6-Annexes CA Darfur

Conflict Analysis
Darfur
ANNEXES
NOVEMBER, 2019
BY TRANSITION INTERNATIONAL IN COLLABORATION WITH SUDIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of figures.....................................................................................................................................................3
Annex A. Detailed methodology....................................................................................................................4
Annex B. Masterlist of research questions...................................................................................................14
Annex C. Key findings per location.............................................................................................................20
1 East Darfur............................................................................................................................................22
2 South Darfur..........................................................................................................................................35
3 North Darfur..........................................................................................................................................50
4 Central Darfur.......................................................................................................................................63
5 West Darfur...........................................................................................................................................77
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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Adaptation of Galtung’s triangle.........................................................................................................5
Figure 2: Localities visited...................................................................................................................................8
Figure 3: Targets reached..................................................................................................................................10
Figure 4: Tools used and stakeholders reached.................................................................................................11
Figure 5: Masterlist of research questions........................................................................................................19
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ANNEX A. DETAILED METHODOLOGY
The conflict analysis process took place from the end of August to the end of November 2019 in all
five states in Darfur: North, South, East, West and Central and following the methodology
described below.
CDA framework and conflict analysis tools
This conflict analysis is inspired by the CDA1 method, however complemented with conflict
analyses tools and terminology, and adapted to the needs of DCPSF, providing a thorough
understanding of the conflict dynamics of Darfur by following a systematic process, in line with the
phases described below.
Based on a validation of existing and obtained information during desk research and field work, the
team designed the tools for primary data collection. The literature review provided the team with an
overall sense of the conflict dynamics and highlighted issues requiring a deeper analysis, among
others from a gender perspective, to identify the proximate and structural causes of the conflict as
well as events or issues that can trigger further conflict.
From this analysis emerged a series of conflict drivers, but also connectors and entry points for
conflict transformation and stabilisation. Conflict drivers emerge when structural and proximate
factors of conflict affect stakeholders, triggering some form of response, usually either manifested
by violence or contributing to the emergence of violent conflict. Connectors, such as individuals,
institutions, groups, specific processes, or even specific places, symbols or social constructions,
refer to elements within a society that mitigate the emergence and proliferation of violent conflict
by drawing upon the resilience of a society. In parallel, the team initiated an analysis of the conflict
actors, with the aim to understand their interests and motivations, and how these are influenced by,
or influence, the drivers of conflict and connectors.
In addition, the team analysed what is required for improving relationships through
transformed attitudes, behaviours and context, using Galtung’s triangle presented below.2
A particular focus was on the identification of influencers in the communities, the role they play in
the conflict, and the roles of women and youth in both conflict and peacebuilding. The analysis
explores the agency and political space of women and youth in peacebuilding, and attempted to
analyse the gendered drivers, the manipulation of masculinity and femininity, how gender norms
and behaviours shape how violence is used, by whom against whom, how norms relating to
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masculinity and femininity fuel conflict and insecurity, or contribute to peace, how gender norms
affect or are affected by the conflict; and how this shapes inter-communal conflict or favours peace
initiatives, using the Safer World Gender analysis of conflict Toolkit. 3
Behaviour
Visible violence
Less visible violence

(under the surface)
Attitude Context
Figure 1: Adaptation of Galtung’s triangle
When consistently used and regularly updated, the conflict analysis enables DCPSF to:
 Provide the base for the strategic planning and identification of programme priorities in
terms of potential for conflict transformation4 and stabilisation;
 Select proposals that are conflict sensitive and positively impact the targeted geographical
area and beneficiaries, with disaggregated analyses on men, women and children;
 Avoid that the conflict dynamics negatively impact the Fund and its IPs;
 Detects and minimise negative side effects of the inventions funded by the DCPSF.
Research questions
Recognising the complex and shifting factors driving insecurity in Darfur and in the wake
of the changes that the Sudan is going through since the April 2019 revolution, the
conflict analysis is likely to bring to light new issues and dynamics.
The overall research areas this analysis focused on are:
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Security
 The extent to which men and women of the different ages and ethnic groups feel safe and
perceive causes of insecurity
 Armed groups recruitment, violence and reasons to join armed groups
 The perceived sources of community violence and suggestions on improving stabilization
Drivers of conflict
 Perceptions on underlying causes of divide and conflict
 Current conflict dynamics and potential future triggers of armed conflict
 Identification of the main dividers and potential entry points for mitigation
 Identification of the main connectors and entry points for strengthening these
Actors and stakeholders
The main conflict stakeholders and the influencers in the communities, with perceived champions
and spoilers of peace and stability
Gender
 Gendered power relations and community members’ attitudes towards gender and how
norms relating to masculinity and femininity been shaped and changed by conflict
 Levels of political space and participation of men and women of the different age and
ethnic groups to influence local, State level, and national peace and stabilisation processes
Conflict transformation
 Community-based conflict resolution and reconciliation mechanisms in use, their
effectiveness and inclusiveness
 Levels of trust between communities and types of peace dividends for community
interdependence and co-existence
 Levels of networking, coordination, and learning between local and state level peace
building institutions including women’s organisations
 Changes taking place in the country and the challenges/opportunities they bring with
them for peace and stability in Darfur
Sample and sampling methods

Sampling locations
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The states and localities have been selected based on different criteria that includes, security and
accessibility, diversity in terms of stakeholders and local authorities, specific gender dynamics and
existence of DCPSF partners. Additionally, criteria were developed to select localities to ensure that
all types of identified conflicts are covered, namely:
a) Inter- ethnic conflicts
b) Conflicts between IDPs and host communities
c) Conflicts around returnees, new settlers and occupies properties
d) Land conflicts
e) Conflicts related to the extraction and control of minerals
f) Presence of armed groups and related instability
g) Pastoralists-farmers conflicts
h) Cross-border conflicts / cross-boundary conflict
The team was originally planning to visit the locations below, based on the pre-identified conflict
drivers to be found per location. The last column presents the actual locations visited, which slightly
changed based on the realities on the ground.
South Darfur
Planned Types of conflicts Actually reached
Asalam (Sani Deleba,  Land conflicts Asalam, Belail, Nyala
Tembesco)  Inter-ethnic conflicts
 Pastoralists - farmers conflicts
Belail (Belail)  Land disputes
 Inter-ethnic conflicts
Nyala (Autach IDPs  Conflicts between IDPs and host communities
camp, Dereb Al Reih)
North Darfur
Al-Fashir (Abu Shoak,  Conflicts between returnees and new settlers and Al Fashir, Kebkabiya, Alsrif,
Kafoud) occupies properties Kutum, Al Waha
 Land conflicts
 Pastoralists/farmer conflicts
 Armed groups and related instability
Kebkabiya (Kabkabeia  Inter-ethnic conflicts
town)  Conflicts between IDPs and host communities
 Conflicts between returnees and new settlers and
occupies properties (outside town)
 Cross-border conflicts / Cross-boundary conflict
Alsrif (Gharra Al  Cross-border conflicts / Cross-boundary conflict
Zawya)  Pastoralists - farmers conflicts
 Land conflicts
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 Conflicts related to the extraction and control of
minerals
Kutum (Qarmt El  Pastoralists - farmers conflicts
Sheikh)  Land conflicts
East Darfur
Ed Daein (Ed Daein  Inter-ethnic conflicts (between Rizigat and Maalia) Ed Daein, Abu Karinka
city, Hijleja, El Jallabi)  Land conflicts
Abu Karinka (Hilal  Inter-ethnic conflicts

Umm Rakuba)  Land conflicts
 Armed groups and related instability
Central Darfur
Wadi Salih  Conflicts between returnees and new settlers and Wadi Salih, Zalingein
(Garsilla Town, Suja) occupies properties
 Pastoralist-farmers conflicts
 Land conflicts
Zalingein (Hesahisa,  Conflicts between returnees and new settlers and
Shawa) occupies properties
 Conflicts between IDPs and host communities
West Darfur
Kereinik (Abuja,  Inter-ethnic conflicts Kereinik, Geneina
Tajona, Galala)  Pastoralists-farmers conflicts
 Land conflicts
 Conflicts between IDPs and host communities
Al Geneina (Krinding,  Conflicts between IDPs and host communities

Gukor)
Figure 2: Localities visited
Source: Transition International
Sampling respondents
Selection methods
A combination of purposive, snowball and random sampling has been applied to identify the
respondents. Purposive sampling has been applied to key informants and workshop participants,
and is defined as “a non-probability sampling method that is characterized by a deliberate effort to
gain representative samples by including groups or typical areas in a sample. The researcher relies
on his/her own judgement to select sample group members.” 5Snowball sampling has been used for
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the survey, FDGs and to some extent for the KIIs and involves “primary data sources nominating
another potential primary data source to be used in the research. In other words, snowball sampling
method is based on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects. Therefore, when
applying this sampling method, members of the sample group are recruited via chain referral.” 6
Random sampling among the population has been applied for the mini-survey.
The team has verified that the sampling of respondents differentiated in terms of sex, age,
occupation and respondent groups.
The sample
The objective was to interview a minimum of 350 respondents through workshops, individual and
group interviews and an additional number of mini surveys, most likely leading to 500 respondents.
During the conflict analysis process the team interacted with 485 respondents, and collected the
views of 425 respondents through the mini survey.
The breakdown of respondents is presented in figure 3 below:
Respondent group Targets reached Per location
All respondents (Mini-survey not included) Male: 269 (55%) North Darfur: 91 (19%)
South Darfur: 96 (20%)
Female: 216 (45%) Central Darfur: 87 (18%)
West Darfur: 98 (20%)
East Darfur: 93 (19%)
Khartoum: 20 (4%)
State-Level Workshops
State-level workshops Male: 96 (75%) North Darfur: 33 (26%)
Female: 32 (25%) South Darfur: 24 (19%)
Central Darfur: 22 (17%)
Key Informant Interviews
Government staff Male: 25 (76%) North Darfur: 3 (9%)
East Darfur: 3 (9%)
Khartoum: 4 (12%)
International organisations (UN, Donors and Male: 11 (58%) North Darfur:2 (11%)
International Non-Governmental Organisations Female: 8 (42%) South Darfur: 1 (5%)
(INGOs)) Central Darfur: 3 (16%)
East Darfur: 1 (5%)
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Khartoum: 10 (53%)
Community members Male: 115 (49%) North Darfur: 31 (13%)
South Darfur: 47 (20%)
Female: 121 (51%) Central Darfur: 52 (24%)
Khartoum: 3 (1%)
Civil society representatives (NGOs, CBOs, local Male: 22 (32%) North Darfur: 21 (30%)
leaders) Female: 47 (68%) South Darfur: 20 (29%)
East Darfur: 3 (4%)
Khartoum: 3 (4%)
Mini-survey
Mini survey (partly overlapping) Male: 195 (46%) North Darfur: 133 (31%)
Khartoum: 15 (4%)
Figure 3: Targets reached
Tools and respondents

TI applied a mixed methods approach, using multi-pronged participatory approaches for the
consultations and data collection, ensuring triangulation. The tools were adapted to respondent
groups, and ensured a mix of open and closed questions, resulting in a combination of qualitative
and quantitative data. The results displayed in tables and figures presents the views and perceptions
of the respondents interviewed during the field research.
Figure 4 below presents the tools developed and stakeholders reached:
Tools Stakeholders Number reached
State-level workshops Local government, native administration and academia, 128
IPs, CBRM, CSO and UN representatives 96 men and 32 women
Mini-survey 7 All other respondents (KIIs, FDGs and workshops) plus 425
additional community members in localities (found 195 men and 230 women
locally), also going through the CBRMs, and online to a
broadest range of actors possible
10
KII Local government Local government and relevant ministries/institutions at 24
state level. Also included are local traditional leaders 23 men and 1 woman
(Nazir, Omda level)
KII Experts and project staff – CBRM and Members of CBRMs, CSOs, local leaders, IPs, private 28
Peace dividends sector 22 men and 6 women
KII Gender experts and women’s Members of women’s organisations, CSOs, local leaders, 33
organisations IPs, peace building platforms, gender experts, UNFPAs 4 men and 29 women
community-based groups on GBV etc.
Key stakeholders in Khartoum Government staff, UN agencies, NGOs, research 20

institutes, commissions formed out of former DRA, 11 men and 7 women
DCPSF, (potential) donors, and other potential donors.
FDG communities Local men, women, young men, young women, 254
returnees, IDPs 113 (young) men and 141 (you
women
Figure 4: Tools used and stakeholders reached
Some precisions need to be added to understand the respondent groups, especially concerning
the category of pastoralist. This group is diverse encompassing the nomads, settled groups who
are currently living from their livestock (newly settled) and groups not raising any livestock but
becoming farmers. The last category is called pastoralist while their way of living has changed
for the past years. The distinction is very important as the attitudes/behaviour of each group
diverges, including in the interactions between the groups, feeling of safety or security, and in
the gender related issues.
Data analysis and reporting
The team analysed and disaggregated the data according to parameters defined in collaboration with
DCPSF. Categories include gender, geographic location, source of livelihood, age and type of
respondent. Post-collection categorisation has been applied for a number of open questions and has
been be processed in excel. The mini-survey, using Survey Monkey on hand-held devices (smart-
phones) and online, produces graphs as well.
To protect the confidentiality of the respondents, the team does not cite names of the respondents in
the report and has not asked for names during the field data collection. The data set will be made
available to DCPSF after submission of the final report, as a basis for future updates.
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Quality Control
TI’s data analyst monitored the validity and quality of the data throughout the data collection
period. Data entry and analysis have been done gradually. Quality control mechanisms were
furthermore built in through triangulation and regular feedback loops.
Triangulation
The verification and validation of data and probing of issues from different perspectives has taken
place by repeatedly asking the various respondent groups the same questions in a slightly different
way. TI has developed a simple but effective methodology to triangulate collected data. A master
list of questions (see annex B) organises and groups together similar questions from different tools
allowing to compare the results and bring out the analysis. TI will prepare a table on data
triangulation, once the tools have been tested and adapted.
Progressive Data Analysis
To ensure maximum quality and completeness, data entry and analysis has taken place throughout
the research period. Where appropriate, team presents the data in graphs, disaggregated by age, sex,
category, and locality of the respondent (especially in the mini-survey).
Language and Translation
Data collection has taken place in Arabic and in English, where appropriate. Transcripts and the
conflict analysis report have been produced in English.
Ethics of research
Data gathering happened in alignment with standard ethical principles for evaluation, with a
particular emphasis on confidentiality, see Annex B on the details of the ethical guidance, on which
the team was trained.
Sensitivity
All tools have been designed and adapted to the context. To avoid controversial or inappropriate
word use, the DCPSF TS has reviewed the questions and topics covered in the research tools.
The team members were aware of their moral responsibilities towards all participants in the
research and highly experienced in conducting data collection on sensitive topics. They have bore
the best interests of the participants in mind throughout the research process. The team has treated
respondents with due respect and has taken their opinions seriously.
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Locations of the interviews and FGDs
Throughout the research, the team has put the safety and security of participants first. Among
others, the team has respected the participants´ preferred location for the interview. In particular,
the teams have strived to accommodate interview times/locations that ensured women’s
participation.
Confidentiality and protection
The team has clearly explained the principle of confidentiality and anonymity to all participating in
this research. Due to the potentially sensitive nature of information disclosed, the data collection
method has guaranteed the anonymity of respondents. As such, no names have been recorded
during the interviews and no interviews were recorded. All researchers have respected the
confidential nature of the information collected, and secure systems (passwords, protected USB
keys, coding) have been put in place for safe forwarding and storage of information. No pictures of
respondents, revealing their identity, have been taken.
Informed Consent
Researchers have respected the principles of voluntary participation. In line with the International
Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) “Handbook on data protection in humanitarian action”, 8 it was
important for the researcher to verify that the respondent has understood “the risks and benefits
involved in a Processing operation and to exercise his/her right to object and to provide valid
consent where applicable.”9The decision to participate was based on free will and participants have
been made aware that they could withdraw from the research at any time.10
Considerations for FGDs
The FGDs were held separately according to sex and age (under and above 24). Groups were
limited to no more than 12 participants.
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ANNEX B. MASTERLIST OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The table below presents all questions of the tools and shows which stakeholders have been asked and shows triangulation
Tool 5:
Tool 4: Tool 6:
KII Gender
Tool 1: Tool 2: Tool 3: KII Experts Key Tool 7:
experts and
# Questions State -level Mini KII Local and project
women’s
stakeholde FDG
workshop survey government staff output rs in Communities
organisation
1 and 2 Khartoum
s
Sex X X X X X X
Age X X X X X X
State and locality X X X X X X
Job/source of livelihood X X X X X X
Community group X X X X X X
Origin X X X X X X
Introduction
1. Please tell us about yourself and your institutions
role in relation to furthering peace and stability in X X X X
your area?
Security
2. Do you feel safe?
X
If yes why, if not why not?
3. In the recent changes, have security threats
X
decreased, increased, changed in nature?
4. Which locations in your state/ locality are safest?
X
Why?
5. Which locations in your state and localities are the
least safe?
Why? X
What challenges are there when it comes to
addressing conflict and security risks?
6. Which groups are at biggest risk of insecurity (also
prompt sexual violence)?
Why do you think these groups are more at risk? X
7. X
What are the 3 biggest security risks for girls and
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young women? Please explain.
Are there specific locations/times/activities where
women and girls are more at risk?
8. What are the 3 biggest security risks for boys and
young men? Please explain.
X
Are there specific locations / times / activities
where men and boys are more at risk?
9. Has security of women increased or decreased in
the last two years?
Have the threats changed in type/nature? X
Are there women of some communities more at
risk then others?
10. Is there violence of armed groups?
Are armed groups still operating?
Which armed groups are recruiting?
Why do people join armed groups? X X X
Who joins? age/sex
11. According to you, what are the main sources of
instability in Darfur?
X
12. When you have a problem concerning your/your
family’s safety, where do you go?
X
13. What are the main sources of conflict?
What can be done to mitigate these?
X
14. What are the sources of conflict in the
community?
X
15. What are the sources of community violence? X
16. Can you explain the main causes of inter-tribal
violence?
X
17. Has sexual violence increased or decreased?
Do local leaders fight against violence against
women, including domestic violence? If yes how,
if not why not
X
18. Without mentioning any names or indicating X

anyone specific, which groups in the community
15
are most at risk of sexual violence?
Conflict dynamics
19. What are the deeper underlying causes of divide
and conflict in the area? (what is the gender X X X
dimension?)
20. Perceptions on underlying deeper causes of divide
and conflict
X
21. What divides people in the communities? X
22. Which types of conflicts were always there and
which ones are new?
X
23. What are the more recent conflict dynamics? (what
is the gender dimension?)
X X
24. Current conflict drivers and potential future
triggers of violent outbreaks
X
25. What event or happening could in future trigger
violent outbreaks of conflict? (what is the gender X X
dimension?)
26. How have the current on-going changes taking
place in the country affected peace and X X X X
community-stability in your area?
27. Are women and girls joining armed groups?
If yes, why? X
What role do they play?
28. What are the roles of women in conflict? X
29. How do women reward/encourage violent
behaviour?
Is there a difference in their roles in conflict
X
between now and in the past?
30. What are the successes and challenges related to
addressing conflict dynamics in Darfur?
X
Conflict stakeholders
31. Who are the main actors that cause conflicts in and
between communities?
X
32. Which actors create conflicts? X X X X X
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What are their interest and motivations?
33. Identify the main actors causing conflict and their
motivation, interests and relations. Divide in 4
groups, each group concentrates on a conflict X
(armed groups, agro-pastoralism, IDP/Host
communities, Inter-tribal)
34. Are young people influenced and mobilised for
conflict?
If yes how?
X X X
Girls as well?
35. How and what ways (if at all) do local authorities
engage with local peacebuilding initiatives and
efforts in your area?
X
How effective have they been?
36. Which type of people are the main perpetrators of
sexual violence?
X X
Peacebuilding
37. Can you mention three things that connect people
and bind them together?
X
38. What connects people in the community? X
39. Identify the three highest priority locations in the
state for conflict transformation and stabilisation X
and explain why
40. Discuss and fill the table on gender norms or
conflict peace
X
41. Who are the most effective actors to reduce and
solve conflicts?
X
42. Discuss the current and on-going changes in the
State and the opportunities these present for X
furthering peace and stability
43. How are the conflicts solved?
And by who?
X
44. What are the different ways that issues or conflicts X
are addressed/resolved in your community?
(Looking at the underlying causes of conflict and
division that were identified in the earlier set of
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questions)
45. Who participates in that process?
Who are the key actors?
What role do they play?
Positive and negative?
Are they men or women?
X
And what does their participation look like?
Is it the same for men and women? (Consider by
formal and informal actors / institutions)
46. How effective do you think this process is?
What are the limitations?
X
47. What is the community’s current capacity to
engage and influence the people who are
responsible for addressing safety and security X
issues?
Is it different for men and women?
48. How would you improve those relationships [what
would need to change to improve their capacity to X
engage and influence those people]?
49. Who are the main stakeholders and influencers in
the communities?
Who are the champions of peace and stability?
X
What is the role of women in peace and stability?
50. What are the successes and challenges related to
addressing conflict dynamics in your X
State/locality? (consider gender dimensions)
51. What changes are required in terms of the context
to transform conflicts?
What changes are required in terms of the
behaviour to transform conflicts?
X X X X
What changes are required in terms of the attitudes
to transform conflicts?
52. How would you rate the levels of trust between
farmer and pastoralist communities?
Has this gotten better or worse in the past 2 years? X
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53. Do you feel organisations work well together? X
54. Do organisations work well with the government
in Darfur?
X
55. Do you know women who are heads of tribes or
clans? X
Were there ever any strong female leaders here?
56. Do women play a role in conflict prevention /
management?
If no, why not, If yes, what roles
Is their approach different than the approach of
X
men?
If yes in what ways?
57. Can you mention 2 conflicts where women
recently mediated or contributed to their solution X
in a way or another
58. What is the local perception on women as
peacemakers?
Are women accepted as peacemakers in some
conflicts better than other?
Are there initiatives that promote the roles of
X
women as peacemakers?
What needs to change to increase women’s roles
in conflict resolution?
59. How effective are the local women’s
organisations?
How influential are they at local levels or also at
state level?
Are they part of local and state-level peacebuilding
platforms? If so which ones.
Are women’s organisations inclusive, such as X
mixing farmers and pastoralists?
Are girls represented in these or mainly older
women?
What do women’s organisations need to become
more effective in conflict prevention and
resolution?
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60. What are your suggestions for an increased and
meaningful women’s participation in X
peacebuilding?
61. Are there community-based conflict resolution and
reconciliation mechanisms in use?
Are they effective?
Are they inclusive? X
Are there some topics that cannot be solved by the
CBRM?
If yes, which ones and why?
62. What are your recommendations to improve peace
and security?
X
63. What makes you most happy? X
DCPSF outputs
64. Do you know the DCPSF?
Are you satisfied with the results obtained by the
DCPSF funded project so far? X X X X
If yes why, if not what can be done?
a. To what extent would you agree with the

following statements:
Community-based conflict resolution and X X X X
reconciliation mechanisms are in use and working
effectively to resolve conflict in our communities.
A1. Community-based conflict resolution and
reconciliation mechanisms are inclusive,
represented by all groups who hold position and
X
interest
A2. Women are equally represented in community-
based conflict resolution mechanism and X X
participate meaningfully
b. To what extent would you agree with the
Peace dividends for community interdependence
X X X
and co-existence have been delivered
c. To what extent would you agree with the X X X X
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Women´s organisations, including those
representing pastoralist women, are empowered to
meaningfully participate in local and State-level
peacebuilding platforms.
d. To what extent would you agree with the

Networking, coordination, and learning between X X
local and state level peace building institutions are
improved
65. Levels of satisfaction of the results obtained
against the output, successes and challenges
X
66. Map the main stakeholders and identification of
the influencers in the communities, in relation to X
the output
Figure 5: Masterlist of research questions
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ANNEX C. KEY FINDINGS PER LOCATION
State level conflict dynamics
North Darfur. North Darfur, where the rebellion started in 2003 was the stronghold of the Arab
militias of shiekh Musa Hillal (head of North Darfur’s Mahamid Rizeigat Arabs) and was a main
theatre of operations during the first phase of the conflict. Shiekh Musa Hilal power has since
been substantially eroded as result of the rise of Hemetti and the power of the RSF. In November
2017, Hilal was arrested in a raid on his stronghold in Misteriha, in Kebkabiya locality in North
Darfur. Commanding the RSF forces that arrested Hilal was his cousin, Hemetti. In Sireif Beni
Hussein, Beni Hussein Arab Border Guards clashed with Rizeigat Mahamid Arabs in 2013 over
the gold resources in the Jebel-Amer area 11. The latter won, killing at least 840 Beni Hussein and
displacing 150,000 civilians into neighboring Kebkabiya town and adjacent areas.
Kutum locality to the north west of Al-Fashir hosts the headquarters of the Border Guards in the
area of Gobba to east of Kutum town. Kutum locality is inhabited by a mix of communities which
belong to different ethnic groups, some of them claim Arabic origins (Northern Rezaigat) and
other non-Arabs (Zurga), these are mainly Tunjur, Fur and Zaghawa minorities. However, most of
the population in the locality are from the Tunjur tribe which historically owns the land. With their
control over the area the Border Guards established courts which have been known to levy heavy
fines on non-Arab farmers and victims of violence. The relocation of the headquarters of Al-Waha
locality to Kutum town has further exasperated conditions for non-Arabs in the area12.
Further north, the Malha area has been largely controlled by local Meidob militias since the
beginning of the conflict. Initially called the ‘Meidob police’, they were integrated into the CRP
and managed to maintain security in their area by negotiating nonaggression pacts with local
insurgents and refusing to participate in government operations. Since 2014 they have
occasionally clashed with both Rizeigat and Zeyadiya Arabs, which led them to a rapprochement
with former governor Kibir in spite of the long-standing enmity between the Meidob and Berti13.
South Darfur. South Darfur, is home to the RSF, with recruits from among the Awlad Mansour
and other Mahariya clans, as well as some Mahamid (in particular Awlad Zeid under a former
Chadian rebel commander), Eregat, Awlad Rashid, other Arabs, and a growing number of non-
Arabs such as Bergid and Tama.14 Since 2014 the RSF has been active in operations in the Jebel
Marra area of South Darfur where it delivered a series of defeats against SLA/SW forces and has
diminished their threat level in the area. Clashes between the SLA/AW and the RSF in May 2018,
22
triggered a fresh wave of displacements and the burning of villages such as Gobbo, Kawara,
Kimingtong in South Darfur.15
In localities such as Asalam and Belail in South Darfur state, inter-ethnic tensions between the
Arab Tarjum on one side and non-Arab Fur, Zagawa, Gimir, Bigo and Dajo tribes on the other
side has escalated to several standoffs, including violent confrontations that resulted in loss of
lives and displacement. Disputes are mostly over access to farmland and water sources coupled
with competing political interests, where members of the Arab tribes (Maharya, Rizaikat,
Hamdanya and Irigat) have the upper hand. Furthermore, the proliferation of large quantities of
small arms, lack of economic opportunities, particularly for male and female youth, in addition to
the limited capacity of the local government institutions to enforce the law, banditry and
systematic looting of livestock and properties continue to play a destabilizing role in the state.16
East Darfur. East Darfur state was only recently created as a state following the government’s
decision to further divide the three states that made up the region of Darfur. The state is largely
controlled by local baggara Rizeigat PDF, Border Guards, and the CRP. The government’s
decision to carve it from South Darfur and provide the Maa’aliya tribe the power of a ‘Nazara’ in
it, sparked tensions and conflict with the dominant baggara Rizeigat tribe. Since then, Rizeigat
militias have resumed their conflict with the Ma’aliya tribe, which has similarly mobilized its PDF
against the Rizeigat.17
Abu Karinka locality in the eastern part of the state, is inhabited primarily by the Ma’aliya tribe.
Other smaller tribes in the area include the Rezaigat, Birgid and Berti. Conflicts are primarily
between the Ma’aliya and Rizegat and mostly over land and access to resources. More recently,
disputes over land in the capital town of Ad Daen led to large numbers of Ma’aliya fleeing the
town and seeking refuge in their home area of Abu Karinka. In the aftermath, this severely
impacted markets and freedom of movement and caused many families to be separated. Similarly,
other areas such as Assalya locality in the south-western part of the state suffer from inter-ethnic
tensions and conflict over land and water. The area is inhabited by a combination of tribes
including Rezaigat, Mossiria, Birgid, Gimir, Khozam and other smaller tribes.18
23
1 EAST DARFUR
Main findings of the conflict analysis
Respondents feeling safe
Yes 91%
No 0%
Do not know 4%
Somehow 5%
Reasons for feeling safe

Improved security 43%
No conflicts or threats/armed groups 38%
Security forces are present 29%
Family is there 29%
Weapon collection 10%
Community based activities 10%
Land disputes are being solved 5%
Change of behaviour in the community 5%
Biggest risks of security for women and girls

Recruitment 100%
Early marriage 100%
Biggest risks of security for men and boys

Retaliation 100%
Recruitment 100%
Main perpetrators of sexual violence

RSF/militias/rebel groups 100%
24
Youth 57%
Main sources of conflict

Land disputes 83%
Pastoralists versus farmers 76%
Inequality/marginalisation/social exclusion 46%
Water disputes 43%
Lack of education/awareness 31%
Thefts/banditry 24%
Rebel groups/RSF/militias 19%
Circulation of weapons 19%
Political issues/affiliation/changes 15%
GBV 12%
Inter tribal tensions 11%
IDPs/refugees/returnees versus host communities 10%
Revenge/retaliation 7%
Marriage/bride price 6%
Control of mineral resources 5%
Lack of services 1%
Main causes of inter-tribal violence

Discrimination/marginalisation 100%
Poverty/unemployment 100%
Land disputes 100%
Competition over leadership 100%
Deeper underlying causes of divides and conflicts

Competition over natural resources/land 100%
25
Political/governance issues 60%
Ethnic/tribalism 60%
Conflict between pastoralists and farmers 60%
Unequal distribution of power/wealth 20%
What divides people in the community

Conflicting/personal interests 74%
Bad governance (nepotism/political affiliations/bad policies) 52%
Ethnic/tribal issues 42%
Marginalisation/social discrimination/racism/exclusion 32%
Impunity 32%
Competition over national resources/land disputes 16%
Lack of respect 10%
Lack of gender inclusiveness 10%
Lack of basic social services/infrastructures/poverty 10%
More recent conflict dynamics

Tribal conflict 50%
Land conflicts 50%
IDPs/returnees vs new settlers 50%
War in yemen 0%
Conflict over natural resources 0%
26
Actors causing conflicts in and between communities
Pastoralists/farmers 70%
Rebel groups/rsf/militias 53%
Local leaders/native administration 44%
Youth 28%
Land occupiers 23%
Tribes 17%
State/government 13%
Police/army 9%
Elite groups of the community 8%
IDPs/returnees 7%
Bandits/outlaw 2%
Politicians 1%
How young are mobilised and influenced

Unemployment/poverty 100%
Reasons to join armed groups

Tribal reasons/discrimination 42%
Marginalisation/social exclusion 8%
To gain power/influence 4%
To fight injustice/inequality 4%
Roles of women in conflicts

27
Hakamat/women encourage conflict 100%
Roles of women in armed groups

Peace mediator 100%
Things that connect and bind people together

Community/social events 73%
CBRM 68%
Places to gather 36%
Religion 32%
Economic activities 32%
Tribal alliance 14%
Women's organisations/events 9%
Community exchange 9%
Main effective actors to solve and reduce conflicts

CBRM 82%
Women 73%
International community 59%
Religious leaders 50%
Police 27%
Hakamat 5%
Civil society organisations 5%
(Educated) community members 5%
Main security actors

28
Police 31%
Court 31%
Actors solving conflicts

Women organisation 67%
Youth 33%
Peace and reconciliation committee/council 33%
NGO 33%
Community/neighbourhood committees 33%
CBRM 33%
How are conflicts solved

Payment/compensation in cash/kind/blood money/karamat 83%
Mediation sessions between conflict parties/solh 17%
Topics that are not covered by CBRM

Murders 69%
Big conflict/wars 50%
Land disputes 31%
Tribal conflicts 19%
Conflicts between pastoralists and farmers 19%
What makes respondents most happy

Peace and security 100%
Access to basic services/cover needs of family/children 58%
Better job opportunities/livelihoods 42%
29
Conflict resolution mechanisms 26%
Inclusiveness/inequality reduced 16%
Tribal/ethnic tensions resolved 10%
Free education/children/girls in school 2%
How to mitigate conflicts

Reinforce dialogue platforms 86%
Create animal corridors 77%
Arms and weapons collection 77%
Create more waterpoints 73%
Train Hakamat to promote peace 68%
Joint activities with IDPs/returnees 68%
Create jobs 59%
Basic social services provision (houses, education) 59%
Find/implement political solutions 45%
More police/security forces 18%
Transitional justice 5%
Ensure better living conditions 5%
Recommendations to improve peace and security in Darfur

Provide basic social services and infrastructure 100%
Strengthen police/justice institutions 52%
Better participation/representation of youth and women in
peacebuilding 26%
Resolve conflicts between farmers and pastoralists 16%
Provide IGAs/economic empowerment 16%
Empower native administration/CBRM 10%
Changes required in terms of context

30
Provide more training/capacity development 40%
Provide basis social services 40%
Rehabilitate community infrastructures 20%
Increase female/youth participation in politics/peacebuilding activities 20%
Improve standards of living 20%
Improve (access to) education 20%
Implement neutral policies/equal distribution of resources 20%
Activate rule of law/increase police 20%
Changes required in terms of behaviour

Sharing experience/exchange 67%
Provide livelihood opportunities/encourage development 33%
Organise social/religious events/improve social cohesion 33%
Changes required in terms of attitudes

Willingness to share resources 67%
Provide basic social services 33%
Increase awareness raising on peacebuilding 33%
Increase awareness on peacebuilding 33%
Improve living standards/encourage development/livelihood opportunities 33%
Ensure security 33%
Empower the native administration 33%
Active the rule of law 33%
Challenges in addressing security risks

Lack of State authority 100%
31
Land disputes 50%
Communiites where women are more at risk

Women working in offices/buildings 100%
Women prisoners 100%
Disabed women 100%
Groups at biggest risk of security

Adults women 58%
Children - unspecified 38%
Boys/young men 32%
Girls/young women 30%
Pastoralists 19%
Elders 19%
Maalia tribe 11%
IDPs/refugees 11%
How local leaders fight against violence against women, including domestic violence
Traditional administrations and law for CBRM 100%
Local leaders raise awareness on gender-based violence 100%
Main conclusions of the state-level workshop

Recent changes and security situation
Security threats have decreased over the most recent past, but these were not only attributable to the recent changes but
rather security has been slowly improving over the last 2 years. The improvement in security is largely attributable to –
 The weapons collection campaign of the previous government in 2017/2018.
32
 The fall of the government and the NCP regime in April 2019 and which had played a large part in fuelling conflict
and empowering/arming certain tribal/community groups in the state;
 Peace agreements between the tribal groups that conflicted with each other;
 A growing sense of awareness of communities in the state to the need for peace and an end to violence.
Security threats did not change much in nature and remained as mostly caused by competition over natural resources and
services, and the power dynamics between different tribal groups in the state.
Armed groups recruitment, violence and reasons to join armed groups
During past years armed groups were active in recruitment but this is no longer the case and recruitment is no longer
happening in the state. Recruitment had predominantly targeted young men within age group of 16 – 30 . There was no
recruitment of young girls or women. Reasons for joining armed groups include
 Poverty
 Lack of education;
 Lack of basic services;
 Political exclusion;
 Limited employment and other livelihood opportunities;
 Injustice and marginalization by the central government
Current and on-going changes in the state and opportunities for furthering peace and stability
Challenges and weaknesses within the current-day initiatives to further peace and stability are noted:
 Organizations developing projects in East Darfur local organisations have weak capacity and are unable to compete
in the calls for project proposals. Only a handful end up getting funding. Some of the CBOs who have the first-
hand knowledge of the issues are unable to compete;
 Inclusivity is often not upheld when forming the CBRMs – the community is not well represented;
 Nomadic communities are very under-represented in the various committees (whether CBRMs or other
committees);
 CBRMs and native administration do not have resources of their own and are unable to act in some instances;
 CBRMs are still lacking in terms of youth involvement in their membership and processes.
Despite these challenges and shortcomings, the discussants identified some silver linings:
 The changes bring along opportunities because donors will now put in more money for development projects,
especially in Darfur;
33
 Government is now more open to work with the international community.
Levels of satisfaction of the results obtained against the output, success and challenges
CBRMs and their use/effectiveness
• Peaceful co-existence – dispute/conflict resolution and community stability.
• Rakooba, Judiya and other systems exist. CBRMs strengthen and augments these
• They fill a gap where there is weak presence of the state (especially the judiciary and the police)
• Previously the OMDA worked alone, but with the CBRMs - these are more inclusive and have other community
representation (women and IDPs/refugees also represented). Therefore, it has a wider and stronger acceptance
• Networking is mostly at the horizontal level between CBRMs and other community-based committees (such as the
women’s committee, the education committee, etc.)
• CBRMs does not have authority – they are more of a band-aid solution to the problems and issues facing
communities; They also fill the gap when native administration is absent. They have been effective in putting out the
small conflicts at the community-levels.
Collaboration with local authorities and challenges
• CBRMs and agencies reluctant to work on issues that impact policies lest they are seen as pursuing a political
agenda.
• Some CBRMs are afraid of being perceived as siding or working with government, especially in some contexts
where the government is perceived negatively by the community; So CBRMs tend to focus on the community level
• At the level of the native administration (Omda, Shiekh, etc.) the CBRMs work well together. Especially since they
are also members in the CBRMs.
• There are areas where the Executive Directors at the locality are also represented in the CBRMs. MC Corps did an
early warning system, where community members send messages about potential problems and these correspondents
send the messages to the higher committee which has local authorities including the police.
Women´s organizations and roles
• Women’s participation s weak but the project has worked to improve that. When forming CBRMs there is
insistence to include women. However, after the committee is formed – women are not asked to participate and only
invited when there are big occasions or some officials from CSOs are visiting the project site.
• Traditions preclude women from participating in resolving disputes. Whereas they are more used in agitating
conflict
• CSOs are innovating, example of a program which transformed women ‘Hakamat’ to ‘Hakimat’
• Some projects provide livelihood opportunities specifically targeting women which economically empowers them
34
but that does not necessarily mean or translate to their meaningful participation in the CBRMs. Only when economic
empowerment is coupled with participation in CBRMs are women playing an active role in conflict resolution and
reconciliation.
Challenges in the wake of the changes taking place in the country
• Organizations developing projects – In East Dafur local organizations have weak capacity and are unable to
compete in the calls for project proposals. Only a handful end up getting funding. Some of the CBOs who have the
first hand knowledge of the issues are unable to compete.
• In forming the CBRMs sometimes inclusivity is not upheld. Also not a good representation of the community.
Gatekeepers in the community are not diligent about selection
• Nomadic communities – are very under-represented in the various committees (whether CBRMs or other
committees). This can be due to their constant movement, but It still needs attention. CBRMs need to be connected
together and possibly have a higher CBRM committee which has representatives from all the sub-CBRMs.
• CBRMs and native administration also have no resources of their own and are unable to act in some instances.
• With the changes there are opportunities because donors will now put in more money for development projects,
especially in Darfur. Government is now more open to work with the international community.
• CBRMs are still lacking in terms of youth involvement in their membership and processes.
Main conflicts stakeholders

Actor Motivation/interest Capacities and sources of power Relationships (with
other conflict
stakeholder)
Conflict between farmers and herders
(Areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were – Asalaya, Yassin, and Sheria)
Farmers Acquiring more land for Tribe and/or settled community; Farmers Traditional
farming Union Administration
Weak/non-existent law enforcement Local authorities
Farmers Union
Local politicians
National and International
organisations (UN
35
Agencies)
Protecting the pastureland Tribe Military/Army
for their families Weapons and arms. Traditional Leaders
Gaining access to the animal National and International
migration route organisations (UN
Protecting and accessing the Agencies)
animal resting sites along Local politicians
migration routes
Herders Getting access to water for
their animals
Conflict driven by the Hakura system

(Areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were – Bahr El Arab, Yassin, and Abu
Karinka)
Traditional Increasing their influence Their community and family Political leaders
administration and authority; Responding to Government Local authorities (such as
pressure from others; The existence of the ‘Hakura’ Executive Directors)
Acquiring recognition from Human and financial resources Local communities
their community and
families
Greed and accumulation of
wealth
Continued existence of
conflict and problems makes
36
them more relevant
Acquiring power and rule Political affiliation (especially with the Traditional leaders
over others ruling political party) Tribal leaders
Governments
Political gains Appointment in government offices and Military
and political
Responding to demands of positions Government-backed
parties
the central government militias
Political party’s
Recruiting others to their Foreign/international backing and Regional and
ranks and building support international powers
constituencies/followers Tribe and communities International community
among communities Access to weapons Traditional leaders
Gaining and imposing Promising gains in future when Human traffickers
Armed
strength negotiating a peace deal Communities
movements
Being able to be in a
position of power to
influence the government
Destabilizing and creating
insecurity in the areas
Geographic No boundaries identifying
boundaries the Hakura
Tribal overlap
Trade and herding
Conflict driven by politics (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were – Adean,
Abu Karinka and Sheria)
Political Securing positions in government Their constituencies and Executive branches of
actors/parties and politics supporters government (Ministries,
37
International/regional relations etc.)
Law makers/Legislature
Armed groups
Foreign countries
Securing positions in government Armed/military power Weapons/arms traders
and/or politics when a peace deal is Geographic area under their Political parties and
reached control politicians
Accessing development and International/regional dynamics Traditional
Armed groups
economic benefits for their areas and relationships Administration
and communities Communities
International/regional
powers
Securing positions in government The Tribe The ruling political party
and/or politics Importance of the geographic area Armed groups
Traditional
Being represented in the executive, under their jurisdiction Communities (which
Administratio
legislative and political levels of the Economic weight/significance comprise all political
n
state systems colours and armed groups
representation)
Conflict between settled communities and IDP returnees (areas in the state identified most problematic with such
type of conflicts were – Adean, Sheria, Adean, Yassin)
Environmental issues (drought) The Tribe or tribal affiliations Arms dealers
IDPs vs.
Rise in the price of land Bandits
landowners
Administrative (Investors) Native administration
Commercial value of land and land The political party to which they Politicians (some of
lease rising are affiliated them)
Fame and reputation through large The armed group they belong to External (non-Sudanese)
Politicians
holdings of land Their wealth and their wide actors
Social (people praise them and hold network of relations Drug dealers
them in high regard)
38
Gender norms and their drivers
Gender norms and Driver of conflict Driver of peace Entry point for change
behaviour
Conflict between farmers and herders
Social fabric is Small conflicts left Reactivating and upholding Addressing long-standing grievances
weakened unaddressed and customary
escalate traditions/regulations
Intermarriage is less Lack of connections Rebuilding the social fabric Open dialogue
and tribes don’t between the two
marry from other groups
tribes
Youth positive roles Scarce resources Participation in social events Resolving long-standing problems
and contributions are that bring the two groups and issues
hindered and together
obstructed
Women are relocated Disregard of Promoting and implementing Forming joint committees
and children become customary laws and joint projects
orphans regulations
Women end up Poverty Encouraging inter-marriage Increasing legal and religious
carrying the brunt of Poor productivity between the two groups awareness
the household chores School dropouts and Providing basic services Selecting the right individuals to
and social lack of education of Enhancing the capacities of resolve the problems
accountability nomadic women from the two groups
communities Forming joint
cooperatives/associations
Conflict driven by the Hakura system
Women lose one of Increasing greed Provision of basic services Convening large festivals
their family members
and have to carry the
load
Orphans and widows Banditry and thievery Human development Human development
39
increase
Development projects Increasing drug Exchange visits between Availing investments
are scarce and limited trafficking and trade conflicting parties
Women are subjected Political and Inter-marriage between groups Responsible and sustainable use of
to increased poverty economic factors and land
polarization between
parties in contest with
each other
Changing beliefs and Formation of mixed
traditions due to community groups
displacement
Families are Establishing stable and
disconnected and less working judicial institution
intact; Especially
when a woman gets
married and moves
Psychological
pressure on women
as a result of conflict
Conflict driven by politics
Disregarding and Elections Recognition of the role of Raising awareness on the rights and
marginalization of women responsibilities
the role of women
Economic Political rallies Economic empowerment of Economic support for women
marginalization Political bias in women
appointing people to
public posts
Poverty and
ignorance
Conflict between settled communities and IDP returnees
40
Women lose their Local cultures that Increasing awareness Combatting negative beliefs and
husbands and are negative practices (especially government
relatives and have a encouraging others to play a negative
lot more role in communities)
responsibility and
work to do
A culture of violence Isolation and lack of Improving the livelihoods and Rebuilding the social fabric and social
access to basic income of people capital
services
Increased awareness Poverty and limited Supporting and rehabilitating Implementing recommendations from
through training and resources in the face the traditional/Native workshops and peace conferences
openness to the of increasing administration system Supporting common and shared
‘other’ population Providing basic services interested
Gender inclusion in Revising laws and customary laws
sustainable development
2 SOUTH DARFUR
Yes 62%
No 9%
Somehow 27%
Reasons for feeling unsafe

Availability of weapons 36%
No prosecutions after crimes 23%
Theft, banditry 18%
GBV 15%
41
Absence of police forces 13%
State violence 10%
No protection from government 3%
Drugs (unspecified) 3%

Family is there 13%

Sexual violence 73%
Early marriage 73%
Retaliation 45%
Recruitment 18%
Domestic violence 9%

Recruitment 100%
Retaliation 44%
Spread of weapons 11%
Sexual violence 11%
Drug consumption/trafficking 11%

42
Youth 68%
Husbands 43%
Military 32%
Police 6%
Pastoralists 2%
Civilians 2%

Land disputes 76%
Water disputes 39%
Thefts/banditry 14%
Lack of services 13%
GBV 9%
Lack of employment/livelihoods 1%
Drugs 1%
Bad governance and impunity 1%
43
Land disputes 63%
Farmers/pastoralists conflicts 50%
Negative political interventions/biased policies 50%
Armed groups 13%
Banditry/theft 13%
Competition over natural resources 13%
Lack of social services 13%
Water disputes 13%

Discrimination/marginalisation/racism 33%
Theft/banditry 8%
Proliferation of weapons 8%

44
Early marriage/family disputes 2%
Armed groups 2%

Tribal conflict 65%
War in yemen 4%

Youth 31%
Tribes 29%
IDPs/Returnees 17%
Police/army 15%
State/government 10%
Bandits/outlaw 10%
politicians 3%
Women 1%
Weapon traders 1%
Armed civilians 1%
45
Feeling marginalised 29%
Tribal affiliations 3%
Elders encourage the youth to join 3%

To defend themselves 14%
To revenge 7%
To fight in Yemen 7%
To control lands 7%
Manipulation by politicians 7%

Women participate in conflict resolution/facilitation for peace 60%
Women are breadwinners in the absence of men 40%
Women engage with the rebel groups 37%
GBV used as a tool of weapons among women 3%
Why women join armed groups

46
To defend a cause/political reasons/tribal reason 17%
Revenge 17%
Lack of basic social services 17%

Cooking 100%
Intelligence services 60%
Nurses 40%
Domestic services/laundry 40%
Combatants 40%

Religion 44%
CBRM 43%
Tribal alliance 21%
Natural disaster response 8%
Harvest 3%
Social norms and values 2%
School/education 2%
Most effective actors to solve and reduce conflicts

47
CBRM 60%
Police 44%
Women 43%
State/government 3%
Youth 1%
Political parties 1%
Media 1%
Hakamat 1%

Head of family 68%
Neighbours 58%
Police 32%
Court 3%

Government 57%
Families 57%
Police 35%
Court 5%

48
Through infomal system (ajaweed/rakouba/judyia) 81%
Through formal system (police/judiciary) 13%
Social participation in public events 6%
Identify the root cause of conflicts 6%
Exchange visits in the communities 6%

Rapes 83%
Murders 83%
Death sentence 8%
Conflicts between pastoralists and farmers 8%

peace and security 52%
Achieve my rights/women's 45%
access to basic services/cover needs of family/children 26%
tribal/ethnic tensions resolved 24%
inclusiveness/inequality reduced 24%

Create jobs 56%
49
Awareness raising 4%
Solve land disputes 2%
Reduce tribal discrimination/racism 2%
Stop drug trafficking 1%
Increase women's participation 1%
Increase trust in government 1%
Increase trust between groups 1%

Address gender-related issues 57%
Raise awareness on human/women rights 23%
IOs should take care of all the victims of conflicts 23%
Government should take in charge all the victims of the conflict 23%
Better participation/representation of youth and women in peacebuilding 23%
Provide more waterpoints 4%

Empower/support native administration 27%
Raise awareness to the community 20%
50
Provide more training/capacity development 20%
Reintegration of the rebel groups 7%
Identify/address the root causes of conflict 7%
Fight tribalism/social integration of tribes 7%
Empower/support CBRM/women's organisations 7%
Empower women economically 7%
Address land issues 7%

Consult/improve communication between conflicting parties 25%
Support/activate the role of the native administration 13%
Stop impunity 13%
Provide training on conflict resolution/reconciliation 13%
Changing negative perceptions/behaviours on good ones 13%
Fight tribalism 6%
Equal access/distribution of resources 6%
Create a disaster management committee 6%

Acceptance/trust 44%
51
Provide fair compensation victims of conflict 31%
Improve living standards/encourage development/livelihood opportunities 19%
Provide psychosocial support to conflict affected groups 13%
Set up trainsitional justice 6%
Improve social cohesion 6%
Gender mainstreamed activities 6%
Change attitudes from violence to peace 6%

Lack of financial resources 50%
Tribalism 33%
Proliferation/availability of weapons 33%
Lack of capacity/impartiality of popular court 33%
Land disputes 17%
Lack of transportation facilities 17%
Lack of awareness of the population 17%
CommunitIes where women are more at risk

IDPs 75%
Farmers women 75%
Pastoralist women 50%
Women working in offices/buildings 25%
52
Adults women 70%
Boys/young men 23%
Patriachal community/local eaders take the side of men 43%
Perpetrators of sexual violence /crimes are not condemned 14%

Security threats in South Darfur have been somewhat reduced. Note, certain areas such as Jebel Marra were not available
due to particular reasons. Despite the reduction of security threats, the discussants admitted that a renewed break out of
violence remains possible; they lack confidence in this security stability.
The reasons for the conflicts decline are:
 The large and effective contributions of the UN organizations and agencies;
 The result of tribal reconciliation;
 social awareness
The conflicts were between the government and the opposition, politically motivated tribal conflicts and the struggle over
natural resources: water, land, water resources, roads and grazing. Note that the previous government played a major role in
activating and fueling tribal and regional conflicts to ensure the continuity of its interests in addition to the absence of the
role of the judiciary at the level of individuals or communities or at the state level during these conflicts.
Highest priority locations in the state for conflict transformation and stabilisation
The highest priority areas in South Darfur for conflict transformation and stabilisation are -
• Al Salam locality;
• Nyala locality;
• Kass locality
53
In these localities, the security situation was very bad in and outside the main cities but now the community is in high
security stability.
Underlying deeper causes of divide and conflict

Conflict over natural resources
Conflict over power
Tribal conflicts
Land disputes
Ethnic conflicts
Non-acceptance of the other
Demographic conflicts
Main stakeholders and influencers in the communities
Output 1 – Community-based conflict resolution and reconciliation mechanisms are in use.
The farmers, the pastoralists, native administrations, community-based conflict resolution and reconciliation mechanisms,
women associations, local government institutions, INGOs, NGOs, women and youth.
Output 2 – Peace dividends for community interdependence and co-existence delivered.
The farmers, the pastoralists, native administrations, women, local government authorities, community based conflict
resolution and reconciliation mechanism members and youth.
Output 3 – Women´s organisations empowered to meaningfully participate in local and State-level peacebuilding
platforms.
Native administrations, women(farmers&pastoralists), local government authorities, local leaders community based
conflict resolution and reconciliation mechanism members and youth.
Output 4 – Improved networking, coordination, and learning between local and state level peace building
institutions.
Peace building Center for development studies of Nyala University, local level community based conflict rsolution and
reconciliation mechanisms, peacebuilding platforms at state level, UNwomen organization, UN Agencies and
Organizations , women as HAKIMAAT and youth.
The success: There is security stability which is satisfied resulted in full practice of farming and animal grazing. Although
the women &youth participation and representation is low in these mechanisms, but they are effective for resolution and
54
reconciliation of conflicts among these communities.
The challenges: collection of weapons, recruitment by RSF and crossed border armed groups.
The security stability is satisfied and the people are in full practice of farming and animal grazing
platforms.
Participation of women organizations at both local and state levels is low not exceeding (%15) or less than that according to
the finding we gathered from the fields.
Output 4 – Improved networking, coordination, and learning between local and state level peace building
institutions.
There are many peace building institutions , Centres and peace building initiatives in South Darfur State, But there is no
coordination and networking among them at both local and state levels, therefore each institution is working separately ,
thus the levels of satisfaction for networking according to my findings is very weak.

Actor Motivation/interest Capacities and Relationships (with other
sources of power conflict stakeholder)
Conflicts on natural resources
Expand the farm at the expense of pasture Local authorities Tribal conflict
Increase the agricultural area for agricultural
Native administration Political conflict
Farmers production Tribal affiliation Failure to activate the rule of
Increase the agricultural area around the water
Community based law and the rule of authority
source conflict resolution Ethnic conflicts
Fancy corrals around the water source. and reconciliation
mechanisms
Access to pasture through increased animal Local authorities Absence of state prestige
production Native administration Anarchy, murder and
Pastoralists Belonging to one of displacement
the armed militias
Water resources Domination of water resources Weapons/arms Tribal conflict
55
(pastoralist) Scarcity and lack of water resources Ethnic conflict
Lack of compliance with the operating time, Personal power and Conflicts between farmers
Water Source
which causes congestion and assault on influence and pastoralists
operator
agriculture Violation of water
committee decisions
Economic dominance
and extortion to
obtain more than
tariffs
Domination of land for the purpose of settlement Local authorities Farmers versus pastoralists
by newcomers, grazing animals and cultivation Native administration Original ownerships versus
for the agriculture. Tribal affiliation new settlers /comers
Community based IDPs, refugees and returnees
Land disputes /
conflict resolution versus host communities.
conflict over
and reconciliation Governments versus
Hawakeer
mechanisms. oppositions
Locality versus locality at
the bouderies between them
Hawakeer versus Hawakeer
Political conflict for the extension of influence and domination
Maintaining power Polarization and use Local authorities
Government /
Gain wealth of power Native administrations
RSF / supported
Gain and access loyalty and empower the Changing educational Tribal leaders
militias by
political party curricula
Government /
Legalization of other political parties Control of resources
Parallel and
and sources of
politicized Native
production based on
administrations /
the dominance of the
political parties
state decision making
centers and joints.
56
Conflict between IDPs, refugees and returnees versus host communities
Protection Property & Clashes between the
IDPs, Refugees, Basic livelihood services (water, education, Ownership rights government and the
Returnees and health and security International laws opposition
host communities Job opportunities Humanitarian action Weapon prevalence/
Psychological, social and economic motivations proliferation
Identity Thefts and looting
Tribal and ethnic conflicts
Differentiation for the purpose of sovereignty Owning resources Dismantling the social fabric
Government
and decisions Displacement and migration
mechanisms
Sexual violence against
against the
women
communities
Insecurity and instability
Intervention of Preservation of the offspring of the power Government support Dismantling of the families
some tribal Greed in power Exploitation of the Systems breakdown
leaders influence
External Personal Interests Influence of External The dismantling of the State
intervention to Implement of an External Agenda governments and Exchange of common
ethnic and tribal ownership of interests at the expense of
affairs decisions certain groups

Gender norms – drivers of conflict or peace
Driver of conflict Entry point for change of Driver of peace Entry point for change
conflict
Men
Lead conflict Planning, guidance,
coordination and financial
Activation of conflicts support
Control of decision-making
57
conflict
Loss of resources positions in the government
Provide conflict
resources
Hold on to the power and

control the minds of the
young people
The outbreak of wars,

loss of life, the collapse
of values and
displacement of people
Women
Encourage in conflicts, Dismantling of the community
fightings and wars as
Hakamat Loss of marriage
Contributing to financial Passive mobilization for war

support and pushing and conflicts
children to wars or Disintegration of families,
conflicts displacement and migration.
Young boys
Create and mobilize for Activation and continuation of Reconciliation and peacekeeping
conflicts the conflicts actors Stability of community
The youth were totally Destroy the energies of youth They have the ability to make Security and peace
excluded, not given the through wars and conflicts peace
58
conflict
Sustainable development
opportunity to participate
and reconstruction in all
in the government
fields
Murder, rape, theft and
Loss of life, educational loss
looting Conflict resolution,
and forced recruitment Improving the social fabric,
reconciliation and peacebuilding
stop killing peoples or
Implementation of local guidance
Sexual and domestic violence creating conflicts & wars
leaders plan for conflicts
and conserving the
or wars
resources
Girls
Incitement and Activation and continuation of Participation in peace building Participation in sustainable
mobilization for fighting the conflicts and peace mechanisms at local development through her
and conflicts level and peace building contribution in farming and
Incite the youth to take up arms platforms at state level as grazing animals or in
Help and activate and engage in battles to defend Hakimat agricultural and animal
political conflicts the tribe production
Directing a systematic speech for
Use emotion in The outbreak of wars, murder change to the peace Improve a lot of problems,
mobilizing wars and confrontations conflicts and wars
Contributing to increasing
production, building the social Stability and safety of
fabric, encouraging the community, improvement
community in resolving conflicts of the economic situation of
Encourage for peace building the families, development
and participations in community- of communities and the
based conflict resolution and formation of a cohesive
reconciliation mechanisms generations.
Utilizing the youth energies to A secure and stable
59
conflict
raise the political awareness community and live in
Build communities and deliver peace
initiatives
Stability and stop of
conflicts
Create good links among

the community members
and increase the
productivity
3 NORTH DARFUR
Yes 47%
No 31%
Somehow 21%
Reasons for feeling unsafe

60
Theft, banditry 46%
GBV 36%
State violence 34%
No protection from government 6%
Living in IDP camps 1%
Causes of conflict are not addressed 1%

Family is there 40%
New regime/government 2%
Freedom of movement 1%

Sexual violence 89%
Early marriage 89%
Retaliation 22%
Exploitation- unspecified 22%
Recruitment 11%
Lack of security in general 11%
Female Genital Mutilation 11%
Domestic violence 11%
61
Recruitment 89%
Retaliation 61%
Spread of weapons 28%
Sexual violence 17%
Poverty 6%

Husbands 57%
Military 48%
Youth 36%
Fathers 24%
Police 14%
Pastoralists 0%
Civilians 0%

Water disputes 49%
Land disputes 40%
62
GBV 4%
Drugs 2%
War in yemen 1%

Land disputes 50%
Water disputes 17%
Lack of social services 17%

Lack of justice/rule of law 10%
Gender-based violence 10%

63
Early mariage/family disputes 6%

Tribal conflict 47%

Youth 42%
Tribes 41%
IDPs/Returnees 11%
Police/army 7%
State/government 6%
politicians 6%
Land occupiers 1%
Hakamat 1%
Civilian with weapons 1%
CBRM village members 1%
Bandits/outlaw 1%

64

To defend themselves 40%
Tribal reasons/discrimination 20%
To revenge 20%
To escape justice 20%
Manipulation by politicians 10%

Women participate in conflict resolution/facilitation for peace 63%
Women farmers forbid the pastoralists to have access to water 25%
Women do not have power in conflicts 25%
Women provide services 13%
Women provide domestic services to combatants 13%
Women engage with the rebel groups 13%
Women donate money 13%
Hakamat enourage conflicts 13%

Protecting themselves 50%
65
Combatants 75%
Nurses 50%
Cooking 50%
Fetching water/collecting woods 25%
Encouraging fighters 25%

Religion 32%
CBRM 21%
Harvest 9%
Tribal alliance 8%
School/education 2%
Building houses 2%
National identity 1%

CBRM 59%
Police 41%
Women 35%
66
Youth 2%
State/government 2%
Elders/heads of households 1%

Police 54%
Head of family 4%
Court 4%

Identify the root cause of conflicts 4%
Through baramka 0%
Social participation in public events 0%
Exchange visits in the communities 0%

Rapes 100%
Murders 100%

67
Weapons collected 29%
Youth/women centres 3%
Improve justice 3%

Create jobs 53%
Awareness raising 4%
Stop drug trafficking 2%
Solve land disputes 2%
Transitional justice 1%

better participation/representation of youth and women in peacebuilding 39%
68
Strengthens police/justice institutions 13%
Resolve ethnic/tribal/land conflicts 13%
Improve education of children 3%
Government should take in charge all the victims of the conflict 3%
Fight alcohol/drugs abuse 3%

Ensure equal access to services 18%
Create a youth centre 9%

Fight tribalism 11%
Fight against drug use 11%
Encourage reconciliation/trust between groups 11%

69
Change attitudes from violence to peace 67%
Work on masculinities 0%

Lack of education 25%

Adults women 72%
Adults men 13%
Boys/young men 5%
None 3%
Female farmer 3%
Educate on GBV 43%
Patriachal community/local leaders take the side of men 14%
Traditional admnistrations and law for CBRM 0%

70
Security threats have decreased over the most recent past, but there have been some sporadic incidences of security threats that
were mostly driven by herders and farmers, and the continued existence of some weapons in the hands of civilian groups.
Security threats have decreased mostly due to the following :
• The governments campaign of collecting weapons during 2017-2018;
• The prevalence of security forces throughout the states and in areas where security threats were highest;
• The banning of four-wheel drives and motorcycles;
• Peacebuilding and conflict transformation efforts/program by national and international organizations in different parts of
the state;
• Extended periods of conflicts between communities have raised awareness of communities to the need to overcome their
differences and co-exist rather than try to fight each other;
• The fall of the former regime and its affiliates
Various opportunities in light of the current and on-going changes are identified :
• Youth and traditional leaders are communicating and working together with each other (E.g of UNAMID in Kebkabiya
leaving in six month);
• Women and youth believe they can take over the role of the native administration and the elders;
• There are opportunities for transforming conflict to peace with the current changes, but processes need to be inclusive and
well informed by those with experience.
Planning is essential and with the inclusion of both youth and traditional leaders;
• Allowing a bigger space for women to participate in peacebuilding and conflict transformation
Despite this positive mind-set, the discussants also noted some challenges and expressed some caution. They mentioned the
following –
• How the native administration evolves after the long period of stagnation and politicization is crucial to peace and conflict
transformation in Darfur;
• The inclusion of youth and a bigger role for them is both an opportunity and a challenge;
• Sustainability of CBRMs and peacebuilding is a big challenge;
• Native administration need a more reliable source of income for their work.
In North Darfur, the underlying causes of divided and conflict are manifold. The discussants identified the following -
 The struggle over power and political gain (government - armed movements) on a national level;
 The struggle over power on a regional level;
71
 Tribal rivalries and conflict;
 A spirit of collective empowerment for the purpose of protection and economic improvement;
 Lack of a peace agreement between the government and the armed movements;
 Competition over natural resources such as gold, water, pasture, agriculture, access to land. This competition results from
drought, desertification, and declining arable and grazing land - with a steady increase in population and animals;
 The proliferation of weapons and access to it;
 The opening of borders between neighbouring countries and conflicts;
 The spread of drugs of various kinds;
 Conflict in revolution, power and political representation at local and state levels of government;
 Tribal and regional competition (about power);
 Not accepting the other;
 Ignorance, illiteracy and lack of awareness;
 A sense of developmental marginalization from the centre;
 Frictions between pastoralists and farmers due to the lack of opening of the tracks - the lack of seriousness of the
committees of the agricultural season (early freewheeling) – Alhawakir;
 Problems about the shepherd and farms, the problems of home and hawakir are underlying causes of conflicts;
 Lack of justice and the rule of law
CBRMs and their use/effectiveness
 Challenge was how to establish these CBRMs’ and indeed the establishment of CBRMs was inclusive and representative
of all the different community groups (herders, farmers, youth, women)
 CBRMS were well trained and were able to track and report on the incidences that they resolved;
 CBRMs initially solved problems between families but quickly expanded to solve problems between different community
groups such as farmers and herders. They also expanded into neighboring communities further out. In some CBRMs they
went further to resolve disputes that were in lagging in the formal courts unresolved.
 They facilitated exchange visits between neighboring communities;
 The CBRMs have become a more modern version of the traditional ‘judeya’ system and with more inclusivity and
representation.
 CBRMs have been effective in solving land disputes between IDPs living in Kebkabiya and some of the land occupiers;
72
Collaboration with local authorities and challenges
 Some CBRMs have evolved and began to network and connect with the formal authorities and became registered formally
with the HAC.
 CBRMs in Kebkabiya formed a network and began to connect with the Higher Committee for Protection of the
Agricultural season in Kebkabiya as well as the native administration system.
 CBRMs on a weekly basis communicate with local authorities and NGOs about their performance, showing them the
number of cases, they tackled and might have resolved or need help with;
 CBRMs, newly formed are still too young/weak and able to work with local authorities;
 Challenges include their legitimacy and which government entity would give the CBRMs sponsorship or legitimacy.
 Biggest challenge for CBRMs is their sustainability and formal authorities do no recognize them, so they end up not
collaborating with them seriously.
Women´s organizations and roles
 Women were part of the CBRMs and received training to help them play a bigger role in the CBRMs.
 Women insisted and have proven that they can play a big role in solving family disputes, better than men;
 Men were initially resistant to women having a role in resolving disputes but eventually realized the effectiveness of
women in that regard;
 Women organizations and roles can only play a role if they insist and pressure their male counterparts to allow them to
play a role in mediation;
 Women are extremely effective in resolving family disputes and are yet to be allowed to participate in resolving disputes
that are more male dominated.
Challenges in the wake of the changes taking place in the country
 Youth and traditional leaders communicating and working together with each other. E.g of UNAMID in Kebkabiya leaving
in six month.
 Women and youth believe they can take over the role of the native administration and the elders;
 There are opportunities for transforming conflict to peace with the current changes, but processes need to be inclusive and
well informed by those with experience. Planning is essential and with the inclusion of both youth and traditional leaders.
 The inclusion of youth and a bigger role for them is both an opportunity and a challenge.
 Allowing a bigger space for women to participate in peacebuilding and conflict transformation.
 Sustainability of CBRMs and peacebuilding is a big challenge;
 Native administration having a more reliable source of income for their work
73
 How the native administration evolves after the long period of stagnation and politicization is crucial to peace and conflict
transformation in Darfur

other conflict
stakeholder)
Conflict over land and Hakura System (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were – Dar
Esalam, Kutum, Kebkabiya and Tawill)
Political interests They have weapons and are armed IDPs
Darfur Armed
Defense of their territory Ethnic and tribal relationships Tribes
Groups/Movement
Land Acquisition
Authority of Native administration Acceptance from the communities Farmers
Native administration,
over the land Historically inherited authority Pastoralist
Farmers and
Use of the natural resources Land and ‘Hakura’ ownership Local authorities/local
Pastoralists
government
Use if natural resources They have weapons and have some Local authorities
Government and its Personal gains and influence tribes/tribal militias siding with
armed militias them Farmers
(meaning RSF) Legal authority and jurisdiction Pastoralist
Competition over resources and Prevailing social norms and Armed groups
Different ethnic groups
positions (government positions attitudes Farmers
in the locality
and jobs) Pastoralists
Tribally based conflict (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were – Kutum, Kebkabiya
and Dar Esalam)
Gains to their tribes Their constituencies from the Farmers
Native administration
communities Herders
Armed Groups (Darfur Achieving political gains Weapons and arms IDPs
74
Armed Groups) Tribal groups
Land gains/acquisition Their land and animal wealth Native administration
Farmers and Herders Politicians
Local authorities
Authority and power Affiliation with political parties Local authorities
Political groups
Achieving material gains and Financial ability and organisation Local authorities
Miners
wealth (formal)
Conflict driven by politics (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were – Kebkabiya,
Alwaha and Alsalam)
Achieving rule Political affiliation Local government
Tribes – Farmers and authorities/officials
Herders Politicians
Political parties Acquiring wealth and land Economic capacity Native administration
(National Congress Armed groups
Party, Umma Party,
DUP) Local authorities
Social and ideological Ownership of weapons IDPs
Armed groups
motivations Politicians
Native administration Historical rights Tribal affiliations Politicians
Local authorities
Farmers/Herders
Conflict over natural resources (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were – Alseraif,
Dar Esalam and Um Baru)
Greed and personal interest The tribe Local authorities
Mine owners
Farmers and Herders Land gains Their constituencies Native administration
75
Expanding farming plots/land Local
Expanding animal migration authorities/government
routes and range land officials
Increasing Animal wealth Government
Competition over the control of Their power and the tribe Native administration
The public/government
water sources Local authorities
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4 CENTRAL DARFUR


Yes 49%
No 23%
Do not know 0%
Somehow 28%

Theft, banditry 53%
GBV 42%
State violence 17%
Lack of trust among people/groups 3%

Sexual violence 100%
Early marriage 80%
Retaliation 60%
Recruitment 60%
Lack of security in general 20%

77
Recruitment 100%

Youth 84%
Military 16%
Husbands 5%
Police 4%
Main sources of conflicts

Land disputes 65%
Water disputes 41%
Thefts/banditry 16%
Lack of services 9%
Youth 6%
Climate change 6%
78
Drugs 1%

Banditry/theft 60%
Proliferation of small arms 20%
Land disputes 20%
Armed groups 20%

Theft/banditry 11%
Hakamat 11%

Impunity 86%
79
Sexual violence 22%
Lack of respect 0%
Lack of gender inclusiveness 0%
Early marriage/family disputes 0%
Armed groups 0%

Tribal conflict 97%

Tribes 35%
Youth 34%
politicians 33%
80
Weapon traders 10%
IDPs/Returnees 10%
Armed civilians 7%
Police/army 5%
State/government 1%
Bandits/outlaw 1%

Young people are brainwashed 33%
Hakamat songs to encourage young to join 31%
Politicians mobilise the youth 28%
Elders encourage the youth to join 25%
Youth are mobilsed through social media/medias 3%
Native admnistration mobilises the youth through faza 3%


Women do not participate in conflict/community leaders do not
allow 25%
81
Revenge 33%
Protecting themselves 33%

Intelligence services 60%
Encouraging fighters 60%
Cooking 60%
Recruitment 40%
Nurses 20%

Religion 65%
CBRM 45%
Tribal alliance 24%
Harvest 14%
Rule of law 1%
82
CBRM 85%
Religious leader 77%
Police 66%
Women 65%
State/government 1%
Elders/heads of households 1%

Police 73%
Head of family 39%
Reconciliation committee 22%
Court 22%
Neighbours 20%

CBRM 35%
Government 33%
Youth 2%
NGO 2%
Court 2%
83
Through baramka 4%

Murders 57%
Rapes 40%
Native administration decision is unfair 26%
High level political issues 24%
Revenge 17%
Honour issues 17%
Divorce through sharia law 17%

Weapons collected 31%
Tribal/ethnic tensions resolved 20%
Youth/women centres 18%
Reform the customary laws 14%
Improve justice 14%
Conflict resolution mechanisms 0%
84
Create jobs 79%

Collect weapons 53%
Provide better living conditions for idps/returnees 33%
Strengthen social cohesion 22%
Job opportunities for youth 22%
Fight alcohol/drugs abuse 22%
85
Build mosques 20%

Disarmament in the community 22%
Create jobs 22%
Provide water harvesting/boreholes to pastoralists 11%
Find a solution to the occupation of lands by IDPs 11%
Empower/support CBRM/women's organisations 11%

Collection of weapons/disarmament 22%
Raise awareness to the RSF on human rights 11%
86
Fight tribalism 11%
Fight against drug use 11%

Relocate RSF to military camps 11%
Improve security 11%
Improve living standards/encourage development/livelihood
opportunities 11%
Facilitate IDPs/returnees voluntary return 11%

Presence of armed groups 33%
Land disputes 33%
Communities where women are more at risk

IDPs 50%
87
Adults women 100%
Boys/young men 45%
Elders 14%
CBRM addresses women's issues 50%
Patriachal community/local leaders take the side of men 25%

The improved security situation is largely attributable to -
• The process of collecting arms owned by individuals or tribes in Central Darfur - Even those who claimed that only 10% of
the total number of arms in the hands of the nomads has been collected admitted improvement in the security situation;
In terms of security the major concerns of the IDPs and people living in rural areas are related to theft and banditry by armed youth
allegedly from the Arab tribes.
In Omdukhun the CBRM, working inside the Peace Centre established by the DCPSF, was able to address 90% out of 155 reported
conflict cases. According to one of the native administration leaders the Omda used to be appointed by the Dimingawi but under al
Bashir regime he is appointed by the Locality Commissioner. One of the participants in the workshop stated that "the lands issues
represents a timebomb".
However, the discussants also reported the emergence of new conflicts of political and ethnic dimensions due to the political
dynamics that resulted in removing al-Bashir regime.
The youth and women in Sudan played a leading role in the political process that lead to overthrowing al Bashir regime. The
people in Central Darfur under the leadership of the youth, men and women, responded positively to calls from the Forces for
88
Freedom and Change (FFC) for organizing public protests and sit-ins. Like their counterparts in other parts of Sudan they have
contributed significantly to the success of the revolution. Perhaps, they have been motivated by the chanting of the Sudanese
people across Sudan against al Bashir "ya Unssuri ya maghrour ... kul abalad Darfur" (racist and arrogant all parts of the country is
Darfur). Following their successful contribution, the discussants expressed a positive note regarding the opportunities to further
peace and stability -
 The contribution of the youth and women in the success of the revolution has given them confidence in themselves. It is not
surprisingly, therefore, to see them immediately after the success of the revolution and before the formation of the new
government that they took the lead to "clean" their local government institutions from the followers of al Bashir regime (see
section on political space above).
 Optimism that the new government will do its best to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian and development assistance to
the IDPs and the poor communities in Central Darfur State;
 Prime Minister, Dr. Abdalla Hamdok, expressed his commitment to address the concerns and grievances of the IDPs and
refugees in all parts of Sudan on many occasions;
 The present democratic environment and the widening of the political space will create good opportunities for working for
peace building and stability.
The participants attributed the deeper causes of divide and conflict to the historical marginalization of Darfur region,
unemployment, poverty, competition over natural resources, political polarization and easy access to arms. In particular, they
mentioned the policies of divide and rule pursued and implemented by al Bashir regime. In general terms the participants were in
agreement that the security threats decreased due to improvement in the security situation in all parts of the state. However, they
argued that there are still incidents of theft and banditry committed mainly by armed men. The current and on-going political
changes have motivated the people in West Darfur State to stand for their rights. In Geneina and Kereneik they managed to
force the government authorities to relieve some officials at the Locality and State levels.
"Kereneik Locality in West Darfur State organized a big procession to relieve and clean the Locality from the Kizan
(Islamists/Muslim brothers) and welcome Dr. Hashim Sagi the Medical Director of Kereneik Hospital who was forcefully
transferred a year ago by the National Congress Party (NCP). The revolution succeeded and Dr. Sagi Is now back to Kereneik", 9
October 2019, facebook.
This new spirit and the commitment of the new government to achieve peace and address the grievances of the IDPs and refuge
suggest a good potential for better opportunities for conflict prevention and peace and stability
89
The main stakeholders and influencers in government include HAC, NSIS and the Executive Officer of the Locality. In community
they include the native administration and community leaders.
The main stakeholders in the community include the government line ministries, local authorities (HAC, Locality and Peace and
Reconciliation Council), native administration (CBRM), youth, women leaders and local communities. The influencers include
HAC, local government authorities and native administration.
platforms.
According to the group analysis the main stakeholders are HAC, native administration and women. The main influencers are the
native administration and local community leaders, including religious leaders.
Output 4 – Improved networking, coordination, and learning between local and state level peace building institutions.
The stakeholders include the state government, HAC, National Security and Intelligence Services (NSIS), the locality, civil society
organizations and NGOs. The influencers include NSIS, HAC and line ministries
Some participants have no clear idea about the achievements of the DCPSF and, therefore, could not make reliable comments on
the peace dividend delivered. However, the UN agencies, national NGOs and international NGOs especially those who
implemented projects funded by the DCPSF seem to be well aware of its achievements and positive impact. The DCPSF
implementing partners (IPs) commended the peace dividend delivered through DCPSF funded projects. The successes of the
DCPSF are proved by the number of the CBRMs it has assisted to establish, the capacity building interventions it has funded, the
construction of peace centres for the CBRMs, the livelihood projects for the community members and the job opportunities it has
created for men and women. However, the IPs may need to do more effort to improve the visibility of the DCPSF.
The DCPSF stakeholders in government such the Peace and Reconciliation Council, the national NGOs who entered into
partnerships with the fund recipients, UN agencies and international NGOs are well informed about the fund and the valuable
services it had delivered to contribute to social peace and stability in the state. The participants in the state level workshop, who are
aware of the DCPSF and the projects it has funded, expressed satisfaction of the results of the projects.
platforms.There was a consensus among the group members that the existing women organizations are organizationally weak and
lack the capacity and skills to meaningfully participate in local and state level peace building platforms. Efforts aiming at
empowering them have not yet materialized. In discussing the findings of this group the participants in the workshop expressed
90
similar views.
The group members and most of the participants in the workshop were in agreement that there are a process of networking,
coordination and learning between the local and state levels peace building institutions. However, the majority of the group
members are not happy with security role played by HAC. HAC looks at the NGOs and civil society organization with a high
degree of suspicion.
The highest priority areas in Central Darfur State for conflict transformation and stability are - Nertiti (West Jabal Mara Locality);
Golo (Central Jabal Mara Locality);Rokoro (North Jabal Mara Locality)
Highest priority locations in the state for conflict transformation and stabilisation
These are the areas where SLM/Abdelwahid Nour has presence and engaged in military operations with the government.
UNAMID, OCHA, UN agencies and INGOs have recently established office for providing humanitarian assistance to the conflict
affected people and IDPs.

other conflict
stakeholder)
Political conflicts
Politicians Access to power Relatives, tribe and personal interest Promises on access to
seekers better services
Native administration Access to leadership Government, tribe and community Promises on access to
positions in community better services
Tribe Better status in community Political organisations Relations with other
tribes and political
organisations
Youth Access to jobs in Family and community Improving economic
government status of family and
community
Conflict between the centre and peripheries
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Politicians Access to protection, Relations with decision makers in the Good relations with
political power and personal central government central government,
economic gains armed movements and
neighbouring
countries
Investors and traders Personal interest Financial resources Relations with small
businessmen
Government Keeping and controlling Political, economic and military power Relations with
political power, and politicians and Native
pursuing policies of administration
marginalization
Conflict over Hawakeer,and land use and ownership (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of
conflicts were – Golo (Central Jabal Mara Locality), Nertiti (West Jabal Mara Locality) and Omdukhun Locality)
Fur and Arab tribes in Access to financial Government, Ministry of Urban Shared political
Golo in Central Jabal resources, allocating land for Planning, Native administration (Shartai) interest and relations
Mara Locality, and certain groups and weak not living in the area with government
government capacity of Native institutions
administration in land
management
Local community, Arab Access to natural resources Influential politicians allied with the Relations with and
tribes and government in and political power, and state and central governments. support from
Omdukhun Locality control of CBRMs government, and
Fur and pastoralists in Access to land ownership Government, Native administration and Relations with the
Nertiti and agricultural schemes absence of land owners office of agriculture in
the area and ministry
of agriculture
Conflict over natural resources between pastoralists and armed movements (areas in the state identified most
problematic with such type of conflicts were – Wadi Salih, Golo and Azoom localities)
Fur (settled land owners) Access to natural resources Relations with Native administration and Government providing
and pastoralists (Beni (land, water, farms and relatives in armed movements protection to one party
92
Halba, Misseriya and grazing areas) to the conflict
others)
Armed movements, Sudan Access to political and Support from government and RSF for Relations with the
Armed Forces and RSF military power, and tribal Arab tribes armed movements and
interest RSF
Native administration Access to political power Long history of being tribal leaders and Relations with
and economic resources support from tribes and government government authorities
at all levels
Political leaders and Claims on areas annexed to Accumulation of wealth through corrupt Alliances with political
neighbouring states neighbouring states practices and politicization of Native organisations
administration
Conflict between farmers and pastoralists (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were –
West Jabal Mara, Zalkingei and Garsila Localities)
Farmers Land is a main source of Land ownership and support from Native Relations with Native
income and food security, administration and armed movements administration and
right to land ownership and armed movements.
interest in expanding in
agriculture
Pastoralists Interest in owning land, Government distribution of arms and Politically appointed
looking for good grazing recruitment, Native administration with Native administration
areas, access to animal long history, tribal militias and lack of and militias created by
corridors and water sources rule of law al Bashir regime
and increasing the number
of animals
Police Enforcing law Government support Networking with
corrupt groups

Gender norms – Drivers of conflict or peace
93
behaviour
Women are perceived as Through songs and poetry Encouraging women to sing for Capacity building training and
second-class citizens and the hakamat (females) peace economic and social empowerment
influential traditional encourage men to create
leaders do not recognize conflicts.
their right to leadership
94
5 WEST DARFUR
Yes 37%
No 35%
Do not know 0%
Somehow 27%
Reasons for not feeling safe

Theft, banditry 35%
GBV 33%
State violence 28%

Family is there 39%
Open communications 2%

Recruitment 83%
Early marriage 83%
95
Retaliation 17%

Recruitment 100%
Retaliation 60%
Sexual violence 40%
Robberies 20%

Youth 67%
Military 16%
Police 13%
Husbands 3%
Pastoralists 2%

Land disputes 95%
Water disputes 23%
Thefts/banditry 21%
Mistrust between communities 8%
Lack of services 8%
96
Forceful displacement 6%

Land disputes 43%
Proliferation of small arms 29%
Banditry/theft 29%
Water disputes 14%
Mistrust in the native administration 14%

Theft/banditry 17%
97

Lack of respect 13%
Impunity 13%

Tribal conflict 33%

Tribes 37%
politicians 24%
Youth 16%
98
IDPs/Returnees 10%
Bandits/outlaw 10%
Weapon traders 7%
State/government 7%
Police/army 6%
Women 1%
Hakamat 1%
Armed civilians 1%

Hakamat songs to encourage young to join 34%
Politicians mobilise the youth 20%
Youth leaders use hakamat to mobilise young people 3%
Youth are mobilised through social media/medias 3%
Young people are mobilsed through Ogada 3%
Native administration mobilises the youth through faza 3%

To control lands 25%

women participate in conflict resolution/facilitation for peace 50%
Women do not participate in conflict/community leaders do not allow 33%
99

Cooking 50%
Sexual services 25%
Recruitment 25%
Nurses 25%
Leadership roles 25%
Fetching water/collecting woods 25%
Encourage the hakamat to sing 25%

Religion 69%
CBRM 49%
Tribal alliance 31%
Harvest 3%
Social norms and values 1%
Rule of law 1%
Most effective to solve and reduce conflcits

CBRM 73%
100
Police 59%
Women 35%
Hakamat 1%

Police 100%
Head of family 18%

CBRM 50%
Police 33%
Natural resources/rain committees 17%
Court 2%

101
When conflicting parties refuse customary law 82%
Murders 78%
Rapes 56%
Tribal conflicts 22%
Land disputes 22%


Better participation of youth and women in peacebuilding 18%
Better living conditions for IDPs and returnees/voluntary returns 18%
Achieve my rights/women's 18%

Create jobs 58%
102
Ensure better living conditions for idps/returnees/voluntary returns 50%
Better participation/representation of youth and women in peacebuilding 17%
Strengthen social cohesion 15%
Raise awareness on human/women rights 13%

Provide compensation to victims of conflict 20%
Facilitate voluntary safe return 20%
Disarmament in the community 20%
Reinforce social cohesion 10%
Create jobs 10%

103
Fight tribalism 18%
Consult/improve communication between conflicting parties 18%
Stop impunity 9%
Improve transparency/fight corruption 9%
Collection of weapons/disarmament 9%

Improve living standards/encourage developmentt/livelihood opportunities 18%
Facilitate idps/returnees voluntary return 18%
Ensure security 9%

Tribalism 40%
104
Mistrust among communities/non-acceptance 40%
Land disputes 40%
Lack of jobs 20%
Communities where women are more at risk

Women living in conflict areas 33%
Women in settled communities 33%
IDPs 33%

Adults women 100%
Elders 36%
Settled communities 18%
The Ministry of Social Welfare organise workshop on early marriage 17%
Perpetrators of sexual violence /crimes are not condemned 17%
Local leaders carry advocacy campaigns 17%
Intervene to address cases of sexual violence 17%

105
Current and on-going changes in the state and the opportunities for furthering peace and stability
In West-Darfur, the discussants generally had a positive attitude towards the current and on-going changes -
 The current and on-going political changes have motivated the people in West Darfur State to stand for their rights;
 In Geneina and Kereneik they managed to force the government authorities to relieve some officials at the Locality and State
levels;
 "Kereneik Locality in West Darfur State organized a big procession to relieve and clean the Locality from the Kizan
(Islamists/Muslim brothers) and welcome Dr. Hashim Sagi the Medical Director of Kereneik Hospital who was forcefully
transferred a year ago by the National Congress Party (NCP). The revolution succeeded and Dr. Sagi Is now back to Kereneik"
(9 October 2019, facebook);
 This new spirit and the commitment of the new government to achieve peace and address the grievances of the IDPs and refuge
suggest a good potential for better opportunities for conflict prevention and peace and stability
The participants attributed the deeper causes of divide and conflict to the historical marginalization of Darfur region, unemployment,
poverty, competition over natural resources, political polarization and easy access to arms. In particular, they mentioned the policies of
divide and rule pursued and implemented by al Bashir regime.
The main influencers include local politicians allied with the ruling party, native administration, Locality Commissioner and
community leaders.
National Security and Intelligence Services, HAC, local politicians and community leaders especially native administration members.
Output 3 – Women´s organisations empowered to meaningfully participate in local and State-level peacebuilding platforms.
The main influencers are the native administration leaders, other community leaders and religious leaders.
Women organizations, national NGOs, international NGOs, UN agencies and the Unit for the Combat of Violence against Women.
The CBRMs have contributed to resolving many conflicts. However, their work encounters some challenges which can be summarized
in the following:
 The CBRMs are not given the importance they derive by providing the needed work facilities to enable them perform their duties
106
especially during the rainy season.
 Challenges related to acceptability and legitimacy among communities.
 Weak representation of women in the CBRMs and, hence, their limited role in conflict resolution and peace building.
Many participants were of the view that some peace divided has been delivered and contributed to improving security and
stability. However, they argued, more work is needed to consolidate what has been achieved. ADRA has been able, with support
from DCPSF to establish and capacitate 18 CBRMs in 18 villages and construct 18 centres for the CBRMs. This is in addition to
provision of services and implementing livelihood projects. Also the DRC, a former DCPSF IP, has commended the achievements
of the the projects funded by the DCPSF. The only concern expressed by ADRA is that the funding is provided for short term
while projects aiming at attitude and behaviour change need long-term projects.
Output 3 – Women´s organisations empowered to meaningfully participate in local and State-level peacebuilding platforms.
The participants in the workshop were almost in agreement that the existing women organizations are still and need to be
strengthened. They suggested reconsidering women representation and participation in government, civil society and community
structures especially the CBRMs.
There are platforms for networking and coordination, and learning between local and state level peace building initiatives. The
participants seemed to be in consensus that there is a long way to go to have effective mechanisms and processes for networking,
coordination and cross learning. The Women Task Force and the gender forum hosted by UNDP are good initiatives that can be
replicated.
Identification of the highest priority locations in the state for conflict transformation and stabilisation
The highest priority areas in West Darfur for conflict transformation and stabilisation are : Kereneik; Sirba; Kulbus
In Kereneik there is a remaining conflict between Arab tribes and Masalit, and in both Sirba and Kulbus are regular conflicts over land.

Actor Motivation/interest Capacities and sources Relationships (with other
of power conflict stakeholder)
Political Conflicts (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were – Geneina, Kereneik,
Kulbus)
107
Political party (NCP) Political gains, better economic Support from political Creation of alliances with some
and government status, implementing political party party, tribe, economic tribal and ethnic groups
agendas. resources.
Native administration Improving political and economic Political and tribal Being extremely politicized the
status and personal interest alliances and use of force NA serves the agenda of the ruling
to terrorize people party
Conflicts between tribes and ethnic groups (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were -
Kereneik, Sirba, Geneina)
Different Personal political gains, Lack of justice, Alliances with the government and
communities distinguished status in community government support to armed movements
and deterioration of economic one tribe against others,
conditions lack of security and
weakness of police
authorities
Native administration Struggle for political power and Tribal support, exploiting The Native administration was
leadership position in community, vulnerable groups in acting as a political arm for the
personal gains and influence and community and political government at all levels
political and economic interest support from the ruling
party
Individuals from Competition over natural resources, Unawareness among Supporting communities to jointly
different tribes conflict of interest, tribal communities, easy access manage and use natural resources.
sentiments and protection of to firearms and weakness
criminals or biasness of law
enforcing authorities
Politicians Political polarization as a means for Political unrest, lack of Affiliation to the ruling party
achieving personal interest political awareness and
opportunities for
exploiting politically
vulnerable groups.
Conflicts over natural Hawakeer (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were -
108
Kereneink, Jabal Moon, Sirba)
IDPs, government and Land use and ownership for Biased government policy Allying with government and
land occupiers grazing, farming permanent and inability or armed movements
settlement and access to services. unwillingness to enforce
laws
Farmers Expansion of agriculture at the Claims on right to land use Good relations with armed
expense of grazing areas. and ownership. movements
Pastoralists Access to natural resources (water Free movement of Alliance with government.
and grazing areas). pastoralists without
monitoring, tribal power
and political support.
Conflicts over natural resources (areas in the state identified most problematic with such type of conflicts were -
Kereneink,Geneina and Kulbus)
Pastoralists Access to grazing areas Ownership of wealth and Conflict of interest with farmers
firearms and political support from
government
Farmers Expansion in agriculture Land ownership
Communities Access to basic services Tribal and ethnic support Some in alliance with government
others are not
Government officials Increasing government revenues Bureaucratic and political Legislation of new laws to protect
power the producers
Businessmen Accumulation of wealth Economic resources Good relations with politicians and
government
Gender norms, behaviour and drivers of conflict or peace
Gender norms – Drivers of conflict or peace

behaviour
109
Encouraging the youth Singing in support of tribeSinging to enhance reconciliations Collection of arms,
to fight for tribal cause and peace building provision of services,
building trust between
communities and improving
economic conditions
Insulting members of Supporting own tribe during Playing a positive role to Sustainable economic
other tribes conflicts encourage peaceful coexistence development, supporting
peace and stability and
spreading of peace culture
110
111
1
This section is based on the methodology described in “Conducting a CDA, United Nations Development Group, February 2016”
2
Adaptation of Galtung’s triangle (Fisher et al., 2000: 10)
3
Gender analysis of conflict Toolkit, Saferworld, 2016
4
Conflict transformation aims at truly achieving positive peace. It not only aims to end violence and change negative relationships between the conflicting
parties, but also to change the political, social or economic structures that cause such negative relationships. Conflict transformation is aimed at
empowering people to become involved in non-violent change processes themselves, and to help build sustainable conditions for peace and justice. Based
upon the definition of Lederach (2003).
5
http://research-methodology.net/sampling/purposive-sampling/.
6
http://research-methodology.net/sampling/snowball-sampling/.
7
The mini-perception survey can also act as a baseline and be used subsequently by the DCPSF to track changes in the perceptions of communities over
time and to capture the ‘why’ behind those changes.
8
ICRC (co-editors: Kuner, Christopher and Marelli, Massimo). Handbook on data protection in humanitarian action. ICRC: Geneva. 2017
9
ICRC (co-editors: Kuner, Christopher and Marelli, Massimo). Handbook on data protection in humanitarian action. ICRC: Geneva. P. 46, 2017
10
ICRC (co-editors: Kuner, Christopher and Marelli, Massimo). Handbook on data protection in humanitarian action. ICRC: Geneva. P. 46, 2017
11
Remote-Control Breakdown: Sudanese Paramilitary Forces and Pro-Government Militias – HSBA Issue Brief
12
Remote-Control Breakdown: Sudanese Paramilitary Forces and Pro-Government Militias – HSBA Issue Brief
13
Remote-control breakdown Sudanese paramilitary forces and pro -government militias – Small Arms Survey, Number 27, April 2017
14
Remote-control breakdown Sudanese paramilitary forces and pro -government militias – Small Arms Survey, Number 27, April 2017
15
Dabanga. (May 2018). ‘Ongoing clashes between RSF, rebels in Darfur’s Jebel Marra.‘, last accessed on 14/10/2019:
16
DCPSF/MCS Project proposal
17
Remote-control breakdown Sudanese paramilitary forces and pro -government militias – Small Arms Survey, Number 27, April 2017, p.8
18
DCPSF/Care Proposal – Context section

6-Annexes CA Darfur

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6-Annexes CA Darfur

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Conflict Analysis

BY TRANSITION INTERNATIONAL IN COLLABORATION WITH SUDIA

Less visible violence

Figure 1: Adaptation of Galtung’s triangle

Sample and sampling methods

Abu Karinka (Hilal  Inter-ethnic conflicts

Al Geneina (Krinding,  Conflicts between IDPs and host communities

Tools and respondents

Key stakeholders in Khartoum Government staff, UN agencies, NGOs, research 20

18. Without mentioning any names or indicating X

a. To what extent would you agree with the

d. To what extent would you agree with the

Reasons for feeling safe

Biggest risks of security for women and girls

Biggest risks of security for men and boys

Main perpetrators of sexual violence

Main sources of conflict

Main causes of inter-tribal violence

Deeper underlying causes of divides and conflicts

What divides people in the community

More recent conflict dynamics

How young are mobilised and influenced

Reasons to join armed groups

Roles of women in conflicts

Roles of women in armed groups

Things that connect and bind people together

Main effective actors to solve and reduce conflicts

Main security actors

Actors solving conflicts

How are conflicts solved

Topics that are not covered by CBRM

What makes respondents most happy

How to mitigate conflicts

Recommendations to improve peace and security in Darfur

Changes required in terms of context

Changes required in terms of behaviour

Changes required in terms of attitudes

Challenges in addressing security risks

Communiites where women are more at risk

Groups at biggest risk of security

Main conclusions of the state-level workshop

Main conflicts stakeholders

Conflict driven by the Hakura system

Reasons for feeling unsafe

Reasons for feeling safe

Biggest risks of security for women and girls

Biggest risks of security for men and boys

Main perpetrators of sexual violence

Main sources of conflict

Deeper underlying causes of divides and conflicts

What divides people in the community

More recent conflict dynamics

Actors causing conflicts in and between communities

Reasons to join armed groups

Roles of women in conflicts

Why women join armed groups

Roles of women in armed groups

Things that connect and bind people together

Most effective actors to solve and reduce conflicts

Main security actors

Actors solving conflicts

How are conflicts solved

Topics that are not covered by CBRM

What makes respondents most happy