Part 1 Building Supporting Skills 16 3. The towering pinnacles of Bryce Canyon, the eroded valleys of the Grand Canyon, and Death Valley's parched landscape are sights the tourist will always remember. 4. The money raised goes directly to schooling for the children, teaching survival skills ‘to women, and most importantly medical supplies. 5. The farmer explained which kinds of apples are used for cider, how they are processed, and the small bitter apples make the best cider. 6. Orphaned hawk chicks have been raised on a diet of liquidized mice, dog food, fish, proteins, and vitamins. GRAMMAR REVIEW: CONNECTING IDEAS Ideas must be connected within sentences and between sentences. Certain types of words and phrases smooth the flow of ideas and make sentences, paragraphs, and Passages more connected and coherent, Some examples of these words and phrases and their functions within a text are outlined below. Connecting ideas within a sentence And joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses of similar value or equal importance: We went swimming and boating. We looked in the house and around the yard for the lost necklace. We booked the flight, and we picked up the tickets the same day. ‘When and joins two equal subjects, the verb must be plural: ‘Swimming and boating are fun, Or joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses that contain the idea of choice: ‘We could go swimming of boating. We could look in the honse ar around the yard for the lost necklace We could book the flight now, or we could wait until tomorrow. But shows a contrast between two or more words, phrases, or clauses: We went swimming but not boating. We didn’t look in the house but around the yard for the lost necklace. We booked the flight, but we haven't picked up the tickets. Either is used with or to express alternative: We can either go to the park or stay home and watch TV. Neither is used with nor to express negative alternatives: He neither called nor came to visit me. (He didn’t call, and he didn’t visit me.) Both is used with and to combine two words, phrases, or clauses: He had both the time and the patience to be a good parent.Building Supporting Skills Connecting ideas between sentences or paragraphs (transition words) ‘Transitional expressions can be used to connect ideas between sentences or paragraphs. Different categories of transition words and phrases are presented below. Words in the same category are not always interchangeable. You can use the following words as signals that additional information will follow: additionally first, second, third, etc. Likewise also following this further moreover and further not only... but also... and then furthermore not to mention as well, as well as in addition or besides, besides that indeed then, too equally important in fact too finally last, lastly ‘what is more You can use the following words as signals that specific examples will be given: especially notably for example, an example on this occasion for instance particularly, in particular inthiscase, in another case _specifically in this situation take the case of including to demonstrate namely to illustrate, as an illustration ‘You can use the following words as signals to clarify information that has been presented: Tmean that is to say under certain circumstances in other words to put it another way _up toa point in this case ‘You can use the following words as signals to emphasize information that has been presented or will be presented: above all extremely obviously absolutely forever surprisingly always in any case that is asa matter offact | inany event undeniably besides indeed undoubtedly certainly in fact ‘unquestionably definitely more importantly _ without a doubt ‘emphatically naturally without reservation even more never ‘You can use the following words as signals that a cause-and-effect relationship will be presented: accordingly for as, asa result for the simple reason that, for this reason because, because of hence being that inasmuch as consequently, as a consequence _in that due to (the fact that) in view of (the fact that) 7Part 1 Building Supporting Skills 18 owing to (the fact that) so that seeing that therefore since thus so, so much (so} that You can use the following words as signals that the information already presented will be compared or contrasted with new information: after all although, although this is true at the same time balanced against but nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding on the contrary on the other hand compared to/with, in comparison, by comparison _similarly conversely for all that however in contrast in the same manner/way likewise meanwhile still when in fact where whereas while this is true yet ‘You can use the following words as signals of a time relationship: after, after a while initially afterwards in the first place as soon as in the future at first, at last, at the same time in the meantime before, before long, before this last, last but not least, lastly currently later during meanwhile eventually next finally Previously first ofall, first, second, third, et. simultaneously formerly, soon, soon after immediately subsequently immediately before, immediately following then, and then in the end thereafter ‘You can use the following words as signals for introducing disagreement or conflict: Making a concession or compromise about a point: admittedly given that naturally albeit ‘granted that, granting that nevertheless although however nonetheless at least, Tadmit that notwithstanding bethatasitmay in any event still bbut even so in either event though even though in the event that, yet Dismissing a previous statement or argument: all thesame —_inany case inthe event that _ whatever happens. besides inanyevent it may appearthat_—_ whichever either way ineither case rather even if ineither event regardlessPointing out a contradiction: but conversely however inspite of when in fact by way of contrast despite incontrast instead whereas. Indicating reservations: indeed notwithstanding nevertheless regardless nonetheless Indicating a digression to a previous point or resuming after a digression or interruption: anyway atany rate incidentally to get back to the point asIwas saying bythe way tochange the topic _to return to the subject Pointing out conditions: although if only if providing that as/so long as on (the) condition (that) provided that unless. You can use the following words as signals that a summary or conclusion will be presented: accordingly given these facts all in all, all together hence asa result in conclusion, to conclude as Thave said, as Istated, in short as Thave shown on the whole as indicated above/earlier overall as mentioned, as I mentioned since as noted earlier, ashas been noted, $0 as Ihave noted summing up, in summary, briefly, in brief, to put it briefly to summarize by and large then consequently therefore finally thus EXERCISE G20 Use Exercise G20 to practice your skills in using connecting words. ‘ EXERCISE G20 Choosing connecting words Choose the letter of the connecting word that best completes the sentence. Walls that are smooth and flat enable sound to bounce back as an echo. rooms enclosed by such walls tend to be noisy. ‘You should choose A because a noisy room would be a consequence of walls that enable sound to make an echo. 19Part 1 Building Supporting Skills 120 1. Whiskers are very sensitive, __ animals can use them to avoid obstacles in the dark. Dw regardless of this ® besides ® sranted that 2. Soil fertility is largely a consequence of the action of earthworms. __, they have played an important part in world history. ® Likewise Because of this © Forexample ® Incontrast 3. In 1927, critics gave bad reviews to Buster Keaton’s film The General, which is now regarded as both a classic__ the best work of a cinematic genius. @ and ® furthermore © nevertheless ® beyond 4, ___ Emily Dickinson wrote some of the most haunting lines of American poetry, only seven of her poems were published during her lifetime. @ But ® When © Before ® Although 5. America was probably not discovered by Columbus ___ by the Vikings. @® bat ® neither ©® however ® inaddition 6, We see around us an amazing diversity of life forms. __ this, it is possible to detect some sort of order in the natural world. @® Inthe event of ® Incontrast to ©& Providing ®D Despite 7. During a heart attack, the blood flow to the heart is blocked and _, cells of the heart muscle die from the lack of oxygen. ®D overall incidentally © consequently ® anywayBuilding Supporting Skills 8. Neither Anne Bonny nor Mary Read chose to live conventional female lifestyles, ‘became pirates instead. ® inboth cases although @] wheat ®D but 9. Every air molecule has weight. __, just as a heavy object propelled upward falls back toward the ground, molecules of air return towards the planet's surface. @ As ® so © Afterall @® Presently 10, Security threads, watermarks, tiny hidden print, __ other hard-to-copy features are incorporated into paper money. @ and so that @ thatis ® namely ‘GRAMMAR REVIEW: NOUNS Count and noncount nouns ‘Nouns can be count or noncount. Count nouns refer to people or things that can be counted. You can put a number before this kind of noun. If the noun refers to one person or thing, it needs to be in the singular form. If the noun refers to more than one person or thing, it needs to be in the plural form: onedesk three desks one book 50 books Noncount nouns refer to general things such as qualities, substances, or topics. Noncount nouns cannot be counted and have only a singular form: food air money _intelligence Some noncount nouns can become count nouns when they are used to indicate types: the wines of California the fruits of the Northwest Quantifiers Quantifiers are words that indicate an amount or a quantity of a noun. Some quantifiers are used with both plural count nouns and noncount nouns: all any lots of | most some alotof enough —more_—_plenty of Thave enough money to buy the watch. noncount} Thave enough sandwiches for everyone. (count) > 121