Radiographic Film Interpretafl on

Nature and Properties of X and Gamma Radiation

1. Penetration
2. Absorption
3. scatter
4. Diffradion
5, Transmission
6. Reciilinearpropagaiion
7. Photographicproperties

P hotogra ph ic Aspects

1. Types offilm and paper used in industrial radiography

2. Characteristic curves
3. Charaderistics
a. Speed
b. contrast
c. Definition
d. Density
e. Fog
f. Graininess
g. lnherent un-sharpness
h. Latitude

' 4. Commercialfilms and their properties

a. Retention life
b. Long term storage

5. Filing and separation techniques

6. Dark room procedures

a. Layout
b. Light traps and entrance
c. Wet and dry benches
d. Iilm pass hatches
e. Processing units
f- Safe-lights and ancillary equipment
g. storage, handling and loading
h. Film processing (automatic and manual)
i. Temperature control
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7. lntensi{yingscreens F uorescence and Phosphorescence.

8. Lead Screens

9. Spurious indlcations

a. Light (and safe light) fogging

b. Light leaks
c. Chemicalfog
d- Stalns
e. Air bubbles
f- Reticulation
g. Pressure marks
h. Static marks
i. Drying marks
j. Flnger marks
k. Defective screens
l. lncomplete flxing
m. Film manufacturing faults

Fundamental Aspects of Radiographic Quality

1. Quality of radiation

2. Optimum working densitles

3. Radiographic contrast

a. Objective and subjective contrast

. b. Methods of controlling radiographic contrast
. Fffe.ts of s.attered radiation
d. Use of fllters, screens, masking and blocking media
e. lnfluence of processing conditions and viewing conditions on contrast

4. Radioeraphic definition

a. Obiective and subjective

b. Poor definition
c. Geometric unsharpness
d. lnter relationshipof dimensionsof focalspotorsource
e. Source-to-object and source-to-film distances
f. lnherent unsharpness
g. Movement
h. Film screen contact
i. Summation of factors controlling definition
5. aontrol of radiographic sensitivlty and its assessment by the use of image quality lndicators

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Radiation Saf ety Principles

1. Controlling personnel exposure

2. Time, distance and shielding

3. ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)

4. Radiation detection equipment

5. Exposure device operaiing characteristics

X-ray and Gamma ray equipment

. Knowledge of the effects on radiographic quality in the everF of equipment change.

Geometry of lmage Formation

1. Geometric unsharpness

2. Control of source to object distance, object-to-film distance, source to film distance

3. lql Penetrameler sensitivity

4. Selection of beam angle

Exposure Calculations

1, Effect of distance on exposure

2. Use ofexposurecharts and calculatorsforxand Gamma radiography

Application to Welds

1. lnterpretation of radiographs of welds in different materials and joint geometries

2. Multiple film techniques

a. Thickness variation parameters

b. Film speed

c- Film latitude

'1. WFlds in small bore tubes

4. The determination ofthe depth of a flaw from one surface in a specimen by the practical use of the tube or
source shift method (triangulation method)

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t
Viewing Radiographs

1 Film illuminator requlrements

2. Background llghting

3. Mu tlple composite viewing

4. Penetrameter placement or lQl lmage Quality lndlcator

5. Personneldarkroom adaptatlon and visual acuity

6. Fi m identification

7. Locatlon markers

8. Film density measurement or DENS TOMETFR

9. Step Wedge Film

10. Film artifacts

11. Analyze the loss ofsensitlvity in orderto rectifyfaultytechniques

Welding Technology

1. Terminology for welds, Weld Geometry, Root Gap, Root Face, Bevel Angle or Edge Prperaiion

2. Welded joints

3. Welding procedures WPS, PQR,WPq WOPQ

4. Weid discontinuities

5. Base metal discontinuities

6, lnfluence on techniques of Geometry, size, surface condition, base metal composition, weld metal structure

7. lnfluence of surface cladding, heat treatrnents and weld repairs-

8. Basic principles offusion welding processes

9. Types of discontinuities assoqiated with particular base metal/welding process combinations.

10. Types of discontinuities in welds and base metals detectable by radiography

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11. Defect characteristics which influence detectability

a. Size
b. Geometry
c- Dlstance from surface
d. Orlentation
e. Reflectivity
f. Opacity/atomic number effects

Film Handling - Artilact

1- Pressure Marks
2. Crimp Marks
3. Artifacts (after exposure)
4. Crimp Marks (before exposure)
5. Static Marks
6. Poor Definition
7. Spots {fixer)
8. Spots (developer)
9. Hair Lines
10- Screen Marks
11. Paper Marks
12. Black Streaks or Blotches
13. Streakine
14, Pressure Marks (from automatic processing)
15. Pi Lines (from auiomatic processing)
16. Random Black Spots (from automatic processing)

Weld Defects casting Defects

1. Cluster Porosity 1 Shrinkage
2. Excess Penetration 2 Gas Voids
3. Welds External Undercut 3 lnclusions
4. lnternal (Root) Undercut 4 lJnJused Chaplet
5. Lack of Penetration Hot Tear
6. Tungsten lnclusions 6 Cracks
7. Slag Lines 7 Core Shift
8. Lack of Fusion
9. Scattered Porosity
10. Mismatch
11. Elongated Slag lnclusions or "Wagon Tracks"
12. Weld Spatter
13. Longitudinal Cracks
14. Transverse Cracks
15- Burn Through

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Gavade Institute of Nondestructive Testing & Training Date:26th November, 2020 Rev: 0
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