HCNA 3-IP Addressing

Lecture 3: IP Addressing HCNA-01
Network Layer: IP Addressing
Engr. Usman Raza
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Next Header Processing

6 Bytes 6 Bytes 2 Bytes 46-1500 Bytes 4 Bytes
DMAC SMAC Type Data FCS
IP 0x0800
• Prior to discarding frame, it is necessary to determine next set of instruction from

frame’s header.
• This information is extracted from the type field of the frame header.
• The key function of the frame is to determine whether the intended physical
destination has been reached, that the integrity of the frame has remained intact.
• The focus of this section will identify how data is processed following the discarding of
the frame headers and propagation of the remaining data to the Internet Protocol.
IP Packet Header
20-60 Bytes
IP Data
0 16 31
Header DS Field Total Length
Version
Length
Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Message
Header Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum 20
Bytes
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options

IP Addressing
Network Host
192.168.1 .1
11000000.10101000.00000001 .00000001
 The IP address identifies networks, and network hosts.
 Binary is the base numbering system used for IP addressing.

IPv4 Addressing: Fundamentals

• What is IPv4 Address?
– Your Digital Home.
– Logical Address.
– 32-bits long
• Why use them?

– To communicate with different hosts.
• What is “dotted.decimal.notation.format”?
– Four octets, each with a value ranging from 0 to 255.
• How to find your own IP address?

– Type “ipconfig” in command prompt (Windows)
– Type “ifconfig” in command terminal (Linux)
IPv4 Addressing
Binary
6
Subnet Masks
• Defines your neighborhood.
• Determine the network and hosts portion in an IP address.
• Inserts a dividing line between network and hosts.
• Subnet Mask Mechanism:
– 32 bits in IPv4 Address
– 32 bits in Subnet Mask
– Mask “on” bits = Network Portion on IP.

Subnet Mask
Network Host
192.168.1 0
11000000.10101000.000000001 00000000
Subnet
255.255.255 0
11111111.11111111.11111111 00000000
 Subnet masks distinguish between the binary values that

represent each (sub)network and those that represent each host.
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology,

Page 8 Topi
IP Addressing
Network Address
192.168.1 .0
11000000.10101000.00000001 .00000000
Broadcast Address
192.168.1 .255
11000000.10101000.00000001 11111111
 The upper and lower most host address values are reserved.

IPv4 Addressing
Organizations
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
– Devised the hierarchical IP addressing structure
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

(ICANN)
– A global, government-independent entity with overall responsibility for
the Internet.
– ICANN has effectively replaced IANA.
10
Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal
Format Value Range Base Value
Binary 0—1 2
Decimal 0—9 10
Hexadecimal 0—F 16
 Binary and Hexadecimal are common numbering systems used

within IP networks.

Binary vs. Decimal Conversion
Bit Order 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary
Power 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
0 00000000 00 9 00001001 09
1 00000001 01 10 00001010 0A
2 00000010 02 11 00001011 0B
3 00000011 03 12 00001100 0C
4 00000100 04 13 00001101 0D
5 00000101 05 14 00001110 0E
6 00000110 06 15 00001111 0F
7 00000111 07 … … …
8 00001000 08 255 11111111 FF

Binary Conversion
Network Host
Binary 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000001
27+26 27+25+23 20 20
Decimal 192 168 1 1

IP Address Classes
1.0.0.0~126.255.255.255
Class A 0 Network(8bit) Host (24bit)

Host (24bit)
128.1.0.0~191.254.255.255
Class B 10 Network (16bit) Host (16bit)
192.0.1.0~223.255.254.255
Class C 110 Network (24bit) Host (8bit)
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255
Class D 1110 Multicast
240.0.0.0~255.255.255.254
Class E 1111 Experimental

Default Mask For Each Class
• Standard (default) subnet masks:

• Class A subnet mask is 255.0.0.0
• Class B subnet mask is 255.255.0.0
• Class C subnet mask is 255.255.255.0

CIDR (Classless Inter Domain Routing)

• In classless addressing (CIDR), variable-length blocks are used
that belong to no classes.
– We can have a block of 1 address, 2 addresses, 4 addresses, 128
addresses, and so on.
– One of the restrictions, as we discuss later, is that the number of
addresses in a block needs to be a power of 2.
• Prefix Length: Slash Notation
– In class full addressing we used fixed prefix(Subnet Mask) to determine
the class IP’s network and host portion.
– In CIDR, the prefix length or network bits length, n, is added to the
address, separated by a slash.

Some review Question

• What is equivalent of subnet mask \13 in dotted decimal
notation of subnet mask?
• Given an IP address 192.168.128.0 / 20:

– What is the equivalent subnet mask ?
– Total IPs in this block ?
– Network ID ?
– Broadcast Address ?
– Total valid ?
– Range ?

IP Communication
Host A Host B
192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
192.168.1.2 192.168.2.2
Host C Host D
Network Host
192 168 1 0
192 168 2 0

Address Planning
IP Address 192 168 1 7
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 0
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network Address
(Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
Network Address 192 168 1 0
Host Addresses: 2n 256
Valid Hosts: 2n - 2 254

Scenario
Subnet Mask 255 255 0 0
Network Address ? ? ? ?
Host Addresses: 2n ?
Valid Hosts: 2n - 2 ?
 Determine the network for the given IP address, and the

number of actual, and valid host addresses in the network.

Extracting Information from CIDR Address

• Given any address in the block, we normally like to know three
pieces of information about the block to which the address
belongs:
– The number of valid addresses in the block,
– The first address in the block, and
– The last address in the block.
• Example:
– 167.199.170.90/27
– 192.168.10.10/20

Addressing Limitations
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.1.0/24 20 Hosts
30 Hosts 192.168.3.0/24
10 Hosts
 Network design using the default subnet mask results in

address wastage.

VLSM Calculation
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 128
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
Network Address 192 168 1 0
Host Addresses: 2n 128
Valid Hosts: 2n - 2 126

VLSM Case Scenario
20 Hosts
30 Hosts
10 Hosts
 Using only the network 192.168.1.0/24, implement VLSM for

the given number of hosts in each network segment.

IP Gateways
Host A L3 Host B
L2 L2
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.253 192.168.2.253 192.168.2.1
Host A Host B
L3 L3
192.168.1.1 L2 192.168.2.1
 Gateways use IP to forward packets between networks.
 Hosts may act as gateways between networks in a LAN.

IP Fragmentation
Host A Host B
L3
L2 L2

Version
Length
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source IP Address
IP Options

Time To Live
Host A Host B
TTL=255 TTL=254 TTL=253

Version
Length
Source IP Address
IP Options

Protocol Field
IP Data
0x06/0x11 TCP/UDP
0x01 ICMP

Version
Length
Source IP Address
IP Options

Summary
 What is the IP subnet mask used for?
 What is the purpose of the TTL field in the IP header?
 How are gateways used in an IP network?

HCNA 3-IP Addressing

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Lecture 3: IP Addressing HCNA-01

Network Layer: IP Addressing

Engr. Usman Raza

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Next Header Processing

DMAC SMAC Type Data FCS

• Prior to discarding frame, it is necessary to determine next set of instruction from

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

 The IP address identifies networks, and network hosts.

 Binary is the base numbering system used for IP addressing.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

IPv4 Addressing: Fundamentals

• Why use them?

• How to find your own IP address?

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

 Subnet masks distinguish between the binary values that

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology,

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal

Format Value Range Base Value

 Binary and Hexadecimal are common numbering systems used

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Binary vs. Decimal Conversion

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

8 00001000 08 255 11111111 FF

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Binary 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000001

Decimal 192 168 1 1

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Class A 0 Network(8bit) Host (24bit)

Class B 10 Network (16bit) Host (16bit)

Class E 1111 Experimental

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Default Mask For Each Class

• Standard (default) subnet masks:

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

CIDR (Classless Inter Domain Routing)

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Some review Question

• Given an IP address 192.168.128.0 / 20:

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Subnet Mask 255 255 255 0

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

Network Address 192 168 1 0

Host Addresses: 2n 256

Valid Hosts: 2n - 2 254

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Subnet Mask 255 255 0 0

 Determine the network for the given IP address, and the

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Extracting Information from CIDR Address

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

 Network design using the default subnet mask results in

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Subnet Mask 255 255 255 128

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000

Network Address 192 168 1 0

Host Addresses: 2n 128

Valid Hosts: 2n - 2 126