Türkiye Geneli Yds Deneme Ii / Nisan 2021: Merkezi Ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri
TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021
1-16: For these questions, choose the best word or 6. At this critical point in history, we, humans, not
expression to fill the space. only have to reverse the damage we inflicted upon
the environment but also ---- the carbon emissions
1. Egypt has an unusual geographical and cultural that we release into the atmosphere.
unity that has given the Egyptian people a strong
A) get along with B) look down on
sense of identity and pride in their heritage as ---- of
one of humankind's earliest civilisations. C) hold on to D) make up for
A) interventions B) descendants E) cut down on
C) occurrences D) perceptions
E) restrictions
7. The United Nations ---- the least developed

countries as a category of states that ---- highly
2. While dieting does produce impressive initial
disadvantaged in their development process for
results, a new international study shows that diets
structural, historical and also geographical
leading to immediate weight loss cannot ---- desired
reasons.
effects in the long run.
A) recognised / have been deemed
A) ensure B) approach
B) was recognising / had been deemed
C) consider D) prevent
C) had recognised / will be deemed
E) emulate
D) has recognised / are deemed
E) recognises / would be deemed

3. Preserving tropical forests helps protect thousands
of plant and animal species, which are, without
doubt ---- to the field of medicine that relies heavily 8. Certain intriguing theories about the cosmos and
on tropical forests for raw material. ancient life on Earth ---- the imagination of
A) consistent B) inadequate scientists and the public in 2020, but these big
claims require more evidence before they ---- a
C) susceptible D) detrimental spot in science textbooks.
E) invaluable
A) capture / may earn
B) had captured / used to earn

4. Utmost attention must be paid when using drugs in C) have captured / must earn
children as even an aspirin may trigger Reye's
D) captured / can earn
syndrome, a rare but ---- fatal disease that affects
the blood, liver and brain. E) are capturing / will earn
A) potentially B) elaborately
C) equally D) eligibly 9. Some scientists claim that a new method ---- a

couple of years ago holds a great promise to help
E) vigorously
find another hospitable world ---- in the habitable
zones of stars.
5. Online education allows educational institutions to A) to devise / orbited

reach out to a more ---- network of students without
B) to have been devised / to orbit
being restricted by geographical boundaries.
C) being devised / to be orbited
A) ambiguous B) contagious
D) having been devised / to have orbited
C) extensive D) erroneous
E) devised / orbiting
E) elusive
www.akindil.com www.akinyayincilik.com 1
10. The first research team to carry out a survey of 13. ---- the early humans known as Homo Habilis are
global ice loss using satellite data has discovered known to have hunted for meat, it was Homo
that ice is disappearing ---- an unprecedented rate, Erectus, in today's language Upright Man, that was
and it is unlikely to change ---- the better. probably the first true hunter.
A) in / into B) at / for A) As long as B) Since
C) on / over D) by / through C) Whereas D) In case
E) to / from E) Until
14. Geography played a major role in how the

11. Newborn babies, unlike children or adults, breathe
civilisations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and
through their noses almost exclusively ---- their
India developed, ---- it did in the way Greek culture
nasal passage is obstructed in some way.
grew and spread throughout the ancient world.
A) unless B) now that
A) as if B) even though
C) therefore D) when
C) just as D) given that
E) as though
E) so
12. A developmental expressive language disorder is

15. Agribusiness industry has become ---- a profitable
usually limited ---- expression and does not affect a
sector ---- its adverse effects on the environment is
child's ability to read, listen, or produce sounds
often overlooked to protect the interests of the
with the exception of those ---- serious learning
market and its economic operators.
disabilities.
A) neither / nor B) so / that
A) to / with B) among / from
C) either / or D) such / that
C) into / of D) between / on
E) both / and
E) off / by
16. Technology education teaches skills directly

related to a specific job or profession, ---- academic
education, which looks at a subject more abstractly
and with a scientific stance.
A) in return for B) as opposed to
C) at the expense of D) in case of
E) for the sake of
17-21: For these questions, choose the best word or

expression to fill the spaces in the passage.
19.
We know that human language is far more complex than
A) Before B) If
that of even our nearest relatives like chimpanzees. We can
express complex thoughts, convey emotions and C) While D) In case
communicate about abstract concepts (17) ---- the notions
like past and future. We do this following a set of structural E) Unless
rules known as grammar. Do only humans have an (18) ----
system of rules to govern the order of words? Perhaps we
are not alone, as some research may suggest that dolphins
share this inborn capability, and they are able to recognise
when these rules are broken. (19) ---- we want to know
where our capability for complex language came from, we
20.
need to look at how our brains are different from those of
other animals. We also need to identify what other things A) of B) into
our brains are capable (20) ---- doing and when and why
they evolved that way from early on. However, it is not that C) on D) from
easy (21) ---- the complicated tracks of humankind's
evolutionary journey. E) by
17.
A) on behalf of B) in contrast to
C) due to D) unlike 21.
E) such as A) having traced B) to trace
C) to be traced D) tracing
E) traced
18.
A) implicit B) arbitrary
C) absent D) innate
E) indigenous
22-26: For these questions, choose the best word or

expression to fill the spaces in the passage.
24.
Major supermarket chains have come under fire with
accusations regarding unethical acts over the past decade. A) In response to B) By means of
They have wasted tonnes of food and contributed to (22) ----
plastic waste in their packaging, having adverse impacts on C) As well as D) Except for
the environment. Fortunately, some are starting to sit up
and take notice. Growing reaction to the issue of plastic E) For the purpose of
waste (23) ---- by plastic packaging have forced some of the
largest UK supermarkets to sign up to a pact promising to
transform packaging and cut plastic wastage. In a pledge to 25.
reuse, recycle all plastic wastage, one major supermarket A) In addition B) Thus
has announced its plan to eliminate all plastic packaging in
its own-brand products by the end of this decade. (24) ---- C) For instance D) However
harsh criticisms over food waste, some supermarkets have
decided to donate some of their food surpluses to people in E) In other words
need. (25) ----, charities estimate that they are only
accessing 2% of supermarkets' total food surplus, so this
hardly seems to be solving the problem. It is obvious that
we still have a long way to go (26) ---- reducing food and
plastic waste. Let’s cross our fingers so that perhaps the
major supermarkets might take inspiration and gradually 26.
move towards a more sustainable future for us all.
A) upon B) in
C) at D) along
22. E) to
A) suspicious B) cautious
C) excessive D) confidential
E) pretentious
23.
A) to have been generated B) generated
C) to generate D) generating
E) having generated
30. Until children have learned how they can and

27-36: For these questions, choose the best option
should deal with their unsettling feelings, ----.
to complete the given sentence.
A) it is important for parents to assist them in dealing
with these emotional states
27. Because the technology of artificial intelligence has
to be created and managed by human beings, ----. B) coping with difficult emotions is developmentally
more difficult for some children than others
A) it can replace humans and lead to improved
accuracy, productivity, and efficiency C) older kids can benefit from learning more complex
feeling words such as frustrated and nervous
B) robotics with applied artificial intelligence is
attractive and beneficial to human resources D) there are both supportive and unsupportive ways to
respond to children's distress
C) there are some predictions that robots will someday
take over the world E) a positive response will help them understand the
feelings of the parents towards their children
D) thinking is a complex procedure that is uniquely
human and important in decision-making
E) it will lead to the creation of jobs and will not 31. As soon as mobile phones began coming on the
completely take over human operations market in the 1980s, ----.
A) some of the studies on mobile phones had been

narrowly carried out before the widespread use of
28. ----, most of the problems that veterinarians at smart-phones
animal shelters deal with on a daily basis are
unique to shelters. B) there emerged concerns as to the electromagnetic
radio waves that they emit and the odds of their
A) After some concrete evidence indicating that there causing certain types of cancer
are poor conditions at the shelter is collected
C) for most of their history, mobile phones were mostly
B) Unless precautions are taken against such two-way radios that you installed on something that
problems or to stop animal cruelty on a global scale moved
C) Given that medical and ethical issues have become D) mobile phones were invented in the early 1940s
much more complex than they were ten years ago when engineers working at ATM built cells for
D) In spite of the possibility of transmission of diseases mobile phone base stations
from animals to humans E) portable telephones existed in the nineteenth
E) Despite their surface similarities to veterinary century and were used by technicians installing or
hospitals, breeding facilities and laboratories repairing lines
29. Just as British people have a tradition of meeting

formally to sit together and drink tea, ----.
A) the nation which drinks most tea is Turkey, where

people drink an average of ten cups a day
B) people will more often have a nice cup of tea and

some biscuits with friends or family
C) Japanese have tea ceremonies that can be formal,

elegant affairs that last for hours
D) tea is typically a variety of black tea and can be

prepared with loose tea or tea bags
E) many of these events aim to encourage people to

try different varieties of tea in Japan
32. Sport works first and foremost by bridging 35. When camping, it is a good idea to carry your
relationships across social, economic and cultural mobile phone with you and ensure it is fully
differences, ----. charged ----.
A) given that competitive sports is a kind physical A) so that you can immediately contact someone in
activity that consists of rules, competition, case of an emergency
challenge, and uncertainties
B) whereas early mornings can be the coldest part of
B) although participation in sport can promote human the day, and therefore the most dangerous
rights through generating shared interests, values
C) since, in some instances, this can have a negative
and social skills
impact on your desire to be in nature
C) so it can be a unifying activity, which will hopefully
D) unless you tell someone where you are going and
encourage more people to live in harmony around
when you are expected to return
the world
E) if you need a shelter to keep you warm and dry or
D) while sportspeople are admired for their status,
clean water to drink
achievements, and sometimes for their inspiring
journey to success
E) because it has been organised and regulated from 36. During sleep, our brains are still active, and about
the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present half of our dream characters are familiar to us such
century as relatives or acquaintances, ----.
A) given that many dreams feature such wide-ranging

content that they simply defy classification
33. ----, they have lifelong immunity against that strain.
B) as the symptoms of sleep disorders can range from
A) As the global incidence of dengue infection has
relatively minor difficulties to serious ones like
grown dramatically in recent decades
hallucination, depression or anxiety
B) Though dengue infection was once considered
C) although we have been offering explanations for
irremediable, especially when seen in the young
such dreams of being chased, of falling, or of losing
C) Once people get infected with a particular form of something for millennia
dengue virus and then recover
D) while the other half are anonymous, including
D) Since dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that people identified solely by their occupational roles,
has rapidly spread in all regions such as policemen, doctors or teachers
E) Because severe dengue fever is a life-threatening E) just as we have dreamed of falling, of being
medical emergency for many people inappropriately dressed, or of being unprepared for
an exam
34. ----, ice loss occurring in Antarctica is likely to

continue nonstop for a long time.
A) Since scientists have grown more concerned about

Antarctic ice shelves in recent years
B) As melting ice shelves account for only a fraction of

the ice that Antarctica loses in any given year
C) Though rising sea levels are the biggest concern

about ice loss from Antarctic glaciers
D) Even if climate change has been brought, to some

extent, under control all around the world
E) If the rate of ice loss in each ice sheet decreases

substantially in the near future
37-42: For these questions, choose the most accurate 38. Since caffeine acts as a stimulant on the central
Turkish translation of the sentences in English, and nervous system, for decades, most health
the most accurate English translation of the professionals have been telling pregnant women to
sentences in Turkish. avoid drinking coffee at all costs.
A) Kahve, merkezi sinir sistemi üzerinde bir uyarıcı

37. Hard-boiled eggs do not last as long as raw eggs,
because during the cooking process, the shell's etkiye sahip olduğu için, on yıllardır sağlık
protective coating is compromised, and the open görevlileri, çoğu hamile kadına ne pahasına
pores make it easier for bacteria to get inside and olursa olsun kafeinden uzak durmalarını
spoil the egg.
söylüyor.
A) Haşlanmış katı yumurtalar, çiğ yumurta kadar
B) Kafein, merkezi sinir sistemi üzerinde bir uyarıcı
uzun süre dayanıklı değildir çünkü pişirme işlemi
görevi gördüğünden, on yıllardır çoğu sağlık
sırasında kabuğun koruyucu örtüsü zarar görür
görevlisi, hamile kadınlara ne pahasına olursa
ve bu yüzden açık gözeneklerden bakteriler içeri
olsun kahve içmekten kaçınmalarını
kolayca girerek yumurtayı bozar.
söylemektedir.
B) Pişirme işlemi sırasında kabuğun koruyucu
C) Kahve, merkezi sinir sistemi üzerinde bir uyarıcı
örtüsü hasar alıp açık gözenekler bakterilerin
etkiye sahiptir; bu nedenle onlarca yıldır sağlık
içeri girip yumurtayı bozmasını
uzmanları hamile kalacak kadınları ne olursa
kolaylaştırdığından, haşlanmış katı yumurtalar,
olsun kafeinden kaçınmaları konusunda
çiğ yumurta kadar sağlıklı değildir.
uyarmıştır.
C) Haşlanmış katı yumurtalar, çiğ yumurta kadar
D) Kafeinin merkezi sinir sistemi üzerinde bir uyarıcı
uzun süre dayanmaz çünkü pişirme işlemi
görevi görmesi yüzünden, on yıllardır sağlık
sırasında kabuğun koruyucu örtüsü zarar görür
uzmanları çoğu hamile kadına ne pahasına
ve açık gözenekler bakterilerin içeri girip
olursa olsun kahve içmekten kaçınmalarını
yumurtayı bozmasını kolaylaştırır.
söylemektedir.
D) Pişirme işlemi yüzünden kabuğun koruyucu
E) Kahve, sinir sistemi üzerinde bir uyarıcı görevi
örtüsü hasar aldığı ve bazı gözenekler
gördüğünden, on yıllardır çoğu sağlık uzmanı
bakterilerin içeri girip yumurtayı bozmasını
hamilelik süresince kadınların kahve gibi kafeinli
kolaylaştırdığı için, haşlanmış katı yumurtaların
içeceklerden uzak durmaları gerektiğinin önemini
raf ömrü, çiğ yumurtanınki kadar uzun değildir.
vurgulamıştır.
E) Çiğ yumurtaların raf ömrü, haşlanmış katı
yumurtalarınkine göre daha uzundur çünkü
pişirme işlemi sırasında kabuğun örtüsü bozulur
ve açık gözenekler, bakterilerin içeri girip
yumurtanın çürümesini kolaylaştırır.
39. A developmental delay might not be considered a 40. Küresel olarak bağlantılı ve seyahat eden toplumlar
symptom of a learning disability until your child is olmasa, ne başka kültürler konusunda pek fazla
older, but if you recognise it when your child is farkındalık, ne diğer geleneklere pek fazla saygı, ne
young, you can intervene early. de pek fazla kültürlerarası alışveriş olurdu.
A) Gelişimsel bir gecikme, ancak çocuğunuz A) Thanks to free societies travelling globally, there
büyüdükten sonra öğrenme güçlüğünün bir is much awareness of other countries, respect
belirtisi olarak görülebilir, yine de çocuğunuz for their customs and practices and much
küçükken fark ederseniz, erken müdahale intercultural interaction.
edebilirsiniz.
B) We would not be much informed of other
B) Gelişimsel gecikmeler, çocuğunuz büyümeden cultures, not have much respect for other
önce öğrenme güçlüğünün bir belirtisi olarak countries and intercultural exchange without a
değerlendirilmeyebilir, ama çocuğunuz küçükken globally conscious and travelling society.
fark edilirse, erken müdahale edilebilir.
C) Only through globally connected and travelling
C) Gelişimsel bir gecikme, çocuğunuzun societies can there be much awareness of other
büyümesiyle birlikte öğrenme güçlüğünün cultures, much respect for other traditions and
belirtisi olarak ortaya çıkabilir, ama çocuğunuz much intercultural exchange.
henüz küçükken fark ederseniz, hemen
D) Without globally related and moving societies,
müdahale edebilirsiniz.
there would not be much awareness of other
D) Çocuğunuz büyümesini tamamlayana kadar nations, let alone much respect for other
ortaya çıkacak herhangi bir gelişimsel sorun, customs and much intercultural interaction.
öğrenme güçlüğü olarak görülebilir, ama
E) If it were not for globally connected and travelling
çocuğunuz küçükken bu sorun fark edilirse,
societies, there would be neither much
erken müdahale edilebilir.
awareness of other cultures, nor much respect
E) Gelişimsel bir gecikme, çocuğunuz büyüyene for other traditions, nor much intercultural
kadar öğrenme güçlüğünün bir belirtisi olarak exchange.
görülmeyebilir, ancak bunu çocuğunuz küçükken
fark ederseniz, erken müdahale edebilirsiniz.
41. Kronik kötü beslenme ya da yetersiz beslenme, altı 42. 1980'lerden bu yana yapılan çok sayıda çalışmada,
ila yirmi dört aylık çocukların %90'ının hayatta araştırmacılar geçici üzüntüyü kabul etmenin,
kalmak için asgari besin tükettiği bazı Afrika ayrıntılara olan ilgiyi artırmaya yardımcı olduğu,
ülkelerinde yaygındır. sebatı artırdığı, cömertliği teşvik ettiği ve sahip
olduklarımız için bizi daha minnettar kıldığını
A) Chronic malnutrition or undernutrition is peculiar
bulmuşlardır.
to some African countries, in which 90% of
A) In numerous studies conducted since the 1980s,
children aged six to twenty-four months have a
researchers have found that accepting
small amount of diet to live on.
temporary sadness helps improve attention to
B) 90% of children aged six to twenty-four months detail, increases perseverance, promotes
in some countries of Africa eat the minimal diet generosity and makes us more grateful for what
to survive and seem to suffer from chronic we have.
malnutrition or undernutrition.
B) Since the 1980s, numerous studies by
C) Chronic malnutrition or undernutrition is researchers have found that by accepting
widespread in some countries of Africa, where temporary sadness, attention is improved
90% of children aged six to twenty-four months considerably, determination is increased,
consume the minimal diet to survive. generosity is promoted, and gratefulness for
D) There is widespread chronic malnutrition or what we have is fostered immensely.
undernutrition in some countries of Africa, in C) It has been revealed by numerous studies of

which 90% of children aged six to twenty-four researchers since the 1980s that improving
months have only the minimal diet to survive. attention to detail, increasing perseverance, and
E) With 90% of children aged six to twenty-four promoting generosity can be achieved by
months consuming only the minimal diet to accepting occasional sadness, which also makes
survive, chronic malnutrition or undernutrition is us more grateful for what we have.
widespread in some African countries. D) Researchers have, since the 1980s, shown in
numerous studies that gratefulness for what we
have can be fostered by accepting temporary
sadness and can help improve attention to detail,
increases patience, and promotes generosity.
E) In several studies carried out since the 1980s,

researchers have found that accepting
occasional sadness results in improving
relations, increasing generosity, promoting
perseverance and making us more thankful for
what we have at hand.
43-46: Answer these questions according to the 44. What can be concluded from the passage about
passage below. sign languages?
A) They have been equated with spoken languages, as

The ability to speak is one of the essential characteristics
most scientists have done accurately.
that set humans apart from other animals. Many people
would probably intuitively equate speech and language. B) Cognitive science has made a huge contribution to
However, cognitive science research into sign languages help them reach their highest point of perfection.
since the 1960s paints an entirely different picture: Today, C) They have more striking similarities with spoken
there is no doubt as to the fact that sign languages are fully languages than differences.
autonomous languages and have a complex organisation
on several linguistic levels such as grammar and meaning. D) It would be wrong to consider them to be completely
Previous studies on the processing of sign language in the the same as spoken languages.
human brain had already found some similarities and also E) In terms of grammar and meaning, they follow some
differences between sign languages and spoken languages. simple universal rules.
Until now, however, it has been difficult to derive a
consistent picture of how both forms of language are
processed in the brain. Although the way that they are 45. It could be inferred from the passage that ----.
processed in the brain is hardly crystal clear to scientists,
some researchers have found that especially the so-called A) the question of how both forms of language are
Broca's area in the frontal brain of the left hemisphere is processed in the brain found its convincing answer
one of the regions that is involved in the processing of sign years ago
language in almost every study evaluated. Furthermore, this
B) no final conclusion has yet been reached on how
brain region has at last been known to play a central role in
sign and spoken languages are processed in the
spoken language, where it is used for grammar and
brain
meaning.
C) the size of the Broca's area can give clues about
how sophisticated a person’s use of sign language
is
43. It is clearly stated in the passage that ----.
D) the brain region involved in the processing of sign
A) some animals possess the ability to convey
language is still being evaluated by scientists from
messages through speech to a certain extent
different branches
B) scientific community needs to have a different
E) as opposed to sign language, spoken language is
perspective regarding the functions of Broca's area
processed in a different region of the brain located
C) the way meaning is processed in the brains of in the left hemisphere
humans and other animals bear more differences
than similarities
D) the Broca's area in the brain is only one of the 46. What is the passage mainly about?
regions that play a role in the processing of sign A) Why the ability to speak is an essential
languages characteristic for human beings, and it should be
E) for a language to be considered autonomous, it has dealt with meticulously and extensively
to be different from its spoken form in grammar B) The importance of sign languages for disabled
people, and what should be done to improve them
grammatically
C) The fact that spoken and sign languages are
linguistically and neurologically both similar and
different
D) Whether some spoken languages are much more
sophisticated than sign languages that have mostly
simple grammatical rules
E) The Broca's area which is responsible for the ability
to speak and why it does not work properly in the
brains of hearing-impaired people
47-50: Answer these questions according to the 48. It can be inferred from the passage that Genghis
passage below. Khan ----.
A) may have had less to do with the decline of some river

The Aral Sea basin in Central Asia and the major rivers
civilisations than generally believed
flowing through the region were once home to advanced
river civilisations which used floodwater irrigation to farm. B) must have been in search of water in other parts of
The region's decline is often attributed to the devastating Central Asia for irrigation-based farming
Mongol invasion of the early 13th century led by Genghis
C) tended to invade the countries or regions of Central
Khan, whose army was strong, reckless and loyal. Recent
research led by the University of Lincoln, UK, reconstructed Asia where farming was the main source of income
the effects of climate change on floodwater farming in the D) could have placed a high value on farming for the
region and found that decreasing river flow was equally, if survival of his countrymen
not more, important for the abandonment of these
previously flourishing city-states. And this new research of E) might have predicted that climate change would have
long-term river dynamics and ancient irrigation networks devastating effects in and around Central Asia
shows that the changing climate and dryer conditions may
have been the real cause. Therefore, prolonged drought
during and following the later Mongol destruction reduced 49. Which of the following conclusions can be reached
the resilience of the local population and prevented the re- from the findings of the study by the University of
establishment of large-scale irrigation-based agriculture. As Lincoln?
a result, for all the blame put on the invasion to explain the
fall of some medieval river civilisations of Central Asia, the A) Decreasing river flow must have played a negligible
research shows that climate change may have had a more role in the abandonment of city-states in medieval
determinant role in their collapse. Central Asia.
B) Climate change had little effect on the development of

city-states living mainly on agriculture.
C) Floodwater farming must have been the primary form of

47. It is understood from the passage that in the early agriculture in the whole of Central Asia.
1200s, ----.
D) Thriving city-states may have been abandoned due to
A) the Aral Basin, with its major rivers, played a pivotal climate change as well as the Mongol invasion.
role in the development of new agricultural methods
E) Climate change seems to have had favourable effects
B) floodwaters that resulted from fast-flowing rivers made on the development of agriculture in medieval Central
it almost impossible to farm the land along their banks Asia.
C) there was fierce conflict among the farming societies as

to the use of floodwaters for irrigation
50. What is the primary purpose of the author?
D) advanced river civilisations depended heavily on the
A) To emphasise the importance of irrigation-based
transportation of agricultural goods over the major
agriculture for all the river civilisations in Central Asia
rivers to survive
B) To inform readers of a study claiming that climate
E) Genghis Khan's army badly damaged the civilisations
change may have also caused the destruction of the
around the Aral Sea basin in Central Asia
medieval river civilisations of Central Asia
C) To highlight how devastating the Mongol invasions were

in the early thirteenth century Central Asia
D) To emphasise that Genghis Khan was a pioneer in the

development of irrigation-based agriculture in the
medieval river civilisations of the Aral Basin
E) To refute the conclusions of the research by the

University of Lincoln about the medieval river
civilisations of Central Asia
51-54: Answer these questions according to the 52. Which of the following can be inferred from the
passage below. passage?
A) Venus and Mars can't have had water at the very

Astronomers have long been looking into the vast universe
beginning of their formation.
in hopes of discovering alien civilisations. However, for a
planet to have life, liquid water must be present. The B) Water in liquid state may have first formed on
chances of finding that have seemed impossible to calculate millimetre-sized dust particles.
owing to the long-held assumption that planets like Earth C) Water may be naturally occurring on planets and
get their water by chance if a large, ice asteroid hits the does not require an external source like water-rich
planet. Now, researchers from the University of asteroids.
Copenhagen have published an eye-opening study,
indicating that water may already be present during the very D) All planets in the Milky Way must have had collided
formation of a planet. According to the study's calculations, with ice asteroids in the distant past.
this is true for Earth, Venus and Mars. "All our data suggest E) Studies on the water in space are expected to
that water was part of Earth's building blocks, right from the provide critical clues to the role of water in the
beginning. Furthermore, because the water molecule is history of the Earth.
frequently occurring, there is a reasonable probability that it
applies to all planets in the Milky Way. The decisive point for
whether liquid water is present is the distance of the planet 53. Which of the following can be concluded from the
from its star," says the researcher who has led the study passage?
that is published in the journal Science Advances. The
study indicates that it was millimetre-sized dust particles of A) Some young stars in the Milky Way galaxy had
ice and carbon, known to orbit around all young stars in the incalculable numbers of smaller planets orbiting for
Milky Way, which accumulated and came together 4.5 4.5 billion years.
billion years ago in the formation of what would later B) The Milky Way galaxy, with its age of 4.5 billion
become Earth. years, appears to be among the oldest galaxies in
the entire universe.
C) Water is not a prerequisite for life to exist on a
planet or on any other celestial body.
51. According to the passage, for a long while, it has
D) Astronomers have long been conducting research in
been believed that ----.
hopes of finding water on other celestial bodies in
A) there are a great many alien civilisations in space the universe.
and also within our own galaxy E) Tiny particles of ice and carbon dust may have
B) earthlike planets have water only when a large ice played a role in the formation of the 4.5-billion-year-
asteroid collides with them old Earth.
C) there is intelligent life out there in the Milky Way
beyond our solar system 54. What can be said about the existence of water on a
D) the Milky Way is full of extra-terrestrial civilisations planet?
that have spread across the stars
A) The presence of water depends on how far the
E) our star and Earth are part of a young planetary planet is from its star around which it revolves.
system compared to the rest of the universe
B) The decisive point at which water exists on a planet
is related to the planet's size and gravity.
C) It can be predicted by looking at how much water
exists on Earth, Venus and Mars.
D) During the very formation of a planet, water is one
of the least existing building blocks.
E) A study reveals that planets get their water by
chance wherever they are in their star system.
55-58: Answer these questions according to the 56. It is clearly stated in the passage that ----.
passage below.
A) the White Lion captured hundreds of slaves in Africa
in the early 17th century and brought them to
Hundreds of thousands of Africans, both free and enslaved,
America
aided the establishment and survival of colonies in the
Americas and the New World. Many, though, consider the B) there was a fierce rivalry among many ships that
starting point to slavery in America to be 1619, when The were used for slave trade during the 17th century
White Lion, a ship used for slave trade, brought 20 African
C) the onset of slavery is acknowledged as the year
slaves ashore in the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia.
The crew had seized the Africans from the Portuguese when the White Lion brought some African slaves to
slave ship Sao Jao Bautista. Throughout the 17th century, America
European settlers in North America turned to enslaved D) slave trade was a highly profitable business run by
Africans as a cheaper, more plentiful labour source than ships such as Sao Jao Bautista and the White Lion
contracted servants, who were mostly poor Europeans. for the first time
Though it is impossible to give accurate figures, some
historians estimate that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were E) enslaved Africans were more preferable to
imported to the New World during the 18th century alone. contracted servants as they were more skilful
This sizable number led to the deprivation of the African
continent of many of its talented men and women. In the
17th and 18th centuries, enslaved Africans worked mainly on
the tobacco, rice and indigo plantations of the southern
coast. After the American Revolution, many colonists – 57. Which of the following best describes the author's
particularly in the North, where slavery was relatively attitude towards slavery?
unimportant to the agricultural economy – began to call for A) Sarcastic
the abolition of slavery.
B) Tolerant
C) Biased
D) Neutral
55. It can be understood from the passage that ----.
E) Apprehensive
A) slave trade caused Africa to lose some of its most
capable people in the 18th century
B) the number of slaves brought from Africa as well as

Europe is estimated to be around 7 million in the 18th 58. Which of the following could be the best title for this
century passage?
C) some African slaves replaced their European A) How Ships Contributed to Slavery in America
counterparts since they were more hardworking
B) Various Factors Starting Slavery in America
D) there were no African slaves in North America until
C) How Slavery was abolished in America
the 18th century, as most of the colonists were
against slavery D) Causes and Outcomes of Slavery in America
E) some African slaves worked as house servants at E) A Brief History of Slavery in America
the residences of well-off Americans
59-62: Answer these questions according to the 60. Why are sports usually governed by a set of rules?
passage below.
A) To prevent sports competitors from acting
haphazardly
The term sport encompasses all forms of usually
competitive physical activity which, through casual or B) To attract more spectators to the places where
organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve competition takes place
physical ability and skills while providing entertainment to C) To assure fair competition and to determine the
participants, and in some cases, spectators. Sports are winner consistently
usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve
D) To make the sporting event more attractive and
to ensure fair competition, and allow consistent
worth watching
determination of the winner. Hundreds of sports exist, from
those requiring only two participants, through to those with E) To ensure that they are done in a disciplined manner
hundreds of simultaneous participants, either in teams or
competing as individuals. Sport is generally recognised as
activities which require physical athleticism or physical
ability, with the largest major competitions such as the 61. Which of the following can replace the underlined
Olympic Games admitting only sports meeting this word 'meeting' in the passage?
definition, and other organisations such as the Council of
A) satisfying
Europe using definitions excluding activities without a
physical element from classification as sports. However, a B) recollecting
number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim C) connecting
recognition as mind sports. The International Olympic
D) performing
Committee recognises both chess and bridge as genuine
sports, offering entertainment with their crystal clear rules E) approving
and room for personal improvement. Indeed, it is beyond
doubt that one word in the definition of sport should not
be the only criterion for participation in the largest
major competitions. 62. Which of the following is implied by the underlined
sentence in the passage?
A) The International Olympic Committee's opinions on

sports bring not fair play and entertainment but
59. Which of the following is true about sport discrimination and prejudice against most sports
according to the passage?
B) That the Olympic Games and the Council of Europe
A) Competitive physical activity is a factor that makes it insist on defining sport as something physical is a
extremely difficult and exhausting. unfair.
B) Casual or organised participation will not bring much C) The attitude of the Council of Europe towards sports
benefit to it in the long run. is radically different from that of the International
Olympic Committee.
C) Physical ability alone will be insufficient to achieve
success in all forms of sports D) The term sport is not enough to encompass all
forms of physical activities with a great number of
D) One of its features is the entertainment of the
participants in the Olympics.
participants and even the spectators themselves.
E) Without the set of rules, serving to ensure fair
E) Spectators sometimes distract it from its true
competition, it would be impossible to determine the
purpose and make it incredibly unpleasant.
winner.
63-67: For these questions, choose the best option to 64.

complete the dialogue.
Tirzah:
63.  When I took the recycling bins out before the

rubbish collection this morning, I realised that I
Jacinda:
seem to have more and more plastic packaging
 Did you know that reading fiction is more effective each week! Fortunately, it is being recycled.
at reducing stress than listening to music, sipping
Howard:
tea, or taking a walk in the park?
Liz:  ----
 Well, I have heard of such claims but never found
Tirzah:
them reasonable. If you ask me, it just makes
things more complicated.  You can't be serious! How come?
Jacinda: Howard:
 I am not sure I have understood. Can you  Because plastic containers are made directly from
elaborate on this a little more? fossil fuels like crude oil or natural gas. And they
can pose threats to workers’ health because they
Liz:
suffer from excessive exposure to them.
 ----
A) The public at large is concerned about the increase
in plastic waste and want to do something to help.
Jacinda: B) Experts who conduct experiments believe that

focusing only on recycling may not be the best idea.
 You have a point, but when your brain is engaged
in the story, even if there is so much work in your C) But workers who process recycling are exposed to
mind stressing you, reading is still a very effective hazardous waste materials that can harm them.
way to focus your energy and improve your
D) You seem to have forgotten there's significant
concentration.
labour and material costs associated with recycling.
A) As far as I know, reading, whether fiction or non-
E) It's better to reduce and reuse than recycle, so
fiction, stimulates the two halves of the brain and
these two objectives should be highlighted.
thus increases emotional activity.
B) If you ask me, most people are dissatisfied with

their lives and that’s why they resort to reading.
C) Though there are many amazing things about

reading, there are negatives sides to it.
D) Well, reading imaginative stories can help activate

the regions of the brain associated with seeing
things from a new perspective.
E) I believe as reading fiction engages the imagination

and demands present-state attention, it gives you
another thing to be stressed over.
65. 66. William:
Megan:  Here is incredible scientific news: according to

some scientists, trees also have families.
 Isn't it interesting that English people are slow to There are mother trees that support and help
learn other languages? feed child trees.
Harry: Kate:
 ----  ----
Megan: William:
 I guess it is the fact that they speak English, which  But they are; I mean, they could be. According
is the global language of the world. Understandably, to a scientist, who is a leading tree
this advantage has turned the UK into a land of researchers, trees should be seen as smart as
"deplorable monolingualism". they communicate with and help each other.
Also, they favour their own family members.
Harry:
 You are right, but I think there is another reason Kate:

why the British are weak in learning a foreign
language. It is about their education system. As  That's extraordinary. When you say they
they are asked to choose a narrower set of subjects favour their own family members, you mean
earlier, many British students will drop a language they'll send more nutrients to
in order to study a subject that is perceived to be of their offspring than they would to a stranger
more value. tree?
A) Yes, if you go overseas, I guarantee, it won't take William:

long before you hear or see something in English.  Exactly!
B) I guess not. In Asia, people are very proud to be
able to speak English and want to test it out on you. A) I have never thought of trees as intelligent beings
which care for their families.
C) British people should not deceive themselves into
thinking that all Europeans speak English. Do you B) Trees have evolved over a long time, and they
agree? have evolved in much bigger communities than
humans.
D) Indeed it is. Do you have any idea what makes them
hopeless at languages? C) They don't change their behaviours and make
decisions the way humans do.
E) The British and the Americans have the same
problem with learning languages. How can you D) I think a lot of people think of trees as just sort of
explain this? sticks that grow out of the ground.
E) As far as I know, before they die, they warn their

offspring to start making new root connections to
live on.
67. 68-71: For these questions, choose the best

Catherine: rephrased form of the given sentence.
 Have you ever heard of Jane Goodall? 68. Almost all archaeologists would like to take the
risks of the rainforest to find out more about the
Charles: puzzling Maya civilisation, even when harsh
 I'm afraid I haven't. Forgive my ignorance, but who weather conditions cause real trouble for an
is she? I don't think she's one of those social archaeological excavation.
media influencers.
A) A large number of archaeologists are ready to face
Catherine: the dangers of the rainforest to study the ancient
Maya civilisation, but bad weather poses certain
 ----
difficulties for an archaeological dig.
Charles:
B) In spite of the serious difficulties that bad weather
 Oh, now I remember. Years ago, I watched a poses for an archaeological dig, the majority of
documentary on them, which was filmed in a archaeologists are willing to face the dangers of the
remote corner of Africa. She was the lead rainforest to learn more about the mysterious Maya
consultant, who gave viewers fascinating insight civilisation.
into her experiences living among great apes,
primates like chimpanzees. C) Despite the severe hardships that an archaeological
dig may cause, a number of archaeologists are
A) People around the world became interested in the enthusiastic about taking the risk of the rainforest to
lives of a family of chimps living in a remote corner learn more about the magnificent Maya civilisation.
of Africa.
D) Until bad weather conditions clear for an
B) Of course not! Goodall is an iconic environmentalist archaeological dig, the majority of archaeologists
who has devoted her life to the social and family would stay away from facing the dangers of the
interactions of wild chimpanzees. rainforest to learn more about the mysterious Maya
C) Jane Goodall also challenged the assumption that civilisation.
only humans could construct and use tools and that E) The majority of archaeologists are deterred by both
chimpanzees were vegetarians the dangers of the rainforest and the hardships
D) Why is that? Her book in which she wrote that farm caused by bad weather for an archaeological dig
animals are "more aware and intelligent than we when they try to learn about the great Maya
ever imagined" inspired many researchers. civilisation.
E) All the same, there are other environmental

advocates speaking on endangered species such
as chimpanzees.
69. Rome did not flourish into a civilisation until after 70. Not only technical capabilities, changes in ways of
3500 BC; however, other civilisations of living and time management but also the growing
Mesopotamia, India, and Egypt had established chances of taking part in online and offline
cities and true urban cultures. communication, at the same time, influence the way
we use social media.
A) It was not until 3500 BC that Rome flourished into a
civilisation, yet, by then, other civilisations of A) Our use of social media has a lot to do with
Mesopotamia, India, and Egypt were among the technical capabilities, changes in lifestyle, time
civilisations that set up cities and true urban management and the appealing possibilities to
cultures. engage in online and offline interaction.
B) Other civilisations of Mesopotamia, India, and Egypt B) Simultaneously affecting our use of social media,
had developed cities and true urban cultures by technical capabilities, changes in lifestyle and time
3500 BC when Rome developed into an enormous management may increase possibilities to engage
civilisation. in online and offline interaction.
C) Cities and true urban cultures of Mesopotamia, C) Technical capabilities, changes in lifestyle and time
India, and Egypt evolved into advanced civilisations management as well as the increasing possibilities
around 3500 BC, only after Rome developed into an to engage in online and offline interaction
advanced civilisation. simultaneously affect how we use social media.
D) Though other ancient civilisations in Mesopotamia, D) Social media affects technical capabilities, changes
India, and Egypt developed cities and urban in lifestyle and time management substantially as
cultures after 3500 BC, Rome did not become an opportunities to engage in online and offline
advanced civilisation until then. interaction have increased markedly.
E) In contrast to other early civilisations of E) As possibilities to engage in online and offline

Mesopotamia, India, and Egypt, Rome could flourish interaction have increased significantly, our use of
into a civilisation which established a number of social media is affected by changes in technical
well-developed cities with truly urban cultures by capabilities, lifestyle and time management to a
3500 BC. great extent.
71. Mothers having more than one child tell of more 72-75: For these questions, choose the best option
interrupted sleep than those of a single child even to complete the missing part of the passage.
if the number of children in a family does not
appear to influence sleep quality for the father. 72. Many countries have placed greater emphasis on
developing an education system that can produce
A) Having multiple children and also disturbed sleep, workers able to function in new industries, such as
some mothers have a lot more health issues than science and technology. ---- And as a result, with
mothers of a single child and even fathers of more their up-to-date knowledge and sharpened skills,
than one child in a family. they are more likely to be ready for the demands of
B) Mothers with multiple children report more the constantly changing industrial landscape. Also,
fragmented sleep than mothers of a single child, but a movement to improve the basic education of the
the number of children in a family seems to affect population has emerged, with a growing belief that
the quality of sleep for fathers as well. all people of the population in a country who have
proper education will witness economic growth in a
C) Fathers with multiple children report more short time. In other words, countries with a greater
inadequate sleep than those of a single child; portion of their population attending and
however, the number of children in a family does not graduating from schools see fast economic growth.
seem to affect sleep quality for mothers.
A) When more workers get trained over time, the
D) Mothers with multiple children report more supply of trained workers increases.
fragmented sleep than mothers of a single child, but
it seems that the number of children doesn’t B) A successful economy has a workforce capable of
interfere with the sleep quality of fathers. operating industries at a competitive level.
E) Mothers of a single child report less interrupted C) Unions may also negotiate with employers to
sleep than those with multiple children, since the ensure their members are better trained
number of children in a family is known to affect the D) Usually, workers can expect their wages to
quality of sleep for parents, fathers in particular. increase, but at a small percentage.
E) Thanks to this system, the workers will be able to

keep up with the developments in their fields.
73. When babies learn their home language, there is a 74. Palaeontologists find and study fossils all over the
'silent period', when they look and listen and world, in almost every environment, from the hot
communicate through facial expression or gestures desert to the humid jungle. Studying fossils helps
before they begin to speak. When young children them learn about when and how different species
learn English, there may be a similar 'silent period' lived millions of years ago. Sometimes, fossils tell
when communication and understanding may take scientists how the Earth has changed. Fossils of
place before they actually speak any English ancient marine animals called ammonites have
words. ---- Spoken dialogues should be one-sided, been unearthed in the highest mountain range in
the adult's talk providing useful opportunities for the world, the Himalayas in Nepal. This tells
the child to pick up the language. Where the adult scientists that millions of years ago, the rocks that
uses an adjusted form of speech to facilitate became the Himalayas were at the bottom of the
learning, the child may use many of the same ocean. ---- This tells scientists that millions of years
strategies they used in learning their home ago, the middle of the country was probably
language. entirely underwater.
A) Gradually, children build up phrases consisting of a A) In Nepal and India, the fossil or ammonites are
single memorised word to which they add words known as “shaligram” and have a religious value.
from their vocabulary.
B) The oldest fossils are those of ancient algae that
B) During this period, parents are advised not to force lived in the ocean more than 3 billion years ago.
children to take part in spoken dialogue by making
C) The oldest known fossils, in fact, are cyanobacteria
them repeat words.
from Archaean rocks of western Australia.
C) Telling children that they have made a mistake may
D) Fossils are the preserved remains, or traces of
backfire because any correction immediately
remains, of ancient organisms.
demotivates them at this stage.
E) Similarly, fossils of an ancient giant shark have
D) Sometimes mixed classes make little provision for
been found in the landlocked US state of Utah.
boys, who may be overshadowed by girls' natural
ability to use language.
E) Depending on the frequency of exposure to English

and the quality of experience, children gradually
begin to create whole sentences.
75. Having animals in classrooms is a wonderful 76-80: For these questions, choose the irrelevant
resource for teachers to make learning fun in all sentence in the passage.
subjects. Whether it is Math (how much does a
hamster weigh?) or Science, (what does a snake 76. (I) Many seniors are very trusting people, and people
eat?) Geography (what part of the world do ferrets with ill intentions often prey upon this type of people,
come from?) or grammar (what words would we use
pretending to be their friend in order to get them to
to describe a goldfish?), students will approach
send money for some good or service. (II) Lonely
learning all these subjects with new enthusiasm and
interest. Other classes can even come to visit your persons are usually the easiest targets, and thus,
classroom pets, and your students can create special even seniors with an acute mind, if they are lonely,
presentations about the animals. ---- Also, observing can get deceived by thieves, fraud street sellers on
and caring for an animal instils a sense of occasion. (III) The National Adult Protective Services
responsibility and respect for life.
Association issued a warning, saying that financial
A) A lot of experts, however, state that classroom fraud against the elderly is on the rise. (IV) In many
simply isn’t a suitable home for an animal. cases, conversely, the elderly person’s children or
B) Class “pets” are vulnerable to illness as they are left another relative may seek to take advantage of their
unattended at night and on the weekends. generosity. (V) As a solution, children or other loved
C) Even kids with no exposure to animals in their home ones need to educate the elderly on common
can make connections to the world of animals. methods of fraud used by mean spirited people.
D) Teachers, for example, can help students learn

about nurturing and caring for something else.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
E) Students should also be responsible for making
sure the class pet is healthy and feels safe.
77. (I) Although regular exercise is an important part of
a life in addiction recovery, people can’t always
just jump right into extreme physical exercise. (II)
Physical exercise has plenty of great benefits for
people who are in recovery from addiction. (III)
Among them are improvement in mood, increase
in self-esteem, marked improvement in the
duration and quality of sleep. (IV) Regular exercise
can enhance a person’s immunity and energy
levels for overall increased physical health as well.
(V) According to a study published by Frontiers in
Psychiatry, people who don’t engage in physical
exercises on a regular basis are less likely to
recover from addiction problems.
78. (I) Online exhibitions offer all of and even more 80. (I) Whether you are at the office absorbed in the
advantages than the traditional physical exhibitions computer screen or out eating and chatting with
to exhibitors and visitors. (II) Even so, it has almost friends, the body language of the people around
the same concept as physical exhibitions, and you speaks volumes. (II) It has been suggested that
can experience the real exhibition feeling. (III) body language constitutes more than 60% of what
Institutions can display and sell their products and we communicate, while our look and our words
services with internet access to many people no make up the remaining 40%. (III) There are several
matter how close or far they live. (IV) The studies on the complex topic of verbal and
advantages offered by online exhibitions provide nonverbal communication coming up with different
benefits to visitors as well as organisations. (V) For statistical results. (IV) Therefore, learning to read
example, it is a great advantage for the visitors to the nonverbal cues people send is a valuable skill
enjoy the perks from the comfort of their chairs in interpersonal communication (V) From eye
having no transportation problems at all. behaviour to the direction in which a person points
his or her feet, body language reveals what a
person is really thinking.
79. (I) Authorities in most countries consider any sort of

painting or sketching on public wall spaces as an
act of destruction of public property. (II) And
because of this, graffiti and the like, even if they are
done for a good cause like raising public
awareness about a problem, are considered as
vandalism and prohibited. (III) However, the
authorities and the cops are not the only ones that
do not allow graffiti. (IV) According to a recent
survey, many people said that graffiti on the
roadsides make them feel unsafe, and they
perceive graffiti to be a social disorder problem in
their local area. (V) Authorities report that millions
of taxpayer dollars are spent annually on cleaning
up graffiti and repairing the damage that it causes.
END OF TEST
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS.

Türkiye Geneli Yds Deneme Ii / Nisan 2021: Merkezi Ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

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Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

A) interventions B) descendants E) cut down on

7. The United Nations ---- the least developed

E) recognises / would be deemed

B) had captured / used to earn

C) equally D) eligibly 9. Some scientists claim that a new method ---- a

5. Online education allows educational institutions to A) to devise / orbited

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

A) in / into B) at / for A) As long as B) Since

C) on / over D) by / through C) Whereas D) In case

14. Geography played a major role in how the

12. A developmental expressive language disorder is

16. Technology education teaches skills directly

A) in return for B) as opposed to

C) at the expense of D) in case of

E) for the sake of

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

17-21: For these questions, choose the best word or

C) due to D) unlike 21.

E) such as A) having traced B) to trace

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

22-26: For these questions, choose the best word or

A) to have been generated B) generated

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

30. Until children have learned how they can and

A) some of the studies on mobile phones had been

29. Just as British people have a tradition of meeting

A) the nation which drinks most tea is Turkey, where

B) people will more often have a nice cup of tea and

C) Japanese have tea ceremonies that can be formal,

D) tea is typically a variety of black tea and can be

E) many of these events aim to encourage people to

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

A) given that many dreams feature such wide-ranging

34. ----, ice loss occurring in Antarctica is likely to

A) Since scientists have grown more concerned about

B) As melting ice shelves account for only a fraction of

C) Though rising sea levels are the biggest concern

D) Even if climate change has been brought, to some

E) If the rate of ice loss in each ice sheet decreases

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

A) Kahve, merkezi sinir sistemi üzerinde bir uyarıcı

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

D) There is widespread chronic malnutrition or what we have is fostered immensely.

undernutrition in some countries of Africa, in C) It has been revealed by numerous studies of

survive, chronic malnutrition or undernutrition is us more grateful for what we have.

E) In several studies carried out since the 1980s,

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

A) They have been equated with spoken languages, as

Merkezi ve Yayıncılık Hizmetleri

TÜRKİYE GENELİ YDS DENEME II / NİSAN 2021

A) may have had less to do with the decline of some river