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Product: BACKHOE LOADER

Model: 446 BACKHOE LOADER 6XF
Configuration: 446 BACKHOE LOADER 6XF00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3114 ENGINE
Testing and Adjusting

446 BACKHOE LOADER HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Media Number -SENR3976-01 Publication Date -01/06/1991 Date Updated -25/04/2002
Testing And Adjusting
Introduction
Reference: For Specifications with illustrations, make reference to the Specifications For 446
Backhoe Loader, Form No. SENR3975. If the Specifications given in Form SENR3975 are not the
same as given in the Systems Operation and the Testing and Adjusting, look at the printing date on
the back cover of each book. Use the Specifications given in the book with the latest date.
Procedure
Sudden movement of the vehicle or release of oil under pressure can

cause injury to persons on or near the vehicle. To prevent possible
injury, do the procedure that follows before testing and adjusting the
hydraulic system.
1. Move the vehicle to a smooth horizontal location. Move away from working vehicles and
personnel and lower the buckets or implements (loader and backhoe) and stabilizers to the ground.
2. Permit only one operator on the vehicle. Keep all other personnel either away from the vehicle or
in view of the operator.
3. Activate the parking brake.
4. Stop the engine.
5. Move the hydraulic control levers to all positions to release the pressure in the hydraulic system.
6. Carefully loosen the filler cap on the hydraulic tank to release the pressure in the tank.
7. Make sure all hydraulic pressure is released before any fitting, hose or component is loosened,
tightened, removed or adjusted.
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8. Tighten the filler cap on the hydraulic tank.
9. The pressure in the system has now been released and lines or components can be removed.
When defining a hydraulic system problem, the following procedure should be followed. First, do
Visual Checks. If when complete the problem has not been identified, do Operational Checks. If the
problem is still not fully understood, do Instrument Tests. This procedure will help identify
hydraulic system problems. As soon as the problem is defined, go to Troubleshooting. The
Troubleshooting section will list the probable causes of a known problem. Since there may be more
than one cause for a problem, the Troubleshooting section may suggest specific inspections or
instrument tests be done. These inspections and tests will help identify which of the causes is most
probable.
During a diagnosis of the hydraulic system, remember that correct oil flow and pressure are
necessary for correct operation. Oil pressure is caused by resistance to the flow of oil.
Visual Checks
A visual inspection of the hydraulic system and its components is the first step when identifying a
problem. Stop the engine, lower the buckets or implements (loader and backhoe) and stabilizers to
the ground. To remove the tank filler cap, slowly turn the filler cap until it is loose. If oil comes out,
let the tank pressure lower before the filler cap is removed. Make the following inspections:
Do not check for leaks with your hands. Pin hole (very small) leaks can
result in a high velocity oil stream that will be invisible close to the hose.
This oil can penetrate the skin and cause personal injury. Use
cardboard or paper to locate pin hole leaks.
1. Check all backhoe, stabilizer and loader oil line connections for damage and leaks.
2. Follow all backhoe, stabilizer and loader oil lines from the implement connections to control
valve connections. Check the lines and connections for damage and leaks.
3. Check the control valves for leaks. Look around the relief valves and the primary and secondary
resolvers.
4. Check the pump and connections for damage and leaks.
5. Follow the pump lines to the tank and control valves. Check the lines for damage and leaks.
6. Check the oil cooler and tank for damage and leaks.
7. Check tank oil level.
8. Use a clear bottle or container to get an oil sample from the tank immediately after the vehicle is
stopped. Check for air bubbles in the oil sample.
9. Remove the filter elements and check for particles removed from the oil by the filter elements. A
magnet will separate ferrous particles from nonferrous particles (piston rings, O-rings, seals, etc.).
Operational Checks
Make reference to WARNING on the first page of the TESTING AND

ADJUSTING section.
The operation checks can be used to find leakage in the system. They can be used to find a bad valve
or pump. The speed of rod movement when the cylinders operate can be used to check the condition
of the cylinders and the pump.
RAISE, LOWER, DUMP and TILT BACK the loader bucket several times.
Operate each backhoe implement function several times.
RAISE and LOWER the stabilizers several times.
1. Watch the cylinders as they are extended and retracted. Movement must be smooth and regular.
2. Listen for noise from the pump.
3. Listen for the sound of the relief valves and for engine lug when cylinder(s) is at the end of their
stroke. Relief valves must not open and engine must not lug. If either occurs, check pump cutoff
setting and/or relief valve pressure.
4. Watch the operation of the return to dig features.
The loader lift control lever has a detent in the FLOAT position.
The loader bucket tilt control lever has a detent in the TILT BACK position (only when the bucket is
between full dump and the bucket angle to dig).
Implement and Stabilizer Cylinder Drift Check

The drift rates will change with different conditions of the hydraulic components as well as with the
operation, the type of bucket (empty or loaded), hydraulic oil temperature, etc.
The values shown are for an empty bucket. Before measuring drift on the implements, the cylinders
must be extended at least five times. Check the oil temperature.
If the cylinder drift is too much:
1. Check the makeup valves in the affected control valves.
2. Check the condition of the valve spools in the affected control valves.
3. Check the piston seals in the cylinders.
Loader Circuits
To check the loader lift and tilt circuits, lift the bucket to 800 to 1000 mm (31.5 to 39.5 in) above
ground level. Disconnect the bucket leveler. Tilt the bucket until it is level. Move the lift control
lever to the HOLD position. Measure the distance (and check the time) that the lift and tilt cylinders
retract. Compare to the chart.
Backhoe Circuits
To check the backhoe boom, bucket and stick cylinders, position implements in the following
manner. Stick out until the stick is horizontal (parallel to ground). Position the bucket so the bottom
(cutting edge) is perpendicular to the ground. Raise the boom until the bucket tip is 200 to 400 mm
(8 to 16 in) above ground level. If the vehicle has a factory installed extendable stick, it should be
fully retracted. When correctly positioned, move implement control levers to HOLD. Measure the
distance (and check the time).
Stabilizer Circuits
To check stabilizer cylinder drift, put the backhoe in the travel position. Lower the stabilizer and lift
the rear wheels about 50 mm (2 in) off the ground.
Cycle Times
During all cycle time tests, engine should be at high idle and oil at operating temperature.
Cycle time tests should be run through full cylinder stroke or as directed.
Cycle time tests should be run on a flat dry surface. During some tests, the implement may impact
the ground heavily. Care should be taken to protect finished ground surfaces.
If the cycle times are not correct:
1. Check the pump efficiency.
2. Check the setting of the relief valves.
3. Check the makeup valves in the affected control valve.
4. Check the control valve spool in the affected control valve.
5. Check the piston seals in the affected hydraulic circuit.
Backhoe Cycle Times
Test Procedures
*Tests 1 & 2
NOTICE
Watch for overhead obstructions before conducting these tests.
Start with
stick fully
extended

and the bucket in the fully loaded

machine has an extendable stick that was factory installed, it should be fully retracted. Lower boom
until bucket is resting on level ground.
For Test 2, move the boom control lever to full boom UP. Measure the time until the boom reaches
the overcenter position (point at which it breaks over the lock into transport position).
**Tests 3 & 4
Start with boom at 45° from ground level. Fully extend the stick and move the bucket to the fully
loaded (closed or curled) position. If the machine has an extendable stick that was factory installed,
it should be fully retracted.
For Test 3, move the boom control lever to full boom DOWN. Measure the time until bucket hits the
ground.
For Test 4, keep the boom control lever in full boom DOWN after Test 3. Measure the time until
rear of machine begins to rise.
***Tests 12 & 13
For Test 12, start with stabilizers at ground level. Measure time required for stabilizers to travel
from ground level to full raise position.
For Test 13, start with stabilizers at full raise position. Measure time required for stabilizers to travel
from full raise position to ground level.
****Tests 14 & 15
Times are applicable only if extendable stick was factory installed.
Loader Cycle Times
Test Procedures
*Test 1
NOTICE
Watch for overhead obstructions before conducting these tests.
Start with bucket at ground level and in fully dumped position. Measure time required for bucket to
travel from ground level to full raise position.
**Test 2
Start with bucket at full raise position and in fully dumped position. Measure time required for
bucket to travel from full raise position to ground level.
Resolver Network Check
Signal Resolver Network Schematic

(1) Primary resolver check valve. (2) Secondary resolver check valve. (3) Resolver check valve. (4) Backhoe control
valve group. (5) Stabilizer control valve group. (6) Loader control valve group.
Typical Control Valve

(1) Primary resolver. (2) Secondary resolver.
RH frame inside wheel fender

(1) Primary resolvers (loader valve group).
Bottom Of Backhoe Valve Group

(3) Resolver.
A resolver is a check valve. It compares two pressures. The lower of the two pressures is blocked.
The higher of the pressures or signals goes to the next component in the resolver network.
There are two resolvers per implement control valve in stabilizer control valve group (5) and loader
control valve group (6). Backhoe control valve bank has only one resolver per implement control
valve.
In the stabilizer and loader control valve groups, primary resolver (1) compares rod to head cylinder
pressures. Secondary resolver (2) compares the highest primary signal in its control valve to the
highest primary signal in the next control valve. In the backhoe control valve group, resolver (3)
compares the highest primary signal in its control valve to the highest primary signal in the next
control valve. The signal resolver network is arranged in series stopping with the pump compensator
valve.
The signal network can be easily checked. Start the engine and warm up the oil. Run the engine at
high idle rpm for this check. Operate each control lever in the following order:
1. Stick.
2. Backhoe bucket.
3. Boom.
4. Swing.
5. Auxiliary (if equipped).
6. Left stabilizer.
7. Right stabilizer.
8. Extendable stick (if equipped).
9. Loader bucket tilt.
10. Loader lift.
11. Multi-purpose bucket (if equipped).
12. Steering.
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Backhoe Control Valve Group Resolvers
If two or more control valves in series (next to each other) fail to work normally, operate all the
control valves in the proper sequence until the last malfunctioning valve is located. The resolver in
the last malfunctioning control valve may be bad.
Stabilizer And Loader Control Valve Group Resolvers
If only one control valve function either fails to work in one or both directions or works slowly in
one or both directions, the primary resolver in that control valve may be bad.
If two or more control valves in series (next to each other) fail to work normally, check the
secondary resolvers. To check the secondary resolver in any control valve, operate all the control
valves in the proper sequence until the last malfunctioning valve is located. The secondary resolver
in the last malfunctioning control valve may be bad.
When any resolver (primary or secondary) is suspected of being bad, do the following check. Stall
any control valve that is closer to the pump supply. This should supply stall pressure to the entire
system. While at stall, try to operate the previously malfunctioning valve. If the malfunctioning
valve now works properly, the resolver in question is bad. If the valve doesn't work properly
(pressure still too low or blocked), it is not a resolver problem. If a resolver is bad, remove it. Check
the seals and resolver. Clean and replace, or replace with a new resolver.
Resolver Network Bleed Procedure
Make reference to the WARNING on the first page of TESTING AND

ADJUSTING section.

Cross ! " #$
(1) Plug. (2) Bleed valve.
%& Remove plug (1) from the pump compensator valve. Inside the bore for plug (1) is bleed valve
(2). Open (turn out) bleed valve (2) three turns.
2. Start the engine and run at low idle. A small amount of oil may leak by the bleed valve during the
procedure.
3. To bleed the signal network, start with the stick control valve. It is the first valve in the signal
network.
4. Move the control lever for the valve FORWARD for 1 second and BACKWARD for 5 seconds.
The implement may or may not move.
5. Move to the next control lever. Repeat Step 4.
In the following order, work each control lever:
Stick.Backhoe bucket.Boom.Swing.Auxiliary (if equipped).Left stabilizer.Right

stabilizer.Extendable stick (if equipped).Loader bucket tilt.Loader lift.Multi-purpose bucket (if
equipped).
6. After all implement control valves are bled, turn the steering from stop to stop in both directions.
7. Close off bleed valve (2) and reinstall plug (1).
NOTE: This procedure will bleed the complete signal network only if it is done in the above order.
Any other order will not bleed all of the air from the signal network.
Instrument Tests

ADJUSTING section.
Instrument testing on the hydraulic system and its components is the final step when diagnosing a
problem. Test results should verify the status of a component. Adjusting procedures are provided
where needed.
Location of Pressure Taps
Front Of Vehicle
(1) Signal line pressure tap. (2) Pump discharge pressure tap. (3) Pump. (4) Compensator valve.
Hydraulic Oil Contamination Test

The hydraulic oil in this system is SAE 10W. If the oil becomes dirty, component failure could
result. Dirty oil can also contribute to overheating.
Start the engine and run at high engine rpm. Actuate all cylinders through at least ten full strokes (do
not use loader float for this procedure). Lower all implements and stabilizers to the ground. Stop the
engine. Move all control levers through all positions to release pressure in the hydraulic system.
Remove the tank filler cap slowly. If oil or pressure is seen or heard coming out, let the tank
pressure lower before the cap is fully removed. Connect a hose assembled to quick disconnect (2) in
the pump discharge port. Run the free end of the hose into the tank through the fill tube. Make sure
all hydraulic controls are in HOLD. Start the engine and run at low idle.
Do not operate hydraulic controls.
Draw a 50 mL sample through a tee in the hose assembly. The contaminant level must be equal to or
less than the following:
Pump Discharge Pressure Test

6V4161 Pressure Gauge Kit or8T5320 Hydraulic Testing Group
Pump discharge pressures are known values and can be tested during two specific conditions. These
two conditions are low pressure standby and high pressure stall.
Low Pressure Standby Test Procedure
1. Lower all implements and stabilizers to the ground.
2. Install 0 to 13 800 kPa (0 to 2000 psi) gauges in signal pressure tap (1) and pump discharge
pressure tap (2).
3. Start the engine and run at high idle rpm.
4. Leave all control levers in HOLD.
5. Do not move the steering wheel.
6. The pressure reading must be about 3600 ± 350 kPa (520 ± 50 psi). Low pressure standby
pressure is equal to margin pressure 2100 ± 350 kPa (305 ± 50 psi) plus the additional pressure
needed to overcome the weight of the pump swashplate and the forces of the bias piston and spring.
This is about an additional 1500 kPa (220 psi).
7. Adjustments to pump output should not be made based on the results of this test. Instead, if the
results are not acceptable, the Margin Pressure Test should be run.
8. Signal pressure at pressure tap (1) should be 700 ± 125 kPa (100 ± 18 psi) with engine at hi idle
and pump at low pressure standby.
High Pressure Stall Test Procedure
2. Shut off the engine and move the control levers to all positions to release system pressure.
3. Relieve tank pressure.
4. Install a 0 to 28 000 kPa (0 to 4000 psi) gauge in pump discharge pressure tap (2).
6. Move all control levers (one at a time) except boom down in both directions to initiate a stall
condition. Do not hold any function in stall for more than 10 seconds. If more time is needed, wait
30 seconds before returning to stall.
7. All pressure readings must be 20000 ± 350 kPa (2900 ± 51 psi) (on 5BL 1-400 models) or 22400
± 500 kPa (3250 ± 70 psi) (on 5BL 500-Up models). If the pressure readings are all too low or too
high, the pressure spool in the compensator valve needs to be adjusted. See COMPENSATOR
VALVE ADJUSTMENT in this module.
Margin Pressure Test
Loader Tilt Circuit

(5) Hose (cylinder head end). (6) Tube (cylinder head end). (7) Hose (cylinder rod end). (8) Tube (cylinder rod end).
4. Connect one 0 to 13 800 kPa (0 to 2000 psi) pressure gauge to pressure tap (1) and one to pressure
tap (2).
5. Disconnect hose (5) from tube (6) and hose (7) from tube (8).
6. Install two 6V8398 O-rings into the modified 6V8731 Union (FT1990).
7. Install the modified 6V8731 Union between hose (5) and hose (7).
8. Start the engine and run at low idle rpm. Check for leaks.
9. Warm up the hydraulic oil. Check for leaks.
10. Bring the engine to high idle rpm.
11. Activate the tilt lever.
12. The pressure on pump discharge line [pressure tap (2)] should be 2100 ± 350 kPa (305 ± 50 psi)
higher than the pressure tap (1).
NOTE: The gauges used should be recently calibrated. If not, do the test twice. Once as described;
then, once after switch gauge locations.
13. If the pressure difference is not correct, the flow spool in the compensator valve needs to be
adjusted. See COMPENSATOR VALVE ADJUSTMENT in this module.
Compensator Valve Adjustment
NOTICE
When the compensator is rebuilt, be sure pressure compensator

adjustment is backed out to a low pressure setting before engine is
started. Severe pump and system damage could be the result.
Pump compensator valve (4) can be tested by running one of the pump discharge tests. The high
pressure stall test will tell if the pressure spool in compensator valve (4) needs adjusted. The margin
pressure test will tell if the flow spool in compensator valve (4) needs adjusted.
Compensator Valve
(9) Flow adjusting screw. (10) Pressure adjusting screw.
Flow Compensator Spool Adjustment
Adjustments to the flow compensator spool can be made on the vehicle. If the margin pressure test
indicates an adjustment is needed, follow this procedure:
3. Loosen the locknut for adjusting screw (9).
4. Turn adjusting screw (9) clockwise to increase the pressure setting and counterclockwise to
decrease the setting.
'5Repeat the high pressure stall test to make sure the pressure setting is 20000 ± 350 kPa (2900 ± 51
psi) (on 5BL 1-499 models) or 22400 ± 500 kPa (3250 ± 70 psi).
6. When the pressure is adjusted correctly, tighten the locknut for adjusting screw (9).
Pressure Compensator Spool Adjustment
Adjustments to the pressure compensation spool can be made on the vehicle. If the high pressure
stall test indicates an adjustment is needed, follow this procedure:
3. Loosen the locknut for adjusting screw (10).
4. Turn adjusting screw (10) clockwise to increase the pressure setting and counterclockwise to
decrease the setting.
5. Repeat the high pressure stall test to make sure the pressure setting is 20 000 ± 350 kPa (2900 ±
50 psi).
6. When the pressure is adjusted correctly, tighten the locknut for adjusting screw (10).
Pump Efficiency Tests

This test is designed to tell if a pump is operating within design parameters. Presently only a bench
test is available. This test should be run only if all cylinder cycle times are too slow and the resolver
network has checked out good.
For any pump test, the pump flow, measured in U.S. gpm (liter/min) at 100 psi (690 kPa) will be
larger than the pump flow at 1000 psi (6900 kPa) at the same rpm
The difference between the pump flow of two operating pressures is the flow loss.
Method of finding flow loss:
Flow loss when expressed as a percent of pump flow is used as a measure of pump performance.
Example of finding percent of flow loss:
Formula I:
Formula II:
If the percent of flow loss is more than 10%, pump performance is not good enough.
*
Numbers in examples are for illustration and are not values for any specific pump or pump
condition. See Specifications For 446 Backhoe Loader Hydraulic System, Form SENR3975, for
pump flow of a new pump at 100 psi and 1000 psi.
Test on the Bench
If the test bench can be run at 1000 psi and at full pump rpm, find the percent of flow loss using
Formula I.
Formula I:
If the test bench can not be run at 1000 psi at full pump rpm, run the pump shaft at 1000 rpm.
Measure the pump flow at 100 psi (690 kPa) and at 1000 psi (6900 kPa). Use these values in the top
part of Formula II. For the bottom part of the formula, run the pump shaft at 2000 rpm. Measure the
pump flow at 100 rpm.
Formula II:
Relief Valves

ADJUSTING section.
There is no main line relief valve. The pressure spool of the compensator valve acts as a main line
relief. It limits system pressure to 20000 ± 350 kPa (2900 ± 51 psi) (on 5BL1-499 models) or 22400
± 500 kPa (3250 ± 70 psi) (on 5BL 500-Up models). This can be checked on the vehicle without
supplemental pump pressure. The boom, head end relief valve, is the only other implement relief
that can be checked on the vehicle without supplemental pump pressure. All other implement relief
valves are set above the pump compensator spool setting. These all require supplemental pump
pressure to check.
Loader Control Valve Group

(1) Tilt-head end. (2) Tilt-rod end. (3) Lift-rod end. (4) Auxiliary-rod end.
NOTE: Valve (3) in the lift circuit is a makeup valve.
Backhoe Control Valve Group

(5) Swing-right side. (6) Swing-left side. (7) Boom-head end. (8) Boom-rod end. (9) Bucket-head end. (10) Bucket-rod
end. (11) Stick-rod end. (12) Stick head end.
On Machine Tests
Boom Head End Relief Valve
(The boom head end relief valve can be checked on the vehicle without supplemental pump pressure
All other relief valve tests require a supplemental pump supply.
Use the procedure that follows:
1. Lower all implements and stabilizer to the ground.
2. Shut off the engine and move all the control levers to all positions. This releases system pressure.
4. Install a 0 to 28 000 kPa (0 to 4000 psi) gauge in signal line pressure tap (1).
6. Warm up the oil.
7. Move the boom to the transport position and lock it in place.
8. Run the engine at low idle.
9. Move the control lever to the DOWN position to initiate a stall. Do not hold the implement in stall
more than 10 seconds. If more time is needed, wait 30 seconds before returning to stall.
10. See the chart for correct pressure setting and tolerance.
Implement Relief Valves (Except Boom Head End)
Use the following procedure to check all implement relief valves except the boom head end.
The testing location will change for each relief valve circuit. There are two possible fitting sizes
used depending on the circuit being tested.
1. Assemble two adapter assemblies similar to the picture below.
Adapter Assemblies
(13) 1P2375 Quick Disconnect (male). (14) 5B1309 Coupling. (15) 8T4238 Adapter. (16) 6V8632 1"-14THD
Connector. (17) 6V8639 13/16"-16THD Connector. (18) 1P2376 Quick Disconnect [female (not shown)].
3. Shut off the engine and move all control levers to all positions. This releases system pressure.
5. Break the circuit being tested at the cylinder connection. For example, if the boom head end relief
valve is being checked, disconnect the line or tube where it connects to the head end of the cylinder.
Some oil may drain from the line when disconnected.
6. Install the right adapter assembly into the hose or tube that goes back to the control valve. Make
sure the right O-ring is installed correctly. Do not install adapter into the cylinder.
7. The female end of quick disconnect (31) should be connected to 3S6224 Pump Hose.
8. Connect quick disconnect (31) to quick disconnect (26). This now completes the circuit from the
supplemental pump to the control valve.
Make reference to the WARNING On the first page of TEST AND

ADJUSTING section. When the supplemental pump is turned on and
the control valve or spool is worn or the control valve malfunctions, the
implement whose circuit is being tested may move.
9. Turn 3S6224 Pump on. Check for leaks at the connection.
10. Slowly increase pressure. Note the pressure the relief valve opens. Check this actual pressure to
the chart.
NOTICE
Pump 3S6224 only has a two gallon reservoir. Pump damage may
result if run with an empty reservoir.
Relief Valve Adjustments

See the subject RELIEF VALVES when testing relief valves.
Makeup And Relief Valve

(19) Locknut. (20) Adjusting screw.
1. Remove the protective cap from the relief valve.
2. Loosen locknut (19).
3. Turn adjusting screw (20) clockwise for an increase. Turn adjusting screw (20) counterclockwise
for a decrease in the pressure setting of the relief valve.
4. After screw (20) is turned for an adjustment, tighten locknut (19) and retest the adjustment.
5. Install the protective cap after the adjustments are correct.
Bucket Positioner And Kickout Group

Adjustment
(1) Spacers. (2) Rod. (3) Angle. (4) Locknut. (5) Weldnut. (6) Pointer. (7) Switch. (8) Nut. (9) Bolts. (10) Plate. (11)
Nut. (12) Plate.
Use spacers (1) as necessary to provide a 0.0 to 2.0 mm (.000 to .08 in) gap between bearing and
right hand side lift arm (no gap on left hand side lift arm).
Length of rod (2) between centerline of pins:
Distance A ... 743 ± 2 mm (29.3 ± .08 in)
Adjustment Procedure
NOTE: Start the adjustment procedure with the machine on level ground. Lower the loader bucket
flat on the ground.
1. Rack bucket back from ground line position to against stop. Raise arms until bucket starts to self
level (DUMP).
2. Measure angle (3) from cutting edge relative to the ground. Angle (3) should be 62 ± 3°.
3. If angle (3) is not within tolerance, adjust length of rod (2). Loosen locknut (4) and turn rod (2)
with weldnut (5). Lengthen rod (2) to increase angle (3) and shorten rod (2) to decrease angle (3).
When adjustment is complete, tighten locknut (4).
4. Lower bucket until level and on ground without lifting wheels.
5. Mark position of pointer (6).
6. Loosen nut (11) as far as possible without removing it. Loosen bolts (9) and adjust plate (10) to
highest possible position. Tighten bolts (9) lightly.
7. Move switch (7) toward rear of machine by slowly loosening nut (8) until the switch roller
contacts follower plate (12). Continue loosening nut (8) until switch (7) "clicks". Loosen nut (8)
approximately one more full turn. Tighten nut (11) to 2.45 ± 0.25 N·m (22 ± 2.2 lb in). The switch
body must remain vertical.
8. Lightly loosen bolts (9) and lower plate (10) until switch "clicks".
NOTE: This "click" will occur as the switch roller begins to drop off the ramp on plate (12).
9. Tighten bolts (9).
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting Problem List
1. The temperature of the oil is too hot.
2. Pump makes unusual noise, the cylinders do not move smoothly.
3. Large amount of air in the oil.
4. Pump pressure too low.
5. Pump pressure too high.
6. Pause before pressure is reached in all circuits.
7. Signal pressure is too high or too low when all valves in HOLD and steering not used.
8. Any implement moves with control lever in HOLD position.
9. Line reliefs too noisy.
10. Too much implement drift.
11. Implement droops when going from a partially raised position to a raised position.
12. All cycle times too slow.
13. The backhoe boom, bucket or stick cycle times too slow.
14. There is too long of a pause at ground level before raising vehicle during boom lower
cycle time check.
15. The backhoe boom, bucket or stick cycle times too fast.
16. The loader lift, tilt or clam, or the backhoe extendable stick or auxiliary cycle times are too
slow.
17. The loader lift, tilt or clam, or the backhoe extendable stick or auxiliary cycle times are too
fast.
18. Swing cycle times too slow.
19. Swing cycle times too fast.
20. Stabilizer RAISE cycle time too fast.
21. Stabilizer LOWER cycle time too fast.
22. Stabilizer cycle times too slow.
23. Stabilizer will not move.
24. Stabilizers are unstable (jerky) when RAISING (LOWERING the vehicle).
25. Backhoe bucket hits the load (curl) stop hard.
26. The swing cylinders hit the swing stops hard.
PROBLEM 1: The temperature of the oil is too hot.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The viscosity of the oil is wrong.
)*+The pressure compensator spool valve opens at low oil pressure

3. The pump has too much wear.
4. There is a restriction in an oil passage.
5. The load of the system is too high.
6. Oil aeration.
7. A restriction to the flow of cool air through the oil cooler.
8. Outside air temperature is too hot.
PROBLEM 2: Pump makes unusual noise, the cylinder rods do not move smoothly and there
are air bubbles in the oil.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The viscosity of the oil is wrong.

2. The relief valve opens at low oil pressure.
3. Loose connection of the oil line on the inlet side of pump. Oil aeration.
4. The pump has too much wear.
PROBLEM 3: A large amount of air in the oil.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. A leak in the oil line between the tank and the pump.
2. Failure to correctly bleed the hydraulic system after assembly, inspection or testing.
3. Relief valve constantly opens and closes.
4. Leakage in and around cylinder seals.
PROBLEM 4: Pump pressure too low.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Flow spool side of compensator valve set wrong (margin pressure low).
2. Flow spool spring broken.
3. Pump not upstroking (swashplate blocked or actuator spring broken).
4. Leak in signal network.
5. Low setting in relief valve.
PROBLEM 5: Pump pressure too high.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Pressure spool side of compensator valve set wrong.

2. Pressure spool in compensator valve not moving (stuck).
3. Pump not destroking (actuator piston stuck or swashplate blocked).
PROBLEM 6: There is a pause before pressure is reached in all circuits.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Air in signal network.
PROBLEM 7: Signal pressure is too high or too low when all valves are in HOLD and steering
not used.
PROBABLE CAUSE (Too High):
1. All controls not in HOLD.

2. Backhoe restrictor valve is sticking.
PROBABLE CAUSE (Too Low):
1. Backhoe restrictor valve is sticking.

2. A resolver is stuck open.
PROBLEM 8: Any implement moves with control lever in HOLD position.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The control valve and valve spool have a large amount of wear.
2. A piston seal in a cylinder has a large amount of wear.
3. A leak in a connection between the control valve and the cylinders.
PROBLEM 9: Line reliefs too noisy.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Affected relief valve set too low.

2. Springs in affected relief valve broken or fatigued.
3. Pressure spool side of compensator valve set too high.
PROBLEM 10: Too much implement drift.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Leakage in and around the seals on the piston in the cylinder(s) affected.
2. Low setting of line relief.
3. Leakage past a line relief valve or makeup valve for the affected circuit.
4. The spool in the main control valve is not correctly centered. This problem can be caused
by a broken spring or sticky valve spool.
5. If the drift problem is in the stabilizer cylinders, the cause can be any of those above. In
addition, the lock valve in the stabilizer affected may not be seated properly.
PROBLEM 11: Implement droops when going from a partially raised position to a raised
position.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Air in signal network.

2. Advanced timing signal passages in the control valve main spool blocked in the affected
circuit.
3. The control valve compensator spool spring(s) may be broken or fatigued.
4. If the droop problem is in the backhoe boom circuit, the problem can be any of the above.
In addition, the load check valve could be stuck.
PROBLEM 12: All implement cycle times too slow.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Blockage or leakage in signal network (possibly due to oil contamination).

2. Margin pressure setting incorrect (particularly if problem occurs with cold oil).
3. Pump not at full stroke. (Actuator piston stuck or swashplate blocked.)
PROBLEM 13: The backhoe boom, bucket or stick cycle times are too slow.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The control valve main spool is not fully shifted for the affected circuit.
2. Blocked or partially blocked load signal going to pump compensator valve or leakage in the
signal network.
3. The affected circuit line relief setting is too low.
4. The affected circuit line relief valve is leaking.
5. Leaking in and around the affected cylinder(s) piston seals.
6. Broken flow control spring.
8. Low pump margin pressure setting.
PROBLEM 14: There is too long of a pause at ground level before raising vehicle during boom
lower cycle time check.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The restrictor spool in the backhoe inlet manifold stays open. (Broken restrictor spool
spring or restrictor spool sticking.)
PROBLEM 15: The backhoe boom, bucket or stick cycle times are too fast.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Engine high idle is too fast. Hydraulic pump is stroking up too far (broken swashplate stop).
PROBLEM 16: The loader lift or tilt, clam, or the backhoe extendable stick or auxiliary cycle
times are too slow.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The control valve main spool is not fully shifted for the affected circuits.
2. Blocked or partially blocked load signal going to pump compensator valves or leakage in
the signal network.
3. The affected circuit line relief setting is too low.
4. The affected circuit line relief valve is leaking.
5. Leaking in and around the affected cylinder(s) piston seals.
PROBLEM 17: The loader lift, tilt, clam, or the backhoe extendable stick or auxiliary cycle
times are too fast.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The affected control valve compensator spool not limiting flow and pressure. Springs
broken or fatigued.
PROBLEM 18: Swing cycle times too slow.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The control valve main spool is not fully shifted.
2. Blocked or partially blocked load signal going to pump compensator valve or leakage in the
signal network.
3. Swing relief valve setting too low.
4. Swing relief valve leaking.
5. Leaking in and around the swing cylinder piston seals.
6. Blocked or partially blocked orifice check valve in the cylinder-to-cylinder crossover lines.
PROBLEM 19: Swing cycle times too fast.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The control valve compensator spool not limiting flow and pressure. Springs broken or
fatigued.
2. The orifice check valves in the cylinder head ends are missing or reversed.
PROBLEM 20: Stabilizer RAISE cycle time is too fast.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The cylinder head and/or rod end orifice check valve is missing or has been reversed.
PROBLEM 21: Stabilizer LOWER cycle time is too fast.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Another circuit is at stall speed.

2. Pump margin pressure setting is too high.
PROBLEM 22: Stabilizer cycle times are too slow.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The control valve main spool is not fully shifted.

2. Blocked or partially blocked load signal going to the pump compensator valve or leakage in
the signal network.
3. Leaking in and around the affected cylinder piston seals.
4. Pump is not at full stroke. (Actuator piston stuck or swashplate is blocked.)
6. If the cycle times are too slow in LOWER only, the problem can be any of the above. In
addition, the orifice check valves may be installed backwards.
PROBLEM 23: Stabilizers will not move.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. There is a hydraulic lock because the pilot signal passage to the lock valve is blocked. (See
Problem 22).
PROBLEM 24: Stabilizers are unstable (jerky) when RAISING (LOWERING vehicle).
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. The rod end orifice check valves are broken, missing or installed backwards.
PROBLEM 25: The swing cylinders hit the swing stops hard.
PROBABLE CAUSE:
1. Broken head end snubber spring on affected cylinder.
Copyright 1993 - 2021 Caterpillar Inc. Sat Mar 6 22:47:05 CST 2021
All Rights Reserved.
Private Network For SIS Licensees.

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446 BACKHOE LOADER 6XF00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3114 EN...

Product: BACKHOE LOADER

Testing and Adjusting

Testing And Adjusting

Sudden movement of the vehicle or release of oil under pressure can

3. Activate the parking brake.

4. Stop the engine.

8. Tighten the filler cap on the hydraulic tank.

4. Check the pump and connections for damage and leaks.

7. Check tank oil level.

Make reference to WARNING on the first page of the TESTING AND

Operate each backhoe implement function several times.

RAISE and LOWER the stabilizers several times.

2. Listen for noise from the pump.

4. Watch the operation of the return to dig features.

Implement and Stabilizer Cylinder Drift Check

If the cylinder drift is too much:

1. Check the makeup valves in the affected control valves.

3. Check the piston seals in the cylinders.

If the cycle times are not correct:

1. Check the pump efficiency.

2. Check the setting of the relief valves.

3. Check the makeup valves in the affected control valve.

4. Check the control valve spool in the affected control valve.

5. Check the piston seals in the affected hydraulic circuit.

Backhoe Cycle Times

Watch for overhead obstructions before conducting these tests.

Times are applicable only if extendable stick was factory installed.

Loader Cycle Times

Watch for overhead obstructions before conducting these tests.

Resolver Network Check

Signal Resolver Network Schematic

Typical Control Valve

RH frame inside wheel fender

Bottom Of Backhoe Valve Group

Backhoe Control Valve Group Resolvers

Stabilizer And Loader Control Valve Group Resolvers

Resolver Network Bleed Procedure

Make reference to the WARNING on the first page of TESTING AND

5. Move to the next control lever. Repeat Step 4.

In the following order, work each control lever:

Stick.Backhoe bucket.Boom.Swing.Auxiliary (if equipped).Left stabilizer.Right

7. Close off bleed valve (2) and reinstall plug (1).

Make reference to the WARNING on the first page of TESTING AND

Location of Pressure Taps

Hydraulic Oil Contamination Test

Do not operate hydraulic controls.

Pump Discharge Pressure Test

Low Pressure Standby Test Procedure

1. Lower all implements and stabilizers to the ground.

3. Start the engine and run at high idle rpm.

4. Leave all control levers in HOLD.

5. Do not move the steering wheel.

High Pressure Stall Test Procedure

1. Lower all implements and stabilizers to the ground.

3. Relieve tank pressure.

5. Start the engine and run at high idle rpm.

Margin Pressure Test

Loader Tilt Circuit

1. Lower all implements and stabilizers to the ground.

3. Relieve tank pressure.

9. Warm up the hydraulic oil. Check for leaks.

10. Bring the engine to high idle rpm.