Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
access to nutrition, health, education and housing. This is a condition where people are
rather a country can only mitigate it. (Dadap, 2011 as cited by Economics Discussion,
2015).
The Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program serves as the government’s answer to
the pressing issues regarding poverty. Son (2008) defined CCT as an effective tool for
poverty alleviation. This programs have the ability to enhance both the income of the
poor in the short run, and their human capabilities in the medium and long run. This
provide cash benefits to finance the basic needs and foster investment in human capital to
extremely poor households. These benefits are conditioned on certain behaviors, usually
According to Cecchini and Madariaga (2011) as cited by Reyes and Tabuga (2012),
various studies conducted on the impact of Conditional Cash Transfer programs in many
countries showed that there have been improvements in terms of the immediate goals like
better access to schools and health services. However, there were no conclusive reports
CCT were noted in Mexico’s Progresa, PATH in Jamaica, and Solidarity Program in
Dominican
outcomes were drawn mostly from the experience of Progresa as evaluated by the
International Food and Policy Research Institute. The evaluation of Progresa showed that
Moreover, according to Cecchini (2009) as cited by Reyes and Tabuga (2012), the
CCT program has been fairly successful in upper middle-income countries like Brazil and
Mexico, but this does not mean that it can work in all countries. Several low-income
countries which have adopted the model like Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua have
faced immense challenges in implementing CCT programs because they did not meet the
necessary prerequisites.
In the Philippines, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is one of the
and Development (DSWD) since 2007, along with cooperative partner institutions such
Local Government, and various other government institutions. The 4Ps was patterned
after the conditional cash transfer programs in Latin American and African countries
which have been proven successful as a poverty reduction and social development
scheme implemented here in the Philippines under the Department of Social Welfare and
Moreover, to prove the serious intent of the government to fight poverty, the social
services allocation is already 34.1 percent of the total budget wherein the first priority is
to provide the basic income, food and nutrition, health and education needs of the poor.
Among the various programs, the 4Ps by far is the most comprehensive and most
controversial because of the huge amount that the government spends for it (NAPC Part
However, it is also undeniable that there were issues which emerged towards the
proper use of cash grants or Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, for example some
parents or guardians spend the money for gambling and other expenditures instead of
complying on the conditions (Montilla et al. 2015). There are some beneficiaries who are
not qualified to avail the program particularly in Region 5 based on the report of
Meanwhile, there are issues that some of the beneficiaries of 4Ps in Sitio Panipasan,
Marilog District spend the money for gambling, paying debt and the delayed schedule in
releasing the money. In connection with the recommendation of Reyes and Tabuga
(2012) and the school research agenda, the researchers felt the urgency to conduct the
Program. In relation to this, the researchers want to find out about the benefits received
by the beneficiaries and what are the problems they had encountered as 4Ps beneficiaries.
From this, the researchers can present a useful and relevant data that will serve as a basis
for immediate action for the betterment and improvement of the 4Ps program.
1.1 occupation;
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is more than a welfare program; it
addresses structural inequities in society and promotes human capital development of the
poor, thus, breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty (Fernandez & Oflindo, 2011).
It is a means of helping the beneficiaries by providing social and medical assistance and
increasing the investment in human capital for society by providing education to those
who cannot afford it. This program has sets of qualifications for the intended
beneficiaries. The eligible beneficiaries of the program are selected by DSWD from the
poorest municipalities based on the 2003 Small Area Estimates (SAE) of poverty
households must have an income that are equal to or below the provincial poverty line,
have children 0 to 14 years old and/or a pregnant woman at the time of assessment; and
percent are saturated – that is, all families are interviewed and assessed for eligibility. In
municipalities where the poverty incidence is less than 50 percent, pockets of poverty are
identified by the municipal social welfare and development officer and then families in
these pockets are interviewed and assessed for eligibility. Families residing outside these
pockets of poverty are excluded in the assessment anymore. This may lead to significant
DSWD uses the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-
PR). The system employs Proxy Means Test Model to identify the poor families. The
Proxy Means Test model was estimated using data from the 2006 Family Income and
Expenditure Survey and the 2006 Labor Force Survey. The assessment is conducted by
using certain proxy variables like ownership of assets, type of housing, education of
household head, livelihood and access to water and sanitation facilities to predict income.
Verification System (CVS) developed for the program (Fernandez & Oflindo, 2011).
Objectives
On the other hand, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program has a dual objectives:
(i) Social Assistance- to provide cash assistance to the poor to alleviate their immediate
need (short term poverty alleviation); and Social Development- to break the
health and nutrition (DSWD, 2006). Furthermore, it helps to fulfill the country’s
commitment to meet the Millennium Development Goals, namely: (1) eradicate extreme
poverty and hunger, (2) achieve universal primary education, (3) promote gender
equality, (4) reduce child mortality, and (5) improve maternal health (Fernandez &
Oflindo, 2011).These objectives serve as the basis for the program evaluation.
Benefits
Nevertheless, the benefits received by the beneficiaries from this program are the
following: education grant of Php300 per child per month up to a maximum of 3 children
7
or Php 3,000 per year. Households eligible for this grant must have children aged 5 years
old and/or aged 6-14 years old that attend school at least 85 percent of the time. The
program also provides health and nutrition grant of Php500 per month or Php 6,000 per
In the initial design stage, the Pantawid Pamilya conditionalities included school
attendance of children aged 6-14 years and regular check-ups for children aged 0-5 years
and pregnant women, more conditionalities were added as the program evolved. DSWD
added the conditionalities of pre-school or day care center attendance for children aged 3-
5 years, taking deworming pills for children aged 6 to 14 years, and attendance of Family
enhance program impact. Moreover, the same added conditionalities had made the
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program design unique among other CCT models. With
captured audience assured, the FDS is increasingly being looked at as a vehicle for
2011).
Problems
However, every program has its own loopholes, issues or problems emerged. Like
for example, the releasing of cash assistance is always delayed, the amount received by
the beneficiaries is not exact or fixed from what they had expected, the system of
releasing the cash assistance is not organized, the place where the cash assistance was
released is very far from the place of the beneficiaries, the Family Development Sessions
8
(FDS) is not done regularly and there were no proper dissemination of information every
In this program evaluation the researchers evaluated the extent of the attainment of
the program’s objectives to determine if the objectives are highly attained, attained,
In every program, evaluation is very important to monitor, evaluate and assess the
program. This is done to check if there are problems that occur and to determine the
things that need to be improved and some useful recommendations to enhance the
leading authors. The CIPP (Context, Input, Process, and Product) model for Program
Evaluation by Daniel Stufflebeam (1986) was developed in 1960s as one option from
help make a program work better for the people they are intended to serve. In this
judgements about the program, improve program effectiveness and make decisions about
The core-concepts of CIPP model are contexts, input, process and product
evaluation, with the intention of not to prove, but rather to improve, the program itself
(Stufflebeam, 2003). Context evaluation identifies the political climate that could
influence the success of the program. To achieve this, the evaluator compiles and
9
in the evaluation are identified. In addition, program goals are assessed and data reporting
on the program is collected. These include both formative and summative measures, such
regarding the mission, goals and plan of the program. The intent of this stage is to choose
hand, process evaluation investigates the quality of the program’s implementation. In this
stage, program activities are monitored, documented, and assessed by the evaluator. This
is done to provide feedback regarding the extent to which planned activities are carried
out and assess the degree to which participants can carry out their roles. The final
component to CIPP, product evaluation, assesses the positive and negative effects of the
program had on its target audience, assessing both the intended and unintended outcomes.
Both short and long term outcomes are judged. During this stage, judgments of
stakeholders and relevant experts are analyzed and assure all outcomes are noted and
assist in verifying evaluation findings (Mertens & Wilson, 2012; Stufflebeam, 2003 cited
by ambermazur, 2014).
10
The framework of this study is anchored on the Vicious Cycle of Poverty of Ragnar
Nurkse. It is a concept that illustrates how poverty causes poverty and traps people in
poverty unless an external intervention is applied to break the cycle. This theory merely
family members who are better off to step in and provide some kind of assistance (health,
feeding, shelter and basic education) to get the youth to do some kind of economic
activity to bring in some income. Without that, this cycle will continue for generations
and it’s a trap that is extremely difficult to get out of poverty (Economics Discussion,
2015).
11
Conceptual Framework
conceptual framework of the study shows the relationship of variables-the context, input,
process and product which were the main concern of the study. The context was the
political climate that could influence the success of the program and it compiles and
assesses the background information of the program. The input was the respondents’
demographic profile in terms of occupation, monthly family income and the number of
children under the 4Ps program and the benefits received by the beneficiaries and the
problems they encountered as a 4Ps beneficiary. The process was the response of the
beneficiaries in the level of attainment of the objectives of the 4Ps program in terms of
Poverty Alleviation, Health and Nutrition, Education and Family Development Sessions.
The output was the recommendations to enhance the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program.
This section points out the benefit or the significance of the study to the
The implementers will be the first benefactor of the result(s) from the study
because it will help them determine whether there are lapses in the program and it will
13
also serve as a guide in determining the improvements of the program. The study will
help the government to take actions in the problems encountered by the 4Ps beneficiaries
in the implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. With this, the program
will become more effective and relevant to the beneficiaries and to the government as
well.
use to help them to have a better program and for them to increase their quality of life.
They will also be empowered to take charge of the cash assistance given by the program.
This study is also beneficial to the government agencies and other partner
institutions for further enhancement and strengthening of the program for its overall
success. They will be guided in determining the aspects of the program implementation
The study is of benefit to the researchers because this will give them more
information and understanding about the program and they can draw out a more effective
and relevant recommendations out from this study. The results of the study will also be
Program in Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District in terms of its objectives, benefits and
This study was limited only to the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in terms of its objectives, benefits and problems
encountered by its beneficiaries. This was conducted during the first semester of the
Definition of Terms
To better understand this research study, the following terms are conceptually and
operationally defined.
Pamilyang Pilipino Program in Sitio Panipasan, Marilog District, Davao City. The
national government that invests in the health and education of poor households,
particularly of children aging 0-18 years old. It is patterned after the conditional cash
transfer scheme implemented in other developing countries. This program provides cash
grants to the beneficiaries provided that they comply with the set of conditions required
CHAPTER 2
METHODS
This chapter includes the research design, research locale, research respondents,
research instruments, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of the data.
Research Design
In this study, the researchers used descriptive evaluative method of research design.
objectives, benefits and problems encountered by the beneficiaries. Gay (1976) as cited
know or to answer questions concerning the current status of the study. Descriptive
research provides data about the population. But it can only describe the who, what,
when, where, and how of a situation, not what causes it. Moreover, Powell (2006)
defined evaluative research as a type of study that uses standard social research methods
that employs special technique to the evaluation of social programs. This kind of
16
organizations, programs, and services. This kind of research should enhance knowledge
and decision making and lead to practical applications. Furthermore, the researchers also
Research Respondents
In this study, there were only 57 respondents who were the beneficiaries of
researchers decided to use the 57 beneficiaries for them to get reliable data about the
The researchers did not use any type of sampling because the whole population of
the beneficiaries gave enough information. The instrument used in the study was in the
distance of their houses to the area where the researchers gathered the data.
Research Environment
small barrio located at the lower part of Marilog District, Davao City. It takes 40 minutes
to reach the place from Calinan to the center of Sitio Panipasan. This barrio is
approximately 1 and 1/2 kilometers away from the highway and any kind of vehicle can
reach the place. Historically, this place was originally inhabited by pure lumads like the
Bagobo tribe but later on the place is inhabited by pure Bisaya up to this time. The main
source of income is farming and there are some who are laborers. This barrio is one of the
17
places which are under the 4Ps program and there are 57 families who are 4Ps
beneficiaries. The researchers chose this community, believing that the sincerity and
enough number of respondents would make this study valid, reliable and successful.
Research Instruments
The questionnaire was adapted from the previous study conducted by the Polytechnic
Program (4Ps) to the Filipino Family: Mulanay Quezon) with modification and
reformulation of some item statements to fit in the needs of the study. The survey
questionnaire had three parts: the demographic profile, checklist for the benefits received
by the beneficiaries and the problems encountered by the 4Ps beneficiaries in the
program and the Likert Scale that contained a checklist which was designed to enable the
in terms of Poverty Alleviation, Health and Nutrition Program, Education and Family
Development Sessions. On the other hand, a four point scale number 1 to 5 represent the
level of attainment. The respondents were asked to check the degree of attainment of the
objectives of the 4Ps program derived from their involvement in the program. It was
interpreted as follows:
18
The researchers sought the approval of their instrument by having it checked and
validated to ensure the validity of the questionnaire. The researchers asked the assistance
of the three college instructors in their grammar expertise. Their grammar proficiency
The researchers made letters noted by their adviser and were sent to the dean of
college and school president of the institution. The letters allowed the researchers to
The researchers sent a letter to ask permission from the Sitio leader of Sitio
The researchers conducted their study, the gathering of primary data by giving a
Lastly, the data gathered were tabulated and analyzed. The results were then
interpreted.
Secondary data were gathered, compiled, organized and tabulated by the researchers.
The statistical tools used to analyze and interpret the data are the following:
terms of livelihood, monthly income, and number of children and the benefits
2. Mean
This was used in the computation of the arithmetic means in which the sums
3. Weighted Mean
The data were treated by getting the weighted mean scores of each item.
This enabled the researchers to get the average mean scores in a group.