408
2, APRIL 2014
Optimization of Battery–Supercapacitor
Hybrid Energy Storage Station in
Wind/Solar Generation System
Tianpei Zhou and Wei Sun
Abstract—In capacity optimization of hybrid energy storage
station (HESS) in wind/solar generation system, how to make full use
of wind and solar energy by effectively reducing the investment and
operation costs based on the load demand through allocating suitable
capacity of HESS is an optimization problem. The optimization
objective is to minimize one-time investment and operation costs in
thewholelifecycle,theconstraintsareutilizationrate,andreliabilityof
power supply. In this paper, mathematical models of wind/solar
generation systems, battery, and supercapacitor are built, the objec-
tive optimization function of HESS is proposed, and various con-
straints are considered. To solve the optimization problem, improved
simulated annealing particle swarm optimization algorithm is pro-
posed by introducing the simulated annealing idea into particle swarm
algorithm. The new algorithm enhance the ability to escape from local
optimum and improve the diversity of particle swarm, then help to
avoid prematurity and enhance the global searching ability of the
algorithm. With the example system, the optimization results show
that the convergence of new algorithm is faster than the traditional
particle swarm optimization algorithm and its cost optimization is
better, which demonstrated the correctness and validity of the pro-
posed models and algorithms. This method can provide a reference
forthecapacityoptimizationofHESSinwind/solargenerationsystem.
Index Terms—Battery, capacity optimization, hybrid energy
storage station (HESS), simulated annealing particle swarm
optimization (SAPSO) algorithm, supercapacitor (SC),
wind/solar generating system.
I. INTRODUCTION
CERTAIN capacityofthe energystorage deviceneedstobe
A configured in the wind/solar generation system, which is
greatly affected by the climate and environment, in order to ensure
the continuity and reliability of the electricity load because of its
unstable and unpredictable output power [1]. At present, battery, as
a kind of energy storage device, is widely used in the wind/solar
generation system, especially in small- and medium-sized genera-
tion system [2]. However, there are some disadvantages in the
battery, such as shorter life cycle, charge and discharge current
Manuscript received May 20, 2013; revised August 6, 2013 and September 23,
2013; accepted October 23, 2013. Date of publication January 02, 2014; date of
current version March 18, 2014. This work was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant 61105063): Application of uncertain high-
dimensional multi-objective evolutionary optimization theory.
T. Zhou is with the School of Information and Engineering, China University
of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China, and also with the
Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xuzhou College of
Industrial and Technology, Xuzhou 221140, China (e-mail: zhoutianpei_
001@163.com).
W. Sun is with the School of Information and Engineering, China University of
Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China (e-mail: sw3883204@163.com).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSTE.2013.2288804
1949-3029 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 5, NO.
restrictions, and environmental problems, thus restricting the large-
scale development of the wind/solar generation system [3]. Super-
capacitor (SC), as a new type of power storage in the recent years, is
receiving more and more attention due to higher power density,
longer life cycle, higher charge–discharge efficiencies, and
completely free maintenance. Therefore, the technical and eco-
nomic indexes of the hybrid energy storage system will be greatly
improved by combining the battery with the SC [4]. But now, the
prices of various energy storage devices are relatively expensive,
which account for about 20%–25% of total cost [5]. Therefore, the
optimal combinationsofload, solar cells,windturbines,and energy
storage system should be achieved in the design of wind/solar
generation system in order to solve the supply reliability of wind/
solar generation system in more economic conditions [6].
Currently, the study on capacity configuration optimization of
different hybrid energy storage stations (HESSs) in the wind/solar
generation system is still less. A capacity optimization method of
HESS based on genetic algorithm is proposed for the wind/solar
generation system in [7]. A battery capacity optimization method
of the solar electric vehicle based on combinatorial optimization
algorithm between the genetic algorithms and neural network is
proposed in [8]. In recent years, particle swarm optimization
(PSO) algorithm has been widely used in the optimization com-
putation due to its simplicity. Since PSO algorithm does not make
full use of information that is obtained in the calculation process
and only uses the globally optimal and locally optimal informa-
tion in each iteration, in addition, PSO algorithm cannot eliminate
the relatively inferior solution without preferred mechanism
itself, leading to “premature” or slower convergence speed [9].
To solve this problem, a hybrid algorithm is designed by
combining PSO algorithm that has strong global search ability
with other optimization algorithms that has a good local search
ability [10]. The most important characteristics of the simulated
annealing algorithm are to step out local optimal area and find the
global or approximate optimal, which has nothing to do with the
choice of the initial point [11]. Therefore, simulated annealing
particle swarm optimization (SAPSO) algorithm is presented to
enhance the global search ability and escape from local optimal
ability of PSO algorithm.
In this paper, to minimize one-time investment and operation
costs in the whole life cycle as an optimization objective,
the utilization rate and the reliability of power supply as con-
straints, the capacity of HESS is optimized by using SAPSO
algorithm in order to improve the utilizing efficiency of renew-
able energy.
ZHOU AND SUN: OPTIMIZATION OF BATTERY–SUPERCAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE STATION
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WIND/SOLAR
GENERATION SYSTEM
A. Wind Turbine Power Generation Unit
Wind speed is one of the most important factors which
determine the wind power generation. Wind speed always
changes with time because it is easily affected by many factors
such as weather, seasons and causes the uncertainty of wind
power generation. To solve this problem, probability distribution
function is adopted to describe the change of wind speed with
time in 1 month or 1 year. There are many kinds of probability
distribution functions describing the distribution characteristics
of wind speed. Two-parameter Weibull distribution is adopted in
this paper, and its probability density function is
where is the scale parameter, is the shape parameter, and is
the wind speed.
If the average wind speed and wind speed variance are
known, then
where , , and is the
Gamma function, which is defined as .
Different wind turbines have different power output charac-
teristics curves. In this paper, since the power output character-
istics of wind turbine is relate to its rated power [12], the power
output of small wind turbine can be calculated using
< >
where is the rated power of the wind turbine, is the cut-in
speed, is the rated speed, is the cut-out speed, and is the
shape parameter of Weibull distribution.
Average and variance of monthly wind speed may be calcu-
lated by analyzing the monthly wind speed data of wind farm,
and then monthly Weibull distribution parameters can also be
calculated using (1)–(3).
The probability that wind speed is greater than or equal to a
specified value can be calculated by using
The monthly power generation of wind turbine may be
calculated by (4) and (5).
B. Photovoltaic Array Power Generation Unit
The output power of photovoltaic (PV) array is uncertain
because it is greatly affected by the environmental factors,
namely the environmental random changes will inevitably lead
409
to constantly changing of output power of PV arrays [13]. There
are many influencing factors in the PV power generation, such as
solar radiation, temperature, shadow, and module efficiency,
etc., whose relationships are very complicated. However, the
three most important factors are solar radiation, temperature, and
module efficiency.
In the reference conditions, (
), is the short-circuit current, is the open-circuit
voltage, and , are the voltage and current at ,
respectively. Suppose that the output voltage of PV array is
at a given time, then the current is
Considering that the amount of solar radiation and temperature
is constantly changing, then the mathematical model for PV array
in the condition of random radiation density and
temperature ( ) is
where is the series resistance of PV array equivalent circuit,
and are the temperature coefficients of short circuit and open
circuit, respectively, and is the normal working tempera-
ture of PV array (40 ).
In general, whether or not there is a cloud has a great influence
on the solar radiation. For cloudy weather the conditions that the
ground receive the solar radiation is more complex. The solar
radiation is modified for cloudy weather by using a quadratic
curve function relating to the cloud cover in this paper
where is the weakening coefficient, is the cloud cover
whose value is 0–8, in which 0 refers to clear and 8 refers to
overcast, and , , and are the empirical coefficients, where
, , and .
The monthly power generation of PV array may be estimated
as
where is the module efficiency, , is
the series and parallel factor, the general value is 0.97; is the
temperature loss factor, the general value is 0.95; is the dust
shadow loss factor, the general value is 0.93; is the charging
and discharging loss factor, the general value is 0.8; and is the
410
transmission and distribution loss factor, the general value is 0.95
[14]. is the number of PV array in series connection. is the
number of PV array in parallel connection and is the local peak
sunshine hours (h).
The method converting the solar radiation into daily peak
sunshine hours is as follows: if the unit of solar radiation is
, then the peak sunshine
and if the unit of solar radiation is , then the
peak sunshine [15].
C. Battery Model
Suppose the charging and discharging currents of battery are
both rated charging current , then the capacity of battery is
generally calculated according to (10) or (11) [16]
where is the rated charging current of battery (A), and are
the charging and discharging times of battery (h), respectively,
and is the reference voltage of battery (V), where the reference
voltage of battery is selected as 24 V.
D. SC Model
It is general that the use of SC needs to be expanded through
series or parallel connection because single SC only stores
limited energy and cannot bear great high voltage [17]. Suppose
SCs connected in series with and in parallel with group, then
the equivalent capacitance of SC groups is
Suppose and are the maximum and minimum
voltages of SC groups, respectively, then the storage energy
is expressed as [18]
where is the capacitance of single SC and and are
the maximum and minimum voltages of single SC, respectively.
It is shown that the storage energy of SC groups only have
something to do with the number of single SCs and nothing to do
with the series or parallel.
III. CAPACITY OPTIMIZATION MODEL OF HYBRID ENERGY
STORAGE SYSTEM
A. Objective Optimization Function
One-time investment and operation costs in the whole life
cycle, as an optimization objective of the system, should be
minimum on the premise of satisfying all the performance para-
meters of wind/solar generation system. Suppose the whole life
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 5, NO. 2, APRIL 2014
cycle of the wind/solar generation system is 20 years, then the
objective optimization function is obtained from [19] as follows:
where is the one-time investment of the hybrid energy storage
system; is the operation cost in the whole life cycle of hybrid
energy storage system; is the unit price of battery, 0.8 US
$/(Wh); is the battery capacity (Wh) calculating by (3) or
(4); is the annual discount rate of battery, 15%/year; is
the unit price of single SC, 0.75 US$/F; is the number of series,
is the number of parallel; is the annual discount rate of
SC, 1%/year; is the annual maintenance costs of battery,
0.2283 US$/kWh; and is the annual maintenance costs of
SC, 0.011 US$/F [7].
B. Constraint Conditions
The following constraints must be considered when optimiz-
ing the capacity of battery and SC hybrid energy storage:
1) Charging and Discharging Current Constraints of SC: Due
to lower energy density, SC is mainly responsible for the
instantaneous maximum power of load fluctuation in HESS.
Assuming that the HESSs complete 100 times full charge and
discharge every year and there appears a high current for load
every 10 s, namely the discharging current of SC [20], five
times for every 2 days and a total of 913 times for the whole year.
Also, the input power fluctuation is buffered by SC in the practical
application process due to the instability of wind energy and solar
energy, and therefore, it is assumed that the maximum fluctuation
current is , namely the charging current of the SC
where (A) is the maximum charging and discharging
currents of SC.
2) Maximum Power Surplus Process: In order to fully absorb
the excess energy and improve the utilization of wind/solar
generation system in abundant light and strong wind, the
HESS must be filled to full capacity in such month with the
maximum power surplus [21]. Suppose the corresponding power
generation of wind, solar cell, and power consumption of load are
, , and , respectively, then
3) Maximum Power Loss Process: In order to provide a
continuous power supply for important load and ensure the
reliability of power supply systems when the system does not
work normally during the long rainy and windless days, the load
must be a satisfied demand in such month with a maximum
power loss [22]. Suppose the corresponding power generation of
wind, solar cell, and power consumption of the load are ,
, and , respectively, then
ZHOU AND SUN: OPTIMIZATION OF BATTERY–SUPERCAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE STATION 411

C. Handling Constraint Violation

In the process of solving the optimization problem, handling
the constraint violation is an important problem. By considering
more constraints in the model, the constraint handling method
based on feasibility rule is adopted in this paper. Feasibility rule
is a kind of constraint handling technology in which the principle
is very simple, and the solutions are compared according to the
following rules: 1) feasible solution is superior to infeasible
solution; 2) if the two solutions are feasible, then the solution
with better target value is superior; and 3) if the two solutions are
not feasible, then the solution with little constraints violation is
superior. The method based on the feasibility rule greatly im-
proves the efficiency of the algorithm without additional para-
meters and is simple.
IV. SAPSO ALGORITHM
A. PSO Algorithm
PSO algorithm is an evolutionary algorithm using search
model of speed position [23]. In this algorithm, a swarm consists
of particles. Each particle performance depends on the
fitness value of objective function which will be optimized.
Following the current optimum particle, the particles search in
the solution space. The PSO is initialized to a swarm of random
particles, which find the optimal solution by iteration [24].
Suppose a particle swarm consisting of particles search in
the -dimensional target space, the position of the th particle in
-dimensional space is expressed as vector
, and flying velocity is
expressed as vector
. Each particle has a fitness value that is decided by the
optimized function; for the th particle, the best position that has
experienced is called the local best position,
, namely pbest( ), and the corresponding fitness
value is called . The best position that all the particles have
experienced is called the global best position,
, namely gbest( ), and the corresponding fitness
value is called . For the ( )th iteration, each particle is
changed according to the following equations:
Fig. 1. Changed trend of particle flying time.
is as follows [25]: the solid is first heated to a sufficiently high
temperature, and then it is slowly cooled. While heating, the
particles in the solid state become disorder with the rise of
temperature, and internal energy of the particles increases;
instead, the particles can become gradually order when slowly
cooling and reached an equilibrium at each temperature, and
finally reaching the fundamental state at normal temperature.
Simulated annealing algorithm, simulating a physical process
of the object in the molten state from gradually cooling to
ultimately achieving a crystalline state, is used to solve the
optimization problems by using the similarity between the
solution procedure of the problems and annealing the process
of melting objects, namely the values of parameters are not
adjusted at the end under the action of control parameters until
selected parameters make the energy function eventually reach
the global minimum value [26]. SA algorithm with asymptotic
convergence has nothing to do with the choice of the initial
point, and has already proved to converge to the global optimi-
zation solution with probability one in theory.
C. Improved Algorithm
1) Improved PSO Algorithm: By analyzing (19), we find that
each flying time per bird is fixed in unit time when birds are
preying, namely the flying time of particles among the standard
PSO algorithm is one, which make the particles miss some good
positions during the flight in a sense [27]. Therefore, (19) is
changed as follows:

where flying time adopts the changed trend that is shown in

where are the number of iterations,
are the random numbers between [0,1], and
learning factors, and is the inertia weight.
B. Simulated Annealing Algorithm
The concept of simulated annealing algorithm was first
mentioned by Metropolis in 1953, and the algorithm was
successfully applied to combinatorial optimization problems
by Kirkpatrick in 1983. Simulated annealing algorithm is
derived from the principle of solid annealing and the process
Fig. 1, which is equivalent to increase the flying velocity of the
particle, thus the global optimization ability of particle can be
enhanced and the probability of falling into the local optimum
can be reduced.
and
2) Improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm: Inspired by the
are the
inertia weight strategy linear decreasing of PSO algorithm and
considering the characteristics of SA algorithm, linear annealing
temperature coefficient as well as inertia weight are used in the
algorithm, which is shown in (21). The purpose is to accelerate
the speed of convergence in the early optimization and to
improve the accuracy of local search in the later period of
optimization [28]
412 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 5, NO. 2, APRIL 2014

The method that the current solution increased the random

disturbance, as a new position function of particle, is selected
in SAPSO algorithm. Suppose is the -dimensional
coordinates for arbitrary particle swarm, new position generating
function is selected as follows:

where is the uniform distribution between 0 and 1.

D. The Algorithm Flow

For capacity optimization of HESS in the wind/solar genera-
tion system, the potential solution of each optimal problem is a
“particle” of the search space, where every particle has a fitness
value that is determined by the objective function [29]. The
voltage of the selected battery and single SC is 24 and 3 V,
respectively, because the charging voltage of the battery should
be kept unanimous with the charging voltage of SC, and hence
the series number . One-time investment and annual
operation costs are defined as optimization objective function,
where the rated charging current of battery and the equivalent
SC groups C are defined as optimization variables. The specific
steps are as follows:
Step 1: Initializing the parameters of particle swarm and
simulated annealing algorithm. Setting the particle
number , inertia weight with
linear decreasing, learning factor and
, the maximum number of iterations
, initial temperature
, and the sampling frequency is 10.
Step 2: Determining the required power for load and calcu-
lating the PV/wind turbine power generation.
Step 3: Objective optimization function model and constraint
function model are constructed.
Step 4: The newborn particles are evaluated. The fitness value
of the objective function for every particle is calcu-
lated by (14).
Step 5: A new position is randomly generated for the particle
according to (22) and the increments of the fitness Fig. 2. Flowchart of algorithm.
between the new position and old position are
calculated. The flowchart of the improved SAPSO algorithm is shown
Step 6: If < , entering a new position, the particle executes in Fig. 2.
annealing temperature operation according to (21), V. APPLICATION
otherwise random number rand between 0 and 1 is
A. System Introduction
generated; if < [30], entering a
new position, the particle executes annealing temper- A wind/solar generation system that is installed in Xuzhou as
ature operation, otherwise step 3 is executed. an example, and the parameters of wind turbine are as follows:
Step 7: The constraint conditions are dealt according to rated power is 3 kW, cut-in speed is 3 m/s, rated speed is 9 m/s,
(15)–(17), and local optimal value and global optimal and cut-out speed is 18 m/s; the parameters of PV models are as
value of the particle are updated and recorded in follows: open-circuit voltage ( ) is 21 V, short-circuit current
accordance with the processing result. ( ) is 7.2 A, voltage at ) is 17 V, and current at
Step 8: The position and velocity of the particle are updated ) is 6.18 A. The power consumption of the load is
according to (18) and (20). 10.84 kWh/days. Annual change of wind speed is shown in
Step 9: To determine whether the number of iterations is Fig. 3. The monthly speed may be fitted by Weibull distribution
greater than MAXITER, if it is yes, the optimization according to the statistics of average wind speed of the present
is stopped and the optimal solution is output, other- month. The minimum time interval of wind speed fitting should
wise, go to Step 2. firstly be determined, in which the wind speed is constant. With
ZHOU AND SUN: OPTIMIZATION OF BATTERY–SUPERCAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE STATION 413

Fig. 3. Annual change of wind speed.

Fig. 4. Power generation of wind generation.

TABLE I
MONTHLY WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS TABLE II
AVERAGE DAILY GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION OF XUZHOU AREA

1 h, as minimum time interval, the Weibull wind speed distribu-

tion with points is fitted if this month is 30 days.
Average and variance of monthly wind speed can be calculated
by analyzing the wind speed data, then the monthly Weibull
distribution parameters can also be calculated by using (1)–(3)
and the results are shown in Table I. The monthly power
generation of wind turbine can be calculated using (4) and
(5), which is shown in Fig. 4. The average daily global solar
radiation of Xuzhou area is shown in Table II, and the monthly
power generation of PV array can be calculated according to the
data given in Table II and (6)–(9), which is shown in Fig. 5. The
annual power generation and load demand and their difference
are shown in Table III.

B. Constraint Conditions Process Fig. 5. Power generation of solar generation.

1) It can be seen from Table III that the power surplus in April is
maximum, in which the value is 141.09 kWh, i.e., 4.703
kWh/days. To ensure that the HESS can be filled to full
capacity, it is required that a total of rated capacity of battery
and SC cannot be more than the maximum power surplus.
The following constraints can be obtained according to (16):
value is 69.32 kWh, i.e., 2.236 kWh/days and the minimum
energy for the hybrid energy storage system is
. To ensure the reliable power
supply of the load, it is required that the battery and SC
cannot be less than the power loss. The following con-
straints can be obtained according to (17):

2) Generally speaking, the load should be ensured completely C. Optimized Results

and reliably by the power supplied for 2 days during the According to the objective function, combining with (8), (16),
long rainy and windless days. It can be seen from Table III and (17) and compiling the relevant program, the capacity of
that the power loss in August is maximum, in which the the battery–SC HESS is optimized by SAPSO algorithm. The
414
TABLE III
ANNUAL POWER GENERATION AND LOAD DEMAND
TABLE IV
OPTIMIZED RESULTS
TABLE V
COMPARISON OF COST AND COMPUTATION TIMES OF TWO METHODS
optimization population is 20 and the termination condition is
. The system is run independently 24 times
every optimization. For the optimization results, one minimum
and one maximum are abandoned. The remaining part of the
average value is calculated and the results are reserved to two
decimal places. The results are shown in Table IV. The compari-
son of cost and computation times between the standard PSO
and SAPSO algorithms is shown in Table V. The optimizing
curves using the standard PSO and SAPSO algorithms are shown
in Fig. 5.
Table V shows that the cost and the computation times are less
for SAPSO algorithm as compared to standard PSO algorithm.
As shown in Fig. 6, in the premise of ensuring that the result is
convergence, the optimization performance of SAPSO algorithm
is more obviously improved than the standard PSO algorithm,
and thus verifying the effectiveness and practicality of the
algorithm.
VI. CONCLUSION
Combining PSO algorithm, which has strong global search
ability, with other optimization algorithms, which have good
local search ability, the SAPSO algorithm has been proposed
using the new position generating function, which is applied to
battery–SC HESS. The effectiveness and practicality of the
algorithm are verified by the calculation of an example system.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 5, NO. 2, APRIL 2014
Fig. 6. Different algorithms optimizing curve.
By optimizing the capacity of HESS in the wind/solar generation
system, the investment and the operation costs may be greatly
reduced on the basis of maximizing the renewable energy and
satisfying the load demand.
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Tianpei Zhou received the B.S. degree in electrical
engineering from Jiangsu University of Technology,
Changzhou, China, in 2000 and the M.S. degree in
control theory and control engineering from China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou,
China, in 2006. He is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree in control theory and control engineering
from China University of Mining and Technology.
He is now an Associate Professor in Xuzhou
College of Industrial and Technology, China. His
current research interests include intelligent optimiza-
tion algorithm, and intelligent control strategies of solar and wind power systems.
Wei Sun received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in elec-
trical engineering from Beijing University of Aeronau-
tics and Astronautics, Beijing, China, in 1985 and
1988, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in control
theory and control engineering from China University
of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China, in 1998.
Currently, he is a Professor and Doctoral Tutor in the
School of Information and Engineering, China Uni-
versity of Mining and Technology. He worked as a
Visiting Scholar at Ohio State University, Columbus,
OH, USA, from January 2009 to June 2009. His current
research interests include optimization and control of complex industrial process,
and mine-integrated automation.