Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Enterprise Networks

Engr. Usman Raza

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Real World Enterprise Networks

 Enterprise networks exist in many well-known industries.

 Networks range from offices to large industrial platforms.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi
Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Enterprise Remote Networks

Branch A
Headquarters

Branch B

On-site employees
Branch C

 Enterprise networks may span over large geographical distances.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Enterprise Network Basic Architecture

Server Farm

Core

Aggregation/ Aggregation
Core

Access

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Network Devices
• Network Hub:
– Hub is a networking device which is used to connect multiple network hosts.
– A network hub is also used to do data transfer. The data is transferred in terms of packets
on a computer network.
– When a host sends a packet to a hub, it copies the data packet to all of its ports.
– Like this, all the ports know about the data and the port for whom the packet is intended,
claims the packet.
– However, because of its working mechanism, a hub is not so secure and safe.
– Moreover, copying the data packets on all the interfaces or ports makes it slower and more
congested which led to the use of network switch.
• Network Switch:
– Switch is more intelligent than a hub.
– Hub just does data forwarding, a switch does ‘filter and forwarding’ which is a more
intelligent way of dealing with the data packets.
– So, when a packet is received at one of the interfaces of the switch, it filters the packet and
sends only to the interface of the intended receiver.
– For this purpose, a switch also maintains a CAM (Content Addressable Memory) table and
has its own system configuration and memory.
– CAM table is also called forwarding table or forwarding information base (FIB).

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01
Network Devices
• Network Router:
– A router is a network device which is responsible for routing traffic from one to
another network.
– These two networks could be a private company network to a public network.
– You can think of a router as a traffic police who directs different network traffic to
different directions.
• Collision Domain:
– In a "Shared Media" there are no separate channels for sending and receiving
the data signals, but only one channel to send and receive the data signals.
– A Collision Domain is any network segment in which collisions can happen
(usually in Ethernet networks).
– In other words, a Collision Domain consists of all the devices connected using a
Shared Media where a Collision can happen between any device at any time.
• Broadcast Domain:
– A broadcast domain is a domain in which a broadcast is forwarded.
– A broadcast domain contains all devices that can reach each other at the
data link layer (OSI layer 2) by using broadcast.
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi
Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Collision and Broadcast

• 6 Collision and 3 Broadcast
• All ports on a hub or a switch are by default in the same broadcast domain.
• All ports on a router are in the different broadcast domains and routers don’t
forward broadcasts from one broadcast domain to another.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Collision and Broadcast Domain

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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Transmission Medium

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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Coaxial

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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Ethernet

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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Fiber Optic

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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Serial

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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Ethernet Framing

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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Managing Network Communication

LANs WANs

TCP/IP IEEE 802 Standards Frame Relay PPP HDLC

• There exists however a clear distinction between the protocols that manage
physical data flow and the protocols responsible for logical forwarding and
delivery of traffic.

• The IEEE 802 standards represent a universal protocols for managing the
physical transmission of data across the physical network and comprises of
protocols including the Ethernet standard 802.3 for physical transmission
over local area networks.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Managing Network Communication

LANs WANs

TCP/IP IEEE 802 Standards Frame Relay PPP HDLC

• There exists however a clear distinction between the standards that manage
physical data flow and the standards responsible for logical forwarding and
delivery of traffic.

• Alternative standards exist for transmission over wide area networks:

• Frame Relay, HDLC and more legacy standards such as ATM.

• TCP/IP has been widely adopted as the protocol suite defining the upper
layer standards, regulating the rules (protocols) and behavior involved in
managing the logical forwarding and delivery between end stations.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Communication Between Two End Stations

Host A Host B

Frame Header Data Trailer

• Data link layer frames are used to govern transmission over the medium.
• As part of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard, data is encapsulated with header and
a trailer before it can be send over Ethernet Network.
• PDU, at the data link layer is known as a frame.
• Ethernet frames contain instructions that govern how and whether data can be
transmitted over the medium between two or more points.

• Ethernet frames come in two general formats:

• Ethernet II (used Now a days)
• 802.3 Format (used for older formats)
• Selection of format is highly dependent on the protocols that have been defined
prior to the framing encapsulation. (in upper layer)
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi
Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Frame Formats
Host A Host B

Ethernet II D.MAC S.MAC Type Data FCS

IEEE802.3 D.MAC S.MAC Length LLC SNAP Data FCS

Type Field Value >= 1536 (0x0600) Ethernet II

Type Field Value <= 1500 (0x05DC) IEEE802.3

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Ethernet II Frame

6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 46-1500 bytes 4 bytes

D.MAC S.MAC Type Data FCS

0x0800 IP 2048 (0x0800)

0x0806 ARP 2054 (0x0806)

 The Ethernet II frame type is associated with protocols with a

type value greater than 1536 (0x600).

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

IEEE802.3 Frame
• The IEEE 802.3 frame type is associated with protocols with a type value
less than 1500 (0x05DC).

• Some older protocols that have existed for many years but that are still
applied in support of Ethernet networks are likely to apply the IEEE 802.3
frame type.

• One clear example of this is found in the case of the Spanning Tree
Protocol (STP) that is represented by a value of 0x03 within the type field
of the SNAP header.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01
Frame Forwarding
• Media Access Control (MAC) addressing facilitates data link layer communication.

• Ethernet based networks achieve communication between two end stations on a LAN
using Media Access Control (MAC) addressing that allows end systems within a multi
access network to be distinguished.

• The MAC address is a physical address that is burned into the network interface card
to which the physical medium is connected.

• This same MAC address is retrieved and used as the destination MAC address of the
intended receiver by the sender, before the frame is transferred to the physical layer
for forwarding over the connected medium.
Host A Host B

MAC：10-0B-A9-23-38-10 MAC：10-0B-A9-9D-C9-B8

D.MAC

MAC：10-0B-A9-9D-B9-C8
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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

The Ethernet MAC Address

• MAC addresses are comprised of an organizationally unique identifier and a
vendor assigned address value.

• MAC address is a 48 bit value commonly represented in a hexadecimal (base 16)

format and, to make it unique, it is comprised of two parts:

• Organizationally Unique Identifier that is vendor specific (first 24 bits)

• The remaining 24 bits of the MAC address is a value that is incrementally and
uniquely assigned to each product (e.g. a Network Interface Card or similar
product supporting port interfaces for which a MAC is required).

48 bits

24 bits 24 bits

OUI Assigned by each organization

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi
Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Unicast Frame Forwarding

• The transmission of frames within a local network is achieved using one of three forwarding
methods, the first of these is unicast and refers to the transmission from a single source
location to a single destination.

• Each host interface is represented by a unique MAC address.

• This 8th bit is always set to 0 where the MAC address is a host MAC address, and signifies
that any frame containing this MAC address in the destination MAC address field is intended
for a single destination only.

• Where hosts exist within a shared collision domain, all connected hosts will receive the
unicast transmission but the frame will be generally ignored by all hosts where the MAC
address in the destination MAC field of the frame does not match the MAC value of the
receiving host on a given interface, leaving only the intended host to accept and process the
received data.

• Unicast transmissions are only forwarded from a single physical interface to the intended
destination, even in cases where multiple interfaces may exist.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Unicast Frame Forwarding

48 bits

7 bits 0

Host A Host B

unicast

Host C Host D

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Broadcast Frame Forwarding

48 bits

FF FF FF FF FF FF

Host A Host B

broadcast

Host C Host D

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Multicast
• Multicast forwarding can be understood as a form of selective broadcast that allows
select hosts to listen for a specific multicast MAC address.

• Since there is no relative distinction between unicast MAC addresses and multicast
MAC address formats, the multicast address is differentiated using the 8th bit of the
first octet.

• Where this bit value represents a value of 1, it identifies that the address is part of
the multicast MAC address range, as opposed to unicast MAC addresses where this
value is always 0.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Multicast Frame Forwarding

48 bits

7 bits 1

Host A Host B

multicast

Host C Host D

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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01
Carrier Sense
• In shared environment, it is necessary to determine whether any traffic is
currently occupying the transmission medium before sending the data.

• Transmission media provides a shared medium over which CSMA/CD must

be applied to ensure collisions are handled should they occur.

• If the transmission of a frame is detected on the link, the host will delay the
forwarding of its own frames until such time as the line becomes available,
following which the host will begin to forward frames from the physical
interface towards the intended destination.

• In full duplex transmission mode, it is considered not possible for transmitted

frames to suffer collisions since send/receive of frames occurs over separate
wires and therefore there is no requirement for CSMA/CD to be
implemented.

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Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Frame Forwarding
• Frame is carried over the medium to its intended destination.
• In the case of a shared network, the frame may be received by multiple hosts.
• If destination mac address does not matches the host mac’s or frame is not a
broadcast frame then the frame is discarded.
• For the intended destination, the frame will be received and processed.
• The host must also confirm that the integrity of the frame has been by checking the
frame check sequence (FCS) field.
• If the values do not match, the frame will be considered as corrupted and will be
subsequently discarded.
• For valid frames, the host will then need to determine the next stage of processing by
analyzing the type field of the frame header and identify the protocol to which this
frame is intended.
• In this example the frame type field contains a hexadecimal value of 0x0800 that
identifies that the data taken from the frame should be forwarded to the Internet
Protocol (IP), prior to which, the frame header and trailer are discarded.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01

Frame Processing
Host A Host B

MAC B MAC A 0x0800 Data FCS IP Data

Data

 Data link (frame) instructions are received, processed and

discarded.

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