NMAE: HAFIZ MIDRAR ULLAH

ROLL NO: 25
SECTION: MORNING
SUBMITTED TO: DR.ALHAAJ SIR
PAPER: POLTICAL SYSTEM

 Ans:1

Background: Kemalism has been the official national ideology of Turkey since its foundation,
which has flourished in Turkey after Atatürk died, and remains the official ideology of the
Turkish state The term kemalism as an ideology, coined by Ahmat Levat, a Turkish linguist,
translator and writer in 1930. In Dec, 1930, Ali Naci Karacan another influential journalist stated
that there should be kemalism in Turkey as an Ideology like communism in soviet union an
Fascism in Italy. Kemalism is a modernization theory which guided the progress between the
multi-religious, multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire to the secular, unitary Republic of Turkey.
Kemalism defines the boundries of the social interaction in the Turkish Reformation.
Kemalism:

Kemalism is an ideology primarily based upon Ataturk’s Principles, which is also referenced in
the Turkish Constitution. apart from Ataturks principles, to comprehend the way of thinking of
the Kemalist philosophy it is imperative to appreciate the thoughts forming Ataturk's
principle .This ideology of kemalism has six basic principles like republicanism, statism,
populism l, secularism, nationalism and reformism. These six principles were enumerated in the
Republican People's party statutes of 1935 and they were incorporated in the constitution of
1937. These principles formed  the state ideology of kemalism. These principles enumerated in
the constitution are called the Canon of kemalism. The basic principles are as under;

Republicanism:
Republicanism in the Kemalist structure replaced the supreme monarchy of the
Ottoman empire with law and order, mainstream sway and metro excellence, remembering an
accentuation for freedom rehearsed by residents. Kemalist republicanism characterizes a sort
of constitutional republic, wherein delegates of individuals are chosen, and should oversee as
per existing established law restricting legislative control over citizens.The Kemalist reforms
represent a political revolution a change from the multinational Ottoman Empire to the
establishment of the nation state of Turkey and the realization of the national identity of
modern Turkey.
Reformism:
One of the most important principles that Atatürk formulated was the principle of reformism or
revolutionism. This principle meant that Turkey made reforms and that the country replaced
traditional institutions with modern institutions. It meant that traditional concepts were
eliminated and modern concepts were adopted. The principle of reformism went beyond the
recognition of the reforms which were made.
Nationalism:
The Kemalist revolution was also a nationalist revolution. Kemalist nationalism was not racist. It
was meant to preserve the independence of the Republic of Turkey and also to help the
Republic's political development. It was a nationalism which respected the right to
independence of all other nations. It was a nationalism with a social content. It was not only
anti-imperialist, but it was also against the rule of a dynasty or of any particular social class over
Turkish society. Kemalist nationalism believes in the principle that the Turkish state is an
indivisible whole comprising its territory and people.
Populism:
The Kemalist revolution was also a social revolution in term of its content and goals. This was a
revolution led by an elite with an orientation towards the people in general.

In fact, in the official explanation given to the principle of populism it was stated that Kemalism
was against class privileges and class distinctions and it recognized no individual, no family, no
class and no organization as being above others. Kemalist ideology was, in fact, based on
supreme value of Turkish citizenship.

Statism:
Kemal Atatürk made clear in his statements and policies that Turkey's complete modernization
was very much dependent on economic and technological development. The principle of
statism was interpreted to mean that the state was to regulate the country's general economic
activity and the state was to engage in areas where private enterprise was not willing to do so,
or where private enterprise had proved to be inadequate, or if national interest required it. In
the application of the principle of statism, however, the state emerged not only as the principal
source of economic activity but also as the owner of the major industries of the country.
Secularism:
From a political point of view, Kemalism is against clerical, in that it tries to
forestall religious impact on the democratic interaction, which was an issue even in the
generally mainstream legislative issues of the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire,
when even non-religiousl associated ideological groups like the Committee of Union and
Progress and the Freedom and Accord Party fought over issue. Kemalist secularism did not
merely mean separation of state and religion, but also the separation of religion from
educational, cultural and legal affairs. It meant independence of thought and independence of
institutions from the dominance of religious thinking and religious institutions. Thus, the
Kemalist revolution was also a secularist revolution.

Ans 2:
Salient Features of Turkish political system:
Following are the salient features of turkey political system

1. Supremacy of the Constitution:

The constitution recognizes the sovereignty of the popular will which finds its exposition
through established institutions. The constitution stands paramount and it ensures national
independence, its solidarity, democracy, peace and tranquility.

2. Amendment in the Constitution:

The constitution is partly flexible and partly rigid in the sense that different procedure is
required for constitutional amendment, than the one adopted for alterations in statutes. The
Grand National Assembly is authorized to initiate proposals for amending the constitution with
the support of its one third members and can be ratified by two thirds majority. It is worth
pointing out that the reforms introduced by Ataturk, which are regarded as the ideological and
cultural legacy of the Founder, are exempt from alterations. Some of these are, for instance
secular educational system, wearing of hat by men, banning “Derveish Madaras” the presence
of state officials at wedding ceremony, preservation of Turkish manuscript, prohibition of the
use of such titles as Afandi, Pasha etc.

3. Balanced Separation of Powers:

The constitution stands paramount hence it is the source of all authority. Grand National
Assembly is the supreme legislative organ while executive powers belong to the President and
the Council of Ministers. The President controls on the one hand, the Council of Ministers and
holds, somewhat superior position over the Prime Minister. He can exercise even such
administrative powers in collaboration with the Cabinet, as are normally exercised exclusively
by the Cabinet within a parliamentary form of government. The President also plays vital role
even in legislation. He can not only block the way of legislation rather is authorized to dissolve
the National Assembly.All judicial powers are assigned to the courts established within the
constitutional framework. A comprehensive and well-knit distinct system comprising military
and administrative courts operate side by side with the normal state courts. Hence a balance
has been maintained between the requirements of traditional parliamentary patterns and the
features of autocratic military rule.

4. Parliamentary System:

The system of government in one sense can be termed parliamentary as the Prime Minister and
other ministers are taken from the National Assembly and are held accountable to it and to the
President. The latter is fully authorized to remove any of the ministers. The Cabinet is
collectively accountable to the National Assembly.

5. Unicameral Legislature:
Turkish Grand National Assembly has been indefeasible part of its political legacy. It was on the
basis of its religious decree (Ijma) that Ataturk had pronounced the abolition of “Khilafat”. Its
central and pivotal position has been preserved within the present constitutional setup as well.
National Assembly is elected for a period of five years, which can be extended or minimized
under extraordinary circumstances. Apart from its position as the supreme law-making body it
is vested with the power to control the executive, as most of the ministers are its members. The
Assembly also ratifies the treaties made with foreign governments.

6. Judicial System:

The constitution ensures the independence of courts and the judges are given security of
service in addition to many other privileges. Proper safeguards have been provided to preserve
the integrity and dignity of judges. The courts exercise the power of judicial review over all
actions of the administration.

7. Rights and obligations:

A list of fundamental rights has been incorporated in the 2nd part of the constitution. The
underlying philosophy of fundamental rights has been made subservient to the requirements of
justice, fair play and secular ideology of Turkey. The enforcement of fundamental rights can be
suspended partially or completely, as the circumstances so demand, during a period of
emergency, mobilization, war or Martial Law. Some of the important fundamental rights are:
right to life, personal security, security against servitude, right to privacy, freedom of
movement, freedom of expression, freedom of conscience and press, right to form associations,
hole public meetings, organize demonstrations within the limits of law, right to private
ownership, right to earn one’s livelihood etc.

8. Right to form Political Parties:

The constitution recognizes the right of all citizens of 21 years or above to form political parties
and join or leave their membership. Nevertheless, only such political parties can be formed as
pledge to adhere to secular ideology and promote national solidarity. Formation of a new
political party is subject to the permission granted within the limits of law. Parties are required
to observe rules and norms provided in the Political Parties Act, hence no party can be formed
on the basis of religion. Every political party is registered entity which is not permitted to give
financial help nor receive from any trade union or interest group. The constitutional court is
fully competent to make decision regarding banning any political party.

9. Proclamation of Emergency:

Under the circumstances of acute political unrest or economic disruption, emergency may be
proclaimed in any part or in the whole of the country. The Council of Ministers can make as
announcement to this effect. Such Proclamation shall be valid for a period not exceeding six
months.

10. Imposition of Martial Law:

To incorporate provisions regarding the possibility of imposing Martial Law within democratic
constitutional framework is a peculiar feature. Turkish constitution provides that under extraordinary
circumstances beyond the control of the civil government, Martial Law may be imposed. Hence the
President in the Council of Ministers can announce this step for the whole of the country or any part
thereof for a period not exceeding six months. Such a pronouncement is required to be submitted
before the National Assembly for its approval and in case it is not in session, special session shall be
convened.

Salient Features of China politocal system:

Following are the features of china political system

1.Nature of Constitution:

Constitution of 1982 is a brief document comprising only few chapters. It has closer affinity in letter and
spirit, with the constitution of the former Soviet Union. It is neither too rigid nor too flexible.

2. Basic Principles:

Under the constitution, People’s Republic of China is a Socialist State established in the name of People’s
Democratic dictatorship, whereas Communist Party performs the leadership role to guide the people.
People are declared as fountain of power and authority and they will exercise it through National
People’s Congress.

3.Economic System:

The constitution signifies two kinds of property, socialist property of the people and the other form is
collective ownership of the workers. The assets created through individual earnings within the orbit of
law, are also declared legal. All socio-cultural activities, according to a constitutional requirement, are
supposed to be subservient to Socialistic values, as interpreted by the teachings of Marx, Lenin and
Mao.

4. Unitary System:

Most of the countries in the contemporary world have federal system, as this system has full potential
to maintain a suitable balance between centralism and regionalism. Former Soviet Union had the same
system but unitary system prevails in People’s Republic of China within the constitutional framework. A
strong central government exists while regional governments, as distinct entities, have not been created
under the constitution. In order to encourage people’s participation in public policy-making and
preserve their interest in public affairs, decentralization has been introduced in the governmental
affairs. The central government has delegated much authority and powers to the regional and local
administrative units.

5. Democratic Centralism:

Like the political system of former Soviet Union, the principle of “Democratic Centralism” prevails in
People’s Republic of China as well. Keeping in view democratic norms, elective principle has been
introduced at all levels not only within the governmental institutions but also within the Party
organization. All the citizens have been secured the right to vote on the basis of adult suffrage.

6. One Party System:

Communist party enjoys almost dictatorial powers within the constitutional framework and has been
regarded as the sole source of political authority for all practical purposes. Party organization runs
parallel to that of the governmental institutions. Party elite holds all top-notch positions in the
government. In practice, no other political party enjoys real freedom to act. Certain youth organizations,
loyal to the party and working groups affiliated with the Party, enjoy the right to participate in decision-
making.

7. Legislative Branch:

National People’s Congress holds important position as law-making body. Its sphere of activity is not
restricted to the aforesaid fields only; it also elects the members of various government departments.
State Council, which stands as the most superior administrative institution, is accountable to the
Congress. The appointment of the President of the Republic and that of the Vice President is on the
discretion of the Congress.Congress consists of one chamber and unlike its Western counterpart; it does
not enjoy the status of a powerful law-making body. The real function of the Congress is to transform
the aspirations of the Party leadership into law. Importance of the Congress lies in the fact that most of
the important members of the Chinese Communist Party are also the members of the Congress.

8. Nature of the Executive:

Under the constitution, State Council is the chief executive organ of the government. It is headed over
by the Prime Minister and all its members are elected by the Congress and accountable to it.
Enforcement of law, formation and execution of the administrative policy is the major function of the
council. The members of the State Council introduce the bills on the floor of the Congress in the form of
proposals and later manage to get these translated into law on parliamentary lines. The Premier
performs very important role as head of the administration and holds pivotal position within the
administrative set up.

President of the Republic is regarded as head of the state who is elected by the Congress for a period of
five years. The President enjoys the most prestigious position in the administrative setup. The respective
role to be performed by both the office holders depends on personal caliber and contemporary political
scene. The constitution does not throw much light on this issue.

9. Nature of the Judiciary:

Peculiar type of judicial system operates in China. Chinese law never been codified in a systematic form.
Most of the disputes and controversies are settled in quasi-judicial institutions. Chinese juridical system
has been held together more by the conventions rather than by the laws.

10. Rights and Obligations:

Articles 33 and 56 of the constitution prescribe basic rights and duties of the citizens. All citizens at least
of 18 years of age are secured right to vote and they enjoy also the right to contest the elections. Right
to secrecy of all correspondence, freedom of expression, freedom to join or form association, and right
to hold public meetings even to the extent of staging demonstration or resort to strike for articulation of
demands, have been secured under the constitution. Moreover, all the citizens have right to religion.

Glaring differences between Turkey and China political system :

Following are the differences in Turkey and china political system;

1)           Nature of constitution :

The Constitution people republic of China of  1982 is a brief document comprising only few chapters. It
has closer affinity in letter and spirit, with the constitution of the former Soviet Union. It is neither too
rigid nor too flexible. But consider as a rigid constitution .

While the constitution of Turkey as flexible and can be amendment easily.  The Grand National Assembly
is authorized to initiate proposals for amending the constitution with the support of its one third
members and can be ratified by two thirds majority. It is worth pointing out that the reforms introduced
by Ataturk, which are regarded as the ideological and cultural legacy.

2)           Party system.

In  constitution of republic of  china , one party system has invloved . One communist party enjoys
almost dictatorial powers within the constitutional framework and has been regarded as the sole source
of political authority for all practical purposes. Party organization runs parallel to that of the
governmental institutions.
While contrary,  in the constitution of Republic Turkey multi political parties system. Many political
parties contest elections to combat each other through democratic way. The winner party take over the
parliamentary power . The opposition was formed to in National grand assembly. 

3)           Nature of Judiciary system:

In the constitution  of China republic the Peculiar type of judicial system operates in China. Chinese law
never been codified in a systematic form. Most of the disputes and controversies are settled in quasi-
judicial institutions. Chinese juridical system has been held together more by the conventions rather
than by the laws.

While in The constitution of the Turkey ensures the independence of courts and the judges are given
security of service in addition to many other privileges. Proper safeguards have been provided to
preserve the integrity and dignity of judges. The courts exercise the power of judicial review over all
actions of the administration.

4)           Nature of Cabinet system:

Under the constitution of  People’s Republic of China is a Socialist State established in the name of
People’s Democratic dictatorship, whereas Communist Party performs the leadership role to guide the
people. A presidential form of government is running in china

While in the republic of turkey system of government in one sense can be termed parliamentary as the
Prime Minister and other ministers are taken from the National Assembly . The latter is fully authorized
to remove any of the ministers. The Cabinet is collectively accountable to the National Assembly.

5)           Structure of cabinet:

The Congress consists of one chamber and unlike its Western counterpart; it does not enjoy the status
of a powerful law-making body. The real function of the Congress is to transform the aspirations of the
Party leadership into law. Importance of the Congress lies in the fact that most of the important
members of the Chinese Communist Party are also the members of the Congress. The appointment of
the President of the Republic and that of the Vice President is on the discretion of the Congress.

While in the system of Turkey has Grand national assembly.  The legislative power are vested in the
Turkey Turkish Grand National Assembly composing of 550 member, who are elected for five year by the
universal suffrage.  It can debate and approve the budget and ratify the international agreement. It can
decide  the proclamation of amnesties and death sentences passed bh the court.

[]:3

Legislative business in Turkey pol. System:

According to Article 87, the legislative business in Turkey's political system is done by the Grand National
Assembly of Turkey.

Formation:

Composition: According to Article 75 of the Turkish Constitution, the Grand Nations assembly of Turkey
shall be composed of six hundred deputies elected by universal suffrage. All members are directly
elected by the people by secret ballot on the basis of adult suffrage.
Eligibility: A candidate to contest the election for its seat must be at least thirty years of age or more
and he must be Turkish citizen.those persons whoa are involved in criminal cases like robbery
forgery,breach of trust and those who have not completed their primary education can not participate
in grand national assembly election.

TENURE:

Duration of Grand National Assembly is five years subject to alteration under extra ordinary conditions.
It will, however, be four years after the next parliamentary election. The Assembly is authorized to
decide by the majority vote about the holding of fresh elections prior to the completion of its prescribed
duration. By-Elections shall be held when vacancies arise in the membership of the GNAT. By-elections
shall not be held within one year before general elections.The elections shall be held under the general
administration and supervision of the judicial organs.

powers and function of GNA: The powers of GNAT is to enact,amend and repeal laws, to debate and
adopt the budget bills and final accounts Bills.

Ratification of international treaties: The ratification of treaties concluded with foreign states and
international organizations on behalf of the republic of Turkey shall be subject to adoption by the Grand
National Assembly of Turkey by a law approving the ratification.

. Legislative Powers:

The primary function of the Grand National Assembly is to enact new laws and make alterations,
whenever required, in the existing laws. The ministers introduce most of the bills on the floor of the
assembly and actively participate in the process of law-making. They normally remain present on the
floor of the chamber to defend their policies and pilot the bills through the legislative routine. Grand
National Assembly may delegate the power of issuance of decrees to the Council of Ministers. Such
decrees hold the validity of law so long as these remain operative. A law passed by the Assembly which
authorizes the executive to promulgate decrees, shall also specify its scope, duration and underlying
principles

The legislative process:

The routine parliamentary practice in regard to the process of law-making is followed in the Grand
National Assembly. Most of the bills introduced on the floor are government bills prepared and initiated
by the ministers. Three readings are given to every bill in the House, intervened by committee stage. The
State Committee examines the bill thoroughly and submits its report to the House. If the House
approves the bill at its third reading, it is sent for presidential approval.

Having received the bill from the House, the President of the Republic either approves the bill within a
specified period of fifteen days, or sends it back for reconsideration by the Assembly. He may send his
own proposals or suggest certain alterations in the bill. His discretion with regard to the money bill is,
however, limited. If the National Assembly approves the bill in its original form ignoring the
recommendations of the President, the latter is not competent to veto it. If National Assembly approves
few alterations suggested by the President and send it for presidential approval, the latter has the right
to send it back once again for its review, The procedure of presidential approval with regard to bills
relating to constitutional amendment is slightly different. In case of differences between the President
and the National Assembly, the former is competent to hold referendums to elicit public opinion and
popular verdict shall be final in this context.

Legislative business in the political system of China:

According to the Article 58 of the constitution of the People's republic of China, the legislative power of
the state is vested and exercised by the National People's Congress and its standing committee.

Formation of NPc

Composition: According to article 59 of the constitution of the People's Republic of China, the National
People's Congress is composed of deputies from the Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the central government and of deputies elected from the armed forces.

Duration:

The Congressmen are elected for a period of five years but the Congress can be dissolved before the
expiry of its term and it can be extended as well. The Standing Committee of the Congress is responsible
to make proper arrangements for holding fresh elections prior to the completion of its term.

Election: Election of deputies to the National people's congress is conducted by the standing committee
of the National people's congress. The deputies are elected by the provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities. The National People's Congress is elected for a term of five years.

Session: The national people's congress meets in session once a year and is convened by its standing
committee. A session of the National people's congress may be convened at any time and standing
committee deems it necessary or when more than one fifth of the deputies to the national people's
congress.

Powers of the NPC:

 To amend the constitution

 To supervise the enforcement of the constitution
 To enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offences, civil affairs , the state organs and
other matters.

Legislative Business of China Assembly:

National People’s Congress holds important position as law-making body. Its sphere of activity is not
restricted to the aforesaid fields only; it also elects the members of various government departments.
State Council, which stands as the most superior administrative institution, is accountable to the
Congress. The appointment of the President of the Republic and that of the Vice President is on the
discretion of the Congress.

Congress consists of one chamber and unlike its Western counterpart; it does not enjoy the status of a
powerful law-making body. The real function of the Congress is to transform the aspirations of the Party
leadership into law. Importance of the Congress lies in the fact that most of the important members of
the Chinese Communist Party are also the members of the Congress.