FLOOR FINISH

PRESENTED BY:
RIYA
SNEHA KOTHARI SUBMITTED TO:
SHREYA KUMBHAR AR.SNEHA SHARMA
SAMRUDDHI SASANE AR.SUNITA KOTHARI
PRANAV SATHE AR.PURNIMA CHITALE
CONTENT
1.INTRODUCTION 10.BRICK FLOORING
2.CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING 11.MUD FLOORING
3.MARBLE FLOORING 12.LINOLEUM FLOORING
4.GRANITE FLOORING 13.TERAZZO FLOORING
5.KOTA STONE 14.RUBBER FLOORING
6.FLAGSTONE 15.PVC SHEETING FLOORING
7.TILE FLOORING 16.REFRENCES
8.CARPET FLOORING

9.TIMBER FLOORING
INTRODUCTION
Floors of a building are as important as the
foundation of a building.They have to bear
the forces of our everyday activities and at
the same time provide an aesthetic
appearance to the interior of the building . It
is therefore important to choose the right
flooring that is versatile and suits our
building the best.

There are various types of flooring

materials used in building
construction and their selection
depends on application ,
aesthetics and choice of user
WHAT IS FLOOR ?
A floor is the 'lower horizontal
surface of any space in a building,
including finishes that are laid as
part of the permanent
construction. '

THE IMPORTANCE
OF FLOORING
Flooring, the general term used to refer to the material covering the bare floor plate, is one of
the largest elements to consider when designing a space. Since the floor is underfoot and takes
up so much real estate in any space, it has a significant impact on the aesthetic of your office.
Factors to be considered while selecting material for
flooring :

Durability Appearance Initial Cost Hardness Smoothness

Flooring should The appearance of The quality and The floor material The top surface of the
be durable the floor should be durability may should be hard floor material should
enough with a aesthetic. Flooring increase along enough to resist be smooth and level. A
life equal to the products made of with the cost. But the wear and tear rough surface is not
life of other different materials the selection of caused by loads.It good to look and also
components of are available in the cost of should not allow damages the base of
the structure markets with flooring material the formation of the equipment placed
different colors, is done based on dents when loads on the floor.
shapes, designs, several factors are moved on it.
sizes, etc.
Factors to be considered while selecting material for
flooring :

Damp Cleanliness Fire Thermal Sound Insulation

resistance The floor selected resistance Insulation
should be easy to The floor The floor material The floor material
The floor material
clean. It should not should have should offer good should be good in
should exhibit
absorb any good fire thermal resistance. sound insulating
good resistance
solutions such as resistance, PVC, asphalt, cork, otherwise it will
against dampness
oils, greases, etc. It especially rubber, etc. are produce noise when
especially in
should not allow users walk on it.
places like upper floors good thermal
the formation of insulators.
kitchens and
stains on it.
bathrooms .
 Cement concrete flooring is one
of the most common types of
CEMENT flooring used in both in
residential as well as public

CONCRETE
buildings owing to its non-
absorbent nature and thus it is
very useful for water stores,

FLOORING durability, smooth and pleasing

in appearance, good wearing
properties, easy maintenance
and is economical.
 MANUFACTURE
Cement concrete flooring tiles shall be
manufactured from a mixture of cement,
natural aggregates and colouring
material where required, by pressure
process (with or without vacuum
dewatering) or vibration (with or without
vacuum dewatering) or a combination of
both, so that the tiles meet the
requirements specified in the standard.
Concrete is the most commonly used flooring material. It is
suitable for any type of construction and is cheaper than others
and durable.

Cement Concrete mix of 1:3:6 to 1:5:10 or lime concrete with 40%

1:2 lime sand mortar and 60% coarse aggregate is used as base
course. After hardening, 1:2:4 cement concrete mix with 40 mm
thick layer is laid as the topping.

In industrial buildings, a granolithic finish is provided to obtain

hard wearing surface. The granolithic finish can be obtained
from rich concrete with a tough quality coarse aggregate mix.

8.Over this cement slurry, provide a layer of
cement concrete of grade M15 (1 cement : 2 sand
: 4 coarse aggregate) of required thickness (say
40 mm).
9.Tamp the top surface thoroughly to compact it
and use wooden floats to obtain a smooth
surface. The surface so obtained is cured for
about 10 days before putting it to use.
PROCESS
1. First properly compact the earth in the plinth.
2. Over this compacted earth filling, uniformly
spread a layer of clean coarse sand about 10 to 15
cm thick.
3. A base concrete of grade M10 (1 cement : 3 sand :
6 coarse aggregate) is then laid over the sand
layer in the required slope and tamped properly.
The thickness of base concrete is generally 100
mm.
4. Level the top of the base concrete and left it to
set and harden.
5. Thoroughly clean the surface upon hardening.
6. Divide the top of the floor into panels, rectangular
or square in shape, by using glass or other strips.
The area of the panels should preferably less than
2 square meters.
7. After completion of the paneling, moist the top of
the base concrete and apply cement slurry on it.
 CHEQUERED CEMENT CONCRETE TILES

Chequered tiles Laying of footpath

Preparation of base
These are available as
(a) Plain cement and plain colored tiles for general
purpose
(b) Terrazzo tiles with chips of varying sizes, and
(c) Heavy-duty plain cement / colored tiles.

USED IN SIZES:

•Footpaths Available in three sizes

•200x200X22 mm,
•Entrance
•250x250X22 mm, and
•Staircase of Public •300x300x25 mm.
Buildings
•Foot Dyer Bridges
•Passages
Driveways
MARKET SURVEY

Red And Grey Concrete

Gloss Cement Concrete Red and Yellow concrete
Cement Ramp Track Tile,
Checkered tile checkered cement tile
Thickness: 25 MM
Thickness :25 MM Size : 1 SQ.FT.
₹ 25/ sq ft
₹25/ Piece ₹30/ Piece

 Marble is a very popular natural stone that is

quarried and cut into slabs and tiles for a
variety of residential and commercial building
applications, including countertops, floors,
and wall tiles. It is a metamorphic rock that
forms when a sedimentary stone, such as

MARBLE limestone, is transformed under heat and

pressure into a harder stone with beautiful

FLOORING color and veined patterns. Marble is

sometimes confused with granite, however,
granite is an igneous rock derived from
volcanic magma, not layered sedimentary
rock. Granite typically has a pebbly or spotted
color pattern, while marble usually has a wavy
veined pattern.
PROS AND CONS Maintenance and Repair
Once installed, routine maintenance of a marble tile floor is
relatively easy; it requires the same kind of sweeping and
PROS:
damp mopping you would do with a ceramic tile floor.
Elegant, upscale appearance
However, unlike ceramic tile, marble is fairly porous, so you
Natural material
shouldn't allow water to puddle and stand on the surface.
Easily polished
Standing water can penetrate the stone and discolor it.
Accommodates radiant floor heating
Adds real estate value

CONS:
Porous stone, requires sealing
Scratches, stains easily
Expensive
Slippery and brittle
Cold underfoot
 MANUFACTURING
Marble is an elegant addition to any home. From its timeless appearance to natural intricacies, this natural
stone is an elegant addition to any home. Surface renovations benefit from the alluring appearance of marble,
while even improving the overall resale value of the home or commercial property.

A Result of Heat and Pressure

When limestone is exposed to excessive heat and pressure, it goes through what is known as recrystallization,
creating a mosaic of several different rocks (and colors). During this process, texture of limestone is changed so
drastically it is transformed into marble.
How Colors are Formed
The marble forms into ornate white, sandstone, green, and even veined blue hues. White marble is the result of
pure limestone going through a metamorphosis, while green marble occurs as the result of serpentine

From Quarry to Manufacturer

Marble is extracted in large chunks from quarries. Once it is “harvested” marble is transported to mills where it
is sawed and cut. Marble and tile are inspected for imperfections and “faults” before being sold at the
consumer level.
The mill workers then check for cracks or faults which are filled by pigmented resins. After that process, the
marble is then finished and sealed then sent to various retail stores
INSTALLATION OF MARBLE FLOOR
Marble flooring installation requires proper design
and pattern as the veins in marble should get
matched with other marble. Otherwise, it will look
ugly, and therefore the whole charm of marble
flooring will get lost. Marble flooring is laid with
white cement and yellow sand. It should be
moulded on all four side edges before laying.
Therefore, proper joints space should be provided
due to the moulding while marble flooring
installation. This moulding will help during thermal
expansion and it will provide not only good bond
between two stones but it will also provide space
for expansion so that it doesn’t pop up or buckle
under heat like ceramic or vitrified tiles.
USES OF MARBLE

IN FLOORING

FOR FURNITURE

IN STAIRCASE
TYPES OF MARBLES
Makarana Marble
Italian Marble
Rajnagar White Marble
Ambaji Green Marble
Kesarayaji Green Marble
Udaipur Pink Marble
Udaipur Green Marble
Jaisalmer Yellow Marble
Abu black Marble
Aandhi Marble

MARKET SURVEY

WHITE DUNGRI MARBLE

RUPEES 50/SQ FEET
LIGHT GREEN KATNI WHITE MORWAD MARBLE
MARBLE ,20MM 14 MM
RUPEES 150/SQ FEET RUPEES 35 / SQ FEET
FINISHING OF MARBLE
 Granite is a range of natural stone
that is made from cooling molten
rock in the ground. This time-
consuming and high-pressure
process results in granite stone. It
is an igneous rock that is mainly
strong and solid. Granite is made

GRANITE up of minerals such as feldspar

and quartz, which add to its

FLOORING feature sparkle. It can be used in

almost any part of your house and
comes in both honed, matte slabs,
as well as brushed, shiny tiles.
PROS AND CONS
Pros
It is durable
Granite is incredibly hard, meaning that it will stand up excellently to things like pet
claws or heavy foot traffic with out so much as a scratch.
When properly sealed, granite is very resistant to moisture
Granite’s natural beauty is one of the main reasons that people choose it as a
flooring material.

Cons

is costly.
Granite
Granite can be slippery when it is highly polished
Granite has a cumbersome installation process.
Granite needs to be periodically resealed in order
to keep it properly protected.
PROCESS OF GRANITE FLOORING :
Clean and dry the sub-floor dry before installing. Peeling paint
paints and residual sealant should be removed using sanding or
scrapping.
Use 90 degree corner granite floor tile.
Lay floor tiles and use plastic spacer to keep the granite tiles
properly aligned. Trim the tiles using a wet saw, so as to fit.
Now mix the thin-set as per the instructions on the pack. Then
use a trowel to spread an even layer of thin-set over the sub-
floor.
Place the backer-board and screw it down. This makes the
surface smooth and which protect granite from damages.
Hold the trowel at 45 degree angle to form consistent ridges.
Use a slight twisting motion to press the granite tile into the
mortar, by tapping it down with a rubber mallet. This ensures
force out air pockets for complete contact.
Allow the mortar to dry for 24 hours.
In small batches mix grout and use it within 20 minutes. The
consistency of grout should be like toothpaste.
Then work the grout into the tile joints with a grout float.
Clean off any excess grout paste with the help float and using damp
sponge.
Now leave the grout for three days.
Now apply a penetrating grout sealant. After applying the sealant
remove the excess sealant from the tile.
USES OF GRANITE FLOORING
Granite Floors Can Last a Lifetime
There Are Many Colors and Patterns to
Choose From
It’s Resistant to Staining
Granite Tiles Are Hypoallergenic
.Granite Floors Can Boost the Value of
Your Property

Indian Granite Colors

MARKET SURVEY

Polished Desert Brown Granite Onion Red Granite

Stone Slab Thickness: 17 mm Stone, 20 Mm
White Granite Stone
₹ 72/ Square Feet ₹ 400/ Square Feet
₹ 21.00 / Square Feet

MARKET SURVEY

Granite Slabs, For Flooring, Polished Slab Black Polished Slab Granite
Thickness: 15-20 mm Marqino Granite, Thickness: 15-20 mm
₹ 75/ Square Feet Thickness: 15-20 mm ₹ 50/ Sq ft
₹ 65/ Square Feet
 Kota stone is a fine grained variety of Limestone
(Chemical composition is Siliceous Calcium
Carbonate), sedimentary origin, quarried in Kota
and Jhalawar districts of Rajasthan. Kotastone’s
fascinating natural look, toughness and cost

KOTA effectiveness makes it the most extensively used

stone for both residential and commercial flooring.

STONE Kota Stone Flooring comes with a shiny appearance

and charismatic colours such as blue, yellow, grey,
greenish-blue and brown. Kota Stone is available in
different shapes and sizes and can easily blend with
any home interior or exterior flooring design.
PROS AND CONS
PROS
It is a hard, non-porous, and
homogeneous material that can be
widely used in different areas.
It is not water absorbent and is anti-slip
hence is the most perfect and hygienic
flooring for humid areas.
It is very strong and long-lasting.
The stone can be polished again if a
fresh appearance is desired.
Kota is resistant enough to fit any
climatic conditions – dry, humid, or cold.
CONS
It is not available in big slab sizes like
marble or granite. Kota is a variety of
limestone which is very fragile hence it is
available in smaller sizes.
Kota is not acid and alkali resistant and can
be stained easily.
Continuous usage of Kota stone might
result in flaking. However if it is well
maintained and polished regularly flaking
of the stone might be prevented.
Its surface finish is not so lustrous as
marble or granite.
The stone does need regular maintenance
but care should be taken not to drag heavy
furniture over it.
KOTA STONE FLOORING PROCESS
The thickness of mortar bedding shall not be less than 40 mm.
The stone slabs shall be thoroughly wetted with clean water.
Mortar of the specified mix shall be spread under the area of each slab in accordance with
the overall slope.
It shall be pressed tapped with a wooden mallet and brought to the level.
The stone to be lifted and laid aside.
The top surface of the mortar is to be corrected by adding fresh mortar at hollows.
The mortar is allowed to harden a bit and cement slurry of honey-like consistency shall be
spread over the same @ 4.4 Kg per SqM.
The edges of the slabs are already paved to be buttered with cement with or without
pigment.
The slab is to be tapped to the desired level with a fine joint.
The surplus cement slurry to be cleaned.
 Laying of Kota Stone Slabs

The slab should be of desired

quality, hard, dense,
homogeneous and free from
any cracks, decay, weathering,
Fine Chisel Dressing of
etc.
Kota Stone
CURING, POLISHING & FINISHING
The curing of the slab by wetting the surface shall be continued for a minimum
period of seven days. Thereafter the surface shall be ground evenly with a machine
fitted with fine grade grit block (No. 120). After grinding the surface should be
prepared by thoroughly washing and cleaning for final grinding. Final grinding is
done the day after the first grinding with a machine fitted with the finest grade grit
blocks (No.320).
Hand polishing may be allowed instead of machine polishing for small areas after
laying. In the case of hand polishing carborundum stones of medium grade (No. 80)
and fine grade (No. 120) shall be used for first and final polishing respectively.
The polished surface is then rubbed hard with oxalic acid sprinkled with water and
spread at the rate of 33 gm per square meter using the pad of woolen rags, also
known as namdah block.
USES

IN STAIRCASE

FOR EXTERIOR LANDSCAPE

IN SITTING AREA
MARKET SURVEY

Grey Normal polished Kota Blue Leather Polish Kota Grey leather finish
Stone Stone Flooring Kota Stone,
SIZE: 32 to 37 MM ₹ 27/ Square Feet Thickness: 25 To 45
₹ 22/ Sq Ft Mm
₹ 25/ Square Feet
MARKET SURVEY

Kota Green Limestone, Thickness: 15 To 35 Mm

₹ 8/ Square Feet

Uncut Kota Stone, Thickness:

Blue And Green Kota Stone 20-25 Mm
₹ 45/ Square Feet ₹ 20/ Square Feet
 Flagstone (flag) is a generic flat stone,
sometimes cut in regular rectangular
or square shape and usually used for
paving slabs or walkways, patios,
flooring, fences and roofing. It may be
used for memorials, headstones,
facades and other construction. The
name derives from Middle English

FLAGSTONE flagge meaning turf, perhaps from Old

Norse flaga meaning slab or chip.
Flagstone is a sedimentary rock that is
split into layers along bedding planes.
Flagstone is usually a form of a
sandstone composed of feldspar and
quartz and is arenaceous in grain size
(0.16 mm – 2 mm in diameter).
PROS AND CONS
PROS :
1. Flagstone flooring is very economical for the place
where the stone is easily available.
2. Maintenance is easy and cheap.
3. It is hard, durable and wear-resistant.
4. It can withstand the wear due to movement of heavy
load.
CONS :
1. It is not a very fine and smooth type of
floor.
2. It is not very impervious as water can
percolate through damaged portions.
3. When iron-tired thellas move over the
flagstone floor, it produces a lot of noise.
METHOD OF FLAGSTONE FLOORING
For the construction of flagstone flooring, first of all, a layer of earth is filled uniformly in the flooring area.
The layer is rammed hard after mixing water to it.
If the soil quality is not too good, a layer of rubble boulders or broken brick-bats around 250 mm thick is
laid on it. This layer is then rammed so that broken bricks are fully embedded in the flooring soil, and a
hard bed is obtained.
A layer of lime concrete, 100 mm to 150 mm thick, is then spread over the hard bed. Again this layer is
rammed to get a consolidated layer and left to set for 2 to 3 days.
After this process, a layer of lime mortar, 20 to 25 mm thick is spread and flagstones are fitted in it. Once
stone slabs are properly set in the mortar layer, mortar that has come out through joints is raked off for a
depth of about 20 mm and flush pointed with 1:3 cement mortar.
The standard dimensions of stone blocks are usually 300 mm x 300 mm, 450 mm x 450 mm, 600 mm x
600 mm and 450 mm x 600 mm. The stones used should be enough hard, durable and of fine quality.
The stones are dressed on all the edges so that joints are kept thin, to give them a better look. These
types of floors are used in such a place(like as Stores, Godowns, sheds, etc.) where heavy load movement
have to be handled
INSTALLATION OF FLAGSTONE FLOORING
1) Preparation
Choosing to use Flagstone tiles leaves you with a selection of
design options, and one important consideration is the laying
pattern.

2) Mixing Adhesive
Adhesives are mixed in proportions as per the requirements

3) Apply the Adhesive

Carefully apply the adhesive to one tile at a time, taking
time to apply an even spread underneath each of the tiles.
Arrange the tiles in the desired formation, ensuring an
adequate quantity of tile adhesive. Be careful not to
create an uneven surface by using different amounts of
adhesive.

 4) Level the tiles

Use a spirit level to check that the tiles are level. If any
adjustment is required, gently tap with a rubber mallet
to knock back into place.

5) Grouting
Use a pointer tool to apply grout into the gaps in the
tiles. Remove any excess using a damp sponge or cloth
and allow to dry.

6) Sealing
Flagstone floors are robust and hard-wearing, but
in order to maintain their freshness and to protect
against unforeseen damage, it is recommended
that the tile is sealed. A sealed floor will not only
last longer but will repel spills and stains, requiring
little maintenance and saving future expense.
MARKET SURVEY

Random Flagstones, For

Flooring, Thickness: 5-10
mm
₹ 30/ Square Feet
Kuppam Green
Granite Flag Stone
₹ 50/ Square Feet
Grey Green Yellow
red Flagstone
₹ 43/ Square Feet


These are commonly made of ceramic or

stone, although recent technological
advances have resulted in rubber or glass

TILE tiles for floors as well. Ceramic tiles may be

painted and glazed. Small mosaic tiles may

FLOORING be laid in various patterns. Floor tiles are

typically set into mortar consisting of sand,
cement and often a latex additive. The
spaces between the tiles are commonly filled
with sanded or unsanded floor grout.
PROS AND CONS
PROS
Very durable
Impervious to water and stains
Non-allergenic
Many design options

CONS
Constructed from the square, hexagonal, or other
Can be cold shapes
Hard underfoot Made of clay ( pottery), cement concrete, or terrazzo.
Very heavy Available in different sizes and thicknesses.
Difficult and time-consuming Commonly used in residential houses, offices,
to install schools, hospitals, and other public buildings, for floor
to be laid quickly.
MANUFACTURING
Water and raw materials mix together until a sand-like consistency is reached. Recipes vary
slightly however feldspar, clay, silica sand and other materials are included in the mixture.
In this next step, a spray dryer removes the excess moisture from the mixture until the
perfect consistency is reached before the mixture is moved into a press.
Now, the porcelain mixture is pressed to form the tile. Each size and shape of available
porcelain tiles use a special punch to create the body of the tile, called Greenware.
Greenware is the term used for tiles that have not been glazed or fired. Prior to that step,
the raw materials are placed in a dryer to remove moisture, readying the tiles for the next
step.
After the tiles have dried, the next step is to add the pattern and colors using a state-of-the-
art inkjet printer. After the pattern is applied, the glaze is applied to protect the tiles.
After the tiles have dried, the next step is to add the pattern and colors using a state-of-
the-art inkjet printer. After the pattern is applied, the glaze is applied to protect the tiles
BASE FOR TILE FLOORING
Flooring may be laid on a reasonably rigid base.
Surface of the base shall be rough to form a suitable key with
bedding mortar.
The base, about 35 to 50 mm below the level of the finished
floor, is to be properly graded and free from loose earth, dirt,
dust, and lumps.

LAYING OF TILES
Laying of Bedding Mortar-
For pre-finished ceramic tiles – the bedding mortar used for this has the cement and coarse sand ratio of
1:4
For glazed earthenware tile -the bedding mortar used for this has the cement and coarse sand ratio of 1:3
Quantity of water should be such that it gives the motar a sufficient amount of plasticity and also makes
the mortar workable.
Average thickness of bedding mortar = 20 mm
Thickness under the tile = not less than 10 mm.
Allowed to harden for 12 to 24 hours.
Before laying the tiles, neat cement slurry is spread over the bedding mortar
LAYING OF TILES
Tiles are laid flat, gently pressed into the bedding mortar
with the help of a wooden mallet.
Before laying the tiles, a thin paste of cement is applied
on their sides, over the entire perimeter surface
Joints between adjacent tiles are cleaned of loose
mortar etc. to a depth of 5 mm, using a wire brush
Then grouted with cement slurry of the tile color.
The slurry is also applied over the flooring.
Then curing is done for seven days
In Vitrified ceramic tiles – wetting of the back surface
before laying is adequate.
In Glazed earthenware tiles - tiles are soaked in water for
an hour before laying.
MARKET SURVEY

SOMANY BEIGE FLOOR

TILE RS 130/SQUARE
PORCELAIN RAK CERAMIC
SOMANY FLOOR TILE , FEET
TILE, THICKNESS: 5-10
SIZE:-60 X 60 CM.

MM
RS 70/SQUARE FEET. Rs 55/Square Feet
SIZE:-2X2 FEET.

 Carpet Floor is a soft floor covering made

of bound carpet fibers or stapled fibers,
typically consisting of an upper layer of
pile attached to a backing. Carpeting

CARPET
refers to wall-to-wall coverage, which is
typically used indoors and can be used in
both high and low traffic areas, it

FLOORING typically lasts for 15-18 years before it

needs to be replaced. It offers the right
balance of safety, comfort, performance
and aesthetic pleasure.
PROS AND CONS

PROS CONS
Warm and soft to the touch May flatten and harden
fairly inexpensive There is the possibility of mold grown
there is a wide selection of colors and in area of high moisture
styles They tend to absorb large spills into
they offer insulation and sound the pads underneath
proofing They could require professional
easy to clean cleaning
easy to maintain and repair They have been known to retain odors
and bacteria
MANUFACTURING
OF CARPET

Preparing the yarn

Dyeing the yarn
Tufting the carpet
Dyeing the tufted carpet
Finishing the carpet
Quality Control

INSTALLATION
PREPARATION
Measure the space area of the room to be carpeted
make sure the room floor is clean and smooth
scrape up any paint or remove the doors for easy
installation

STEPS
cut tackle strips with strip cutter and nail them half-
inch away from the wall
lay the carpet pad perpendicularly and staple it near
the tackle strips with a staple hammer
use a utility knife to trim the carpet along the interior
edge of the tackless strip so that they are exposed
With the use of a carpet, knife trim the carpet to fit
around any obstacle
Trim away the excess carpet using a wall trimmer.
MARKET SURVEY

Grey Fiber
Decorative
Carpet
Flooring
₹30/
Square
Feet
PP Carpet Flooring
₹60/ Square Feet
Plain Carpet Flooring, Thickness
(Millimetres): 4 mm,12 mm & 15 mm
₹ 34/ Square Feet
 Wood flooring is any product
manufactured from timber that is
designed for use as flooring,

TIMBER either structural or aesthetic.

Wood is a common choice as a

FLOORING
flooring material and can come in
various styles, colors, cuts, and
species.
PROS AND CONS
PROS: CONS:
A long-term investment Cost
Variety Prone to termite attack
Quality that is ageless Avoid water contact
Easy maintenance and Scratching
hygiene Limited usage
Healthy air quality at home Cupping
Better for babies Crowning
Good acoustics Molds
Improves the value of your Noise
home High maintenance
Organic

Easy installation
 TYPES OF INSTALLATION OF TIMBER FLOORING
1.Nail/Staple down method of construction:
It’s one of the most demanding methods of laying or installing a wooden
floor and requires highly skilled people with specialized tools like a foot-
nailer and so one needs to be a qualified professional. This method is
possible only when there is a wooden sub-floor as nailing in concrete is
practically not possible.This kind of method is used mostly for laying solid
wood floors. This is because solid wood is thicker and more prone to
expansion and hence a glue-down method is not ideal for it.

2.Wooden floorings Using Glue down floor laying method

The key to this method is laying the sub-floor on co-ordinates of stability
and sound, other than successful installation. It incorporates the use of
specialist adhesives, also called bonding agents to glue the wooden
boards to the sub-floor. One important note in this method of wooden
flooring system is that we should only use flexible adhesives, as wood, be
it any variety, has a property of expanding or contracting. For the same
reason it is advisable to leave expansion joints around any fixed
installation of wood.
3.Floating Wooden floor installation
Rather than fixing the floorboards to the sub-
floor, you fix the panels or boards to each other
and keep them floating. It is done by tongue and
groove joinery, but this joint is fixed firmly by
using a PVA adhesive.
There is also a click-lock system, where we don’t
need an external adhesive as the boards get
locked together. SO when the boards expand, the
entire wooden floor expands as a whole unit. For
this reason, an expansion gap is left around the
periphery of the entire room, to accommodate
any differences caused.
Ideally, Laminate flooring can be done using
Floating floor installation technique. But,
engineered wood is also possible using this
technique. However, it is not a good option for
solid wood flooring.
USES:

In Auditoriums
Houses in hilly areas

In Dancing Halls
 Manufacturers and suppliers
Sundek interio Private Limited
Fort, Mumbai
Crown Inc.
Dharampeth , Nagpur
Interclas Creations
koramangala , Bengaluru
A to Z Lifestyle (India) Private Limited
Mumbai
Designerz
Chennai
Apex (India) Agencies
Basni , Jodhpur

Timber Floorings - Timber Floorboards Latest Price, Manufacturers & Suppliers (indiamart.com)
 A brick floor is defined as a floor surface
constructed out of many individual bricks laid
like tiles, either with or without mortar or
grouting.
Red brick is used for the flooring which is made
from clay. Red brick is the most popular and
BRICK leading building material because it is cheap,
hard, durable and easy to handle and to work

FLOORING with. Brick flooring is derived from pavers, which

are thinner than the regular bricks used in walls
and other structural elements. Brick Flooring is
commonly used in godowns; ware houses,
residential houses, garden, roads and in areas
where good bricks are available.
PROS AND CONS
PROS
Durable and easy to clean
Non-allergenic
Fireproof
Adds drama
Non-slip surface

CONS
Hard surface
Cold underfoot
Susceptible to stains
Requires sealing
LAYING OF BRICKS
Bricks are laid on edge and on bed.
The joint between the brick should not exceed10mm thickness
The brick is protected from rain when mortar is still green.
LAYING
The bricks shall be laid on the edge on 12mm mortar bed in plain or diagonal herring bone
pattern.
Each brick should be properly bedded and set home by gently tapping with wooden trowel
handle or mallet.
Its inside face is applied with mortar, before the next brick is laid and pressed against it.
On competition of a portion of flooring the joints should be filled with mortar.
The surface of the flooring during laying should be frequently checked with a straight edge.

CURING
Brick work should be protected from rain by suitable covering when the mortar is still green.
Brickwork shall be kept constantly moist on all faces for a period of 7 days.
METHOD OF CONTRUCTION
REGIONS OF USE

CORRIDORS
HOUSE INTERIOR OUTDOOR AREA
MARKET SURVEY

Natural brick flooring Herringbone Brick Pattern Stamp

₹ 70/ Piece Concrete Flooring
₹ 55/ Square Feet
MANUFACTURES AND SUPPLIERS
Reb Industries PRIVATE LIMITED
Bengaluru
Murlidhar Overseas Private Limited
Chhattarpur, Delhi
Urban Stone Inc
Tangra, Kolkata
Infinia Industries Private Limited
Kamptee Road, Nagpur
Clay World Traders
Coimbatore
Elevate Building Solutions LLP
Matunga, Mumbai

https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/brick-tile.html?
 Mud flooring is one of the types of
flooring. When our ancestors shifted

MUD
to building homes, they first started
off with building mud houses. Even
when they started to build houses
FLOORING with bamboo strips, the flooring type
was still mud flooring.
PROS AND CONS
PROS:
The main advantage of mud flooring is; it is eco-friendly.
Mud flooring is a very cheap option
Mud flooring has the ability to control temperature variations. During summer it stays cool
and vice versa during wintertime. It can provide a fairly warm atmosphere.
It is a fire-resistant
Skilled laborers are not required to do the mud flooring.
CONS:
It is not durable
Mud flooring requires frequent maintenance, once or twice a week.
The surface of the mud flooring is not smooth
Mud flooring gets weathered due to certain activities i.e. walking, moving of furniture, etc.
It is not moisture resistant therefore there are chances of the growth of bacteria which is
unhygienic.
It dost not resist heavy load as the floor gets a dent.
Mud flooring has low resistance to stain as it has high porosity.
CONSTRUCTION
Wet the base floor with water
Spread out the mix
Ram well so as to get the consolidated thickness of 150
mm
Water is not added during the process of ramming
Flatten the floor surface with a trowel
To maintain the mud floor in good condition, a thin coat
of cement cow dung is added or twice a week in
proportion of a 1:2 ratio

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR MUD FLOORING

Sifted sand
Clay
Cow dung
Chopped and
sifted straw
REGIONS OF USE

CORRIDOR

HOUSE INTERIOR
 A covering available in rolls which is
spread directly on concrete or wooden
flooring.Linoleum sheets may be plain
or printed . It may be 2 to 6 mm thick

LINOLEUM and 2 to 4 m wide . Linoleum tiles are

also available.Linoleum coverings are

FLOORING
attractive , resilient,durable,cheap and
can be cleaned easily .It rots when gets
wet .Hence it cannot be used for
bathroom and kitchen
PROS AND CONS MANUFACTURING
PROS : n the original
Resiliency process for
flooring. manufacturing
Water- linoleum, a thin film
resistance of linseed oil was
Eco-friendly allowed to oxidize.
Low This process was
maintenance eventually replaced
Modern manufacturing methods are used to by a faster method
CONS : produce plain and inlaid, or printed, in which linseed oil
Limited decorative patterns. Inlaid patterns are is oxidized in large
Selection made by cutting squares out of two cylindrical kettles
Discoloration differently coloured linoleum sheets and where the oil is
Expensive attaching them to the backing material. stirred at elevated
temperatures.
INSTALLATION
Remove Old Flooring
Level the Floor
Acclimate Flooring
Mark Center Point
Dry Fit the Tile
Spread the Adhesive
Cut the Tiles to Fit
Cover the Edge
Roll the Floor
REGIONS OF USE

KITCHEN OFFICE

CAFE
MARKET SURVEY

Linoleum Flooring Laminated Linoleum Flooring Linoleum Carpet

₹ 200/ Square Feet ₹ 12/ Square Feet ₹ 36/ Square Feet
MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS
Premier Polyfilm Ltd
Sahibabad, India
Bhagwanji & Co.
Mumbai, India
Pallium Marketing Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi, India
Flooracea
Ahmedabad, India
Square Foot
Mumbai, India
Vichandra Enterprises
Chennai, India

https://www.tradeindia.com/manufacturers/linoleum-flooring.html
 Terrazzo is a composite material
either poured in place or precast or
hydraulically pressed as tiles.
Terrazzo is used for floor and wall

TERAZZO decorative finishes. It consists of

marble, quartz, granite, glass, or

FLOORING other suitable chips; sprinkled or

unsprinkled, and poured with a
binder that is cementitious,
chemical or a combination of both.
PROS AND CONS MANUFACTURING
PROS : Terrazzo is a type of
Long-lasting. concrete manufactured with
Seamless look care and incorporating
Durability quality components: white
Easy to keep clean. cement, fine aggregates
Versatility (powders and micro-
Eco-friendly aggregates) and chips,
fragments or pieces of
CONS : marble or other decorative
Maintenance materials.
Slippery
After adding water, this mixture is poured into a mould and then
Cold underfoot
hardens naturally for several weeks. The next step is abrasive
Not DIYable
polishing, which removes a surface layer of 2-5 mm and uncovers the
Expensive
decorative aggregates. Finally, to harden the surface and brighten the
Installation risks
colours a final fine surface polishing is done.
INSTALLATION PROCESS
The first and most important step in the installation of terrazzo is preparing the surface, which aids in
preparing the substrate for a strong bond to the terrazzo mixture. The surface is prepared with a shot
blast machine that releases metal shot to remove any residue from the substrate.
The next step in terrazzo installation is crack detailing.
Next, you prime the floor with an epoxy primer to again strengthen the bond to the substrate.
Once the floor is primed, the terrazzo divider strips are put into place and secured. This allows for
multiple colors, complex designs, and whimsical patterns to be constructed.
The aggregate, epoxy, and hardener are then mixed together.
Once the mixture is made the artisans begin pouring into the metal forms placed on the floor.
The terrazzo craftsman will either hand trowel or utilize a power trowel to even out the mixture and
make sure it is distributed throughout the form evenly. Once level, it is left to cure.
When the floor is cured the artisans will grind the floor with a floor grinder that utilizes pads comprised
of diamond plates that are spun at a high velocity, taking the floor texture from rough to smooth
ensuring an even and brilliant surface.
Once the grinding process is complete the floor is then grouted to cover any pinholes.
The final step is to hone and seal the floor, giving it extra protection and brilliance to the final product.
REGION OF USE

CORRIDORS
STAIRCASE

HOTELS
MARKET SURVEY

Glossy Terrazzo Flooring, Polus Smooth And

White O Dusk Terrazzo
Thickness: 3 mm Shiny Epoxy Terrazo
Flooring
₹ 250/ Square Feet Flooring
₹ 61/ Square Feet
Thickness: 4 To 6mm
₹ 400/ Square Feet
 MARKET SURVEY

Polished, Leather
Multicolor Pcc Terrazzo Matt Gray Terrazzo Tile,
Terrazzo, Size: 4 X 10, Thickness: 20-22 Mm, (12
Epoxy Flooring , Thickness:
Thickness: 18mm Inch x 12 Inch)
Thickness 3mm 15mm
₹ 475/ sq ft
₹ 400/ Square Feet ₹ 75/ sq ft
MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS
Miracle Marble Art
Bhuj, India
Neocrete Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Mumbai, India
K V Enterprises
New Delhi, India
Artimozz Tiles & Stones
New Delhi, India
Nitco Tiles Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi, India
Terra Firma Developments Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi, India
 Rubber flooring can be made from either
natural tree rubber or from synthetic
materials, which are often recycled from
RUBBER vehicle tires. These materials allow for an
extremely durable and low-maintenance

FLOORING surface option for homeowners. Rubber

flooring also provides plenty of choices
when it comes to how to install it in your
room.
PROS AND CONS
PROS :
Resistance to tough workouts and heavy traffic
Numerous style options
Perfect fit for your space
Quick and easy installation due to their interlocking design and light weight
No adhesives required
If damage occurs, only one piece needs to be replaced rather than the whole floor
Easy to remove, store, and reuse in another location
CONS :
Installation in larger spaces is very time-consuming
The floor may not appear completely seamless
Seams can let water through to the subfloor
Smooth, untextured rubber tiles become slippery when wet
Rubbery smell in the first couple of months after installation
 HOW TO PREPARE FOR RUBBER FLOORING

flat. If we notice there are any low spots,
It's important that the installation area be
we'll need to strip off old flooring and adhesives until we get down to the subfloor
and then raise up the uneven areas with the appropriate leveling compound.
Once we have ensured the existing floor or subfloor is level, clean it well. Hard
surfaces should be vacuumed and mopped, whereas wood subfloors should be
vacuumed.
When ordering new rubber flooring for indoor purposes, as CalRecycle points out,
it's important to only use rubber flooring made for interior-only purposes. This is
because rubber flooring products made for exterior use tend to have drastically
higher levels of volatile organic compounds, which could contain potentially
dangerous chemicals.
When you receive your rubber flooring, remove it from the packaging and lay it on
the subfloor for at least one night before installing so it can acclimate to the
temperature of the surrounding room and, in the case of rubber rolls, flatten out.
 INSTALLATION
Lay out the rubber rolls on your floor the way you want them to be installed.
Cut the rubber sheets so they fit in the room, leaving a few inches of excess on the end of each section
of roll that will touch the last wall. Use a hammer and wood block to get the sheets in tightly against
the walls and one another.
For the last row, measure the size you will need and then leave a few extra inches on each side.
Measure the exact width of the floor area on the last row, being sure to measure at each end and the
center of each roll in the row.
I Lift up the first roll and then stick double-sided tape along the perimeter of where it will lay on the
ground before laying the mat back down. Then, lift up the rubber a little at a time and peel up the
other side of the double-sided tape, gently placing the mat back into place to avoid trapping air
bubbles. Press down on the mat to help it stick. Repeat this process section by section until all mats
are secured.
If you are using glue, lift up all the rolls, marking where each should sit if necessary, and lay a light
layer of adhesive over a 10-foot-long stretch of the floor using a trowel. Then, carefully unroll 10 feet of
the flooring over the adhesive.
After waiting 60 minutes for the adhesive to stick, roll the mats with a 50- or 100-pound carpet roller to
help the rubber stick to the adhesive. Do this again after another 30 minutes.
REGIONS OF USE

GYM OR WEIGHT AREA

OUTDOOR AREA

PLAYGROUND
MARKET SIURVEY

Color Coated Black

Rubber Puzzle Interlocking Rubber Flooring
Rubber Flooring
Mat ₹ 55/ Square Feet
₹ 60/ sq ft
₹ 265/ Square Feet

MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS

Ravasco Transmission And Packing Private Limited
Mumbai, India
Rebound Ace India Pvt Ltd
New Delhi, India
Globaltrade
Shanghai, China
Floorscapes Carpets Pvt. Limited
Secunderabad, India
Metco Sports Pvt. Ltd.
Meerut, India
Psf Industries Sdn Bhd
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Pb Statclean Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi, India
https://www.tradeindia.com/manufacturers/rubber-flooring.html
 PVC flooring or PVC Vinyl flooring is
nothing but an alternative term used
vinyl flooring. PVC refers to polyvinyl
PVC SHEET chloride, which is the material used
to make vinyl flooring. Thus, it is

FLOORING often called polyvinyl flooring or

simply, vinyl flooring, the most
common term for this particular floor
covering.
PROS AND CONS MANUFACTURING
PROS :
Vinyl resins and
Easy to install
plasticizers are
Versatile
stirred together in a
Cost-effective
vat to make a
Low maintenance
plastisol, which is
Durable
then heated to form
Moisture resistance
a batter.
Comfort
The vinyl foam batter is spread onto
CONS : the baking and heated, forming a
sheet. The pattern is then printed on
Environmental
the flooring and a wear layer is
Impact
applied.
Wears over time
Difficulty in repair
MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS
Natroyal Industries Pvt. Ltd.
Halol, India
Jindal Gsl Pvt.Ltd.
Ahmedabad, India
Flamingo Veneers (Green Wood Crafts Pvt. Ltd.)
New Delhi, India
Floorscapes Carpets Pvt. Limited
Secunderabad, India
Sanidhya Polytech Pvt Ltd
Rajkot, India
Allwud Furniture Systems
New Delhi, India
Brahmani Enterprise
Vadodara, India
Doors Mart
Ahmedabad, India
Burhani Interiors
Mumbai, India
https://www.tradeindia.com/manufacturers/pvc-flooring-sheet.html
 INSTALLATION
Step 1: Clear The Room And Prepare The Step 3: Measure The Installation Area
Subfloor

Step 2: Install An Underlayment (If

Step 4: Cut The Vinyl
Needed)
 INSTALLATION
Step 5: Lay The Vinyl On The Subfloor Step 7: Press Bubbles Out Of The Vinyl Sheet

Step 6: Spread The Adhesive Step 8: Clean Stray Adhesive And Replace The
Baseboards
REGIONS OF USE

HOSPITAL

CORRIDORS

LIVING AREA
MARKET SURVEY

Ruby Red Vinyl Flooring,

Thickness: 2-6 Mm
₹ 55/ Square Feet
LG Vinly Vinyl Flooring
Sheet, Thickness: 0.65 To
LG Vinyl Flooring
1.5 mm
₹ 50/ Square Feet
₹ 50/ Square Feet
REFERENCES
HOW TO CONSTRUCT CEMENT CONCRETE FLOOR? - CivilBlog.Org
https://www.bing.com/search?
q=HOW+MARBLE+IS+MANUFACTURED+FOR+FLOORING&cvid=a763dee9636a48ba8c1f69076020489f
&aqs=edge..69i57.13897j0j1&pglt=41&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531
Marble Flooring Pros and Cons (thespruce.com)
Marble Flooring: One of the Most Luxurious Flooring Option (gharpedia.com)
https://www.regattagranitesindia.com/granite-manufacturing-and-processing-in-india-an-overview/
https://www.sskotastone.com/
https://mccoymart.com/post/advantages-disadvantages-kota-flooring/
https://www.thespruce.com/ceramic-flooring-pros-and-cons-1314687
https://ceramicninja.com/tile-manufacturing-production-
process/#:~:text=%20Steps%20in%20the%20Tile%20manufacturing%20Process%20are%3A,and%20mi
xed%20together.%20There%20are%20various...%20More%20
Carpet Flooring: Buy Custom Floor Carpet | Carpet Tile Online In India (squarefoot.co.in)
How carpet is made - making, used, dimensions, industry, machine, Raw Materials (madehow.com)
Brick Flooring: All you Need Know (gharpedia.com)
REFERENCES
https://www.thespruce.com/brick-flooring-in-kitchens-
1314989#:~:text=%20Brick%20Flooring%20in%20Kitchens%20Pros%20and%20Cons,patterns%20you%
20can%20choose%20from.%20The...%20More%20
What Is A Mud Flooring? How To Prepare Mud Floor, Advantages & Disadvantages (civiconcepts.com)
What is a Mud Flooring? (gharpedia.com)
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mud Flooring over PVC Flooring? (gharpedia.com)
Making and Installing a Finish Earthen Floor | The Year of Mud
Rubber Flooring – Civil Engineering (civilnoteppt.com)
https://www.forbo.com/flooring/en-in/products/linoleum/cyx7zr
http://www.designlife-
cycle.com/linoleum#:~:text=Linoleum%20is%20created%20with%20six%20main%20ingredients%3A%2
0linseed,linseed%20oil%20was%20oxidized%20in%20high%20roofed%20sheds.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/linoleum
https://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/floors/how-to-install-linoleum-
flooring#:~:text=%20How%20to%20Install%20Linoleum%20Flooring%20%201,the%20first%20tile%20in
%20the%20cen...%20More%20
REFERENCES
https://www.bharatfloorings.com/products/terrazzo-
flooring.html#:~:text=Terrazzo%20is%20a%20composite%20material%20either%20poured%20in,is%20c
ementitious%2C%20chemical%20or%20a%20combination%20of%20both
https://www.homenish.com/terrazzo-floor/
https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/terrazzo/#:~:text=Pros%20and%20Cons%20of%20Terrazzo%
201%20Long-lasting.%20Properly,...%2010%20Not%20DIYable.%20...%20More%20items...%20
Terrazzo Flooring Process | Doyle Dickerson Terrazzo
How To Install Terrazzo Flooring - Walesfootprint.org - Walesfootprint.org
https://www.builddirect.com/learning-center/flooring/rubber-flooring-
overview/#:~:text=Rubber%20flooring%20can%20be%20made%20from%20either%20natural,to%20how
%20to%20install%20it%20in%20your%20room.
Rubber Flooring Installation: A How-To Guide | Hunker
https://www.whatisvinyl.com/how-to-install-vinyl-sheet-
flooring/#:~:text=8%20Simple%20Steps%20to%20Install%20Vinyl%20Sheet%20Flooring.,Lay%20the%20
Vinyl%20On%20the%20Subfloor.%20More%20items