ATTITUDE INSTRUMENT

FLYING
Define as the control of an
aircraft’s spatial position (3D) by
using instruments rather than
outside references.
 1 2
FUNDAMENTALS LEARNING
SKILLS METHODS
 3 Fundamental Skills...

1.Cross-check
2.Interpretation
3.Aircraft control

In this proper order

FUNDAMENTALS SKILLS
SELECTED RADIAL CROSS-CHECK INVERTED-V CROSS-CHECK

RECTANGULAR CROSS-CHECK
INTRUMENT INTERPRETATION

Requires study and analysis, It

begins by understanding each
instrument’s construction ,
indications and operating
principles and then, use this
knowledge to interpretate the
spatial position of the airplane
AIRCRAFT CONTROL

Maintain aircraft attitude or change it by moving

the appropriate controls
Aircraft control is composed of four aspects:
• Pitch - elevators
• Bank - ailerons
• Power
• Trim - relieves control pressures to eliminate
constant control pressures which produces
tension, distracts the pilot’s attention from
cross-checking
 COMMON CROSS-
CHECK ERRORS
• FIXATION - staring at a single
instrument
• OMISSION exclusion of an
instrument from your scan
• EMPHASIS focus more on a single
instrument rather than the
necessary combination of
instruments
LEARNING
METHODS

1. CONTROL AND
PERFORMANCE
2. PRIMARY
SUPPORTING
Control and Performance
Concept
Attitude + Power = Performance

Instrument categories
• Control
• Performance
• Navigation Instruments

Steps
1. Establish – Proper attitude and power setting
2. Trim – To relieve control pressure
3. Cross-Check – Check the instrument to determine performance
4. Correct – Make any necessary attitude or power adjustment
Primary/Supporting
Concept

Certain instruments are key in each

maneuver or condition of flight
Primary instruments Provide most essential
information during a phase of flight.
Supporting Instruments Help you to maintain the
desired indications on primary instruments.
Attitude control can be thought of
in terms
• pitch
• bank
• power
• trim control
all maneuvers involve motion about all 3 axes
lateral (pitch), longitudinal (bank/roll), and
vertical (yaw)

Instruments are grouped

1. Pitch Instruments: Attitude indicator, altimeter,
airspeed indicator, VSI
2. Bank Instruments: Attitude indicator, heading indicator,
magnetic compass, turn coordinator
3. Power Instruments: Airspeed indicator, engine
instruments, manifold pressure gauge, tachometer/RPM