Unit-2

Physical & MAC

Layer

Computer Network &

Cyber Security
Prepared By:
Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 OSI Model
• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model
that describes how information from a software application in
one computer moves through a physical medium to the software
application in another computer.
• OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular
network function.
• OSI model was developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered as an
architectural model for the inter-computer communications.
• OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable
tasks. Each layer is assigned a particular task.
• Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be
performed independently.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 7 Layers of OSI Model
• There are the seven OSI layers. Each layer has different functions. A
list of seven layers are given below:
• Physical Layer
• Data-Link Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Session Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Application Layer

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 7 Layers of OSI Model

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Characteristics of OSI Model:

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Characteristics of OSI Model:

• The OSI model is divided into two layers: upper layers and lower
layers.
• The upper layer of the OSI model mainly deals with the application
related issues, and they are implemented only in the software.
• The application layer is closest to the end user. Both the end user and
the application layer interact with the software applications.
• The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data transport issues.
The data link layer and the physical layer are implemented in hardware
and software.
• The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model and is closest
to the physical medium.
• The physical layer is mainly responsible for placing the information on
the physical medium.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 1) Physical layer

• The main functionality of the physical layer is to transmit the

individual bits from one node to another node.

• It is the lowest layer of the OSI model.

• It establishes, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.

• It specifies the mechanical, electrical and procedural network interface

specifications.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Functions of a Physical layer:

• Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or more devices can
be connected physically.

• Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode whether it is

simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex mode between the two devices on
the network.

• Topology: It defines the way how network devices are arranged.

• Signals: It determines the type of the signal used for transmitting the
information.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Physical layer

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 What is Transmission media?

• Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the

information from the sender to the receiver. Data is transmitted
through the electromagnetic signals.
• The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the
information in the form of bits through LAN(Local Area Network).
• In OSI(Open System Interconnection) phase, transmission media
supports the Layer 1. Therefore, it is considered to be as a Layer 1
component.
• The transmission media is available in the lowest layer of the OSI
reference model, i.e., Physical layer.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
Classification Of Transmission Media:

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Guided Media/ Wired Media
• It is defined as the physical medium through which the signals are
transmitted. It is also known as Bounded media.
• Types Of Guided media:

1. Twisted Pair Cable-

• Twisted pair is a physical media made up of a pair of cables twisted
with each other.
• A twisted pair cable is cheap as compared to other transmission media.
• Installation of the twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a lightweight
cable.
• The frequency range for twisted pair cable is from 0 to 3.5KHz.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 1. Twisted Pair Cable

Types of Twisted pair:

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 2. Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable is very commonly used transmission media, for
example, TV wire is usually a coaxial cable.
• The name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two conductors parallel
to each other.
• It has a higher frequency as compared to Twisted pair cable.
• The inner conductor of the coaxial cable is made up of copper, and the
outer conductor is made up of copper mesh.
• The middle core is made up of non-conductive cover that separates the
inner conductor from the outer conductor.

• Coaxial cable is of two types:

– Baseband transmission: It is defined as the process of
transmitting a single signal at high speed.
– Broadband transmission: It is defined as the process of
transmitting multiple signals simultaneously.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 2. Coaxial Cable

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 3. Fibre Optic Cable
• Fibre optic cable is a cable that uses electrical signals for
communication.
• Fibre optic is a cable that holds the optical fibres coated in plastic that
are used to send the data by pulses of light.
• The plastic coating protects the optical fibres from heat, cold,
electromagnetic interference from other types of wiring.
• Fibre optics provide faster data transmission than copper wires.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 3. Fibre Optic Cable

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Un-Guided / Wireless Transmission
Media
• An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves
without using any physical medium. Therefore it is also known
as wireless transmission.

• In unguided media, air is the media through which the

electromagnetic energy can flow easily.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 1. Radio waves
• Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that are transmitted in all
the directions of free space.
• Radio waves are omnidirectional, i.e., the signals are propagated in all
the directions.
• The range in frequencies of radio waves is from 3Khz to 1 khz.
• In the case of radio waves, the sending and receiving antenna are not
aligned, i.e., the wave sent by the sending antenna can be received by
any receiving antenna.
• An example of the radio wave is FM radio, Television, Cordless
phones, etc.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Microwaves

• Microwaves are of two types:

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Microwaves
1. Terrestrial Microwave Transmission

• Terrestrial Microwave transmission is a technology that transmits the

focused beam of a radio signal from one ground-based microwave
transmission antenna to another.
• Microwaves are the electromagnetic waves having the frequency in the
range from 1GHz to 1000 GHz.
• Microwaves are unidirectional as the sending and receiving antenna is
to be aligned, i.e., the waves sent by the sending antenna are narrowly
focussed.
• In this case, antennas are mounted on the towers to send a beam to
another antenna which is km away.
• It works on the line of sight transmission, i.e., the antennas mounted
on the towers are the direct sight of each other.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Microwaves
2. Satellite Microwave Communication

• A satellite is a physical object that revolves around the earth at a

known height.
• Satellite communication is more reliable nowadays as it offers more
flexibility than cable and fibre optic systems.
• We can communicate with any point on the globe by using satellite
communication.
• How Does Satellite work?
• The satellite accepts the signal that is transmitted from the earth
station, and it amplifies the signal.
• The amplified signal is retransmitted to another earth station.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 Infrared
• An infrared transmission is a wireless technology used for
communication over short ranges.
• The frequency of the infrared in the range from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
• It is used for short-range communication such as data transfer between
two cell phones, TV remote operation, data transfer between a
computer and cell phone resides in the same closed area.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 MAC Layer
• The Open System Interconnections (OSI) model is a layered
networking framework that conceptualizes how communications
should be done between heterogeneous systems.
• The data link layer is the second lowest layer.
• It is divided into two sublayers −
– The logical link control (LLC) sublayer
– The medium access control (MAC) sublayer

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 MAC Layer

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 MAC Addresses
• MAC address or media access control address is a unique identifier
allotted to a network interface controller (NIC) of a device.
• It is used as a network address for data transmission within a network
segment like Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
• MAC address is assigned to a network adapter at the time of
manufacturing.
• It is hardwired or hard-coded in the network interface card (NIC).
• A MAC address comprises of six groups of two hexadecimal digits,
separated by hyphens, colons, or no separators.
• An example of a MAC address is 00:0A:89:5B:F0:11.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 What is a multiple access protocol?

• When a sender and receiver have a dedicated link to transmit data

packets, the data link control is enough to handle the channel.
• Suppose there is no dedicated path to communicate or transfer the data
between two devices. In that case, multiple stations access the channel
and simultaneously transmits the data over the channel.
• It may create collision and cross talk. Hence, the multiple access
protocol is required to reduce the collision and avoid crosstalk
between the channels.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 ALOHA Random Access Protocol
• It is designed for wireless LAN (Local Area Network) but can also be
used in a shared medium to transmit data.
• Using this method, any station can transmit data across a network
simultaneously when a data frameset is available for transmission.
• Aloha Rules
– Any station can transmit data to a channel at any time.
– It does not require any carrier sensing.
– Collision and data frames may be lost during the transmission of
data through multiple stations.
– Acknowledgment of the frames exists in Aloha. Hence, there is no
collision detection.
– It requires retransmission of data after some random amount of
time.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 CSMA/ CD
• It is a carrier sense multiple access/ collision detection network
protocol to transmit data frames.
• The CSMA/CD protocol works with a medium access control layer.
• Therefore, it first senses the shared channel before broadcasting the
frames, and if the channel is idle, it transmits a frame to check whether
the transmission was successful.
• If the frame is successfully received, the station sends another frame.
If any collision is detected in the CSMA/CD, the station sends a jam/
stop signal to the shared channel to terminate data transmission.
• After that, it waits for a random time before sending a frame to a
channel.

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 CSMA/ CA
• It is a carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance network
protocol for carrier transmission of data frames.
• It is a protocol that works with a medium access control layer. When a
data frame is sent to a channel, it receives an acknowledgment to
check whether the channel is clear.
• If the station receives only a single (own) acknowledgments, that
means the data frame has been successfully transmitted to the receiver.
• But if it gets two signals (its own and one more in which the collision
of frames), a collision of the frame occurs in the shared channel.
• Detects the collision of the frame when a sender receives an
acknowledgment signal.
• Following are the methods used in the CSMA/ CA to avoid the
collision:
– 1. Interframe space
– 2. Contention window:

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale
 References

• 1. Andrew S. Tenenbaum, “Computer Networks”, PHI, ISBN 81-203-

2175-8.
• 2. Fourauzan B., "Data Communications and Networking", 5th
Edition, Tata McGraw- Hill, Publications, ISBN: 0 – 07 – 058408 – 7.
• 3. Javapoint.com

Unit-2 Physical & MAC Layer|| Class- TY Mtrx || Prepared By: Prof. Chaitanya Kale