Part A: Relative frequencies of each letter in text Task 2

F
Where: C = class (a letter); F = frequency letter occurred; % t = percentage of text made of certain letter (relative frequency ( )× 100 )
3098 Part B
%A = average frequency for letter in English language Where F = frequency, P =
C A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z letter score, L = Letter
F 231 49 120 105 387 55 50 155 239 2 22 119 97 204 217 65 4 215 211 321 104 27 46 1 51 1 F P L
%T 1. 0.0 2. 10. 0. 0.0
7.5 1.6 3.9 3.4 12.5 1.8 6 5 7.7 6 0.7 3.8 3.1 6.6 7 1 0.12 7 6.8 4 3.4 9 0.08 3 1.6 0.03 1 10 Z, Q
%A 1. 8 J, X
8.2 1.5 2.8 4.3 12.7 2.2 2 6.1 7 0.2 0.8 4 2.4 6.7 7.5 9 0.1 6 6.3 9.1 2.8 1 2.4 0.2 2.0 0.1
5 K
Total F
3098 Part B 2 4 Y,W,
Where: C = class (a letter); F = frequency of letter in a scrabble set; % A = average frequency for letter in English language; p = score for V,F,H
letter in scrabble 3 M,
C A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z C,B,P
F 9 2 2 4 12 2 3 2 9 1 1 4 2 6 8 2 1 6 4 6 4 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 G
%A 1.
8.2 1.5 2.8 4.3 12.7 2.2 2 6.1 7 0.2 0.8 4 2.4 6.7 7.5 9 0.1 6 6.3 9.1 2.8 1 2.4 0.2 2.0 0.1 4 2 D
p 1 3 3 2 1 4 2 4 1 8 5 1 3 1 1 3 10 1 1 1 1 4 4 8 4 10 1 S, L,U
6 1 R,T,N
8 1 O
9 1 A,I
Conclusion: It was found that that the tile frequency of a letter in a scrabble set is more or less proportional to it average frequency in the English 12 1 E
language and that the score for each letter is inversely proportional to its tile frequency. Given this, 42% of a scrabble set is made of vowels, and seeing
that the English language is only 38.2% vowels in general, this in turn forces down the average amount of constantans in a set. This is probably because especially late in
the game, vowels often remedy the frustration entailed in trying to play two or three letter words - in which at least one-half or one third of the letters required are
vowels. This is why vowels less frequent in the English language are also worth less in scrabble (u for example) and why consonants in scrabble are always worth at least
one point (except for S). Furthermore T and H are a lot less frequent in scrabble then they are in real life; this is because these letters are generally found in basic functional
words (such as to, at, the, then ect) which are unfavourable in scrabble as they are usually low scoring. H is also worth a considerably large score given its average
frequency; this due to the fact that H is rarely found outside of digraphs (TH, HE) and trigraphs (THE, THA), making it more difficult to form a word with. S is also allot less
frequent in scrabble compared to its average frequency, however S is also the only consonant worth one point; this is because, due to plurality, it's the game's most reliably
independently playable letter. Adding an S to the end of a newly-created word forms its plural, allowing for a “new” word to be formed using a single tile.

Task 3
Ciphertext to be decrypted:

LJUF UFLLQEFL QGF VFXZ LFHGFZ SJZ DR DFISE FSHJOFO DMZ DR DFISE KIOOFS JSF JA ZKF UJLZ MSMLMQP UFZKJOL MLFO DR ZKF EGFFVL TQL ZJ LKQBF ZKF
KFQO JA ZKF UFLLFSEFG ZQZZJJ ZKF UFLLQEF JS KIL LHQPX QSO ZKFS LFSO KIU JSHF ZKF KQIG KQO EGJTS DQHV SJZ JSF AJG SFWZ OQR OFPIBFGR

Code Key
Where: Ct = ciphertext letter; Pt = corresponding plaintext letter %c = percentage of code made of certain letter above; % A = average frequency for letter below in English language
Ct A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R SV T U W X Y Z
%c 6. 0.
1.4 0.9 0 3.2 3.2 17.5 3.7 2.3 3.2 7.8 9 8.8 2.3 0 5.5 1.4 6.5 2.3 7.8 0.9 3.2 9 0.46 0.9 0 8.8
%A 6. 0.
2.2 1 - 1.5 2 12.7 6 2.8 7 7.5 1 6.3 2.8 - 4.3 4 8.2 2 6.7 2.4 2.4 8 0.2 1.9 - 9.1
Pt Z/Q/ Z/Q/ Z/Q/
F V J B G E R C I O H S U J D L A Y N W M K X P J T
Message Decrypted: SOME MESSAGES ARE KEPT SECRET NOT BY BEING ENCODED BUT BY BEING HIDDEN ONE OF THE MOST UNUSUAL METHODS USED BY THE
GREEKS WAS TO SHAVE THE HEAD OF THE MESSENGER TATTOO THE MESSAGE ON HIS SCALP AND THEN SEND HIM ONCE THE HAIR HAD GROWN BACK NOT ONE FOR
NEXT DAY DELIVERY

Method
Assumptions: It is assumed that spaces are not code for anything and that they separate coded words; it is assumed that the plaintext is English; it is assumed that
punctuation has been removed from the text

Conclusion: As shown in the key above, the frequency of the ciphertext letters regularly vary significantly from the average frequency of that of their
corresponding plaintext letter – this is due to the small sample space of the encrypted message, given the fact that with a larger sample space, the closer its
letter frequency matches the average. This idea is demonstrated in Task 2, where the text with a larger letter count more closely matched the average than
the ciphertext in this task. Therefore, when deciphering small messages, it can be stated that in order to decode the message, knowledge of average letter
frequency will not suffice, as one will also require knowledge regarding the spelling of words and sentence structure of the language used in the code (as
shown in the working on the next page).

Step 1

SJUE UESSQEES QGE VEXT SEHGET SJT DR DEISE ESHJOEO DMT DR DEISE KIOOES JSE JA TKE UJST MSMSMQP UETKJOS MSEO DR TKE EGEEVS TQS TJ SKQBE
TKE KEQO JA TKE UESSESEEG TQTTJJ TKE UESSQEE JS KIS SHQPX QSO TKES SESO KIU JSHE TKE KQIG KQO EGJTS DQHV SJT JSE AJG SEWT OQR OEPIBEGR

Firstly E, T and S were substituted into the code, because S was already known; E is known to be the most frequent letter in the English language, so it was
assumed that F was its cipher letter (as F was the most Frequent letter in the ciphertext); and T is known to be the second most frequent letter in the
English language, so it was assumed that Z was its cipher letter (as Z was the tied second most Frequent letter in the ciphertext and the letter it was tied to
was L, which was already coded to S).

Step 2 (underlined plaintext letters show where the first letter of that type were derived from the ciphertext)

SOUE UESSQEES QGE VEXT SEHGET NOT DR DEINE ENHOOEO DMT DR DEINE HIOOEN ONE OF THE UOST MNMSMQP UETHOOS MSEO DR THE EGEEVS TQS
TO SHQBE THE HEQO OF THE UESSENEEG TQTTOO THE UESSQEE ON HIS SHQPX QNO THEN SENO HIU ONHE THE HQIG HQO EGOTN DQHV NOT ONE FOG
NEWT OQR OEPIBEGR

Secondly, small ciphertext ‘words’ such as TJ, TKE, JA, OS and TKES were decoded using knowledge of the English language and frequency relationships
between the ciphertext letters and their possible plaintext letters. TKE was found to be the most frequent word in the ciphertext, so it was assumed that its
plaintext word is ‘the’ – the most frequently used word in the English language, Therefore it was found that K is code for H. TJ was assumed to be code for
the word ‘to’, meaning that J is code for O and that because A is in the letter group J(O)A, A must either be code for the letter N or F – forming ON or OF.
However, because the average frequency of the letter F better matches the frequency of the letter A in the ciphertext, it was deduced that A is code for F. S
was then deduced to be code for N as this allowed the words ‘on’, ‘then’, ‘not’ and ‘one’ to be decrypted.

Step 3

From the deductions of step 2, more small words and distinctive, larger words (for example: TQTTOO = TATTOO) that were almost complete were
decrypted using knowledge of English words and sentence structure:
 A BUT BY BEING HIDDEN 68.5˚
SOME MESSAGES ARE KEPT SECRET NOT BY BEING ENCODED ONE OF THE MOST UNUSUAL METHODS USED BY THE GREEKS WAS
TO SHAVE THE HEAD OF THE MESSENGER TATTOO THE MESSAGE ON HIS SCALP AND THEN SEND HIM ONCE THE HAIR HAD GROWN BACK NOT ONE FOR
58˚ plaintext letters, it was found10.5˚
NEXT DAY DELIVERY (having having deciphered all other that I is coded as itself)
28.5˚ Diagrams not to scale

Task 5

93.5˚
28.5˚
D 2.5˚

151.5˚ 148˚
84 ˚
18˚

B
C
32˚ 21.5˚ 3.5˚

151.5˚
Assumptions:

6˚  It is assumed that there was no

error due to arm movement
when the angles were
The base of the tree 26˚ measured.
was assumed to be at  It is assumed that the two
level with the shrubs points at which angles taken
in front of it, resulting form a straight line with the
in an error of 1.6 tree.
metres. 21.5˚ 3.5˚
 32˚ 6˚
A 10.5˚ Finding h using sine rule:
Points
h are 25 metres
25
apart =
sin ⁡(148) sin ⁡(10.5)

25
h h= ×sin (148)
sin ⁡(10.5)

¿ 72.7 m

148˚ 21.5˚
C B
Finding x using sine rule:
A
x 72.7
68.5˚ =
sin ⁡(18) sin ⁡(93.5)

x x=
72.7
×sin(18)
sin ⁡(93.5)
93.5˚ ¿ 22.5+1.6 Error=24.1 m
D

18˚
B

Conclusion: Due the considerable amount of possible error mentioned in the assumptions, it is obvious that the calculated height is simply an
approximation. Given this, the answer derived can be justified through the knowledge that the school house, which sits on approximately the same
plane as the tree, is about 25m high and is only slightly taller than the tree – therefore the tree can be expected to be around 24m high.
Task 4
Key
Where: Pt = Plaintext; N = letter’s assigned number; Nk = number after key is applied (7P+3)mod26; Ct = Ciphertext
Pt A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Nk 3 10 17 24 5 12 19 0 7 14 21 2 9 16 23 4 11 18 25 6 13 20 1 8 15 22
Ct D K R Y F M T A H O V C J Q X E L S Z G N U B I P W

Quote to be coded:
“The union of the mathematician with the poet, fervor with measure, passion with correctness, this surely is the ideal” William James

Numerical translation:
19,7,4,20,13,8,14,13,14,5,19,7,4,12,0,19,7,4,12,0,19,9,0,13,22,8,19,7,19,7,4,15,14,4,19,5,4,17,21,14,17,22,8,19,7,12,4,0,18,20,17,4,15,0,18,18,8,14,13,22,8,
19,7,2,14,17,17,4,2,19,13,4,18,18,19,7,8,18,18,20,17,4,11,24,8,18,19,7,4,8,3,4,0,11,22,8,11,11,8,0,12,9,0,12,4,18,

Numerical translation after key:

6,0,5,13,16,7,23,16,23,12,6,0,5,9,3,6,0,5,9,3,6,14,3,16,1,7,6,0,6,0,5,4,23,5,6,12,5,18,20,23,18,1,7,6,0,9,5,3,25,13,18,5,4,3,25,25,7,23,16,1,7,6,0,17,23,18,18,
5,17,6,16,5,25,25,6,0,7,25,25,13,18,5,2,15,7,25,6,0,5,7,24,5,3,2,1,7,2,2,7,3,9,14,3,9,5,25,

Ciphertext translation:
GAFNQHXQXMGAFJDGAFJDGHRHDQBHGAGAFEXFGMFSUXSBHGAJFDZNSFEDZZHXQBHGARXSSFRGQFZZGAHZZNSFCPHZGAFHYFDCBHCCHDJODJFZ
Full working:
Ct of A (0) = (7× 0+3) = 3
Remainder of 2 ÷ 26 = 3
3 corresponds to D
A is coded to D
Ct of F (5) = (7× 5+3) = 38
Remainder of 38 ÷ 26 = 12
12 corresponds to M
F is coded to M
Ct of K (10) = (7× 10+3) = 73
Remainder of 73 ÷ 26 = 21
21 corresponds to V
K is coded to V
Ct of P (15) = (7× 15+3) = 108
Remainder of 108 ÷ 26 = 4
4 corresponds to E
P is coded to E
Ct of U (20) = (7× 20+3) = 143
Remainder of 143 ÷ 26 = 13
13 corresponds to N
U is coded to N
Ct of Z (25) = (7× 25+3) = 178
Remainder of 178 ÷ 26 = 22
22 corresponds to W
Z is coded to W
Ct of B (1) = (7× 1+3) = 10
Remainder of 10 ÷ 26 = 10
10 corresponds to K
B is coded to K
Ct of G (6) = (7× 6+3) = 45
Remainder of 45 ÷ 26 = 19
19 corresponds to T
G is coded to T
Ct of L (11) = (7× 11+3) = 80
Remainder of 80 ÷ 26 = 2
2 corresponds to C
L is coded to C
Ct of Q (16) = (7× 16+3) = 115
Remainder of 115 ÷ 26 = 11
11 corresponds to L
Q is coded to L
Ct of V (21) = (7× 21+3) = 150
Remainder of 150 ÷ 26 = 20
20 corresponds to U
V is coded to U
Ct of C (2) = (7× 2+3) = 17
Remainder of 17 ÷ 26 = 17
17 corresponds to R
C is coded to R
Ct of H (7) = (7× 7+3) = 52
Remainder of 52 ÷ 26 = 0
0 corresponds to A
H is coded to A
Ct of M (12) = (7× 12+3) = 87
Remainder of 87 ÷ 26 = 9
9 corresponds to J
M is coded to J
Ct of R (17) = (7× 17+3) = 122
Remainder of 122 ÷ 26 = 18
18 corresponds to S
R is coded to S
Ct of W (22) = (7×22+3) = 157
Remainder of 157 ÷ 26 = 1
1 corresponds to B
W is coded to B
Ct of D (3) = (7× 3+3) = 24
Remainder of 24 ÷ 26 = 24
24 corresponds to Y
D is coded to Y
Ct of I (8) = (7× 8+3) = 59
Remainder of 59 ÷ 26 = 7
7 corresponds to H
I is coded to H
Ct of N (13) = (7× 13+3) = 94
Remainder of 93 ÷ 26 = 16
16 corresponds to Q
N is coded to Q
Ct of S (18) = (7× 18+3) = 129
Remainder of 129 ÷ 26 = 25
25 corresponds to Z
S is coded to Z
Ct of X (23) = (7× 23+3) = 164
Remainder of 164 ÷ 26 = 8
8 corresponds to I
X is coded to I
Ct of E (4) = (7× 4+3) = 31
Remainder of 31 ÷ 26 = 5
5 corresponds to F
E is coded to F
Ct of J (9) = (7× 9+3) = 66
Remainder of 66 ÷ 26 = 14
14 corresponds to O
J is coded to O
Ct of O (14) = (7× 14+3) = 101
Remainder of 101 ÷ 26 = 23
23 corresponds to X
O is coded to X
Ct of T (19) = (7× 19+3) = 136
Remainder of 136 ÷ 26 = 6
6 corresponds to G
T is coded to G
Ct of Y (24) = (7× 24+3) = 171
Remainder of 171 ÷ 26 = 15
15 corresponds to P
Y is coded to P

(Satellite) (Radio wave)

Assumptions:
Task 6 230km
It is assumed that the Earth is round
Part 1 Working and that its radius is 6370km; it is
assumed that the satellite’s radio waves
travel in a straight line and that its
range is the point where one of its
radio ‘waves’ makes a tangent with the
sphere that is Earth.
 6370km

Ø
A
6600km
x

Ø
6370km

Finding X using Pythagoras: Diagrams not to scale

X =√ 66002 × 63702

¿ 1727.1653 m 360
Therefore, number of satellites needed ¿ =11.866 B
2Ø
Finding Ø using right angle trigonometry:
12 satellites are needed as ll.866 is rounded to this number due to the fact that a
1727.1653
Sin Ø ¿ =0.26 fraction of a satellite is not acceptable.
6600

Ø ¿ sin−1 ( 0.26 ) =15.17 ˚

Part 2 working

45.51˚
H
6370km
x
45.49˚
6370km

Finding H using sine rule:

H 6370
=
sin ⁡(90) sin ⁡( 45.51)

6730
h= × sin(90) C
sin ⁡(45.51) Ø = 15.17 × 3 = 45.51˚

¿ 9089.8 km

X = 9089.8 – 6600 (initial satellite height + radius of Earth)

= 2489.8km

45.49˚
Justification
Part 1

A:
6600 = 230 + 6370 (height of satellites above Earth’s surface + radius of Earth)

B:

The angle found is that of the angle between the middle of the satellite and the edge of its radio signal range on one side
of the Equatorial plane, therefore 2Ø is used to find the number of satellites that can fit on the Equatorial plane (without
360
overlapping) in the equation 2 Ø .

Part 2

C:

The angle used here should technically be 45˚ instead of 45.51˚, given that it was found in part 2 that 12 (whole) satellites
are needed to cover the whole equatorial plane with radio waves (360/12 = 30). However this rounding up would result in
a overlapping of radio waves, meaning that at the specific point where the radio waves of two satellites meet, the radio
waves would not form a straight line distance between the two satellites, and that this point would therefore not be at a
tangent to the Earth – making the simplistic model used invalid.