Annals of Human Resource Management Research (AHRMR)

ISSN: 2656-3355, Vol x, No x, 2019, pp https://doi.org/

Effectiveness of PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package towards B40 during COVID-

19 Pandemic in Klang Valley (Malaysia)

Nuradlin Izzati Jaffar1, Razanah Nazihah Mohd Shafek2, Nurul Syazwani Abdul Samat3
Sharina Osman1*
sharina@unikl.edu.my1*, nuradlin.jaffar@s.unikl.edu.my1, razanah.shafek@s.unikl.edu.my 2,
syazwani.samat@s.unikl.edu.my3 (Business School, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 1016 Jalan Sultan
Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
Abstract
The main objective of this analysis is to see how effective the
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package is for B40 in the Klang
Valley. The effectiveness of the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus
Package towards B40 was measured using three variables: the
amount of money received in the package, the duration of the time
covered in the package, and the medium of application. The world
has changed because of COVID-19, and the pandemic has taken a
toll on everyone's lives, especially in Malaysia's B40 community.
The pandemic has been particularly cruel to the poor and low-
income people, who have little or no assets or savings to fall back
on, as well as those who have lost their jobs, been put on unpaid
leave, or even had their pay cut because of movement control orders
Article History (MCO). The effectiveness of the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus
Received on ………… Package in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, should be acknowledged.
Revised on …………… This paper restyled a conceptual framework focused on the Theory
Accepted on ………… of The Reasoned Action (TRA). For this research, all of the
variables listed are truly tested. A Google Form was used to conduct
an online survey, which received 404 responses within the Klang
Valley. According to the findings, the medium of application and
the duration of time covered have a positive impact on the
effectiveness of the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package for
B40. The medium of application was also shown to be the most
significant determinants.

Keywords: PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package, Malaysia

government, effectiveness of stimulus package, poverty, COVID-19

1.0 INTRODUCTION
As in midst of this uncertainty, the majority of those impacted are striving to retain their financial
stability, particularly the B40 groups in Malaysia. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic gripping the
nation and Malaysia's Movement Control Order (MCO) in force, several people in the B40 groups have
been fired and their income has decreased. The world economy has slowed as a consequence of the
coronavirus outbreak, and most businesses are in uncertainty, unable to pay their employees' salaries.
Because this outbreak has turned into a pandemic, the ordeal is expected to extend at least a year.

1
Despite, the virus of pandemic affects everybody, individuals who get compensated on a regular basis
and operate small to medium businesses (SME) are the severely affected. (Mahendhiran,2020)

The pandemic's effects and mitigation attempts caused a substantial decrease in economic
growth since many people were unable to perform and their normal activities and businesses. According
to the statistics in Malaysia, on general by roughly 68 percent in just two months between February and
April 2020 where the data observe a dip in activity happened in all nations except China, where it
happened in February. Despite a recovery in activity, the number of laid-off workers in June 2020
maintained well below before the proportions level with the exception of China and Korea.

It is unfortunate that the number of persons impacted by the COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic
is tremendous. Segal & Gerstel (2020) clarified that since the epidemic, the global economy, industries,
corporations, and SMEs have all been negatively impacted. According to Mahendhiran (2020), the main
obstacles faced by B40 groups during this pandemic were limited infrastructure, poor education levels,
and a high cost of living for rural residents with stagnant wages. Thus, it now reflects the PRIHATIN
Economic Stimulus Package announcement by the federal government during the outbreak crisis. This
endeavour intend to keep people in the B40 categories stay resilient in the face of economic pressures
caused. This initiative might help to alleviate their financial strain and as a result ensure that two-thirds
of Malaysia's workforce will stays survive and occupied. This review intends to present a model that
might be used to examine the efficacy of the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package in alleviating
financial burdens that occur as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic.

2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The COVID-19 outbreak triggered a global problem and although Malaysia was more responsible for
controlling the infection than most countries with early viral exposure and the MCO required huge
economic sacrifices. In contributing to the global economic slowdown induced by the COVID-19, this
is putting Malaysian households with a budget crisis. Malaysian citizen, generally have a great deal of
debt and little savings. Without an income source, many individuals could quickly lose access to supplies
such as food and housing. As a result, the Malaysian government has enacted plenty of stimulus
measures. All those economic stimulus measures designed to preserve rakyat’s wellbeing, boost
industries and promote economic growth. While a significant minority of M40 and nearly half of B40
reported negative cash-flow as a result of the crisis (Flanders, Nungsari, & Chuah 2020). The stimulus
initiatives are capable in reducing negative cash-flow rates among the participants to times compared
at those experienced prior to the COVID-19 crisis for the month of April, implying income and
expenditures from March remain persist.

2.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

• RO1 - To study about the relationship between the amount of money received in the package
and the effectiveness of PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package towards B40
• RO2 - To study about the relationship between the duration of time covered in the package and
the effectiveness of PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package towards B40
2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp
 • RO3 - To study about the relationship between the medium application of the package
and the effectiveness of PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package towards B40

2.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• RQ1 – What is the relationship between the amount of package received and the effectiveness
of PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package towards the targeted group?
• RQ2 – What is the relationship between the duration of time covered and the effectiveness of
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package towards the targeted group?
• RQ3 – What is the relationship between the medium of application and the effectiveness of
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package towards the targeted group?

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 THEORY OF THE REASONED ACTION (TRA)

Diagram 1: Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

Fishbein and Azjen proposed the theory of The Reasoned Action model (TRA) in 1975. The objective
of this theory is to define the relationship between attitudes and behaviours in humans. It is mostly used
to predict how people would act based on their previous attitudes and intentions. This theory also claims
that humans can make rational judgments based on the information that available for them and the best
immediate determinant of a person's behavioural aims, which is a cognitive representation of how easy
it is to perform a specific behaviour (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980 as cited in Mustafa I. Eid, 2011).

In a previous study by Rika Terano, Zainalabidin Mohamed and Jarir Hakimi H. Jusri (2015) in
response to the economic crisis, the Government undertook measures to further expand social programs
called as Amanah Ikthiar Malaysia (AIM). Comparing this current research to the previous study, this
research paper are more focusing on measuring effectiveness of PRIHATIN Stimulus Package towards
B40 during MCO which is one of the social programmes that government established during pandemic
COVID-19. The objective of both research is same to eradicate hard core poverty in its operation areas
through the provision of benevolent loans and assistance designed to finance income-generating
activities and to attain financial viability through income (Fatimah-Salwa et al. 2013).

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

 In summary, by using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), researchers can understand the
attitudes and norms that influence respondents' beliefs and perceptions regarding the PRIHATIN
stimulus package in desired ways. Aside that, this research study will show how the Amount of Money
Received, Duration Covered, and Medium of Application will influence influenced respondents'
satisfaction with the effectiveness of the PRIHATIN Stimulus Package.

3.2 EFFECTIVENESS OF ECONOMIC STIMULUS

Government effectiveness is a concept that is relevant in the public policy space. Public policy is a
means by which governments implement their visions to deliver desired changes (Duho, Amankwa,
Surugu, 2020). The effectiveness of government is an issue of concern for governments and the
populace. Effectiveness is the measure of the quality of output and how well policy achieves desired
objectives (Kim and Voorhees, 2011). Government effectiveness encompasses the “perceptions of the
quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from
political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the
government’s commitment to such policies” (Kaufmann et al., 2008). It constitutes sound policy
formulation, proper implementation and citizen-centric policies in general. All things being equal, the
more effective the government of a nation is, the higher the level of social welfare (Sacks and Levi,
2010).

In response to preserve the welfare of citizen, government had taken the initiative to introduce
fiscal stimulus package that intend to support businesses and strengthening the economy. The study of
fiscal stimulus package has been widely analysed by previous researchers. Corden (2010) assumed that
the fiscal stimulus will be spending money in the government and building new infrastructures. In
addition, Steel and Harris (2020) interpret that physical stimulus is mostly viewed in a micro economy
term namely broadening the level of government borrowing to enhance a great demand aggregate
demand and provide a boost to the economy. However, the justification of the implementation dates
back to Keynes, the British economist. According to Pettinger (2009), A Keynesian fiscal stimulus
occurs when the government increases spending by means of their own money and funded by debt.
When the economy became stuck, Petingger (2009) explained that Keynes recommended stimulus
measures in the physical sector. Even though there is no rise in public sector consumption and private
sector savings, the overall level of demand will increase, unless there is an increase in the supply of
private resources available resources to satisfy it (Pettinger, 2009). In the wake of economic and
financial crisis, advanced and emerging countries have both started to implement major stimulus
package (Padoan, 2009). However, he then exclaimed that there are different cross-country standards in
terms of size and composition (Padoan, 2009). In research from Siddik (2020), he found that the scope
of economic policy responses to COVID-19 as well as the status and progress of the economy stimulus
in 168 countries around the world, before identifying factor linked to such stimulus.

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

3.2 AMOUNT OF MONEY RECEIVED IN THE PACKAGE
The Economic Stimulus Package (ESP) comprised a basic payment and conditional on eligibility for the
supplemental payment (Parker, Souleles, Johnson and McClelland, 2008). From the research of The
Role and Effectiveness of Development Assistance stated the aid is not just a transfer payment on the
consumption of poor people, but an investment in better policies and institutions (Goldin, Rogers and
Stern, 2002). They also mentioned, the ideal aid finances are the costs of change, rather than the costs
of not changing. It shows that assistance has been made in enhancing well-being quickly, although
unevenly, despite several important inadequacies and setbacks. In addition, The Malaysian government
responded to the coronavirus threat by introducing ESP with the purpose of ease financial burdens of
the people and businesses coping with the pandemic, those the RM250 billion package is expected to
ease the burden of the citizen and the business community (Ministry of Finance Malaysia, 2020). More
recently study stated, government food assistance programmes and other financial supports for
vulnerable populations have also turned out to be highly effective. For example, facilitating people’s
access to tests or allowing them to self-isolate without worrying about losing their jobs or a portion of
their income (Haug, Geyrhofer, Londei, Dervic and Loreto 2020). These showed money assistance can
occasionally be offered in the form of cash, allowing people to determine what they need most, and to
buy it on the local markets, and enabling beneficiaries to determine what they should spend the money
on where this allows people to choose what they need most, which varies from person to person (Harvey,
2007). Otherwise, other researcher mentioned there is a significant difference in term of outcome or
effectiveness any assistance programs identifies one as being more effective than the other (Martinson,
Harvill and Schwartz, 2020).

H1: Amount of the money received in package is positively related towards effectiveness of
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package towards B40

3.2 DURATION OF TIME COVERED IN THE PACKAGE

According to Rika Terona, Zainalabidin Mohamed, and Jarir Hakimi H. Jusri (2015), the duration
covered is a critical factor in improving and maximising the effectiveness of the entire recipient in
generating their needs or increasing their income during the pandemic, such as microbusinesses or
enterprises. Apart from Malaysia, a few other countries have enacted Economic Stimulus Packages for
the people who have been affected by the virus. Due to the length of the package in China, the
government has asked banks to extend the term of company loans in order to cut rents from mid-March
to the end of June 2020. (Alpert, 2021). Due to the high number of COVID-19 cases in Malaysia till
2021, the government has granted two phases of the Prihatin Stimulus Package, known as Bantuan
Prihatin Nasional (BPN) 1.0 and 2.0. The government has granted two phases of the Prihatin Stimulus
Package, known as BPN 1.0 and BPN 2.0, due to the high number of COVID-19 cases in Malaysia until
2021. The terms and conditions for BPN 2.0 are the same as for BPN 1.0, which are that there is no need
to register; however, existing BPN 1.0 eligibility is necessary, new applications are eligible, and money
will be distributed in October 2020 and January 2021, respectively (Crowe,2020). Malaysia's Economic

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

Stimulus Packages include loans and a debt repayment moratorium, among other things. For qualifying
micro entrepreneurs, there are additional allocations for the Micro Credit Scheme, as well as a relaxation
of the application restrictions for a longer period of time. Aside from that, the government provides
recipients with flexibility in the form of a six-month moratorium on loan or financing repayments by
financial institutions, which was extended for three months for specified groups on October 1, 2020.
Furthermore, the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) have announced
that the free additional 1GB Internet data quota, which is valid for 24 hours a day, is still accessible.
This offer is for a variety of productivity and information-related internet services, such as giving
effectiveness to working or studying in a physical manner (Yeoh, 2020). The Malaysian government
has provided another assistance package called Bantuan PRIHATIN Elektrik (BPE) to all domestic
customers in the form of free electricity up to RM77 per month, equivalent to the first 300kWh electricity
usage for 3 months during MCO from April 2020 to June 2020, thanks to collaboration with Tenaga
National Berhad (TNB). Domestic customers that consume power between 601 and 900 kWh per month
will receive a 10% discount for the same length, which will help to relieve customers' financial strain
(Starpicks, 2020).

H2: Duration of time covered in the package is positively related towards effectiveness of PRIHATIN
Economic Stimulus Package towards B40

3.3 MEDIUM OF APPLICATION

With the basis in the concept of electronic government (e-government), the term “medium of
application” is refer to the usage of internet in accessing service and information provided by the e-
government. There are limited empirical studies between medium of application and effectiveness of
stimulus package. However, some previous research discuss about how internet is used to access e-
government, and perceived trust as the mediator. According to Bélanger and Carter (2009), The
importance of e-government is growing as more citizens use the Internet for communication and trade.
E-government can expand the amount of information and services that are available to the general public
by making information and services available at all times (McNeal et al., 2008). The researchers also
justify that e-government has the potential to improve government efficiency and transparency (McNeal
et al., 2008) because increased transparency contributes to an increase in public trust in government
(Alessandro et al., 2021). According to Bélanger and Carter (2009), trust in government refers to
citizens' confidence in a government's ability to "do what is right and believed to be fair." With the
advent of e-government, this has taken on a new dimension of trust in government online services, while
components of governance such as privacy and information control have become more important
(Bannister and Connolly, 2011). Other research, notably Nam (2014), found that government trust may
be more essential than technological trust in the usage of e-government services. Sweeney (2007)
discovered that while citizens generally accept the functional features of e-government services—the
technology—they are less trusting of the government as the service's actual provider. Thus, the
hypothesis for this variable is as follow:

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

H3: Medium application of the package is positively related towards effectiveness of PRIHATIN
Economic Stimulus Package towards B40

3.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Diagram 2: Theoretical framework

4.0 METHODOLOGY
This research paper uses two research methods in analysing the effectiveness of PRIHATIN Economic
Stimulus Package towards B40 during COVID-19 Pandemic in Klang Valley. This research is to
determine the relationship between effectiveness of the package (dependent variable) to amount of
package received, duration of time covered and medium of application (independent variables)
towards B40 during COVID-19 Pandemic. This study helps researchers in expanding research
knowledge and coming up with new ideas. As a result, this research is being carried out in order to
collect the data required to conduct the topic. The primary data source for this study is a quantitative
methodology and an online survey, and secondary data sources including journals, blogs, and websites.

4.1 POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE

The research target population for this study was residents of Klang Valley B40 who had received the
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package. A total of 404 respondents would be an adequate sample size
for conducting effective research (Damin et al., 2020). According to Krejchie and Morgan's table (1970),
the most effective total for this questionnaire is 384 for the Klang Valley district, which has a population
of over 1,000,000 residents, with the aim of reaching 406 in the beginning. A total of 406 responses
were received from different demographic groups who took part in the survey. There were a total of 403

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

respondents available for analysis in this study after checking all of the samples and performing a data
cleaning method.

4.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

In this research paper, a non-probability sampling approach is used for data collection because it is more
convenient. For collecting data, google form is created and some application such as WhatsApp,
Facebook group, Instagram are used as a medium of distribution of questionnaire and SPPS and Smart
PLS to generate data. Quantitative and qualitative data collection are the two forms of data collection
(Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2009). This topic mentioned quantitative analysis, in which three
variables are investigated and regression is calculated using questionnaire responses. To begin, the
secondary method like prestigious articles, publications, and academic books is used to refer to key
studies in order to use them as a context for the investigation of the effectiveness of the PRIHATIN
Economic Stimulus Package towards B40 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Klang Valley.

4.3 DATA COLLECTION

An online survey was conducted and used for data gathering. Survey is known as one of the quantitative
data measurements among researchers. It is a systematic standardized approach because quantitative
approaches have the advantage that they are cheaper to implement, convenient and flexible. Data can be
obtained according to respondent’s own pace, chosen time and preferences. While Malaysia implements
the MCO, online survey was the most possible method in collecting data. Table I shows the dimension
and measurement items used in this study. A five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree and 5 =
strongly agree) was used to measure each item. The survey was composed of two parts: in the first part,
respondents were instructed to conduct few demographic profile. The second part was concerned with
four variables which are amount of money received in the package, duration of time covered in the
package, medium of application and effectiveness of the stimulus package. It has been suggested that
multilingualism in survey design is a basic precondition for improving participation and
representativeness of different ethnic populations among adults (Kinnunen et al., 2015). Thus, the survey
was created in English and Malay since there might be respondents who are not be able to understand
English very well.

4.4 MEASURABLE VARIABLE/ITEMS

VARIABLE ITEMS
Independent Variable(s)

Amount of Money • The amount of money received under the package is sufficient for my
Received Under utilities
the Package • The amount of money received under the package is useful to support my
monthly groceries
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 • The amount of money received under the package can lessen my anxious
feeling about my saving concern
• The amount of money received under the packages can encourage my
purchase activity in daily basis
• Amount of money received can make me feel more motivate to get through
of the uncertainty constraints during MCO calmly
• Overall, amount of money received under the package allows me to survive
during COVID-19

Duration of time • The duration of Bantuan PRIHATIN Nasional from April to May lighten my
Covered for Each burden throughout the implementation of Movement Control Order
Package • The duration of moratorium package facilitates my settlement of financial
repayments by finance institutions
• The duration of 1GB Internet data allocation package serves me quick access
to multiple online activities
• The extension of Bantuan PRIHANTIN Elektrik (BPE) from April to Jun
2020 lessen my burden to pay the electricity bills
• Overall, the duration of the stimulus package received can give benefit to
people in difficulty during COVID-19

Medium of • Using e-government portal allows me to access more government services

Application • The e-government portal helps me to access the right information about the
term and conditions of the PRIHATIN package
• The instruction of the e-government portal makes me easy to apply the
package
• I am confidence of e-government portal in protecting security data of
applicant
• The e-government portal allows me to perform transaction of the package
received straight to my bank account
• Overall, I find using e-government portal to access government services
during COVID-19 pandemic is functionable

Dependent Variable(s)

Effectiveness of • PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package is effective to act as my additional

PRIHATIN income
Economic • PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package is effective in reducing my
Stimulus financial burden

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 • PRIHATIN stimulus package is effective in protecting my well-being during
the COVID-19 pandemic
• PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package is effective to encourage me to bid
the curb of the pandemic
• Overall, I am satisfied with the government action in providing this package

Note: scale (1 – Strongly Disagree, 5 – Strongly Agree)

Table 1: Measurable Variable/Items

5.0 RESULT AND FINDINGS

5.1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE RESPONDENT
The demographic profile of the respondents is shown in Table 2. Male respondents represent for 44.2%
of the total, while female respondents represent for 55.8 %. In terms of age group, the majority of the
respondents are 18-25 years old (38.5%), followed by 26-33 years old (23.1%), next is a group of 34-
41 years old (20.8%), followed by 50-58 years old (8.7%) and 42-49years old (7.7%) and least is 59
years old and above (1.2%). Other than that, 41.4 % of respondents’ works in the private sector, 17.9 %
are self-employed or business owners, 16.6 % are unemployed or not working, 12.7 % work in the semi-
government sector, and 11.4 % work in the government sector. Overall, the most common marital status
among respondents is single (49.4%), followed by those who are already married (46.7%), widowed
(2.7%), and divorced (0.3%).

According to the frequency of individual monthly income (RM) among respondents, 42.9 %
earn less than RM 2,499 per month. 23.6 % had a monthly income of RM 2,500 - RM 3,169, 18.1 %
had a monthly income of RM 3,170 -RM 3,969, and 15.4 % had a monthly income of RM 3,970-RM
4,849 respectively. In this demographic section, researchers also identify estimation capability of saving
per month (RM) from each respondents. the result shows that most of them have their own saving RM
50 - RM 100 per month (32.0%), next is respondents who have saving RM 300 and above per month
(27.0%), followed by RM 100 - RM 200 (25.1%) and least result is respondent's that have saving less
than RM 50 (15.9%).

Demographic Details Frequency Percentage

Variable (%)
Gender Male 178 44.2
Female 225 55.8
18 – 25 155 38.5
Age
26 – 33 93 23.1
34 – 41 84 20.8
42 – 49 31 7.7
50 – 58 35 8.7

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 59 and above 5 1.2

Government Sector 46 11.4

Working Sector
Private Sector 167 41.4
Semi Government 51 12.7
Self-employed/Business Owner 72 17.9
Not working 67 16.6
Single 199 49.4
Marital Status
Married 188 46.7
Widowed 11 2.7
Divorced 5 1.2
≤ 2,499 173 42.9
Individual income per
2,500-3,169 95 23.6
month (RM)
3,170-3,969 73 18.1
3,970-4,849 62 15.4
Less than 50 64 15.9
Estimation capability
50-100 129 32.0
of saving per month
100-200 101 25.1
(RM)
300 and above 109 27.0

Table 2: Demographic Profile Respondents

5.2 RELIABILITY TEST

5.2.1 CRONBACH’S ALPHA
Cronbach's Alpha reliability test was performed in this study to determine the questionnaire's reliability
and to confirm that each question contained an adequate amount of consistency.

Reliability Range Interpretation Relationship

0.8 to < 0.9 above Very good reliability
0.7 to < 0.8 Good reliability
0.6 to < 0.7 Fair reliability
Below 0.6 Poor reliability

Table 3: Reliability Rage Interpretation

Cronbach’s
Independent Variable(s) Alpha Interpretation
Amount of Money Received (6 Items) .671 Fair reliability

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 Duration of time Covered (5 Items) .669 Fair reliability
Medium of Application (6 Items) .670 Fair reliability

Table 4: Reliability Test (Independent Variables)

Cronbach’s alpha is a convenient measure used to determine the composite score’s reliability or internal
accuracy. The general rule of thumb as shown in Table 3. Table 4 shows that the Cronbach’s alpha for
all independent variables which are Amount of Money Received, Duration Covered and Medium of
Application have fair reliability with .671, .669 and .670, respectively. The overall total Cronbach’s
alpha obtained are .0808 denoting that the stimulus package is reliable.

Dependent Variable Cronbach’s Interpretation

Alpha
Effectiveness of Economic Stimulus (5 items) .351 Poor reliability

Table 5: Reliability Test (Dependent Variable)

However, the effectiveness of PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package during COVID-19 pandemic in
Klang Valley was defined using Cronbach’s Alpha as per Table 5. It shows that the Cronbach’s Alpha
of the dependent variable is (α=0.351), indicates that the effectiveness of PRIHATIN Economic
Stimulus Package has poor reliability among Klang Valley residents.

5.3 CORRELATIONS ANALYSIS

A correlation between variables indicates that as one variable changes in value, other variable
tends to change in a specific direction as well. Based on Table 6 below, it is used to show the significance
between each of the independent variable with the dependent variable (Effectiveness of Economic
Stimulus).

Correlation Coefficient (r) value Relationship

Between ± 0.8 to ± 1.0 High Correlation
Between ± 0.6 to ± 0.79 Moderately High Correlation
Between ± 0.4 to ± 0.59 Moderate Correlation
Between ± 0.2 to ± 0.39 Low Correlation
Between ± 0.1 to ± 0.19 Negligible Correlation

Table 6: Correlation Coefficient (r) Value

The correlation analysis result was shown in Table 7 below. The correlation between medium of
application and effectiveness of stimulus package has the strongest value of low correlation (r= .334).
Followed by duration covered and effectiveness of Prihatin stimulus package, the correlation coefficient
between the two variables is (r = .245). The weakest value of low correlation (r = .211) evaluates
between amount of money and effectiveness of Prihatin stimulus. Generally, the correlations between
2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp
all independent variables and dependent variable were functioning effectively as every r-value possess
non-negative value.

Correlations

Effectiveness
of
Amount Duration Medium of PRIHATIN
of Money Covered Application Stimulus

Amount of Money Pearson

1 .426** .352** .211**
Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 403 403 403 403

Duration Covered Pearson

.426** 1 .549** .245**
Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 403 403 403 403

Medium of Pearson
.352** .549** 1 .334**
Application Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 403 403 403 403

Effectiveness of Pearson
.211** .245** .334** 1
PRIHATIN Correlation
Stimulus
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 403 403 403 403

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 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 7: Correlations Analysis

5.4 REGRESSION ANALYSIS

The regression analysis describes the numerical relationship between an independent variable and the
dependent variable. It also uses an equation to express the relationship. It is a collection of statistical
methods for measuring the associations between one or more independent variables and a dependent
variable. A multiple regression analysis shows the effectiveness of the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus
Package towards of B40.

5.4.1 SUMMARY OF R-SQUARED

Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate

1 .352a .124 .117 .28925

a. Predictors: (Constant), Medium of Application, Amount of Money, Duration Covered

b. Dependent Variable: effectiveness of the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package

Table 8: Summary of R-Squared

The R² of.124 in Table 8 indicates that the independent variables (amount of money, duration covered
and medium of application) accounted for 12.4 % of the variance in the dependent variable
(effectiveness of the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package). Other than that, the adjusted R² increases
the model by.117 per unit of all independent variables.

5.4.2 SUMMARY OF ANOVA

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 4.709 3 1.570 18.763 .000b

Residual 33.382 399 .084

Total 38.091 402

a. Dependent Variable: Effectiveness of PRIHATIM Economic Stimulus Package

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 b. Predictors: (Constant), Medium of Application, Amount of Money, Duration Covered

Table 9: Summary of ANOVA

Table shows the statistical significance of the regression model that was used for this research paper.
The result of p-value is .000 which is less than the significant alpha value which is .05. This result
indicates that the regression model fits the data in this study effectively. The effectiveness of the
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package toward B40 can be calculated using all p-values from the
independent variables.

5.4.3 SUMMARY OF COEFFICIENTS

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients

Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.

1 (Constant) 3.023 .167 18.062 .000

Amount of Money .063 .036 .092 1.755 .080

Duration Covered .038 .039 .057 .973 .331

Medium of
.190 .040 .270 4.760 .000
Application

Table 10: Summary of Coefficients

The Coefficients table gives researcher the crucial information for predicting the Amount of Money
Received, Duration Covered, Medium of Application, and if the PRIHATIN Stimulus Package's
contributes statistically significant to the model. Based on the significant table below, researchers can
assume that the result of Medium of Application is significant, but the result of Amount of Money and
Duration Covered are insignificant.

Value Result
0.05-0.001 Insignificant
0 Significant
-0.05-(-0.001) Non-significant

Table 11: Coefficient Scale

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From the significant table above, Researchers can conclude that the Medium of Application is
substantial, while the Amount of Money and Duration Covered are insignificant. The slope of the line
connecting the independent and dependent variables is represented by this value.

For the first independent variable, Amount of Money Received, this shows that the dependent variable
increases by 0.063 units for every unit increase in Amount of Money Received. Furthermore, the
dependent variable increases by 0.038 units for every unit increase in Duration Covered, while Medium
of Application increases by 0.190 units.

The standard error for the unstandardized beta is represented by the symbol below (SE B). This
statistic is similar to a mean's standard deviation. The more the amount, the more the results are spread
out from the regression line. The further out the amounts are, the less likely it is that their significance
can be identified.

Finally, the t-test (t) can be used to solve a wide range of problems. It also applies to the question
of determining a regression coefficient's statistical significance. The t-test can be used to determine the
significance of a regression coefficient under the Gauss-Markov conditions, which are a collection of
assumptions that are sometimes referred to as the Gauss-Markov assumptions.

5.5 SCATTERPLOT GRAPH

Diagram 3: Illustration of Scatter Plot

As shown in the diagram above, the scatterplot graph is measured in three (3) ways which are including
positive correlation, no correlation, and negative correlation. In this graph, the positive correlation plot
portrays going upward. Other than that, When the plot is scattered, it is possible to conclude that there
is no correlation. Finally, it is a negative plot when the plot moves downward.

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

5.4.5.1 AMOUNT OF PACKAGE RECEIVED

Graph 1: Amount of Money Received

Graph 1 above is used to measure whether there is a linear relationship between Amount of Money
Received and The Effectiveness of PRIHATIN economic Stimulus. The stronger the relationship
between the variables, the closer the dots meet the line. Based on the graph above, the line is moving
fairly from the bottom left to upper right. It shows the linear regression is .045 which indicates there is
a low positive correlation, linear association between the two variables.

5.5.2 DURATION OF TIME COVERED

Graph 2: Duration Covered

The graph in Figure 2 was applied to measure if there was a linear relationship between the duration of
time covered and the effectiveness of the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package towards B40. The
closer the dots meet the line in a scatter plot graph, the stronger the correlations between the variables.
The line is moving from the bottom left to the upper right in the graph above. The linear regression
coefficient is .060 which is indicating that there is low positive association between the two variables.

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

5.5.3 MEDIUM OF APPLICATION

Graph 3: Medium of Application

The above graph shows that the relationship between the medium of application and the effectiveness
of PRIHATIN stimulus package has been evaluated. The line moves fairly from the bottom left to the
upper right, which shows that the linear regression is 0.111. Thus, it supports the evidence that there is
a positive correlation between medium of application and the effectiveness of PRIHATIN stimulus
package.

5.6 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

5.6.1 SUMMARY OF HYPOTHESIS TEST

Correlation Significant Relationship Decision

Hypothesis Coefficient value
H1. The amount of money received
in the package is significantly .211 .000 Low Positive Accepted
related to the effectiveness of Correlation
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus
Package towards B40
H2. The duration of time covered in
each package is significantly .245 .000 Low Positive Accepted
related to the effectiveness of Correlation
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus
Package towards B40
H3. The medium application of the Accepted
package is significantly related .334 .000 Low Positive
to the effectiveness of Correlation

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

 PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus
Package towards B40

Table 12: Hypothesis Testing

This is an important step for researchers to conduct in identifying the strengths of the link
between variables in this research paper about the effectiveness of the PRIHATIN Stimulus Package on
B40. The direction, strength, and significance of the relationship between all variables are shown in the
correlation coefficient table above. The direct influence of a variable assumed to be a cause on another
variable thought to be an effect is shown by a path coefficient. It standardized because they are estimated
from correlations and written with two subscripts. According to Kim et. al., (2017), a path coefficient is
interpreted: If X changes by one standard deviation, Y changes by b standard deviations (with b being
the path coefficient).

All of the Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3 are accepted because the p-value is .000, which indicates a
positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables. In short, a p-value of less than
0.05 (<.05) indicates that the result is significant. Therefore p=0.000 implies as a high significance.

5.7 SEM DEVELOPMENT PREDICTION MODEL

Diagram 4: Direct Path Coefficient and R²

To begin, the first model generated by Smart PLS might have a different amount to our SPSS result.
Smart PLS was showed with the direct path from Amount of Money, Duration Covered and Medium of
Application. All variables are significant at the p-value, 0.000, and the path coefficient of 0.060, 0.110,
and 0.332, respectively. Figure 2 above presents that Medium of Application contributes the highest
(.332) of the relationship between the Effectiveness of PRIHATIN Stimulus than other two variables.
While, the item inside of the Medium of Application stated, the most contributing in showing highest
relationship are MA4, MA2 and MA6. The models had:

i. a direct path from amount of money to the effectiveness of PRIHATIN economic stimulus

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

 ii. a direct path from duration covered to the effectiveness of PRIHATIN economic stimulus
iii. a direct path from medium application to the effectiveness of PRIHATIN economic stimulus

6.0 DISCUSSION

6.1 AMOUNT OF MONEY RECEIVED UNDER THE PACKAGE

Based in the current result that has been generated for the amount of money received in the package and
the effectives of PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package is acceptable. This is because beyond the
human basic need, money help us to accomplish our life objective and support the commitment or things
that we value the most such as house, family, healthcare, education and basic life essential. In addition,
some people took loans to be use for large purchase activities such buy asset and essential. This can be
supported with past research results as studied by Mahmud et al. (2007), Norma and Jarita (2011),
Twyeafur and Hafiz (2012) and and Mohummed and Wencong (2013) where the amount of loan
received and number of employees are positively contributed to the monthly income. The coefficient of
determination (R Square) generated by SPSS system stated the amount of money received under the
package is 0.211, indicating that the variables in the model explain 21 % changes in effectiveness of
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package. Regression coefficients of amount of money received under
the package have the lowest positive effects on their effectiveness after the respondents receives their
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package among the other variable. It is explained that B40 group feel
the amount of money received is too minimal for them as there is a low positive sign indicate as the
predictor variable stated in regression table.

6.2 DURATION OF TIME COVERED FOR EACH PACKAGE

This variable supports the hypothesis because it has a substantial link with the effectiveness of the
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package within Klang Valley respondents. The effectiveness of the
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package for respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic is influenced
by the program's duration. The majority of respondents agreed that the duration covered by each package
is helpful in minimizing their financial burden, specifically in the context of the extension of BPE from
April to June 2020, which reduces the burden of paying energy bills. As a result, we may assume that
the respondents will be able to survive even if the pandemic takes longer than the timeframe covered by
each package. This conclusion is verified by study by Mahmud et al. (2007), Normaand Jarita (2011),
Twyeafur and Hafiz (2012), and Mohummed and Mencong (2013), which indicated that the duration of
loans, respondents' age, and household size were significant as influential variables on income at the 5%
level. According to the findings, each year of higher financing length results in an increase in monthly
total income.

6.3 MEDIUM OF APPLICATION FOR THE PACKAGE

Regarding the third hypothesis on the relationship between the medium of application and the
effectiveness of PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package, it was observed that both of the variables have
significant relationship. The e-government plays an important role to access and grant the detailed

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

information regarding the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package. This can be supported with similar
findings from past researcher, OECD (2017) that citizens should be able to believe that their government
is competent, attentive to their requirements, and efficient, therefore the information presented to the
public should allow them to keep up to date on the state of the institution. It should also enable citizens
to assess the government's accountability, transparency, and fairness.

6.4 EFFECTIVENESS OF PRIHATIN ECONOMIC STIMULUS PACKAGE

The result that measures the effectiveness of PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package toward B40 in
the current study is acceptable and can be seen through the all-variable’s answers and items. This means
residents in Klang Valley area finds that the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package could help those
facing financial constraints and reducing their financial burden even during the pandemic COVID-19.
This can be happened due to respondents think that the assistance from government can still helping
them in financial issue even though they have lost their jobs, been put on unpaid leave, or even had their
pay cut because of MCO. The effectiveness is regarded through the three independent variables above
such as amount of money received, duration of time covered and medium application of the package.
This can be supported through past research results pointed that in considering amount of loan
received and the duration of loans, age and household size of the respondents, the assistance by the
government may be a financial alternative to the societies in general and Malaysia, according to
Mahmud et al. (2007), Norma and Jarita (2011), Twyeafur and Hafiz (2012) and Mohummed and
Wencong (2013). Even though the government has provided financial assistance during this pandemic,
they are unable to predict when the government will be able to cover expenditures for those in need,
such as the B40 group, if the number of COVID-19 cases continues to rise. However, assume the B40
group and other groups that are facing financial difficulties as a result of the pandemic are unable to
continue their lives depending solely on government support. In that situation, if they prefer to survive
a life with less financial problems in Malaysia, they must continue to work despite not being able to
choose a job they like while still following to the government's SOP rules during the outbreak.

7.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package has become one of the advantageous efforts
launched by the prime Minister of Malaysia, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin. During the unveiling of the
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package Package, the medium application served by the government
became a top and most trusted informative platform among the B40 group. The specific platform for
PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus Package (https://bpr.hasil.gov.my/) is highly target by B40 as it able to
make a query for a particular government service. The acceptation of the PRIHATIN Economic
Stimulus Package only can be accepted the system when the data of the applicant is synchronized with
National Registration Department (Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara) and Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia
(Lembaga Hasil dalam Negeri, LHDN). That was to ensure the Economic Stimulus Package served by
the government received to the proper target group and there is no element of deception and trickery by
other group. Overall, all variables are equally accepted imply that the B40 groups in Klang Valley have

2019 | Annals of Human Resource Management Research/ Vol x No x, pp

an experience and feel the elements of our inquiry, which comprise of the amount of money received,
the duration of time covered for and the medium of application. However, this research is explored at
the Klang valley area which is included urban and rural area. Hence, it is suggested to the future
researcher to target and focused on one specific of city or country.

Indeed, creating a solid sustainable strategy from this stimulus package may not be
straightforward or high effective but the package still gives immediate assist to ease the burden and
anxiety encountered by individuals. The Government of Malaysia also embraced and endorsed some of
the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a moving up for developing an effective
socio-economic and environmental program for equitable development and for sustainable
environmental management. All Malaysians have a role to play in supporting the country cope with the
pandemic by become a wise, diligent and having a prudent move the community and country. Each
individual has a crucial part in applying the new norms and behaviour, not just in term of hygiene but
also in term of controlling their lifestyle and spending by utilizing the PRIHATIN Economic Stimulus
Pakcage appropriately.

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