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Impact of Distributed Generations With Energy Storage Devices On The Electric Grid
Impact of Distributed Generations With Energy Storage Devices On The Electric Grid
1, MARCH 2012
Abstract—The commonly used distributed generations (DG) In case of certain renewable technologies, such as wind
technologies include wind generators, photovoltaics, and biomass turbines and solar panels, the output power depends upon
generators with their sizes varying between several kW to a
the availability of renewable resource and therefore may not
few MW. Energy storage devices are generally used to smooth
variations in DG’s MW output due to inherent unpredictability always be constant. In such cases, in order to augment the DGs
and to minimize exchange of power from grid. Connecting the during low power periods, energy storage devices are used
storage and DGs to the grid have both technical and economic [3]. Other than wind and solar, storage can help in smoothing
impacts. This paper aims at analyzing the technical and economic the power in conjunction with biomass especially for rural
impacts of distributed generators along with energy storage
combined heating and power applications. These devices store
devices on the distribution system. The technical analysis includes
analyzing the transient stability of a system with DGs and energy energy during periods of high power or low demand and use
storage devices, such as a battery and ultracapacitor. The DGs the stored energy to supply the excess loads during periods of
are represented by small synchronous and induction generators. low power. Different types of energy storage devices that are
Different types and locations of faults and different penetration used in a distributed environment include batteries, ultraca-
levels of the DGs are considered in the analysis. Energy storage
pacitors, flywheels, fuel cells and superconducting magnetic
devices are found to have a positive impact on transient stability.
For economic analysis, the costs of the system with different DG energy storage [4]–[7]. In addition to supporting the DGs
technologies and energy storage devices are compared using the during peak demand, the storage devices may also help in
software tool “hybrid optimization model for electric renewables improving the overall stability of the entire system. These
(HOMER).” Finally, the analysis for cost versus benefits of DGs energy storage devices are connected to the electric grid by
and energy storage devices is compared briefly.
means of suitable power conversion devices [8]–[10].
Index Terms—Batteries, distributed generation, energy storage Though the primary purpose of the DGs is to supply the
devices, power system transient stability, system economics, local demand of electricity, in cases where energy production
ultracapacitors.
exceeds the local demand, DGs can be interconnected to the
electric grid thereby supplying the excess power. Distributed
I. Introduction
generation impacts the overall grid and distribution system
TABLE I
Characteristics of the Test System
by
PDG
penetration level of DG = 100 (11)
Pload
where PDG is total power delivered by all the DGs together,
Pload is total load demand.
In Case I, the DGs are considered to supply equal amounts
of power to the loads, which are equally distributed. In Case II,
the loads are unequally distributed. Load 1 is 27 MVA and
load 2 and load 3 are of 9 MVA each. These unequal sets of
loads are supplied by the three generators equally. In Case III,
the loads are equal whereas the generators supply unequal
amounts of power with DG1 supplying 50% of the load and
DGs 2 and 3, supplying 25% each of the required power.
In all the different scenarios, we apply three different types
of faults, L-G, L-L-G and three phase faults (L-L-L-G).
C. Test Procedure
A step by step approach, as shown in Fig. 4, has been
followed to analyze the transient stability.
1) A fault is applied at one of the three buses of the system
as mentioned in the scenario. The duration of the fault
is 100 ms after which it is considered to be cleared
automatically. The fault is applied at 1.5 s and cleared
at 1.6 s.
2) The penetration level of the DG is varied from 5% to
50%. The MVA of the generators is changed based on
the penetration level.
3) The response of the system to the fault is analyzed
by means of the transient stability indicators that were
chosen.
4) This procedure is repeated for different types and loca-
tions of faults with varied penetration levels of the DG. Fig. 4. Flowchart for transient stability analysis.
5) After the analysis without energy storage devices, the
transient stability with energy storage devices needs to results obtained it was observed that the change in rotor angle
be done. during fault is less with 50% penetration level of DG compared
6) The energy storage devices are connected to the system to that with a 10% penetration level irrespective of the type
by means of the suitable power electronic converter [20], of fault, location of fault, the load and generation conditions
[31]. and whether the energy storage devices are connected or not.
7) About 10% of the DG power is considered as size of Stability of a given system is inversely proportional to change
the storage devices [32]. in the rotor angle [30]. This shows that with more penetration
8) The process of analyzing stability is repeated as done level of the DG, the stability of the system increases.
earlier for the system without energy storage devices. 2) Terminal Voltage: There is a drop in terminal voltage
9) The responses of the indicators to the fault are analyzed when a fault is applied to the system and once the fault
for the system with energy storage devices. is cleared, the terminal voltage rises back and settles back
to its normal value. The transient stability in this case can
be assessed taking into consideration the amount of drop in
D. Results of the Analysis With and Without Energy Storage
terminal voltage during the period of fault and also the time
Devices
taken by the voltage to settle back to its normal value once
Responses of the four different indicators to different types the fault is cleared. Similar to the previous indicator, in this
of faults and different penetration levels of the DG are case also, the drop in terminal voltage was seen to decrease
analyzed for faults at buses 4, 5, and 8 (refer Fig. 1). The with increase in the penetration levels of the DGs which
responses of each of the indicators are observed. shows that the stability of the system is better with higher
1) Rotor Angle: When a fault is applied to the system the penetration level case compared to that of lower penetration
rotor angle starts increasing and once the fault is cleared the levels [30]. This result was seen to be true for the different
rotor angle starts to decrease and settles back to a constant types and locations of the fault for the three different load and
value. The stability of the system is assessed based on the generation conditions and either with or without the energy
amount of change in the rotor angle during fault. From the storage devices also.
114 IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 1, MARCH 2012
Fig. 5. Comparison of impacts of different types of faults at bus 4 (Case I). Fig. 6. Comparison of impacts of different locations of a three-phase fault
(Case I).
TABLE III
Comparison of Net Present Values of Different Cases
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