THE IMPACT OF DOLE’S TUPAD PROGRAM ON HOUSEHOLDS

Presented to the Faculty of Senior Highschool Department

Saint Columban College – Senior High School

Researchers:
Español, Dinah R.
Baterna, James P.
Pagayon, Kassel K.
Labrador, John D.
Matias, Ace K.
 CHAPTER 1

The Problem

The Impact of DOLE's TUPAD Program on Households

INTRODUCTION

The government of the Philippines generates job opportunities as emerging employment assistance
in response to demands arising from the pandemic as well as from the crisis situation experienced by
sectors in society. It is the policy of the state to give full protection of labor, and promotion of full
employment opportunities for all. In light of the COVID-19 which brought serious disruption and threat
to public health, national security and livelihood/ earnings of the Filipinos, a whole of nation approach
should be adopted in the implementation of recovery and rehabilitation measures to mitigate/cushion its
impact on the economy and society. And one of the flagship programs introduced is the Tulong
Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers or TUPAD which is implemented by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) wherein "it is a community-based employment assistance
that provides emergency employment for displaced workers, underemployed and seasonal workers for a
minimum period of 10 days, but not to exceed a maximum of 30 days depending on the nature of work to
be performed". Department of Labor and Employment (2010). Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating
Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers. (https://www.dole.gov.ph/tulong.panghanapbuhay-sa-ating-
disadvantaged-displaced-workers-tupad/).The said program is supported by the Department Order of
DOLE No. 210 that aims to contribute poverty reduction and inclusive growth.
The program is limited only to social community projects, Economic community projects, and
Agro-forestry community projects. The beneficiaries are identified as underemployed; laid off or
terminated workers and self-employed workers. Only one member of a household shall be qualified to
avail of the program in a year. However, a beneficiary can avail again in the event that he/she becomes a
victim of a calamity/disaster.
The beneficiaries are provided with basic orientation, PPEs, and skills training to prepare them to
be self-reliant after the program. After the completion of their work in a given period of time, the
beneficiaries are paid accordingly through a money remittance service provider of the utmost P8,000.00
per individual household beneficiary. In coordination with TESDA, the latter also provided the Training
for work Scholarship Program as a conclusion to its program implementation.
By giving affected workers decent jobs we enable families to buy food, goods, and services. This
way money passes from one person to another, allowing more people to resume their activities and start
spending. This chain reaction produces a multiplier effect that leads to a great impact on the local
economy. Local people not only survived the disasters or pandemics but learned new skills to help them
support their families, rebuild their lives and restore their communities.
 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

The research is focusing on the impact of urgent post-crisis assistance, with the government
issuance of an Executive Order on how to plan, design and implement a post-crisis emergency
employment and enterprise recovery project that supports governments and communities following a
significant national catastrophe like the Pandemic.
"When government and communities are assisted by well-designed and timely interventions, they
are more able to 'build back better"'-UNDP, 2015. The TUPAD as one of the post-crises approaches aims
to build capacities within national and local institutions and facilitate partnerships between government,
civil society, the private sector and local communities. This enables local social, economic, institutional
and physical assets to be strengthened and made more disaster-resilient in the future. However, a number
of the case studies have proven also that emergency assistance for employment cannot guarantee a
wholistic augmentation to each household.

PERSPECTIVE OF THE RESEARCHER

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of TUPAD Program on households’
beneficiaries based on their salary received as additional income of the family. The perspective of the
researchers towards the study is based on the beneficiaries’ experiences that have been interviewed and
considered. The findings of this research will be grouped into two clusters: households with positive
experiences and households with negative experiences. The households' positive experiences were
effective, money to spend on goods, and needs were met on multiple levels and services. The households'
negative experiences were identified as they do not have sufficient income to adequately care for their
households.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The research desired to answer the Impact of TUPAD program on those qualified household
beneficiaries in the Municipality of Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur. Although it is having been reported that
the program would increase and generate more employment and contribute to the reduction of poverty,
there are so many questions arising that such a program will only be good to augment the income of the
entire household in just a period of time but how it is being sustained and made a way to access more
employment opportunities in the locality.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What caused their negative/positive experiences? How could it sustain?
2. Was the program reliable? Or was it because of the political will?
3. How do beneficiaries perceive the impact of the program?
4. Are they satisfied or dissatisfied with the program implementation and the salary they receive?
5. What are the factors that made the impact of the program positive or negative in the household
economic recovery?
6. All of those questions prompted the present study and its investigation to explore this research study.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

There are several limitations of this study that need to be addressed. First, of the 10 household
beneficiaries who will be interviewed in the Municipality of Bayog, to whom 5 of whom come from the
urban barangay and the remaining 5 belongs to rural barangay. Therefore, the characteristics of the
income class in rural and urban barangays differ as to the cost of living. Second, is the number of
household members which has a great impact on the economic demand of the family. Third, is the social
status of each household which is survival.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Although the literature regarding emergency employment of TUPAD is very limited, studies related
to them can be expanded like the cash-for work program. Among those examined and reviewed are the
employee assistance program and assistance to individuals in crisis situations. Therefore, there is a need
to investigate beneficiaries' perceptions of the impact of TUPAD program in their household. The purpose
of this study was to examine the quality of the existing TUPAD Program that has long been implemented.
The findings of this study may contribute to the literature on more significant redesigning of program
evaluation reviews. The results should hopefully enable the households, implementers, and funding
agencies to offer another related concept to evaluate their programs based on the findings and the
recommendations in this study.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Displaced workers are persons 20 years of age and over who reportedly lost their jobs because of
economic setback, insufficient work or their position or shift was abolished.
Disadvantaged Workers are those who has a long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory
impairment which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder their full and effective participation in
a work environment on an equal basis with other workers.
DOLE is the national government agency mandated to formulate policies and implement programs and
services as the policy-coordinating arm of the Executive Branch in the field of labor and employment.
Emergency Employment is a provision of immediate and decent jobs through infrastructure community
works in post-crisis situations Household is a social unit consisting of persons who sleep in the same
housing unit and have a common arrangement in the preparation and consumption of food.
TUPAD is a community-based safety net program that will provide temporary employment to workers to
those in the informal sector who are either underemployed, self-employed or displaced marginalized
workers whose earnings are affected due by the Covid 19 pandemic.
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

This paper examines the policy framework on worker displacement specifically by reviewing
existing issuances, programs and mechanisms; designing conceptual and operational frameworks to
strengthen present initiatives; and recommending measures or interventions for policy revisions. The
review of existing frameworks for worker displacement has sought at least seventeen policy issuances of
the DOLE since 1997 relevant to the subject matter and has found varying definitions and interpretations
on worker displacement. Issuances have also shown the progress and improvement in the level of
understanding and conceptualization of the DOLE on worker displacement expanding definitions from
initially covering economic-related disruptions to including natural or man-made and policy-related
disruptions.

Several programs have also been rapidly reviewed not discounting a separate TWG
working at present on the detailed assessment of each programs relevant to worker displacement. Based
on literature review and the Issuance of the DOLE, worker displacement as a conceptual framework
includes three significant elements: (1) involuntariness: (2) permanence; and (3) homogeneity or cause of
termination. Worker displacement is defined as the separation of workers to their jobs or termination of
the employment relationship that is involuntary on the part of the worker, with a permanent effect without
assurance of re-employment to the same employer or industry, and that is not caused by the worker's job
performance, work behavior and attitude, or work relations and other factors that are not attributable to
the characteristics of the individual worker. Programs and mechanisms in place must also be organized to
the following types and strategies: (1) internal and external adjustments, (2) active and passive responses,
and (3) employment system flexibility. The findings from this policy research based on reviews of
existing frameworks, literature and data are recommended to improve the measures or interventions
towards revising policies and creating a comprehensive yet decent and just approach in addressing
adverse impacts of worker displacement. (Patrick P. Patriwirawan, Jr., MIR: Study on DOLE Programs for
Displaced Workers: A Review of the Policy Framework for Worker Displacement in the Philippines, 20 January 2021)

Migratory or Balik-probinsva families are among the most vulnerable sectors during the pandemic.
They have to face a number of risks, including precarious working conditions, limited access to social
protection mechanism, and seasonality of employment. Cognizant of their vulnerabilities, the Department
of Labor and Employment (DOLE) regulates the employment virtue of Department Order (DO) Number
219-20, which intends to strengthen protection of these families. In this paper, the researchers seek to
analyze the patterns involved the living and working conditions, as well as their coping strategies and
aspirations even after the pandemic.

Emergency employment providing immediate and decent jobs through community and green
works in post crisis situations. The Employment Intensive Investment Programme (EIIP) supports direct
short-term employment creation (emergency employment) that provides immediate short-term cash
income opportunities to vulnerable people or communities. Emergency employment schemes emphasize
productivity, impact and decent conditions. (https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/
publication/wcms_774059.pdf)

In such contexts, a multitude of human made and natural risk factors can give rise to armed
violence, exploitation, disaster and associated unemployment, often leading to conditions of severe
vulnerability in conflict and disaster situations, livelihoods are weakened or even destroyed, businesses
interrupted, workplaces damaged and people lose their jobs and sources of income. Furthermore, conflict
and crisis situations reduce or immobilize the functioning of national and local institutions that usually
provide social protection, basic needs and services, as well as law and order. This particularly affects the
most vulnerable and poorest people who are trapped in a vicious cycle of inequality and poverty.
Consequently, there is an increase in instability and insecurity across the affected communities and
neighboring societies. Vulnerable groups experience increasing unemployment and lack of income
earning opportunities, which sometimes leads to migration thus, the need to increase job opportunities.
(OECD 2020, State of Fragility 2020)

The international Labor organizations has responded in the context of fragility to promote
employment, decent work, and social dialogue as a way of building back better direct employment
creation (emergency employment) in the form of immediate short-term cash income opportunities to
vulnerable people or communities affected by fragility work is mostly carried out on public or community
infrastructure and green works addressing the immediate economic, social and environmental needs of
those affected and thereby reviving the local system. Emergency employment differs from various cash
for work initiatives due to its special focus on training, productivity and decent working conditions. Initial
short-term emergency employment may transition into a more integrated medium to long-term approach
to facilitate recovery from crisis and to better prepare communities for potential future emergencies. It Is
equally important to build resilience, strengthening local and national capacity to respond to the
emergency phase and immediate recovery and to ultimately achieve sustainable development. Local and
community-based infrastructure development using participatory and employment-intensive approaches
have been effective tools for building disaster preparedness and climate resilience, during the medium to
long-term recovery and reconstruction works. In the case of climate change adaptation, the provision of
sustainable climate-resilient infrastructure is vital to better prepare for future shocks and impacts of
sudden and slow onset natural disasters. (ILO (2020), Green works - Creating decent jobs through investments:
Promoting Forest restoration, irrigation, soil and water conservation, and flood protection)

Employment intensive initiatives contribute to tackling the socio-economic imparts of the COVID-
19 crisis, but also to addressing potential grievances, discrimination and stigmatization over access to
resources, livelihoods and health services. A focus on employment and decent work can help maintain
and reinforce social cohesion and peaceful coexistence during the COVID-19 crisis, preventing outbreaks
of social tension among communities experiencing a sense of inequality and injustice, including refugees,
internally displaced persons (IDPs) and host communities. While focusing on the immediate and direct
needs of the responses required to mitigate and contain the economic effects of the disease, responses
may also alleviate social tensions that may arise in communities.
To contribute to the realization of the national goal of poverty reduction and inclusive development,
the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) implements the DOLE Integrated livelihood Program
(DILP) Kabuhayan Program. DILP specifically seeks to assist vulnerable workers such as the self-
employed, landless farmers, unpaid family workers, displaced workers, parents of child laborers and low-
wage seasonal workers. Selected beneficiaries are provided with livelihood opportunities, as well as
training support, to help them augment their incomes and consequently reduce their vulnerability.

Although regular monitoring is done in terms of output, not much is known as to whether the DILP
has achieved its intended outcomes. This study therefore seeks to make an important contribution to
DOLE’s understanding of how livelihood projects are shaped, sustained or constrained. A solid grasp of
these factors would later assist DOLE in determining which outcomes to measure in order to evaluate the
responsiveness and sustainability of livelihood projects. To achieve its objectives, the research employs a
mixed method approach comprising of qualitative interviews with program implementers and survey of
DILP beneficiaries. The findings show that the program has created positive effects, particularly on the
beneficiaries’ self-esteem. However, factors such as rigidities in government processes and fragmented
government support are constraining livelihood expansion. Hence, effects on incomes are minimal as
evidenced by the beneficiaries’ desire for additional job or hours of work aside from their existing
livelihood projects. It is therefore recommended to revisit the process and documentary requirements, that
may actually be burdensome to the target beneficiaries. Moreover, livelihood projects, that are
complementary with the long-term development plans, must be pursued to ensure consistency in the
priorities of the national and local governments. Lastly. given the limited personnel complement of
DOLE, the beneficiaries themselves may be tapped to assist in project monitoring efforts and initiatives
aimed at expanding market access for DILP-assisted projects. (Maria Isabel D. Artajo || Franchesca Rose S.
Castillo || Malorie Joy O. Mones: BRINGING SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD FRAMEWORK TO LIFE: A STUDY ON
THE POSSIBLE DETERMINANTS OF SUSTAINABILITY OF THE DOLE INTEGRATED LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM)

The role of public works and public employment programmes to contribute to the recovery from
the COVID-19 crisis, as well as transformational changes impacting the world continue to evolve and be
debated. This webinar aimed to contribute to this discussion by presenting relevant and current research,
and case studies of such programmes from around the globe. The webinar was an opportunity to learn
about and discuss five key themes related to these programmes and how they can contribute to the ILO's
goal of Decent Work for all. The event will be relevant to all working on these types of programmes,
including their design, implementation, evaluation or research.

SENATE S.B. No. 1836 Introduced by SENATOR IMEE R. MARCOS AN ACT

ENHANCING AND INSTITUTIONALIZING THE TULONG PANGHANAPBUHAY SA ATING
DISADVANTAGED/DISPLACED WORKERS (TUPAD) PROGRAM OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES, EXPLANATORY NOTE Article II. Section 9 of the 1987 Constitution provides
that "the State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social
services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living and an improved quality of life for all.
“Corollarial, the Constitution also mandates under Article XIII, Section 3 that the State “shall guarantee
the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations, and peaceful
concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law. They shall be entitled to security
of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. They shall also participate in policy and
decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law". The
Department of labor and Employment (DOLE) is the national agency tasked to formulate policies and
implement programs of the national government in promoting gainful employment opportunities and
optimizing the development and utilization of the country's manpower resources. One of dole's projects is
the Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers (TUPAD) or Emergency
Employment Program, a community based (municipality/barangay) package of assistance that provides
emergency employment for displaced workers, the underemployed and the unemployed poor for a
minimum of ten (10) days but not to exceed thirty (30) days, depending on the nature of work. Just last 17
April 2020, DOLE Assistant Secretary Dominique Tutay said that close to one hundred eighty thousand
(180,000] informal workers benefited from the implementation of the then on going TUPAD Program.
However, while the Department bought to help more displaced workers, they were simply unable to fund
the program's expansion or effectively focus their efforts on marginalized sector. Committed to
aggressive job creation in the wake of the pandemic, this bill seeks to institutionalize and enhance
DOLE'S TUPAD Program, expanding both the coverage of qualified beneficiaries in the informal sector,
as well as the projects eligible for financing and support.
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the research methodology used in the study is described the geographical area where
the study was conducted the study design and the population and sample are described. The instrument
used to collect data, including methods implemented to maintain validity and reliability of the instrument,
are described.

RESEARCH APPROACHES AND DESIGN

A quantitative approach was followed Burns and Grove (1993: 777) define quantitative research as
a formal, objective, systematic process to describe and test relationships and examine cause and effect
interactions among variables. Surveys may be used for descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research.
A descriptive survey design was used. A survey is used to collect original data for describing a population
too large to observe directly (Mouton 1996: 232). A survey obtains information from a sample of people
by means of self-report, that is, the people respond to a series of questions posed by the investigator (Polit
& Hungler 1993: 148). In this study the information was collected through self-administered
questionnaires distributed personally to the subjects by the researcher. A descriptive survey was selected
because it provides an accurate portrayal or account of the characteristics for example behavior, opinions,
abilities, beliefs, and knowledge of a particular individual, situation or group. This design was chosen to
meet the objectives of the study, namely to determine the knowledge and views of the impact of TUPAD
program of the government.

RESEARCH SETTINGS

The study was conducted at the Municipality of Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur which fall under region
9, Bayog, is located in the interior part of the province approximately 43 km from Pagadian City. The
total population is around 33,000 more or less as of 2015 census with a poverty incidence of 33% as of
2018 survey. It is a 3 RD class municipality wherein concentration of poor is located in the interior
Barangays. The setting of the conduct of research is concentrated in Barangays Bubuan and Poblacion of
the said municipality.

THE STUDY POPULTATION AND SAMPLE

 According to Burns and Grove (1993: 779), a population is defined as all elements (individuals,
objects and events) that meet the sample criteria for inclusion in a study The study population consisted of
10 populations living in both interior and exterior barangays. Mouton (1996: 132) defines a sample as
elements selected with the intention of finding out something about the total population from which they
are taken. Research consists of subjects included in the study because they happen to be in the right place
at the right time (Polit & Hungler 1993: 176). The sample included 10 family member beneficiaries.
Available subjects were entered into the study until a sample size of 10 was reached Subjects who met the
sample criteria were identified by the researcher at the Bayog. The sample size of 10 family member-
beneficiaries were the total of subjects who were willing to participate in the research and who met the
sampling criteria during the 1-week period of data collection.

THE SAMPLING CRITERIA

Subjects included in the sample were selected to meet specific criteria. The poor families had to
meet the following criteria to be included in the sample.

They should:

 Underemployed
 Workers who have been dismissed or laid-off because a business has permanently closed or
undergone retrenchment
 Self-employed workers who have lost their livelihood due to natural disasters or calamities,
economic downturns, armed conflicts or the seasonal nature of their jobs, including farmers and
fishermen
 18 years old and above
 Individuals who did not receive any financial assistant from Department of Agriculture, DSWD,
DOLE, CAMP, LGU
 Who are not government workers

DATA COLLECTION

6.1. Data Collection Instrument

A questionnaire was chosen as data collection instrument. A questionnaire is a printed self-

report form designed to elicit information that can be obtained through the written responses of
the subjects. The information obtained through a questionnaire is similar to that obtained by an
Interview, but the questions tend to have less depth (Burns & Grove 1993: 368). Data was
collected with the aid of questionnaires to evaluate the TUPAD worker beneficiaries and family
members knowledge and views on the impact of TUPAD Program.

Questionnaires were decided upon because of the following:

 They ensured a high response rate as the questionnaires were distributed to
respondents to complete and were collected personally by the researcher.
 They required less time and energy to administer
 They offered the possibility of anonymity because subjects' names were not required
on the completed questionnaires.
 There was less opportunity for bias as they were presented in a consistent manner
Most of the items in the questionnaires were closed, which made it easier to compare
the responses to each item

Apart from the advantages that have been listed above, questionnaires have their
weaknesses, for example, there is the question of validity and accuracy (Burns & Grove 1993:
368). The subjects might not reflect their true opinions but might answer what they think will
please the researcher, and valuable information may be lost as answers are usually brief Two
questionnaires were used to collect the data. One was for the worker-beneficiaries and the other
one for family members or relatives of the of the worker-beneficiaries. The questionnaires
consisted mostly of closed-ended questions and a few open-ended questions, as these provide
more diverse detail. In the open-ended questions, the subjects were required to respond in writing.
whereas closed-ended questions had options which were determined by the researcher (Bums &
Grove 1993: 370). Open-ended questions were included because they allow subjects to respond to
questions in their own words and provide more detail. closed ended questions were included
because they are easier to administer and to analyze. They are also more efficient in the sense that
a respondent is able to complete more in their own words and provide more detail. Closed-ended
questions were included because they are easier to administer and to analyze. They are also more
efficient in the sense that a respondent is able to complete more closed ended items than open-
ended items in a given period of time (Polit & Hunger 1993: 203). The questionnaires were in
both English and Bisaya to enable those who did not understand English. For the two who could
not read or write, the researcher read and wrote their answers for them. They were given the
assurance that the answers would not be able to link their responses to them at the stage of data
analysis, therefore ensuring anonymity. The questionnaires consisted of sections A and B. Section
A aimed at gaining demographic data such as age, level of education, income and gender. This
information could assist the researcher when interpreting the results, for example, whether
subjects have no access to employment because they were uneducated, or whether they have no
skills. The researcher collected all the information from the worker-beneficiaries and family
members Section B aimed at determining the knowledge and views of worker beneficiaries and
family members on the impact of TUPAD program and its effect to economic activity. Questions
assessing knowledge about political, social, economic, health and problems experienced were
included Instruction guidelines were attached to the questionnaires to guide the subjects as to
whether to circle or tick the chosen response.
6.2. Data Collection Procedure

Questionnaires were personally distributed by the researcher to worker-beneficiaries and

their family members to complete. The researcher completed two questionnaires for those who
couldn't read. The data was collected over a period of 7 days. The researchers wrote a letter to the
municipality mayor thru the PESO focal person in the municipality asking for 5 worker
beneficiaries in barangay Bubuan and 5 worker-beneficiaries in barangay Poblacion. The research
team will visit the families and orient the objectives of the research and the conduct of the study.
They are provided with a questionnaire and will be answered accordingly. The families were
given 1 kl of rice as recognition of their participation during the conduct of survey They were
given the assurance of the data privacy.

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

7.1 Reliability

Polit and Hungler (1993: 445) refer to reliability as the degree of consistency with
which an instrument measures the attribute it is designed to measure. The two
questionnaires which were answered by both groups, the worker beneficiaries and the
family members, revealed consistency in responses. Reliability can also be ensured by
minimizing sources of measurement error like data collector bias. Data collector bias was
minimized by the researchers being the one to administer the questionnaires, and
standardizing conditions such as exhibiting similar personal attributes to all respondents,
e.g., friendliness and support. The physical and social environment where data was
collected was made comfortable by ensuring privacy, confidentiality and general physical
comfort. The subjects were offered comfortable zones in the home to maintain privacy
and prevent interruptions. Subjects were requested not to write their names on the
questionnaires to ensure confidentiality.

7.2 Validity

The validity of an instrument is the degree to which an instrument measures what it

is intended to measure (Polit & Hungler 1993: 448). Content validity refers to the extent
to which an instrument represents the factors under study. To achieve content validity,
questionnaires included a variety of questions on the knowledge of worker beneficiaries
and their family members about the impact of TUPAD Program and its effect to the
 family's economic activity. Questions were based on information gathered during the
literature review to ensure that they were representative of what worker-beneficiaries
should know about the temporary employment of TUPAD Content validity was further
ensured by consistency in administering the questionnaires. All questionnaires were
distributed to subjects by the researchers personally. The questions were formulated in
simple language for clarity and ease of understanding. Clear instructions were given to
the subjects and the researchers completed the questionnaires for those subjects who
could not read. All the subjects completed the questionnaires in the presence of the
researchers. This was done to prevent subjects from giving questionnaires to other people
to complete on their behalf. For validation the questionnaires were submitted to a
researcher. As a result, more questions were added to ensure higher representation.
Rephrasing of some questions was done to clarify the questions and more appropriate
alternative response choices were added to the closed ended questions to provide for
meaningful data analysis (Burns & Grove 1993: 373). External validity was ensured.
Burns and Grove (1993 270) refer to external validity as the extent, to which study
findings can be generalized beyond the sample used. All the persons approached to
participate in the study completed the questionnaires. No single person who was
approached refused to participate. Generalizing the findings to all members of the
population is therefore justified. Seeking subjects who are willing to participate in a study
can be difficult, particularly. if the study requires extensive amounts of time or other
types of investment. by subjects. If the number of the persons approached to participate in
subjects who are willing to participate in a study can be difficult, particularly if the study
requires extensive amounts of time or other types of investment by subjects. If the
number of the persons approached to participate in a study declines, generalizing the
findings to all members of a population is not easy to justify. The study needs to be
planned to limit the investment demands on subjects in order to increase participation.
The number of persons who were approached and refused to participate in the study
should be reported so that threats to external validity can be judged. As the percentage of
those who decline to participate increases, external validity decreases (Burns & Grove
1993: 270).

PRETESTING THE QUESTIONAIRE

A pretest refers to a trial administration of an instrument to identify flaws. When a questionnaire is

used as a data gathering instrument, it is necessary to determine whether questions and directions are clear
to subjects and whether they understand what is required from them. This is referred to as the pretesting.
of a questionnaire (Polit & Hunger 1995.38, 711). The researchers pretested the questionnaire on 2
respondents meeting the set criteria at Poblacion, Bayog Zamboanga del Sur, 2 worker beneficiaries and
two family members All of them answered the questions and no single question was changed following
the pretest.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The conducting of research requires not only expertise and diligence, but also honesty and integrity.
This is done to recognize and protect the rights of human subjects. To render the study ethical, the rights
to self-determination, anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent were observed. Written
permission to conduct the research study was obtained LGU Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur. Verbal
permission was obtained from the worker-beneficiaries. Subjects' consent was obtained before they
completed the questionnaires. Burns and Grove (1993: 776) define informed consent as the prospective
subject's agreement to participate voluntarily in a study, which is reached after assimilation of essential
information about the study. The subjects were informed of their rights to voluntarily consent or decline
to participate, and to withdraw participation at any time. Subjects were informed about the purpose of the
study, the procedures that would be used to collect the data, and assured that there were no potential risks
or costs involved. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained throughout the study. Burns and Grove
(1993:762) define anonymity as when subjects cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her
individual responses. In this study anonymity was ensured by not disclosing the subject's name on the
questionnaire and research reports and detaching the written consent from the questionnaire. When
subjects are promised confidentiality, it means that the information they provide will not be publicly
reported in a way which identifies them (Polit & Hungler 1995: 139) in this study, confidentiality was
maintained by keeping the collected data confidential and not revealing the subjects’ identities when
reporting or publishing the study (Burns & Grove 1993: 99). No identifying information was entered onto
the questionnaires, and questionnaires were only numbered after data was collected (Polit & Hungler
1995.139). The ethical principle of self-determination was also maintained. Subjects were treated as
autonomous agents by informing them about the study and allowing them to voluntarily choose to
participate or not. Lastly, information was provided about the researcher in the event of further questions
or complaints. Scientific honesty is regarded as a very important ethical responsibility when conducting
research. Dishonest conduct includes manipulation of design and methods, and retention or manipulation
of data (Brink 1996 47). The researcher tried to avoid any form of dishonesty by recording truthfully the
answers of those subjects who could not read or write. The open-ended questions which were analyzed by
the researchers were also checked by the PESO focal person for confirmation of credibility.

DATA ANALYSIS

After the data was collected it was organized and analyzed. For analysis of closed-ended questions,
a tabulation was used. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Frequency tables were drawn and
from these the data was presented in pie diagrams and bar graphs. The open-ended questions were
analyzed through quantitative content analysis by the researcher with the aim of quantifying emerging
characteristics and concepts Concept analysis is the process of analyzing verbal or written
communications in a systematic way to measure variables quantitatively (Polit & Hungler 1995. 209,
698)

CONCLUSION

The researcher used a quantitative, descriptive survey design. Two questionnaires were
administered by the researchers themselves to collect the data from a convenient sample of 10 subjects.
The questionnaires had both closed and open-ended questions. The sample characteristics included adults
who were mentally sound and had had undergone 10 days of work as emergency employment assistance,
and were willing to participate, as well as the family members living with them. Permission was obtained
from the LGU of Bayog Consent was obtained from the subjects themselves. Anonymity, self-
determination and confidentiality were ensured during administration of the questionnaires and report
writing. Questionnaires were distributed to subjects to ensure validity. Reliability and validity were
further increased by pretesting the questionnaire. This chapter described the research methodology,
including the population, sample, data collection instruments as well as strategies used to ensure the
ethical standards, reliability and validity of the study.