“ Mini Air Conditioner ”

Abstract

In this study, the researchers would like to present what are the uses and importance of an Air
Conditioner. While reading this study you will also know about the history of air conditioner and how the
researchers come up on building a Mini Air Conditioner Machine. The aim of our study is to have a less-
cost effective air conditioner that can be carried easily. The machine is only made up of recyclable
materials and it is powered by battery.
The researchers have found out that the rate of people that having heat stroke is currently high, so
the researchers come up to this kind of simple machine and hoping to improve it more with same low cost
effective materials.

Introduction

As a person living in this modern world and society, we all know how does the Earth’s
temperature changes as time goes by. As of now, we use the sunlight as a source of light to do daily life
activities at morning. Others uses it as a means of energy by changing sunlight to electricity. But because
of advancing civilization, we cannot avoid pollution that affects the Earth resulting to sever heat caused
by “Greenhouse Gasses”.

Heat related illness such as heatstroke, asthma, chickenpox, measles, rashes, sunburn, etc. can be
somehow treated but it is a long term treatment. So humans created machines or things that somehow
alleviate the heat such as manual fans (hand-held fan), electric generated fans (Electric Fan), portable
battery powered, electric generated air conditioner (Air Con), and etc.

From the research visit conducted by the Emergency Department from USA, it is said that the
annual incidence rates of ED visits for heat stroke were computed according to demographic
characteristics and geographic regions. In 2009 and 2010, there were an estimated 8,251 ED visits for
heat stroke in the United States, yielding an annual incidence rate of 1.34 visits per 100,000 population
(95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.23-1.45). Significantly higher incidence rates were found in males
(1.99 per 100,000; 95% CI = 1.82-2.16), adults aged ≥ 80 years (4.45 per 100,000; 95% CI = 3.73-5.18),
and residents living in the southern region (1.61 per 100,000; 95% CI = 1.43-1.79). The majority (63.1%)
of ED visits for heat stroke occurred during the summer months of June, July and August. Over one-half
(54.6%) of the ED visits for heat stroke required hospitalization and 3.5% of the patients died in the ED
or hospital.

The said inventions earlier truly are great but we all know that it costs an absurd amount of
money. And since hand-held fans are pretty much affordable but it is tiring as times goes by. Portable
battery fans is also affordable but it’s authenticity is questionable.

The researchers aim to solve this predicament by creating an affordable, portable and eco-friendly
fan that is also powered by batteries using the ice as the expendable material to be used. By using
recyclable materials such as plastic bottles, the researchers can alleviate some pollution although small
but effective. And to decrease the percentage of person affected by heat illnesses.
 HISTORY

The history or invention of Electric fans and Air conditioning devices goes way back 1882 and
invented by Schuyler Skaats Wheeler. It’s not an invention that’s often thought of, but it always comes in
handy. When the summer heat rises, you’ll be thankful for the ingenuity of the unheralded Dr. Wheeler,
who has yet to even be inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame (which does, however, have a place of
honor for Willis Carrier, inventor of the air conditioner, a feat clearly impossible without the electric fan).
The smelly truth is that our ancestors, bereft of such technology, spent their summers being hot and
sweaty.

People have been fanning themselves by hand for millennia, of course or, like the ancient
Egyptians, making slaves fan them with huge lotus leaves. The Egyptians also caught on to the trick of
fanning air across wet mats or water-filled vessels for evaporative cooling. The Greeks and Romans
preferred peacock feathers for fanning; Roman emperors added the cooling power of snow hauled down
from the Alps.

The Japanese invented folding fans in the eighth century, possibly inspired by the way bats fold
their wings. But the heyday of the handheld fan was China’s Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644), when
exquisitely painted fans were all the rage. Portuguese traders brought Asian fans to Europe in the 1400s.

The Chinese were also pioneers in mechanizing the fan. About 180 AD, the famed Han dynasty
inventor Ting Huan created a rotary fan employing seven wheels, each 10 feet in diameter, by which a
single man could cool an entire hall. Later rotary fans were used not only for cooling, but also for
winnowing grain and ventilating mine shafts.

That Roman idea of combining a fan with ice or snow resurfaced in the 19th century’s early
attempts at air conditioning. In 1830s Apalachicola, Fla., John Gorrie (1803-1855), an American
physician, blew air over a bucket of ice to cool hospital rooms for malaria and yellow-fever patients.

When President James Garfield was shot in 1881, US Navy engineers came up with a contraption
combining a fan and iced cloths, which dropped the temperature of the dying president’s room 20 degrees
—while consuming 436 pounds of ice an hour.

But all these cooling devices relied on human or horse-powered fans. Then, a year after
Garfield’s assassination, Wheeler (1860-1923) figured out how to apply the fledgling science of
electricity to make a fan turn. Drawing on the work of Thomas Edison and Nicola Tesla, Wheeler
invented a desktop fan consisting of two blades, unshielded by any sort of protective cage, powered by an
electric motor. The fan was marketed by the Crocker & Curtis Electric Motor Co.

Wheeler went on to prominence in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In
1901, he purchased the library of J. Latimer Clark, a British electrical engineer, and donated it to the
American IEEE with the stipulation that the group provide a suitable building to house the Clark
Collection.

With a $1.5 million boost from Andrew Carnegie, this led to the 1907 founding of the
Engineering Societies Building in New York. Wheeler later became president of the IEEE.
 Meanwhile, the further development of the electric fan fell to Philip H. Diehl, a German
immigrant who’d lost everything in the 1871 Chicago fire. Diehl pulled up stakes for the East Coast,
where he went to work for the Singer Sewing Machine company.

He took a sewing-machine motor, mounted a fan blade and attached the whole thing to the ceiling
—thereby inventing the ceiling fan, which he patented in 1887. Later, as head of his own company, Diehl
added a light fixture to the ceiling fan. In 1904, Diehl and Co. put a split-ball joint on an electric fan,
allowing it to be redirected; three years later, this idea developed into the first oscillating fan.

Fans caught on rapidly. By 1910, Westinghouse was marketing an electric fan for household use
with the claim that the electricity to operate it would cost only one-fourth of a penny per hour.

Self-contained window fans, made of plastic instead of metal, were introduced in 1934 by Vent-
Axia, a British company. In 1937, the development of a new plastic laminate for coating fan blades,
Micarta, made fans quieter and meanwhile, however, Carrier (1876-1950) was perfecting the invention
that would leave Wheeler’s humble electric fan in the dust of history. Inspiration struck Carrier while he
waited for a train on a cold, foggy night; by the time his train arrived, he’d grasped the interrelationship of
temperature, humidity and dew point.

Carrier built his first air conditioner in July 1902, not to cool people, but to keep paper cool and
dry at the Sackett-Wilhelms printing plant in Brooklyn. Soon Carrier’s invention was cooling movie
theaters, department stores and even, by 1929, the US Congress.

Along with the elevator, air conditioning made modern skyscrapers practical. You could even say
that air conditioning transformed the nation, cooling the sweltering Sunbelt so hordes of Americans could
be tempted to move there.

In parts of the desert Southwest, however, a simple variant on Schuyler Skaats Wheeler’s electric
fan continues to cool much of the population: The “swamp cooler,” or evaporative cooler, developed in
the 1930s, blows air through water-dampened pads, much as the ancient Egyptians did. As the water
evaporates, it absorbs heat and cools the room, making unnecessary the air-conditioning gizmos
Southwesterners refer to as “refrigerated air.” less likely to warp or corrode.

General Concepts

In school, we will learn that one ton is equal to 2,000 pounds. Logically, if you had a 4-ton air
conditioner or heat pump, you would expect your 8,000-pound piece of equipment to arrive on a flatbed
truck! But thank goodness that is not the case! The tonnage or weight assigned to air conditioners and
heat pumps has to do with the fact that people used to cool spaces with blocks of ice.

Before modern air conditioning, people rated their capacity to cool indoor spaces by the amount
of ice that melted. When ice melts, it pulls heat energy from its surroundings. It takes 143 BTUs (British
Thermal Units) to melt one pound of ice. The heat is transferred to the ice, which causes it to melt. In
order to melt one “ton” of ice, you need approximately 12,000BTUs/hr.
 Thermodynamics, as with most concepts in science and physics, is most accurately described
using mathematical equations. However, simple explanations, although not perfectly accurate, are
sufficient to convey the information needed to understand everyday experiences. This article is an attempt
to simplify these concepts.

Thermodynamics simply describes the movement of heat. Thermodynamics is derived from

thermo, meaning heat, and dynamics, (literally “power”), and is used to describe the movement or change
of a process due to heat flow.

Heat and temperature are often confused or used interchangeably. Heat is the flow of energy from
one object or system, to another object or system. Temperature is a measure of the internal kinetic energy
of an object.

Air conditioners and heat pumps use the basic laws of physics and the refrigeration cycle to
maintain a comfortable indoor temperature when the outdoors heat up. The refrigeration cycle is based
on the physical principle that a liquid expanding into a gas extracts or pulls heat from its surroundings.
You can test out this basic concept for yourself with a water faucet and your hand!

The refrigeration cycle removes heat from one area and relocates it to another. To cool your
indoor spaces, your air conditioner’s or heat pump’s refrigerant is pumped through a closed refrigeration
system. The same refrigerant is continuously used over and over as it passes through the cycle! With
induced pressure changes from the condenser coil, compressor, evaporator coil and the expansion valve,
the state of the refrigerant is forced to fluctuate between a liquid and gas. It’s like a teeter-totter on a
playground that doesn’t stop: liquid, gas, liquid, gas, etc.! This continuous cycle allows the heat to be
transferred from inside your home to the exterior.

Significance of the Study

*People/Citizens – With the help of our simple machine, it will lower the chances to have a dizzy feeling
because of heat or worst, being prone to heat stroke because of lack from cool and fresh air.

*Students – The students that would want to read and study our research, they will able to how air cooler
works and what are the physics that is applied to it.

*Future Researchers – They can use our research as a source in their study. And they can also get some
of the information in our research related to their study.
Sources:

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjfg5Xmj4XiAhXEFogK
HX35DYoQFjAAegQIAxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familytreemagazine.com%2Fpremium
%2Fcooling-trends%2F&usg=AOvVaw0lQveUVPjLU3LMe3bxXN_K

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005673/

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjEmaD5kIXiAhUDfnAK
HcE7AhMQFjAAegQIAxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodmanmfg.com%2Fresources%2Fhvac-
learning-center%2Fhvac-101%2Fwhat-do-ice-physics-and-water-have-to-do-with-air-
conditioning&usg=AOvVaw2a5TbvV1NMUNPhARGUUoO8

https://www.achrnews.com/articles/115163-basic-thermodynamics-for-refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-
part-1