Hafiz Arslan Khalid

Roll No. 20013122-013

Department: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject: Applied Physics
Assignment # 3: LC Network and Coupled Pendulum
Submitted to: Ma’am Maryam Munir
Date Submission: 7 – Feb – 2021
LC Network:
An LC circuit (also known as an LC filter or LC network) is defined as an electrical circuit
consisting of the passive circuit elements an inductor (L) and a capacitor (C) connected together.
It is also called a resonant circuit, tank circuit, or tuned circuit.

Explanation:

An LC circuit is a type of an electric circuit that is made up of an inductor which is

expressed by the letter L and a capacitor represented by the letter C. Here, both are connected in a
single circuit. An LC circuit is also sometimes referred to as a tank circuit, resonant circuit, or
tuned circuit. LC circuits act as major components in various electronic devices like radio
equipment, in circuits like filters, oscillators, and tuners.

LC circuit is a suitable model in many cases mainly because by using this type of
circuit we can assume that there is no dissipation of energy even in if there is any resistance.
However, if we were to be practical any implementation will involve loss because of the small
electrical resistance in the connecting wires or components. This type of circuit is used because it
can oscillate with minimum damping making the resistance as low as possible. Nonetheless, most
of the circuits work with some loss.

When an LC circuit oscillates at its natural resonant frequency, it can reserve

electrical energy. The capacitor depending on the voltage it receives will store energy in the electric
field (E) between its plates whereas an inductor depending on the current, it will accumulate energy
in its magnetic field (B).
 Some sine-wave oscillators use resonant circuits consisting of inductance and
capacitance. For example, recall the tank circuit in which a resonant circuit stores energy
alternately in the inductor and capacitor, producing a sine wave. You studied this action of the tank
circuit in chapter 1.If there were absolutely no internal resistances in a tank circuit, oscillations
would continue indefinitely, as shown in figure 2-3, view (A). Each resonant circuit does, however,
contain some resistance which dissipates power. This power loss causes the amplitude to decrease,
as shown in views (B) and (C). The reduction of amplitude in an oscillator circuit is referred to as
Damping. Damping is caused by both tank and load resistances. The larger the tank resistance, the
greater the amount of damping. Loading the tank causes the same effect as increasing the internal
resistance of the tank. The effect of this damping can be overcome by applying regenerative
feedback
Applications:

The resonance effect of the LC circuit has many important applications in signal
processing and communications systems.

 The most common application of LC circuits is tuning radio transmitters and receivers. For
example, when we tune a radio to a particular station, the LC circuits are set at resonance
for that particular carrier frequency.
 LC circuits are utilized either to pick out or generate a signal at a certain frequency.
 A series resonant circuit provides voltage magnification.
 A parallel resonant circuit provides current magnification.
 A parallel resonant circuit can be used as load impedance in output circuits of RF
amplifiers. Due to high impedance, the gain of amplifier is maximum at resonant
frequency.
 Both parallel and series resonant circuits are used in induction heating.

LC circuits behave as electronic resonators, which are a key component in many applications:

1. Amplifiers

2. Oscillators

3. Filters

4. Tuners

5. Mixers

6. Foster-Seeley discriminator

7. Contactless cards

8. Graphics tablets

9. Electronic article surveillance

Coupled Pendulum:
Coupled Oscillations occur when two or more oscillating systems are connected in
such a manner as to allow motion energy to be exchanged between them. Coupled oscillators occur
in nature (the moon and earth orbiting each other) or can be found in man-made devices

Every pendulum has a natural or resonant frequency, which is the number of times it swings
back and forth per second. The resonant frequency depends on the pendulum's length. Longer
pendulums have lower frequencies. As soon as the second pendulum starts to swing, it starts
pulling back on the first pendulum.

Explanation:

The displacement of A is x1 and B is x2, condition being x1 < x2

In such state the spring gets stretched. The lengths of the strings of both the pendulums are same

The angular displacement of A is θ1 and that of B is θ2 (θ2>θ1)

X1 = L θ1 = θ1 = x1/L----------------------- (2)

X2 = L θ2 = θ2 = x2/L----------------------- (2)
Some initial assumptions about the nature of the pendulum are

1) The two pendulums are identical and have the same natural frequency when not attached
by a spring.

2) The pendulums are simple (they are attached to mass less rods and the weights are point
particles at the ends)

3) Angles of deflection of masses 1 and 2 are θ1 andθ2 (measured from the vertical ) and are
small such that sinθ≈θ,cosθ≈1-θ2/2

4) The spring constant =k, the length of each of the rods =L and the masses m1=m2=m

As the spring gets stretched, it is clear from the figure that restoring force works along the direction
of displacementθ1 and opposite to the direction of displacement θ2. Now A and B at zero potential
level, the total potential energy of the system is given as

V= mgl (1-cosθ1) + mgl (1-cosθ2) +1/2k (x2 – x1)2

Where m is the mass of each one of the bob and k is the spring constant. Since θ1and θ2are small
so,

cosθ1 = 1- θ12/2+ θ14/4+---------------

cosθ2 =1- θ22/2+ θ24/4+----------------

Neglecting the higher powers other than squares of θ1and θ2the expression of potential energy can
be written as

V = mgl θ12/2 + mgl θ22/2 + 1/2k (x2-x1)2

V = mgx12/2l + mg x22/2l + 1/2k(x2-x1)2

Also the kinetic energy of whole system is

 T= 1/2mẋ12+1/2mẋ22 = 1/2m (ẋ12 + ẋ22)

Hence Langrangian l would be

L=T-V

L= 1/2m (ẋ12+ ẋ22) – mg x12/2l – mgx22/2l – 1/2k(x2-x1)2

𝜕𝐿 𝑚𝑔𝑥1
=− + 𝑘(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)
𝜕𝑥1 𝐿

𝜕𝐿
= 𝑚ẋ1
𝜕𝑥1

𝑑 𝜕𝑙 𝑑(𝑚ẋ1)
×( )= = 𝑚𝑥̈ 1
𝑑𝑡 𝜕ẋ1 𝑑𝑡

Hence Langrangian equation in terms of x1 is

𝑑 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑙
×( ) − 𝜕𝑥1 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝜕ẋ1

𝑚𝑔𝑥1
Or, 𝑚𝑥̈ 1 + − 𝑘(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) = 0
𝑙

𝑚𝑔𝑥1
Or, 𝑚𝑥̈ 1 = − + 𝑘(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)
𝑙

𝜕𝑙 𝑚𝑔𝑥2
Also, =− − 𝑘(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)
𝜕𝑥2 𝑙

𝜕𝑙
= 𝑚ẋ2
𝜕ẋ2

𝑑 𝜕𝑙
And × = 𝑚𝑥̈2
𝑑𝑡 𝜕ẋ2
 Langrangian equation in terms of x2 is

𝑑 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑙
×( ) − 𝜕𝑥2 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝜕ẋ2

𝑚𝑔𝑥2
Or, 𝑚𝑥̈ 2 = − − 𝑘(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)
𝑙

The equation of motion for a given system,

𝑚𝑔𝑥1
𝑚𝑥̈ 1 = − + 𝑘(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)
𝑙

𝑚𝑔𝑥2
𝑚𝑥̈ 2 = − − 𝑘(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)
𝑙

References:

 www.physics.wise.edu.com
 www.brittanica.com

 www.maths.surrey.ac.uk.com
 www.quora.com

 www.therphy.science.ru.nl.com
 www.byjus.com

 www.electronictutorial.com

 www.all-about-electronics.com

 www.ucscphysicsdemo.wordpress.com

 www.researchgate.com

 www.sciencedirect.com