Flashing:
The patches seen on the painted
surface is known as flashing. It
may be due to poor workmanship,
weather action, or poor quality of
paint.

Grinning:
If the opacity of the final coat is
insufficient, the back ground of
the painted surface is clearly
visible, this is known as grinning.
 Sagging
This type of defect is more prominent when
a thick layer of paint is applied on a
vertical or inclined surface.

 Saponification
Formation of soap patches on the painted
surface is termed as saponification.
Chemical action of alkalis is the cause of
this defect.
Efflorescence:
Efflorescence or formation
of white powdery deposit
on walls after painting is
caused due to salts present
in the building material
like brick and mortar,
which surface later on.

Brush marks:
Brush marks are caused
due to under-thinning of
paints or due to poor
application of the final coat
of paint or due to poor
 Distemper
&Distempering
 Distemper (Water paint): is the type of paint made of
water, chalk and pigment, bound with either animal
glue or the adhesive qualities of casein (a resin that
comes from solidified milk).
 The process of applying distemper over various surfaces
is known as distempering.

 The purpose of applying distemper is to provide

smooth surface and for decorative purpose.
Distemper is composed
1.
of Base such as whiting or
chalk
2. Carrier (water)
3. Binder such as glue
4. coloring pigments
water-bound distempers
 They are available in powder or paste form .
 Need to mix with hot water before use.
oil bound distempers
Oil bound distemper is a paint that includes drying oils that
increase coverage area.
 As it dries the oil makes a hard surface.
 It is available in many colors.
It is best recommended for interior use on plaster, brick and
ordinary walls, and ceilings.
Properties of
distempers
 On drying, film of distempers shrinks. Hence it leads to
cracking
and flaking if the surface to receive distemper is weak.
 The coats of distemper are usually thick and they are
brittle compared toother paints.
 Porous allows water vapor to pass through it and hence it
permits new walls to dry out without damaging the
distemper film.
 They are generally light in color and Provides good
reflective
coating.
 They are less durablethan oil paints.
 They are treated as water paints and are easy to apply.
 They can be applied on brick work, cement plastered
surface and lime plastered surface, insulating boardsetc.
 Process of distempering
1. Preparation of
surface 2. Application of Wal l
Putt

3. Priming 4. Coats of
coat distemper
 Process of
distempering
1. Preparation of surface
Preparation of new surface
Surface to be distempered should be rubbed
and cleaned thoroughly
If distemper is to be painted on the new plastered
surface, it should be kept exposed for a period of two
months to avoid dampness on the surface.
 The surface should be free from efflorescence patches.
Cracks and voids on the surface should be filled
with lime putty before
distempering.
Preparation of old surface

Remove the loose particles, dust, dirt,

grease, wax, mortar dropping, and growth
of fungus, algae, dampness, etc. with the
help of wire brush or putty knife.
Rubbed the old surface thoroughly with
sandpaper. Wash the whole surface and
leave for drying.
Fill the holes and crack with the putty or
gypsum and leave for hardening.
Rub the wall with the sandpaper to make
a smooth surface and wipe off the dust
with the dry cloth.
2. Primingcoat
 After cleaning the surface priming coat is
applied and allowed to dry.
 One or two coats of primer is applied
depending upon surface condition i.e.
porosity
For local made distempers, milk isused for
priming coat (1 liter of milk covers about
10 square meter of surface)
For old work, normally no primer coat is
necessary. If the old coatings are completely
scrapped off, one coat of primer may be
required.

Why priming?
ensure a good bond between distemper
paint and the surface
 create a better finish
Primer coat provides the foundation for
3. Coats of distemper
 Dilute the paint as per the dilution ratio as
recommended by the manufacturer
 First coat of the distemper is applied on the
surface after the priming coat is dried.
 The second coat should be applied only after
the first coat of distemper is completely dried.

Point to be remembered
Distempering should be done in dry weather.
The application of distemper by a spraying pistol
is superior to that by brushes.
When distempering an entire room always work
on the ceiling first.
Fig: Distempering and distempered surface
 White washing
 White wash is a solution or a type of paint
made from slaked lime.
The process of applying whitewash is white
washing
white washing of surfaces of building is done
both for hygienic and aesthetic reasons.
For clean, neat and uniform finish, it is
necessary to adopt proper method as follows:
 Process in white
washing
Preparation of whitewash Preparation of surfaceApplication of wash
white
Preparation of whitewash
 White wash is prepared from fat lime.
The fresh lime is slaked at site of work and mixed
with sufficient amount of water .
 It is then screened through a clean cloth.
The clean gum dissolved in hot water is added to
it. (rice may also use in place of gum).
Preparation of surface
New surface should be thoroughly cleaned off all dirt, dust
mortar drops and other foreignmatter
 Surfaces which are white washed before should be broomed to
remove dirt and dust.
 Any growth of moulds moss should be removed by steel scraper
and ammonical copper solution.
Application of white wash
Cleaned surface is coated with specified number of coat with
jute brush.
Each coat should consist of stroke of the brush given from top
to bottom and bottom to top plus similar stroke in horizontal
direction forms one coat.
 Each coat should be allowed to dry completely before next
coat is
applied
Fig: White Washing and white washed surface
Colour washing
 Colour washing is prepared by adding colouring pigment to the
screened white wash.
 Commonly used pigments are yellow earth, red ocher and blue
vitriol.
 These are crushed to powder, before mixing.
 Method of applying is same as that of
• white wash.
 For colour washing of new surface, primary coat should be white wash
and subsequent coat should be colour wash.

Fig: Color washi ng

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