HCNA 1 - Introduction and Protoctocol Stack Models

Lecture 1: Communication and Protocol Stack HCNA-01
Introduction
Engr. Usman Raza
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Instructor
Email: usman.raza@giki.edu.pk
Office: F 05
Office Hours:
Wednesday/Thursday 11:00 AM - 12:00 PM

Books and Simulator

• HCNA Networking Study Guide,
• Huawei ensp simulator

Course Execution
• Three lectures of two hour every week
• Lab + Lecture combined

Data Communication
• Communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some
form of transmission medium.
• A data communications system has five basic components:

1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Transmission Medium
5. Protocol

Complex Data Communication System

Data Flow in Computer Communication

Communication between two devices can be:
• Simplex:
– Communication is uni-directional.
– Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only
receive.
• Half-Duplex:
– Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time
– When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa.
• Full-Duplex or Duplex:
– Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.

Data Flow in Computer Communication

Networks

Networks
• A network is the interconnection of a set of devices capable of
communication.
• A network is a set of devices (Nodes) connected by the Communication

Links.
• Nodes:
– Computers
– Printers
– Other devices that can send and receive data.
– Also known as host
• Links:
– Paths or connections that connects nodes.
– Also known as communication channels.

Network Criteria

Network Criteria
• Performance of the Network:
– Number of Users
– Types of Transmission Medium
– Hardware
• Reliability of the Network:

– Frequency of the Failure
– Time to recover from Failure
• Security of the Network:

– Unauthorized Access
– Viruses

Network Topology
• A network topology can be termed as the way in which a
network is laid out physically.
• Network Topology refers to layout of a network; how different

nodes in a network are connected to each other and how they
communicate.
• There are four basic famous topologies :

– Mesh
– Star
– Bus
– Ring

Network Topology
• Mesh • Star
• Bus
• Ring

Network Types

Network Models
Protocol Layering
Engr. Usman Raza

PROTOCOL LAYERING
• Defined the term “protocol” in earlier while discussing “Basic
Components of Communication”.
– A protocol defines the rules that both the sender and receiver and all
intermediate devices need to follow to be able to communicate
effectively.
• When communication is simple, we may need only one simple

protocol.
• When the communication is complex, we may need to divide

the task between different layers, in which case we need a
protocol at each layer, or protocol layering.

PROTOCOL LAYERING
Scenario 1
• Even in this simple scenario, we can see that a set of rules
needs to be followed.
1. Maria and Ann know that they should greet each other when they meet.
2. They know that they should confine their vocabulary to the level of their
friendship.
3. Each party knows that she should refrain from speaking when the other
party is speaking.

PROTOCOL LAYERING
Scenario 2

Why Protocol Layering…?

• Protocol layering enables us to divide a complex task into
several smaller and simpler tasks
• It breaks network communication process into smaller and

simpler components, thus aiding component development,
design, and troubleshooting.
• It prevents changes in one layer from affecting the other layers,

allowing for quicker development.
• Layered Approach reduces Complexity.

Principles of Protocol Layering
• There are two principles of Protocol Layering:
• First Principle:
– In a bi-directional communication, each layer must perform opposite tasks at both
ends (sender and receiver).
– For example, In Scenario 2:
• The third layer task is to listen (in one direction) and talk (in the other direction).
• The second layer needs to be able to encrypt and decrypt.
• The first layer needs to send and receive mail.

Principles of Protocol Layering

• There are two principles of Protocol Layering:
• Second Principle:
– The two objects under each layer at both sides should be identical.
– For example, In Scenario 2
• The object under layer 3 at both sites should be a plaintext letter.
• The object under layer 2 at both sites should be a cipher text letter.
• The first layer needs to send and receive mail.

Network Models -
OSI Model

Network Models
• There are two network models widely used:
– TCP/IP model .
– OSI (Open System Interconnection) Model.

OSI Model
• There are seven layers in OSI model on both sides of the communication
Mnemonics Mnemonics
(Top-Down) (Bottom-Up)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All Away
People Pizza
Seem Sausage
To Throw
Need Not
Data Do
Processing Please

Protocol Data Unit

• PDU (Protocol Data Unit):
– The term used to describe data as it moves
from one layer of the OSI model to another.
– PDU up to this layer is “message” or “data”.
• Application, Presentation and Session Layer

– Data
• Transport Layer
– Segment
• Network Layer
– Packet/Datagram
• Data Link Layer
– Frames
• Physical Layer
– bits

OSI Model
Summary

TCP/IP Model
• Presented before OSI model.
• Originally Four Layer Model. But last layer can be
thought of as two layers: data link and physical.
• The TCP/IP model does not have session or presentation

layers. No need for them was perceived.
• Instead, applications simply include any session and
presentation functions that they require.
• Last layer also known as link layer

Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP

Communication at OSI Model

• Each layer, in OSI model, adds an additional information (header and trailer)
of itself to the packets. This process is known as Encapsulation.
• Decapsulation take place at the receiver end.
• At the destination host, each layer only decapsulates the packet received,
removes the payload (message), and delivers the payload to the next-higher
layer protocol until the message reaches the application layer.
• Decapsulation in the host also involves error checking.

Communication at OSI Model

Each layer, in OSI model, adds an additional information (header and trailer) of
itself to the packets. This process is known as Encapsulation.

Encapsulation at OSI Layers

Addressing
• There are three types of addressing in the networks:
• Physical Address
– At the physical and data link layers, communicating nodes (end nodes and
intermediate devices) are identified by addresses usually termed as Physical
Addresses.
– If the underlying interface is Ethernet, then the physical layer address is termed
as a MAC address and it consists of 6 bytes.
e.g. 07:01:02:01:2C:4B (A 6-byte (12 hexa digit) Address)
• Logical Address
– IP addresses are the logical address.
– There are different format for physical addresses for different interfaces.
– In order to cope with this IP addresses are used to identify the host in the
network.
– IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long and number about 4.3×109 .
– IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long and number about 3.4×1038.

Addressing
• Port Address
– Physical and Logical addresses are necessary for transmitting the data
from source host to destination host.
– There are multiple applications running at any instant in the network.
– In order to label the different addresses we need port addresses.
– A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to
65535.
– For receiving Email port address is 25; HTTP port is 80; HTTPS port is
443 and so on.

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Lecture 1: Communication and Protocol Stack HCNA-01

Engr. Usman Raza

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Books and Simulator

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

• A data communications system has five basic components:

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Complex Data Communication System

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Data Flow in Computer Communication

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Data Flow in Computer Communication

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

• A network is a set of devices (Nodes) connected by the Communication

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

• Reliability of the Network:

• Security of the Network:

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

• Network Topology refers to layout of a network; how different

• There are four basic famous topologies :

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Engr. Usman Raza

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

• When communication is simple, we may need only one simple

• When the communication is complex, we may need to divide

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Why Protocol Layering…?

• It breaks network communication process into smaller and

• It prevents changes in one layer from affecting the other layers,

• Layered Approach reduces Complexity.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Principles of Protocol Layering

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Protocol Data Unit

• Application, Presentation and Session Layer

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

• The TCP/IP model does not have session or presentation

• Last layer also known as link layer

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Communication at OSI Model

• Decapsulation take place at the receiver end.

• Decapsulation in the host also involves error checking.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Communication at OSI Model

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Encapsulation at OSI Layers

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi