HMA Mix Type

Selection

1
Conventional /
Dense-Gradation 2
GAP-GRADED 3
OPEN-GRADED 4
Highway Noise

5
 Highway Safety
• Increase highway safety measures by increasing driver visibility,
reducing standing surface water, and improving skid resistance.

6
7
8
9
10
11
HMA MATERIALS

12
Background

• First US hot mix asphalt

(HMA) constructed in
1870’s
– Pennsylvania Ave.
– Used naturally occurring
asphalt from surface of
lake on Island of Trinidad
• Two sources
– Island of Trinidad
– Bermudez, Venezuela
14
15
 Petroleum-Based Asphalts
• Asphalt is waste product from refinery
processing of crude oil
– Sometimes called the “bottom of the barrel”
• Properties depend on:
– Refinery operations
– crude source

Gasoline
Kerosene
Barrel of Crude Oil
Lt. Gas Oil
Diesel
Motor Oils

Asphalt
16
 Asphalt Cement Components

• Asphaltenes
– Large, discrete solid inclusions (black)
– High viscosity component

• Resins
– Semi-solid or solid at room temperature
• Fluid when heated
• Brittle when cold
• Oils
– Colorless liquid
– Soluble in most solvents
– Allows asphalt to flow

17
 Refinery Operation

LIGHT DISTILLATE

PUMPING MEDIUM DISTILLATE

FIELD STORAGE STATION

HEAVY DISTILLATE
TOWER
DISTILLATION
REFINERY

RESIDUUM
PROCESS
UNIT
OR
STORAGE TUBE CONDENSERS
HEATER AND ASPHALT
GAS COOLERS CEMENTS
AIR
PETROLEUM BLOWN FOR PROCESSING INTO
ASPHALT EMULSIFIED AND
CUTBACK ASPHALTS
SAND AND WATER AIR

STILL 18
 Types
• Asphalt cements

• Cutbacks

• Emulsions

19
 Early Specifications
• Lake Asphalts
– Appearance
– Solubility in carbon disulfide
• Petroleum asphalts (early 1900’s)
– Consistency
• Chewing
• Penetration machine
– Measure consistency
 Binder Tests

• Conventional Tests
 Penetration AASHTO T49-93
 Softening Point AASHTO T53-92
 Rotational Viscosity AASHTO TP48

Superpave /
SHRP Tests
 Dynamic Shear
Rheometer (DSR):
AASHTO PP1
 Bending Beam Rheometer
(BBR): AASHTO TP1-98
21
 Penetration Testing
• Sewing machine needle
• Specified load, time, temperature

100 g Penetration in 0.1 mm

Initial After 5 seconds

 Penetration Grades

40-50, 60-70, 85-100

120-150, 200-300
#-#
Maximum penetration
Minimum penetration

23
Viscosity Graded
Specifications

24
 AC Grades

AC-2.5, AC-5, AC-10

AC-20, AC-30, AC-40
AC- # 1/100 of midpoint of the
allowable viscosity
range.
AC-20, viscosity range
1,600 to 2,400 poises.
Asphalt cement
25
 AR Grades

AR-10, AR-20, AR-40

AR-80, AR-160
AR- # 1/100 of midpoint of
viscosity after aging.
AR-40, viscosity range
3,000 to 5,000 poises.
Aged residue

26
RTFO

27
 Flash Point
• Safety test
• Minimum temperature
with sufficient vapors
to “flash” when
exposed to flame
 Solubility (Purity)

29
 Testing

Absolute viscosity
– U-shaped tube with
timing marks & filled with
asphalt
– Placed in 60C bath
– Vacuum used to pull
asphalt through tube
– Time to pass marks
– Viscosity in Pa s (Poise)
 Rotational Viscometer
Measures viscosity
• Ability to pump
binder at asphalt
plant
• Establish
temperature versus
viscosity relationship
 Rotational Viscometer

torque

sample

spindle
sample
chamber

32
 Temperature Susceptibility

Viscosity
Too brittle (Thermal cracking)

Optimum range
Of viscosity

Too soft (Rutting)

Temperature
33
 Viscosity-Temperature Relationship
Viscosity - Temperature Relationship (Original Binder)

1.4 Pen
ARAC PG 58-28: y = -2.4795x + 7.6903
59, 77oF R2 = 0.989
1.2

1.0
Log (Log viscosity, cP)

0.8

0.6
Soft. Point
0.4
139oF
0.2
Brookfield Viscosity
200-350oF
0.0
2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95
(deg F) (41) (103) (171) (248) (335) (432)
o
Log (Temp, Rankine)
34
 Mixing/Compaction
Temps
Viscosity, Pa s
10
5

1
.5
.3 Compaction Range
.2 Mixing Range

.1
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature, C

35
 General Comparison
Penetration Grades
AC 40 AR 16000
40
Viscosity, 60C (140F)

100 50 AC 20
AR 8000
60
50 AC 10
70 AR 4000
85
100 AC 5
AR 2000
120
150 AC 2.5
10 200 AR 1000
300
5
 New Superpave Binder
Specifications
Intended to improve pavement
performance by reducing the potential to:
Permanent deformation
Fatigue cracking
Low-temperature cracking
Excessive aging from volatilization
Pumping and handling
37
 Test Equipment Performance Property

Rotational Handling Flow

Viscometer Pumping

Permanent Rutting
Dynamic Deformation
Shear
Rheometer Fatigue Structural
Cracking Cracking
Bending Beam
Rheometer
Thermal Low Temp.
Direct Cracking
Tension Cracking
Tester
 deflection angle (Θ)
Dynamic Shear torque (T)
Rheometer
height (h)
– Tests complex shear
modulus of binders
radius (r)
– measures the
resistance to shear
deformation in the
linear visco-elastic
range Chapter 9: Asphalt
 Dynamic Shear Rheometer

Applied Stress Position of

Oscillating Plate
B
Oscillating
Plate Fixed Plate
A
Asphalt A
A Time
B C
A

C
1 cycle

40
 Elastic Viscous
B

Strain
A
Time
A

Strain in-phase Strain out-of-phase

δ = 0o δ = 90o

41
 Complex Modulus, G*

Viscous Modulus, G”

Storage Modulus, G’

Complex Modulus is the vector sum of the

storage and viscous modulus

42
 Bending Beam Rheometer
– Tests low temperature stiffness properties of
binders
– Measures midpoint deflection of a simply
supported beam
 Bending Beam Rheometer
• S(t) = P L3
4 b h3 δ (t)

Where:
S(t) = creep stiffness (M Pa) at time, t
P = applied constant load, N
L = distance between beam supports (102 mm)
b = beam width, 12.5 mm
h = beam thickness, 6.25 mm
d(t) = deflection (mm) at time, t

44
 Direct
Tension

• thermal
cracking
properties
 Direct Tension Tester

Load ∆L stress
σf
L+∆ L
L Le

change in length ( ∆L)

failure strain (ε f ) =
effective length (Le )
strain εf
46
 Summary

Fatigue Low Temp

Cracking Cracking
Construction Rutting

[DTT]

[RV] [DSR] [BBR]

RTFO
No aging Short Term Aging
PAV
Long Term Aging
47
 PAV Components Rack of individual
pans
(50g of asphalt /
pan)
Bottom of
pressure
aging
vessel

Vessel Lid Components

48
 CEC RWM

Spec Requirement
Avg 7-day Max, oC PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82
o
1-day Min, C -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34
Remains Constant
ORIGINAL
> 230 oC (Flash Point) FP
< 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC (Rotational Viscosity) RV
(Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin δ
> 1.00 kPa
46 52 58
58 64 64 70 76 82

(ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 %

(Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin δ

> 2.20 kPa
46 52 58 64 70 76 82

(PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV

20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110)
Test Temperature (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin δ
< 5000 kPa
Changes10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 28

S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value

-24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24

Report Value (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening

> 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT

-24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24
49
 Superpave Asphalt Binders
• Grading System and Selection Based
Primarily on Climate

PG 58-22

Performance Average 7-day Min pavement

Grade max pavement design temp
design temp

50
6 degree increments
Aggregates

52
 Excavation
* Natural sands and gravels
- Underwater sources
+ Rivers & lakes
Barge-mounted dredges, draglines,
scoop, conveyors, or pumps
+ Relatively clean
- Land sources
+ Gravel or sand pits
Bucket loader

53
Sizing

Stockpiling

54
 Aggregate Properties
• Shape and texture
• Soundness
• Toughness
• Absorption
• Specific gravity
• Strength and modulus
• Gradation
• Deleterious materials and
cleanness
• Alkaline reactivity
• Affinity for asphalt
 angular rounded flaky

elongated flaky & elongated

Chapter 5: Aggregates
 Coarse Aggregates Particle
Shape & Surface Texture
Evaluation
• Texture and angularity –
Fractured faces
visual inspection to determine the percent of
aggregates with:
• no fractured faces
• % one fractured face
• % more than one fractured face
Common Aggregate
Properties

Toughness
Soundness
Deleterious Materials
Gradation

58
 LA Abrasion Test

Rotate for 500 revolutions at 30 to 33 rpm’s

- Approx. 10% loss for extremely hard igneous rocks

- Approx. 60% loss for soft limestones and sandstones
59
 Soundness
* Estimates resistance to weathering .

* Simulates freeze/thaw action by successively wetting

and drying aggregate in sodium sulfate or magnesium
sulfate solution
+ One immersion and drying is considered one
cycle

* Result is total percent loss over various sieve intervals

for a prescribed number of cycles
+ Max. loss values typically range from
10 to 20%per 5 cycles
60
 Soundness

Before After

61
 Clay Content (ASTM D2419)
• Percentage of clay in material finer than 4.75
mm sieve ASTM D2419 or AASHTO T 176
– Sand equivalent test method
SE = Sand Reading
Clay Reading
*100

Flocculating
Solution
Clay Reading
Suspended Clay

Sand
Sedimented Agg. Reading

62 Aggregates
Chapter 5: Aggregates
 Gradations

• Aggregate Gradation
– The distribution of particle sizes expressed as
a percent of total weight.
– Determined by sieve analysis

64
 Gradations - Computation
Sieve Mass Cumulative
Retained Mass Retained % Retained % Passing

9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

4.75 6.5 6.5 1.2 98.9
2.36 127.4 133.9 24.8 75.2
1.18 103.4 237.3 44.0 56.0
0.60 72.8 310.1 57.5 42.6
0.30 64.2 374.3 69.4 30.6
0.15 60.0 434.3 80.5 19.5
0.075 83.0 517.3 95.8 4.2
Pan 22.4 539.7 100.0 0.0
65
100 Aggregate Size Definitions 100
100 99
90 89
72 • Nominal Maximum Aggregate 72
65 Size 65
48 – one size larger than the first sieve 48
36 to retain more than 10% 36
22 • Maximum Aggregate Size 22
15 – one size larger than nominal 15
9 maximum size 9
4 4

66
Chapter 5: Aggregates
Types of Gradation

Chapter 5: Aggregates
 Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete
(HMA)
Mix Designs
• Objective:
– Develop an economical blend of aggregates
and asphalt that meet design requirements
• Historical mix design methods
– Marshall
– Hveem
• New
– Superpave gyratory

69
 Requirements in Common
• Sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable pavement
• Sufficient stability under traffic loads
• Sufficient air voids
– Upper limit to prevent excessive environmental
damage
– Lower limit to allow room for initial densification due
to traffic
• Sufficient workability

70
 HMA Volumetric Terms
• Bulk specific gravity (BSG) of compacted HMA
• Maximum specific gravity
• Air voids
• Effective specific gravity of aggregate
• Voids in mineral aggregate, VMA
• Voids filled with asphalt, VFA
 BSG of Compacted HMA
• AC mixed with agg. and compacted into
sample

Mass agg. and AC

Gmb =
Vol. agg., AC, air voids
Maximum Specific Gravity
 Loose (uncompacted) mixture

Mass agg. and AC

Gmm =
Vol. agg. and AC
 Percent Air Voids
 Calculated using both specific gravities

Gmb
Air voids = ( 1 - ) 100
Gmm

Mass agg + AC
Vol. agg, AC, Air Voids Vol. agg, AC
=
Mass agg + AC Vol. agg, AC, Air Voids
Vol. agg, AC
 Effective Specific Gravity
Surface Voids Mass, dry
Gse =
Effective Volume

Solid Agg.
Vol. of water-perm. voids
Particle
not filled with asphalt

Absorbed asphalt

Effective volume = volume of solid aggregate particle +

volume of surface voids not filled with asphalt
Effective Specific Gravity
100 - Pb
Gse =
100 - Pb
Gmm Gb

Gse is an aggregate property

 Voids in Mineral Aggregate

VMA = 100 - Gmb Ps

Gsb

VMA is an indication of film thickness on

the surface of the aggregate
 Volumetric Abbreviations

• Va - Air voids
• VMA - Voids Mineral Aggregate
• Pbe - Effective Asphalt Content
• VFA - Voids filled with Asphalt
• Vba - Volume of absorbed asphalt

78
 Volumetric Terms
Continued
• Gsb - Bulk Specific Gravity of Stone
• Gse - Effective Specific Gravity of Stone
• Gb - Bulk Specific Gravity of Asphalt
• Gmb - Bulk Specific Gravity of Mix
• Gmm - Theoretical Maximum Specific
Gravity of Mixture

79
 Volumetric Properties - Phase Diagrams
VOL (cm3 ) Gmb = 2.329 MASS (g)
air
asphalt
Gb = 1.015
Pb = 5% by mix
absorbed asph
1.000
aggregate
Gsb = 2.705
Gse = 2.731
 VOL (cm3 ) MASS (g)
0.076 air 0

0.182 asphalt
0.106 0.108
0.114 Gb = 1.015 0.116

0.008 absorbed asph 0.008

1.000 2.329
aggregate
0.818 0.810 Gsb = 2.705
2.213
Gse = 2.731

Air Voids = 7.6% Effective Asphalt Content = 4.6%

VMA = 18.2 % Absorbed Asphalt Content = 0.4%
VFA = 58.2 % Max Theo Sp Grav = 2.521
Chapter 5: Aggregates
HMA Mix Design

Marshall
Hveem
Superpave

83
 Marshall Mix Design
• Uses impact hammer to prepare specimens
• Determine stability with Marshall stabilometer
• Uses volumetrics to select optimum asphalt
content

84
 Marshall Design Method
• Advantages
– Attention on voids, strength, durability
– Inexpensive equipment
– Easy to use in process control/acceptance

• Disadvantages
– Impact method of compaction
– Does not consider shear strength
– Load perpendicular to compaction axis

85
 Hveem Mix Design
• Use kneading compactor to prepare specimens
• Determine stability with Hveem stabilometer
• Visual observation, volumetrics, and stability used to
select optimum asphalt content

86
 Hveem Mix Design Method
Step 4
Max. AC with 4% Voids

Step 3
Min. Stability

Step 2
Flushing

Step 1
Design Series

87
 Hveem Mix Design
• Advantages
– Attention to voids, strength, durability
– Kneading compaction similar to field
– Strength parameter direct indication of internal
friction component of shear strength

• Disadvantages
– Equipment expensive and not easily portable
– Not wide range in stability measurements

88
 Superpave Mix Design
• Uses gyratory compactor to prepare specimens
• Uses volumetric analysis to select optimum
asphalt content

89
 Superpave Gyratory
Compactor
• Basis
– Corps of Engineers ?
– Texas equipment
– French / Australian operational
characteristics
• 150 mm diameter
– up to 37.5 mm nominal size ?
• Height Recorded
?

90
 Selection of Design Asphalt
Binder Content

Va VMA

% binder Blend 3 % binder

VFA
DP

% binder
% binder

%Gmm at Nini %Gmm at Nmax

% binder 91
% binder
4 Steps of Superpave Mix Design

1. Materials Selection 2. Design Aggregate Structure

TSR

3. Design Binder Content 4. Moisture Sensitivity

92
a) Aggregate Selection
– depending on traffic level and how deep
under surface
– coarse agg. angularity -- min. % crushed
particles
– fine agg. angularity -- measured by unpacked
air voids (min.)
– Flat & elongated particles -- max.
– Clay content -- need small amount for
bonding
– Gradation -- 0.45 power chart
• curve must pass through control points
 Superpave Consensus Aggregate Properties
Course Fine
Aggregate Aggregate Flat and Sand
Angularity Angularity Elongated Equivalency
Design Level (% min) (% min) (% max) (% min)
Light Traffic 55/- — — 40
Med. Traffic 75/- 40 10 40
Heavy Traffic 85/80 45 10 45

b) Binder Selection
based on service temps. as discussed earlier
c) Design Aggregate Structure
• prepare trial specimens with different
aggregate gradations & asphalt contents
using the gyratory compactor
• No. of gyrations is based on design high
temp. & traffic volume
• Design criteria:
– Nini < 89% Gmm
– Ndes = 96% Gmm
– Nmax < 98% Gmm
<0.3
>30
N des
ini
max

Number of Gyrations at Specific Design Traffic

Levels

Traffic Level (106 ESAL)

<0.3 0.3 - 3 3 - 30 >30

Nini 6 7 8 9

Ndes 50 75 100 125

Nmax 75 115 160 205

Chapter 9: Asphalt
 Moisture Susceptibility
• Stripping is loss of bond between asphalt & agg.
– several methods differing by specimen
preparation, conditioning, and strength
requirements
– 2 sets of specimens: control & conditioned
– evaluate strength before and after conditioning
– Retained strength = conditioned strength /
reference strength
– must have min. retained strength
Chapter 5: Aggregates
How to Improve Moisture Susceptibility
– Increase asphalt content
– Higher viscosity asphalt
– Clean aggregate of dust and clay
– Change aggregate gradation
– Add anti-stripping additives
• liquid
• portland cement or lime