DOMDSTICVIOLENCE IN INDIA:

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYS$
Hffiha Slhdo and Manas R$j!n hrdhm

tu s!&trF dhnhs 0d phyiid nij

t!'6sb't4gAfuli!fridoubFdtr|[!

jurtr,ic d! ed4. Asi. &runr rb

DomeRic viol.nc.lhdn anyrdofpbyrcrlj sexMtjor psy.hotogi..trbuse,or

thc th@t of such,btrsc,iiujct d rsrin! ! wonan by I penon i imr.ly
coinerd b her rhroushmarir8e, tanity relarion.or acquainGic*hipk
trn'venlr and hasi6 roor in the sosioctrlru$l sc! up of rhe sociery.Th.
pcrp.hroa of dobslic violencchov. ofbn becnfound ro b. rhc m.t.s andrhc
Inbmarionarry,
on. in rhrcawonenhav. b..i
bobnj cocrccd,ntd s.r or rbDs.d itr lhen fiferime by a m.nber of hd own
tiniry (Heisc.,ar 1999). hokins arrhedon.dic f6nr, drinc rrco v.di. ase
b rwenty nst c.ntury, womenin India p€rhapshrve n.ver crp€n.nced .qusr
righa rnd fredom compmcdto their mlte .ountcarirs. Th. corc.pr ot
,4/d/ensi.i' lhilr of ln. b.dy] seds b b. Gdd.n only i. tiietuuc 'id
hrve neverimpl.n.nGd in pndicll ljle. rn rdditio! ro rhh. .ftics from
Rrnchantanandof T0hidaslike Dhal,cau*Mar, shdn, Pash,ah Nan:
'R6!Ei$iojc,c6lEfulfustrdydRcsioiJ

en,rg',6.md1d,' &d Mh6 Reni

 SokttTodd,la A<lhiLe.itdTfts. rncivitiz.diIlemies.towerc^6. an:maf
a.d qons area| ,n b behcdmt b*idesorherindic o^ tikepur4!4, sysen
t5.dincn. rde m r

sbo'dimr$ds. ri shdr,n n ltwrys rb. {omen whohayero bc rn dr rish!

rop€.sbJed b inequlirymd lookld do*. rs rn inf. or kr. sidtng fron
childhoodro rhe.nd ofher hfe sh. hasio be mder $e conrol of rdher or
rarusor women.ombinedrnb socrocutrmll
mrmsrhd rc inctined bwmdl pdrixrhy.nd m$ulriry.ai be.onrid.rcdas

rivi.!of rheprevdcn.edyellsrhepe,sivenesofdomsu(uoreice,

r'po !b€u, c d.ib.q flr h

I pJtu'u_'.rtr n r_.000)turorr

.onorpr.,?t\
ft M.,,F.4'r 1004
mmite rid husbed\ edrdnr bsids nen$natptbtemshaverisnlnc$l
d:f.r lrorhr
t.rrdr J. a .
k r ) . i l m e n . \ r ! r . - o r n ? . r . o ! ^ , !n , , o o , . 3 ! p

T ' . i r ' r e d / D 4 ! u t t r d N . ) r . T C O I d n o p r n b f l r e r a d . . o.oa e , , , . F

vns
, , b . . r y , - r o . n do m h e f l h . n c s o m .
poblem(Brhem.ndHambelg.r,199?) srudies hav.aLso reve,todhdsonsor
udent parcms (sraN d dr, t 930md Minm .rzl 2002), nei rlhedtnplriarchal
d,o,3 derr ok,tJ.,o .,ar. too3_nd

ssanulonprcAs is*harnriryEsp.isiblefordom$,ic
qoleic.(sahu,2003).
AT'h? . .d 3 Mr I ntr tlif\h
|'rfd'.ldihtcjfdpotn)d
fmocr, mrfLrger. yohsera8en
(M'shm,2000iHiidn. 2002edRm, 1997).
Besid*.hu rheotcof inrrspouMl

. r . o f L . L . . o n 3 n 1F f l o d . \ r u )nor \\dr

iol.Dceby inhmare
padis mo$ likely
div. h.,trh of rhewomen.Thisenenstve
I orel,. h_. 's 'nc.n
'wor$ . . roc a di.od.^
c o t on s3 n dI r ) o t o q o i r d D h r . .i l . - 1 , . , r o
 DOMESTICVIOLENCE
JNINDIA:
AN EMPIFICALANALYSIS

(UNICEF,2000).Again, mny of $. .onmonly dsdchhd disorda':/pnbl.ms

e round b be inldcqurly addrc$edlMida, 1999:viwio, 1999i Dav. and
solrnki, 2000.nd Juwd, 2000).Funn.i * FEdnaD hs vnen, viot.nce by
husbands,g,ji* wifc ahouldnorb€*.n 6 a bEaI dorn in $c soci'l orderdh*
rhin anaffimrtion ro p8ri,4nal sial ode(Tnve6, 1997).sjnit4ly. rcj€bhoy
(1993)js of.h. vic, $d Dotonry vjr. b.rring is d€pty nrdchen, but ale
p@plejustify ir. Thu. don sic aioldce is sinply nor! FMnal abnomrliry btrr
frh. f.nily ind lhe sosi.ry. 4!in. l@king
nom lnorherangre,ir is foundgd mny of $c vicnmsot dondtjc vjolenc. hs
eirhq dusd rd naru rhe p€Achro! of rh. asauu or atuibtri.d .h. injudd b
orhs u$$ (Dasa,/ dr, 1999).
In odd ro dcvelop.fietive in*ntion prosnnm. and porjcy.ir ir vi6t b
kms the {irude and p€neprionof rhewom.n bwlrdr $. h.ue in-deprh.Mot
of thr sudi.s .onducr.d h n\c plir m sftalt in Eturc and En.cB rh. rcgionrl
pictuE dl4 hish. norbe r m. picuft of rh. rhdte si'nry. In viey of rherbovc
dscNion, it rem esentill .o undchrmd rhe wom.nt vi.wmint bsid4 rc
dE$ftnr ot$c prcblcmandi6 cml
vorld. whft sendd.q0oliry andjusric. hrv. borc $. buz, words,exaninins
thcdomstic violenc. in rhellrged dmoctuy ofn\e wodd rpp.6 wonhy for d.
bclbment of h,ir of i$ .irirhs.
h dc ptr.nt papcr,!n a@npt htr be.Dnadc o studyvh.rta.vcrndi.d
wonen or tprductive sse soup in India vi.* vil| bedins lnsriti.d or ..n!in
siruaridm.In addition..mpheis n ft.c b .x!min. r[o prcvienc. of b€arinssor
piysicd nnftrhcnr siice !9. t5 rnd in la$ oD. y.s, rcgionauyand als by
backsoundchracbndics. sFcificotty. rh. objediva of rhcprcs plpd rre as

l.To stody rhc rcgbnrt vddions of vonenk viev lb.ur wir. b.ding r
Judrfi.d, *irh spejfic Edons
-r0
2. .xaminerhedifieEnridsor wom.nt vi.w rbolr sifc b€ariiss
iu{ili.d"irtlpe.fi. Esor byb(lgDu'och"Ecknrtr..
3. To undeshnd rh. ESion'l vr armr ot d. prcvircn€ ol b4rinss or
physicll(n@henr sincerg. l5 and$. p.Bonwhobst or physicltty
m*i@red md rho rh. pFval.nceorbd.ings or physicdni.rdtu.r in
!!1. la$ one yer (l? Donrht p@cdins nr. sDnoy.
To exrDi!. rhe prcval.nc. or b.ding or pbysicatmhftlrmenr sincc
ase l5 .nd 0lso ii the lar on. ycar by s.lecrcd bmkground

To invstie.b lhc d.rmiionb ot won.n s vi.w rbour wife botins A

jusrifi.d 3nd als drc debminlnts of prcvrlene ol beadngsor phy.icrl
ntftrrm.nr siice agc15andin drela$ onc yar
D3k fion fte Ndionll Fmily Healthsurvey(NFHS Il) condrlcd dulne lees_
qo-,! bc,n .d o_ Tp'egtri).\1-r'unetp'o
feniliry,rhepradic.of rmily plamins,ffant lnd childmonality, r'en! aid
childhcrlrh$duiilizationdthol.hsmic.s proudedto norhenr.dch'ldrci In
rddr,on.npovidesitrdicdoaofihequdnyorhealtb rndhnilv velrft tarce'
rcpoducrive heaxh problcfrs.shrtrsor *ome. iDd dome$i. violen.o.Thc snvev
lollo!s r multi$se sanplinsde'i8nro$ler$eeligible vonai torihe'nr.R'ew.
Th.s.eicb fi.drss ol1h.I)rcs.dP
$mple of 90,303ever mried womer in !h. a3egrcup 15 49 yem
Thedab is analy,.dusinPsPss ll
borhbl!&i,te rnd nulriv.rn€ rnrly.n Ii vie* orrher!i,lablc lir*dur ind

of vomrq reearfiN nariaee,msitrl durdlon.serolliYhg drld'en erposurc

he of hoNehold..srotrlr.hcld.
andplrceof residcnc.or houshold
dDkivdd. arrlyrs Th. bivxnar.
Mulrivriste:nalvssli
e.clr ind.p.id.d va ablesand dcpcidenrvariables.
rhe rom of lognft rcsftsio. ha
sismficm.e of rb.$o.nron rndbe.!us.ofdredrhoonousmrureoiw.ndn\
viewwirhdle6toicrc6m foriusrfyinsahusbmd beati.glrrs*Irc.bedenor
physc.llynktesEd sinccrg.l5 aidb.dcnorpby$crllymistededF rh. rN

Twd .oFpositeindic.snamely\hndltd of livingol thc househord aDd

'eonen s rurorcmy h,!e beencon
dom.$h violence. The$aid,dorlivins idax (SLI)lvail$le in rhed.b irs.lt
o rccdu the varirbl.r ' 1yp. or house.
hrins . \ouoc or drirkins vaGi rvpe or
b,lef . lypr.rruel, \eprrd.toomror.ooking.owns6hiporagnculiudr hnd.
'owneBhipof mgdcdl,nd ownerhipofliv*lock,nd ovnc hipordmble
eooda Thc responss rrc gwer$oresdneingber*ee. 0'3id 4 ac.o'dLns ro
rheintensity inr ri!*pol srlernd
rhei cr (SeeappendLx l) Sinilftly,$e women\autonomvmdcrhs ben
consiucbdby uking i o x..ofnt vmableslike somer's PMi.lpdion ir
householdddision mak,ng. f'eedonor movenent and!c.es romoneyrhdrhev
cooldspend6 they*ish. whllecomput.gihc !trrommy soEs
index.specific
havebeena$igi.d rod'freient rspo
dci ver sumned up ro gq rhebel vrlue 01rheiid* (seeappeidix 2) Air{
ob1!iniig.hecomposneindexforaubiony.irrdrvidedinrothrce goups0lrow,
 DOMFSTIC
VIOIFNCFIN.NOIAA\ EMOIF.CT-AIALYSIS 307

R.siotutvariationtoJwod.n\ vi.* tbotr rye Btui'E a t&{tf2d

Tablc I Gvals rh. p.ftnbse of somcn who lgG riln spaific Emoff lor
jus.ifyiiga hubaid bearins his *i
!rledon tson ofwif. b.a'ing asjudified
Amongrhcwoo.n wholgrs vir. bernnghjusrified, thehain Edon thlt con
n (40 ptr ccno tollow.n by wifc so6 otrt
vithout kllms husbr'd (37 p.r.en!), $ifc showsdktrFcr ror in lavs 134p.r
ccnr)andhusbandsuspds wire is unr'nnrul (33percenD.Only 7 pere won.n
agE unh mral frnily do$ mt sive noney or orh6 itms $ r HsonjNified ror

R.sional van' Honsho$ ihat husbrndsusp..b *if. islnfairhr'i t thecdon

vd.s ftlm 55 Dq centin Andhn Badsh b l0 Er centin Annach.l Pddah add

AidhdPrad.shvh .such prcblcnisv.rymal8imlinmo$nonh.nsbr6lik.

PmFb, Harymr,Himahsl ?ndeshrnd Deihi In Nagali.d(30 p.r cent)and
Maripu(7? p€rcent),wifeshowsdisresp(rfor,'.la's is sccmsrob€rhemrin
.!us. for wir. b.arinswhilesrh r6oi n ve.ylow in kryana (10 p.r e.r),
Himrchal Pdd.sh (9 p.r cenr)and Punr& (4 pd .en!), wirc 8o.s our wirhout
kllinghu\band tu ft (tuon !an* f' on 6qp.' \.n' lMsnip$'o fi\. pd cdin
Punjrb.sin'ildly no'd' ssb6 sEs lik.Manipu. Meghalayi,Mhrah, Nag.land
wife negl4 hou€ or .hildrcn B th. main s.on toi wif. bclting vhile such
v.ridion k v.ry lov in tha nodhcn daar like Punjeb(5 ps cenr, H'nach'l
Pnd6h (3 Fr ccno, Hrryma ( l0 pn ceno,Ncu Delhi I L2p€r .el,, wir. dos
nor 6ot raodpmp. y n inc n,in r,$i in Mlh&rshh (47 Fr ccnr).Madhy!
Praddh (43 perc.nt) rnd Jannu 'id Xtrhnn (43 p.r ccno whil. sucha6otr h
ncgliCiblcin nonh.m sets likc Punjab.Him&hal Pradesha Hiryna. nre
*dn aF highc$ in Nag,lrnd (97 P.r c. l
rollo$ed by Mrnipu (el pd c.nr) rnd lowat in N.v Delhi (21 p.r cent.
Dlftrendols of Wonent vhq rboul wire Berring a Jalilied *ll! Spe|nc
ResN by Br4rcud chsrse.i:ttic
Table 2 showsthe pcenrrye ol ave.mmcd somn who !gr4 with sp€cific
r.sons lor judifying ! hulbind be.tinghis vitc by ssl.cicdMcksDund
ch,ncr.ristj.s. h k .vid.m from $e ebl. rhatyomsd vom.n andthoe mrrid
ariv.ly noE vi$ * lcst oncr$on ol wife
b.{ing thanfie *omen whodo.s't fall in tho& apetivcclEgos.Inar spous,l
!8. diff.Mc.s !.d lov.r !s. confound.dwirhIrcupoor awaEnesor thefranbl
litc mayb he conhiburinsteroB lor the 3a8.. Wom.n englgedin rgdcukMl
activiriesm as?infoundb b. agccinghorc hwarnsdc @sns tor uir. bearing
 vho4!46\il|]a.I|i.e6ql
Nda wn ,lltsNN wtt

ti.noq Nkt h$btu

or *o.ki.g in non.asnculludlstor' Fonhe4

nd {irh eachof thc ditreEnt Edons ror *iL
bearingdEhnessharylywnh rh. levelof.du.!d oi. ft h mry b. dueto rh. po6$br.
in.rcGcinawarcnc$or$eirshb anddubes*i$ rhehigberlcvclor edu.rtion.
.s to lo* SU hou$holds md vomenhavins

esp.div. count.rp,tu. Mor ldher

arcasd *ell m in rhelow sLI boushold:andhous.iolds*h.rc vom.n arc !L
havmglowcraubnohym.y b4he pssiblcexphnltion.
 VTOLENcE
DoMESTIC ANALYSIS 3o9
lN lNoA: ANEMPTF|oqL

EMt Mbt wilt \|ill

s{.k rdlDt tuEtF! ,rh{

a{auttt hd4u hth dbc

'ii
Rcsionrl v'rl'riore in the Pftral€nc of Donc$ic vloloce
volcilesiic. sse15.s w'n A r the isl
senredin rablc3. h k evideitrom thdrabre
rlrd oneourof sv.ry nve hdLanlofren has€pon.dlyerprjiicnced Eains or
physcrlnnrerlnenr sncerheyhr

n$tclred slice rge 15.'lwd-finhoI evermrmedw.mei h T,mi

pbysically
Nrdu lid d ler! onequ.ne. ofsycrmaried womsn,i Meshrlaya. On$.,
Ann!.hal Pndsh md Bih' hrve
Hmrchd Prud.sh*ith only 6 p.r !
bo(o positio.womenchcn.h.d.
 DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE A
LNINDIA:

h6] ful B4krtp,yd'

;;

';

Aboutoi.Jifth oreveFmariedvon.n in Indiam b.den or physically

Morc rhanonerhild of womcnin Tmil Naduhlvc rcported$cn husbaids!s rhc

p.rpsroroi Agai., rh. moE rhm 20percentofrh. wom.n in rhedlcs lik. Bitui
Oths. AndhmPradeshmd Udii P]ldsh hrverFtudly be! Gsruhedby then
husbsidsrs rgri'* of Mcghday! *h@ a mrjor y (?9 Pd ceno blrme other
p.Bons ror the mi:ftthcnt. Beiins by pebonsorhd thrn the huihind d in
loss condiru@sa ilbsdntirl obDdni
* in D.lhi, Jrmmtrmd Kshmir nd Punlab.Tne pd centagesof toncn bcar.n
in rhe12monthsprc.cdins$e suney vafi6 frcm las than5 p.r..ir h simlchi
 percent,nsihar Aru.rch.lPrad4h.Tahil

orphysicrllymine.bd sin.c!3cr5 byba.kFund.h*'crerisri.sPE!3len.eis

ften in hws or orherpetuns.fte younse$!3.grcup(15.19)

husba.d, showss
10wd pmponioi or beinsbeateisiic. lg. 15 .omFred to older*omen Tbh is
\ p o r d ' o ' h . ' b r o f b e , nbs e , k ' \ n F , ; c
15 Educlrioirllelclot wonsnmak.ssubrrdhl dificEn.cor b.lis beati or
pbysicallynisftded'nIi'enE*om
rhhrhrcetih.s.onprdrowodri whoacldu.dedlrjgherse.oid,ryor$ove.

Iheageofl5. High'rhe rse dnamrge leids1olow*rhe pmponio'olwonen

h bebeakisinredclgcofl5,wom.i whohavebeei mificd lor r.s tho five

r norbeaiq childrenrnd no! beanig a soi

rn rnponhti.4on ror *ifc bsrie Howcvcr,.h.findiisssbovb,t wonen

livingrhilddn,TiepEyllencaof!iolcncclhovlriesby.sr.orrom.irs l6
p.! .cnt of wonei belonsinsto odre'cde hrv. beenbar.n comparedro 27 per
c.nr or womenb.lonsins tu SC .nd 23 percentbelonsm8b ST !s well s OBC
Thisefleds thd vomcnb.longingrohigho.Arshavca lover.b.ic.ofbein8

y rh.fsulr $d 29pd.e of wome.wnhrov

{i$mcdi!d.id10p&..nrorvonci{irhhighsbndldorlivlng Agaji,lov.r
poponionor uban*omen( 17Fr cenohs expdiem.dviol.0c.sinc.theagcor
15comparedroru l vomen(23percenD. Funher, rhenhusbaidsb.4 majonry of
wom.nphoftponbrlrii3ssin.rh.lgdof 15.Inisnsolncrs.of almo$allrhe
he pmponionor womeDbed.n or physicrrry
nisrebd by ficn iira*s or by orhr p€6onsis toosndlro allowr ne'.irstul
dh.tr$ionof dineai!* by vomei

ku fid oneourof eYsryl0 wonei hrvc

I.pon.nly.rp.riencd iL asc df rhcMdcn. cdu.dioi or rhewomen.lgear

*rh o.cuM.corb.!rin83s$rh ncese

hou*holdshows.rvcft .f lahoiship
DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE
]N INDIA:
ANEMPIRICAL
ANALYSIS 313

t4Q\qPiyidt r6tu b6

;.;

;;

's
 t;
nisredment. Asarn. 6 crp€ded, tb. p'evdenc. h touid ls$ ii ferale bead.d
houeh.ldsrnd voncn rcsidingin u
D!Lmim.ts ot Wonen's Vie* rboll Wle BBUng as JBiilied lnd otsothe
Detmiunb oI Don.s.ic vrol.nce
T!b|.5 Ev@lstheoddsr:rid ot{oncn\ vicv inju$Lry'ng a hu.bmdb@rins
i$ b.atingsor physcrl mislE{ment After
conrtullingrhcerf.cr or odrd vrn,bks vomen in th. oLderrse sLoup{4049) !tr
9 perced lds likelyro agEewith rt l.6t oie rason rdrju$ifying3 husbrnd
be.tmghn wile cdnp!rcdto rheyounges asegmqror 15.19ycare'Higherrhc
 I\ NDIAA
DOMLS]ICVIOLENCL

educiiionll l.vcl lods to lower $e pmbrbiliry forjudfvnl d Ea$ di' fl$n

this h amplyded frcm tbe resuklhd women!i!h hisb* scoidfv andabovc
edrarionall.vel arc45 p.i.ed les likelylorjuditving rt lea* oi. rcrson
o r e . d L r r o n l l l c t eo q o m . n\ o r e o r r
r o , ; d d n m r L d N { r J m s d . . A , o r e ' e a o rr o _' L 6 b r dD r a u n s h*bi r e
.!F m no'e ht.ly ro' Julrlinc ore o'
morrssonofwit bstng. LowerIhcrge d 66( mGtugq highs is thepbbabili.v
orjusiriine { rdsone rc!$i

I
 wih rcgxd ro rheser comp.sit'on or living.bildrei,rhosevomenhlving
onlydluchrerandborhsonaid druSh.cise ll rnd 15p{ceir horc llkelyror
jusiryiig r rers'o€.o$i.r h$b
troll,nsrhe.llcd of orhervanrbl.s,oomei
{ho m iorexpordromr5 mcdi!arc2r perc$t morclikclyrofiuiiryi.sat
h$ronereisonwnlr Espodbwom
.rcllp{c. lnda7ptrcedhslikdyroluniiydle*ronercAoncompiddto
loqcargory ot women.s'milrdy.(heE$lr dsoconsisrenr !nlr respedo rhe
cthii.ny $d rclLgious cdesonesor
hisheri.ndarl drrirrg m L.s likdy b iuniry d k$t me rcaon for borinc
' /\sar' runlwonen aE 16P'r 'ed noE
arled onere*oi rhrnrherulbancounrtp,turhh maybc
I'k.ly rorlu$Lryinc
 DOVESTIC
VIOL
I NLL ININDIA.
A

du. ro rh. ficr th* u$an ron i ,e moe .sarc abour$.n ngh6 rnd duri6

wrh cpect ro b.aen or physicallynisftaG! sin.c $c lgc of 15.n k chr

n'ar won.n matryingbN4n 19a.d 24 y.m m 6 ps c.nr I*s rik.ry of briig
- 2el!) b€rbn or physicallyFkMd siicc rh. ag. of 15conpacd rdllrc. whomlryiDs
b.law 13ys6 ofa8.. knger rheneibl dutuion ldds b smd rh. prcbrbiliryof
b€insnisMr.d. Itis no.j@blcrhlt rofr.d *ho enor cuEndy muied (divocd.
*padted, dnsned d widowd) ,r ror lik ly rh,i dMdy h!tri€! {omcn ro
hav. bcn b.ara siic. th. .ge of 15.Airer mnbnins mcctrei or orh$ vrnrbb.
ruEI mfti aE l0 ps ftnt l6s likcly ofb.i4 baEn sinccrhers! of 15dmpaEd
@ Dtbm som.n. EducitdEl levalor yomen ws @ hav. ! n.so!iv. clt@r on
donedic viorence in rndi!. sinilarlr. wone.6on scheduled cste, Muslim
communilyjs no€ likElyofbcins bedenrhanlhensperivc .ounrslad.
wohen wirh lovq auroiomyare moE likely of being b.dcn .ompad b
vomenor hisheratrbnomy.ftoe {ho rre nor.xposd b ma$ m.dia ar 13p&
centnoe lik.ly ofbcidsb€aren d,3nrhose whohaveexpo*d.Hdus.holds head.d
by rcmrle mcmb€6ftc abour15perce.r lds tikely ot b.ing b@r.nsiic. $c agc
of 15.ompiEd b dose household hadedby malenenbe6. wo*jnswom.n
hrv. a eud likclih@dofb.ins mistured rho rh. non-e*ing wonh. Womm
fton m.drm md hish sbid,rd ot livinS rre abour34 ps centmd 60 per ced
rcsprdiv.ly l.$ li*ely of b.iis ber.n or phFically nirhdcd .ompa'!d ro low
sbnd0rdor rivjiS. Th. sinile drd ats rolows in cs. or wom.n b.ing bar.n or
physicilly mi.tubd in in. h$ 12mo h3pMeniig rh3surey.

Thc rotgojng sidysis€v.t. ior orly widesped pHal.n.e ofiromddc violcncc

(21 pcr ccnt, .ince (heageor 15) in hdh bu. ako rhc eepbncc or mjodiy of
ever'mari.d wom.n (57 perc.no to ar l.r* on. r6on rorjosiiryiis ! hu6band
baring bis wife. ThercaB a€ainhEe-sile inrc*bc diflmne in rh. prvdeic.
3swn d rcc.perc. otviolacc amonsyomd. Ii ddilion rorhis.i! h no@wonhy
to m. ion tharr lot ot varirblcslile rge,.dtrcarionolwonen. sseatfi6r mdiag.,
ethnicind rclisiouscareson.s,wome
rhtus of woD.n rnd $!nd.rd of liymsb.sids placeor cid.ncc conribdc
signific.nnyb thep@wleiceoldohcdic vidlcncc.N.yenhel*, n B theh$bdds
who3€ Epo&dly rh. p.4eMro6 of violeico showingon. ftaon or anorher.
Tha expdience of violcncc undemi.es rhc .mmwerDenr of vomen md
c*inly ir is 3 bmid b rhcs.io.eondnic andd.mogEphicdcvetopnentofth.
county. ln vie* ol the prcvsl.nc.of rhc D6bl.h, n is suSg.dedrd have
involvd.ntofrhc.omnunirynd6peially
lhr mal6 for effecriveaswcll G fruirtul amcliorarionof rh. issnc.Ir canssrin b.
suggsr.! rhlt.ducation orrhesids shouldb..noungcd, rhich sill undoubbdly
 n.e. Agrin,thoughrhcpc$it findingsarc
sil$r,b.drthclegxlsldeorrhehsre,stinsemLawsrgain!rhep€:pcrabsol$e
rhe*omen { l alwaysbe bonoficill ro ctrlb
rheislue.Ar ir is toundb bsde.poord ln rh. nxioctrliunlpacrkesr borh

Ii orderro ddr$ rh. prcbler,smiarnormsr.d

or appop.de rnd msrninefulcspon$srodome*icvioletrcs

ldd rlrimablyro
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