BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Bones provide a framework we use to stand up, protect our brain and lungs from impact, and generate
leverage for movement. They also allow for calcium storage and blood cell production. In this lab, you
will be presented with the microanatomy of osseous tissue and gross anatomy of the bones of the skeleton
system. Then you’ll look at the joints these bones make, their related body movements, and the ligaments
that hold them together.

Below is a list of objectives for this lab. By the time you finish this worksheet, you should be able to…

• Identify the classifications of bones by shape

• Identify the classifications of bones by location
• Identify the microanatomical structures of osseous tissues (compact, spongy, developing bone)
• Identify 200 of the 206 bones of the adult human body
• Identify bone markings of each bone (as listed in the lab)
• Identify the articulations (joints) of the body by name
• Describe each joint type and the body movement it allows

Watch the videos listed below to dive into the types of tissues found in the body. Yes, there is a lot of
info, but we’ll break all of this up into smaller portions as we continue forward. These videos also serve
as a great recap once you’ve completed this worksheet!

Skeletal Overview

BONES – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDGqkMHPDqE
JOINTS – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLxYDoN634c

LAB MATERIALS

Here’s a look at what materials you will be asked to use during this week’s lab activity.

MATERIALS
• Pearson Visual Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 2nd Edition
• Online links to videos, images, or activities
• Hands On Lab Virtual Microscope
• Pearson Mastering – Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL)
• Visible Body Human Anatomy Atlas
• This worksheet (you can print it out or work electronically)

As you work through the following activities, keep in mind that the following list can be used in the
upcoming lab practical.

• Any term in bold face print

• Any activity (Visible Body, fingerprinting, identification, etc)
• Images (histology or diagrams) from this worksheet, the Blackboard lists, the Pearson
Practice Anatomy Lab 3.1, or similar.

Let’s get started!

 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Lab Manual Exercise 7.1 – Classifying Bones According to Shape

Use Activity 7.1 and the video link to learn how to classify bones
Bone Shapes
based on their shape.
1. Flat Bone
2. Long Bone
Bone Shape
3. Irregular Bone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hso4f0jh4rY
4. Sesamoid Bone
5. Short Bone
Use the terms above to correctly identify each of the bone shape
6. Sutural Bone
classifications described below.

DESCRIPTION SHAPE CLASS

Equal length & width; cube-shaped

Resembles a sesame seed; embedded in tendon

Varying shapes

Longer than they are wide

Plate-like; flat surfaces

Small; jagged; form between bones

Lab Manual Exercise 7.2 – Classifying Bones According to Location

Use Activity 7.2 and the video link to learn how to classify
Bone Location
bones based on their location in the body.
1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WN9ANZ3fiAQ

Use the video and the image provided in the lab manual to name five bones (or groups of bones)
that make up the axial skeleton.

Use the video and the image provided in the lab manual to name five bones (or groups of bones)
that make up the appendicular skeleton
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Lab Manual Exercise 7.3 – Examining Microscopic Structure of Bone

Use Activity 7.3, the video link below, and the Practice
Microscopic Osseous Tissue
Anatomy Lab (PAL) in Mastering A&P to learn how bone
1. Bone Marrow
tissue is microscopically arranged.
2. Canaliculi
3. Central Canal
Microscopic Bone Tissue Videos
4. Compact Bone
• Animation 5. Concentric Lamellae
• Compact Bone Model 6. Circumferential Lamellae
• Histology 7. Hyaline Cartilage
8. Lacunae
Use the terms shown to the right to label the histology 9. Osteocyte
images and diagram below. 10. Osteon
11. Perforating Canal
12. Spongy Bone
What type of bone tissue is in the first image below? 13. Trabeculae

compact bone
(lines)

(rings)
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

What type of bone tissue are the three images below?

(40X) (100X) (400X)

Below are images of developing bone, including the growth plate. Review your images of hyaline
cartilage from tissues (Exercise 5) and spongy bone above to be able to identify the two tissues in
images like those shown.

(100X) (400X)

Lab Manual Exercise 7.4 – Examining the Arrangement of compact and Spongy Bone

Use Activity 7.4 and the video link to learn the gross
Microscopic Osseous Tissue
anatomical arrangement of a long bone.
1. Diaphysis
2. Epiphysis
Long Bone Anatomy
3. Metaphysis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PQ5Rv6ONfY
4. Compact Bone
5. Spongy Bone
Use the terms shown to the right to label the images and
6. Medullary Cavity
diagram below.
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Lab Manual Exercise 7.5 – Identifying Bone Markings

All bones have various bone markings. Some markings are depressions in the bone surface which
allow for the passage of vasculature or nerves while other are projections out of the bone surface
which serve as attachment points for tendons and ligaments.

Use Activity 7.5 as a reference list to work on memorizing which terms are depressions and which
are projections. This will help make the markings that you see on each individual bone easier to
commit to memory.

Bone Marking Terms

1. Condyle 10. Line
2. Crest 11. Meatus / Canal
3. Epicondyle 12. Process
4. Facet 13. Neck
5. Fissure 14. Ramus
6. Foramen 15. Sinus
7. Fossa 16. Spine
8. Groove 17. Trochanter
9. Head 18. Trochlea
19. Tubercle 20. Tuberosity

Bone & Bone Marking Identification

For the remainder of Exercise 7 and 8, the focus is on learning 200 of the 206 bones (the last 6
are saved for Exercise 18 and Special Senses) as well as their markings. In order to facilitate this
learning, there are multiple resources presented. You may find one more beneficial than the
others, but all are presented as options to aid in absorbing the material.
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Pearson Bone Videos

1. Enter the STUDY AREA in the Mastering A&P course.
2. Click LAB VIDEOS
3. Click BONE & DISSECTION VIDEOS
4. Click BONE VIDEOS
5. With each new activity within Exercise 7 and 8, watch the related videos for insight into
the identification of the bone on a skeleton, alone, and the relevant markings.

Pearson Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL)

1. Enter the STUDY AREA in the Mastering A&P course.
2. Click PRACTICE ANATOMY LAB (PAL)
3. Open the Practice Anatomy Lab
4. Open the HUMAN CADAVER or ANATOMICAL MODELS sections
a. Use the images under the Axial Skeleton, Appendicular Skeleton, or Joints
b. Utilize the SELF REVIEW to learn
c. Utilize the QUIZ and LAB PRACTICAL options to test yourself

Visible Body – Human Anatomy Atlas

1. Open Visible Body Human Anatomy Atlas
2. Under the SYSTEMS mini tab, open any of the SKELETAL SYSTEM models
3. Explore the skeleton models
a. Rotate the models
b. Click on any bone or structure for naming
c. Isolate the bone for color coded bone markings

Carolina Biological Skeleton Model

1. Take out and assemble your very own miniature skeleton
2. Use this as your own 3D model to learn, locate, and associate the bones with other
structures.

Blackboard Digital Images

• All of the models that you would have used on grounds at MCC are online as images in
the Blackboard Lab folders.
• Use these as additional references to help give different perspectives to your
understanding of the skeletal system

Lab Manual Exercise 7.6 – 7.10– Bones of the Skull

Use Activity 7.6 through 7.10, the video links below, and the resources listed above to work
through learning the following.

• The bones of the craniofacial region

• The bone markings of the craniofacial bones
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Skull Bones
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRmNC_yPQZ8

Craniofacial Bones

Cranial Bones Sphenoid

Frontal Greater Wing
Parietal Lesser Wing
Temporal Sella Turcica
Occipital Ethmoid
Sphenoid Crista Galli
Ethmoid Cribriform Plate
Facial Bones Perpendicular Plate
Maxilla Nasal Conchae
Mandible
Zygomatic Mandible
Nasal Alveoli
Vomer Angle
Palatine Body
Lacrimal Mental Foramina (Foramen)
Inferior Nasal Concha Rami
Condylar (Mandibular) Process
Craniofacial Bone Markings Coronoid Process
Maxilla & Teeth
Frontal Alveoli
Supraorbital Foramen Palatine Process
Supraorbital Margin Infraorbital Foramen
Crest Incisive Foramen
Occipital Ethmoid
Foramen Magnum Superior & Middle Nasal Conchae
Superior & Inferior Nuchal Lines Zygomatic
External Occipital Crest Temporal Process
Occipital Condyles
Temporal Fetal Skull Markings
Styloid Process
Mastoid Process Fontanelles
Mandibular Fossa
Zygomatic Process
External & Internal Auditory (Acoustic) Meatus

Microscopic Osseous Tissue

Lab Manual Exercise 7.11-7.13 – Examining the Vertebral Column 1. Atlas
2. Axis
Use Activity 7.11 and the video link to learn the following. 3. Body
• Vertebral regions & number in each region 4. Cervical Vertebrae
• Normal and abnormal curvature of the spine 5. Coccyx
• How to identify which region vertebrae come from 6. Dens
7. Lamina
Vertebrae 8. Lumbar Vertebrae
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1Uw0jRNgy4 9. Pedicle
10. Sacrum
Use the terms shown to the right to label the images below. 11. Spinous Process
12. Thoracic Vertebrae
13. Transverse Foramen
14. Transverse Process
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

(bone) (marking)
(region)

(region)

(region)

(region)

(bone)
(region)

What vertebral region does this vertebra belong to? ___________________________

What vertebral region does this vertebra belong to? ___________________________

What vertebral region does this vertebra belong to? ___________________________

 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Lab Manual Exercise 7.14 – Examining the Thoracic Cage Thoracic Cage
1. Body
Use Activity 7.14, the video link below, the online resources 2. Costal
(Blackboard, Pearson bone videos, PAL, Visible Body), and your 3. False Rib
personal skeleton to learn the following. 4. Floating Rib
• Bones of the thoracic cage 5. Manubrium
• Regions of the sternum 6. Sternum
• Classes of costal bones 7. True Rib
8. Xiphoid Process
Thoracic Cage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzRydwGWeho

Use the terms shown to the right to label the images below.

Sternal Regions Costal Classes

Lab Manual Exercise 8.1 – Upper Limb: Examining the Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

Use Activity 8.1 and the video link to learn the bones and bony Pectoral Girdle
landmarks of the pectoral girdle 1. Acromion Process
2. Clavicle
Pectoral Girdle 3. Coronoid Process
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAaxBUDuhKM 4. Glenoid Foss
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKZzuVOeXPk 5. Infraspinatus
6. Scapula
Use the terms shown to the right to label the skeletal images 7. Spinous Process
below. 8. Subscapularis
9. Supraspinatus
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

(bone)

(bone marking)
(bone region)

Anterior View Posterior View

Lab Manual Exercise 8.2 – Upper Limb: Examining the Bones of the Arm and Forearm

Use Activity 8.2A, the video link below, the online Arm
resources (Blackboard, Pearson bone videos, PAL, Visible 1. Anatomical Neck
Body), and your personal skeleton to learn the bones and 2. Capitulum
bony landmarks of the arm (brachium). 3. Deltoid Tuberosity
4. Greater Tubercle
Humerus 5. Head
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAaxBUDuhKM 6. Humerus
7. Intertubercular Groove
Use the terms shown to the right to label the skeletal images 8. Lateral Epicondyle
below. 9. Lesser Tubercule
10. Medial Epicondyle
11. Olecranon Fossa
12. Surgical Neck
13. Trochlea
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Anterior View Posterior View

Use Activity 8.2B, the video link below, the online Forearm
resources (Blackboard, Pearson bone videos, PAL, Visible 1. Olecranon
Body), and your personal skeleton to learn the bones and 2. Radius
bony landmarks of the forearm (antebrachium). 3. Radial Head
4. Radial Notch
Forearm 5. Radial Tuberosity
• Radius 6. Styloid Process of Ulna
• Ulna 7. Styloid Process of Radius
8. Trochlear Notch
9. Ulna
10. Ulnar Head
11. Ulnar Notch

(bone) (bone)
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Lab Manual Exercise 8.3 – Upper Limb: Examining the Bones of the Wrist and Hand

Use Activity 8.3, the video link below, the online Wrist
resources (Blackboard, Pearson bone videos, PAL, 1. Capitate
Visible Body), and your personal skeleton to learn the 2. Hamate
wrist and hand bones. 3. Lunate
4. Pisiform
There are 8 carpal bones in two rows of 4 bones each. We 5. Scaphoid
generally list them from lateral to medial and proximal to 6. Trapezium
distal. To help with memorizing which bone is which, 7. Trapezoid
there are mnemonics below. The first is the safe version. 8. Triquetrum
Be forewarned that the latter is more sexually suggestive,
but I find most students remember it better. Hand Bones
1. Distal Phalanx (1-5)
Carpal Bone Mnemonics 2. Metacarpal 1-5
She Looks Too Pretty. Try To Catch Her. 3. Intermediate Phalanx (2-5)
Suggestive Mnemonic 4. Proximal Phalanx (1-5)
Wrist & Hand Bones
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xE3AYqVWCJc

The hand bones are a much simpler system. There are just a few rules to keep in mind.
1. The fingers are numbered from the thumb (#1) to the pinky (#5); lateral to medial
2. The bones of the palm are all the same (metacarpal) with their numbers (1-5)
3. The bones of the fingers are all phalanxes (or phalanges) and only differ in distance
(proximal, intermediate, or distal) and number (ex. proximal phalanx #2, intermediate
phalanx #3, distal phalanx #5)
4. The thumb has TWO phalanxes (proximal and distal). All other fingers have three.

Use the terms shown above to correctly label the hand below.

(bone & #)
(bone group)
(bone & #)
(bone group)

(bone & #)
(bone group)

(bone & #) (bone group)

 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Lab Manual Exercise 8.4 – Lower Limb: Examining the Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Use Activity 8.4A, the video link below, the online Hip Bones & Markings
resources (Blackboard, Pearson bone videos, PAL, 1. Acetabulum
Visible Body), and your personal skeleton to learn the 2. Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
bones and bony landmarks of the pelvic girdle. 3. Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
4. Auricular Surface
Pelvic Girdle 5. Coxal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tjlU1wXOA4 6. Greater Sciatic Notch
7. Iliac Crest
8. Iliac Fossa
9. Ilium
10. Inferior Pubic Ramus
11. Ischial Ramus
12. Ischial Tuberosity
13. Ischium
14. Obturator Foramen
15. Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
16. Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
17. Pubis
18. Superior Pubic Ramus
Use the terms to the right to label the bone images
below.

Medial View

(bone)

(bone)
(bone)
Lateral View
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Use Activity 8.4A and the video link below to learn to compare the anatomy of the male and
female pelvis.

Male vs. Female Pelvis Comparison

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5L1PoZTjoA

Lab Manual Exercise 8.5 – Lower Limb: Examining the Bones of the Thigh and Leg

Use Activity 8.5A, the video link below, the online resources Thigh
(Blackboard, Pearson bone videos, PAL, Visible Body), and 1. Femur
your personal skeleton to learn the bones and bony landmarks 2. Greater Trochanter
of the femur. 3. Head
4. Intercondylar Fossa
Femur 5. Intertrochanteric Line
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xb-U3Jjj-n4 6. Lateral Condyle
7. Lateral Epicondyle
Use the terms to the right to label the bone images below. 8. Lesser Trochanter
9. Linea Aspera
10. Medial Condyle
11. Medial Epicondyle
12. Neck

Posterior View
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Anterior View

Use Activity 8.5B and the resources stated above to be able to recognize the patella compared to
other bones.
Lower Leg
Use Activity 8.5C, the video links below, the online resources 1. Fibula
(Blackboard, Pearson bone videos, PAL, Visible Body), and 2. Head of Fibula
your personal skeleton to learn the bones and bony landmarks 3. Lateral Malleolus
of the lower leg. 4. Lateral Tibial Condyle
5. Medial Malleolus
Lower Leg 6. Medial Tibial Condyle
• Tibia 7. Tibia
• Fibula 8. Tibial Tuberosity

Use the terms to the right to label the bone images below

(bone)

(bone)
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Anterior View Posterior View

Medial View

Lab Manual Exercise 8.6 – Lower Limb: Examining the Bones of the Foot

Use Activity 8.6, the video link below, the online resources (Blackboard, Pearson bone videos,
PAL, Visible Body), and your personal skeleton to learn the bones of the ankle and foot.

Foot
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xb-U3Jjj-n4

For the seven (7) ankle bones, the following mnemonic may help.
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Tiger Cubs Need MILC

Ankle Bones
T= Tiger = Talus 1. Calcaneus
C= Cubs = Calcaneus 2. Cuboid
N= Need = Navicular 3. Intermediate Cuneiform
M= M = Medial Cuneiform 4. Lateral Cuneiform
I= I = Intermediate Cuneiform 5. Medial Cuneiform
L= L = Lateral Cuneiform 6. Navicular
C= C = Cuboid 7. Tarsal

Foot Bones
The foot bones are a much simpler system. There are just 1. Distal Phalanx (1-5)
a few rules to keep in mind. 2. Metacarpal 1-5
1. The toes are numbered from the bit toe (#1) to the 3. Intermediate Phalanx (2-5)
pinky toe (#5); medial to lateral 4. Proximal Phalanx (1-5)
2. The bones of the sole of the foot are all the same
(metatarsal) with their numbers (1-5)
3. The bones of the toes are all phalanxes (or phalanges) and only differ in distance
(proximal, intermediate, or distal) and number (ex. proximal phalanx #2, intermediate
phalanx #3, distal phalanx #5)
4. The big toes have TWO phalanxes (proximal and distal). All other toes have three.

Medial View Lateral View

Superior View
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Practice Anatomy Lab 3.1 – Pearson Mastering A&P

ACCESS
1. Log into the Pearson Mastering course
2. In the left-hand sidebar, click on STUDY AREA
3. In the main area, click on LAUNCH THE STUDY AREA
4. In the new tab/window, click on PRACTICE ANATOMY LAB
5. In the new page, click on HUMAN CADAVER or ANATOMICAL MODELS
a. Explore AXIAL SKELETON and APPENDICULAR SKELETON
6. In the new page, click on HISTOLOGY
a. Review the bone tissue in CONNECTIVE TISSUE

WHAT TO DO
1. Work through the SELF REVIEW
a. Use the arrows to move forward or back between slides
b. Use the Show Labels and Hide Labels buttons to see what structures the slide is
highlighting
c. Try to guess the tissue type and structures as you work through
2. Work through the QUIZ
3. Work through the LAB PRACTICAL until you feel comfortable identifying the tissues
and structures
a. This most closely resembles the way in which lab practical exams will be
formatted (fill in the blank exams based on images).
 BIO 211 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Putting it all together

For an overall review, there are many options.

• The lab manual provides a REVIEW SHEET at the end of Exercise 7 & 8
• Blackboard contains additional histology and skeleton model images from lab
• Pearson Mastering A&P has additional resources
o PAL 3.1 (practice anatomy lab)
• Histology images with labels
• Model images with labels
• Practical exam simulations
• Flashcards
o Practice Tests & Quizzes
• Visible Body Human Anatomy Atlas
o The MCC allows site access to this 3D model database which houses a vast library of
3D images. You can manipulate the image, dissect, and explore annotations.
• You may also find going back to the first overview video helpful in putting together all of
what you've learned, highlighting items you might need more review of, and making
connections between the various topics.