CONTROL CHART

Dr A B M Mainul Bari,
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of IPE, BUET
WHAT IS CONTROL CHART ?
 The control chart is a statistical quality control
tool used in the monitoring variation in the
characteristics of a product or service
 Focuses on the time dimension and the nature of
the variability in the system.
 Used to study past performance and/or to
evaluate present conditions
 Data collected from a control chart may form the
basis for process improvement

2
CONTROL CHARTS IDENTIFY VARIATION
 Chance causes - “common cause”
 Cause of variation is common or unassignable
 Process is still “in control”
 Difficult or impossible to eliminate
 Assignable causes - “special cause”
 Cause of variation is special and assignable
 Could be difficult to eliminate, but elimination is not
impossible
 Causes process to be “out of control”

3
BASICS OF CONTROL CHART
A centerline, usually the mathematical
average of all the samples plotted;
 Lower and upper control limits defining the
constraints of common cause variations;
 Performance data plotted over time.

4
PROCESS OUT OF CONTROL
 The term out of control is a change in the process
due to an assignable cause.

 Process is out of control if -

 One or multiple points fall outside its control limits
 Eight points in a row above or below the center line
 Multiple points in a row near the control limits
 Any increasing or decreasing trend

5
PATTERNS IN CONTROL CHARTS

Normal behavior.
Process is “in control.” 6
ASSIGNABLE CAUSES

7
ASSIGNABLE CAUSES

8
ASSIGNABLE CAUSES

9
TYPES OF CONTROL CHARTS
 Control chart for variables are used to monitor
characteristics that can be measured on a continuous scale, for
e.g. length, weight, diameter, time, temperature etc. Some
commonly used such control charts are – X-bar R chart, X-bar
S chart , moving average–moving range chart (also called MA–
MR chart) , CUSUM (cumulative sum chart) , EWMA
(exponentially weighted moving average chart) , multivariate
chart etc.

 Control charts for attributes are used when you are

determining only the presence or absence of something, for
e.g. success or failure, correct or not correct, pass or fail,
acceptable or unacceptable, Go or No-go etc. Some
commonly used such control charts are – c- chart, p- chart ,
np- chart , u- chart etc.

10
CONTROL CHARTS FOR VARIABLES
 X-bar chart
 In this chart the sample means are plotted in
order to control the mean value of a variable
(e.g., size of piston rings, strength of materials,
etc.).
R chart
 In this chart, the sample ranges are plotted in
order to control the variability of a variable.
S chart
 In this chart, the sample standard deviations are
plotted in order to control the variability of a
variable. 11
CONTROL CHARTS FOR ATTRIBUTES
 Nonconforming Units (based on the Binomial
distribution): p chart, np chart.
 Nonconformities (based on the Poisson
distribution): c chart, u chart.

12
 MEAN AND RANGE CHARTS
(a)
These (Sampling mean is
sampling shifting upward but
distributions range is consistent)
result in the
charts below

UCL
(x-chart detects
x-chart shift in central
tendency)
LCL
UCL
(R-chart does not
R-chart detect change in
mean)
LCL 13
Figure S6.5
 MEAN AND RANGE CHARTS
(b)
These
sampling (Sampling mean
distributions is constant but
result in the dispersion is
charts below increasing)

UCL
(x-chart does not
x-chart detect the increase
in dispersion)
LCL
UCL
(R-chart detects
R-chart increase in
dispersion)
LCL 14
Figure S6.5
Thank You All

15