Assignment 3rd Unit

Submitted By
Ankush Srivastava
Submitted To B.Pharma 3rd Year
Raj kumar Mishra 1724750017
1.Draw a labelled structure of immunoglobulins.
2. Explain hybridoma technology along with its
application in detail.
Hybridoma technology is one kind of Biotechnology.
• It is a hybridization technique which is used to produce antibody producing
hybrid cell.
• These hybrid cells are produced by fusing the genetic material of B-lymphocyte
with tumour cell.
• The antibodies produced are monoclonal
antibodies as they are all of a single specificity.
• Presence of B-lymphocyte genetic material helps in antibody production,
whereas capacity to divide indefinitely in the culture due to the presence of
tumour cell.
Application Hybridoma Technology

 Dose determination of a medicine

 To detect allergies & viral disease
 to detect certain type of cancer; to monitor the presence or appearance of
malignant cells after surgical or radio-therapeutic treatments.
 For purification of complex biological mixture.
 Envisaged for the labelling & precise identification of some specialized cell
such as neurone for gaining better knowledge of the way of association &
operation.
 For purification of structural cell membrane protein.
 Mab has a great role in serotherapy
 Used to produce Immunotoxin
Application Hybridoma Technology

 Used in the preparation of very specific vaccines, particularly against

certain virus strain or against some parasites.
 Neutrilize the action of lymphocytes responsible for the rejection of grafts
& destroy the auto-antibodies produced in auto-immune disease.
 Mab could considerably increase the effectiveness of the medicinal
substances on the target cells, while avoiding the serious side-effects of
cancer therapies.
3. Describe Hypertensive Reaction In Deatil

 Hypersensitivity (Immunological reaction) refers to undesirable immune

reactions produced by the normal immune system.
 Hypersensitivity reactions: When an immune response result in exaggerated
OR in appropriate reactions harmful to the host the term hypersensitivity OR
allergy used.
 Hypersensitivity reactions: four types; based on the mechanisms involved
and time taken for the reaction, a particular clinical condition (disease) may
involve more than one type of reaction.
Classification of Hypersensitivity
Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity

 Commonly called allergy

 Mediated by IgE antibodies produced by plasma cells in response to
stimulation of Th2 cells by an antigens.
 The antigens that stimulate it are called allergens (i.e. House dust, Pollens,
Cosmetics, Insects, Clothing and Drug)
 Exposure may be ingested, inhalation, injection or direct contact.
 Type I hypersensitivity reactions can be systemic (e.g., systemic
anaphylaxis) or localized to a specific target tissue or organ (e.g., allergic
rhinitis, asthma).
Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity

 Cytotoxic
 Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibody-mediated
 IgM or IgG immunoglobulin react with cell-surface antigens to activate the
complements system and produce direct damage of the sell surface.
 Transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn are examples
of type II hypersensitivity.
Type III (ICM) Hypersensitivity

 Type III hypersensitivity is also known as immune complex

hypersensitivity.
 The reaction may take 3 - 10 hours after exposure to the
antigen (as in Arhus reaction).
 The reaction may be general (e.g., serum sickness) or may
involve individual organs including or other organs.
 Antigens causing immune complex mediated injury are:
 Exogenous
 Endogenous
4. Explain Immune Stimulation And Immune
Suppression
 The immune system consists of organs and several cell types. Antigen interaction with these cells
induces a cellular immune response mediated by activated cells and a humoral immune response
mediated by antibodies. The cellular interactions are enhanced by adhesion molecules, and the
activated cells release different cytokines. These complex cellular interactions induce a systemic
immune response. If the antigen penetrates by the oral route, a secretory immune response is
obtained, which is mediated by secretory IgA. The determination of the number of T or B cells,
the quantitative or qualitative measure of the cytokines, antibody levels, or the study of cellular
function such as phagocytic activity is used to evaluate the state of the immune system. The
effects of lactic acid bacteria on the systemic immune response and on the secretory immune
system are described. Potential health benefits of lactic acid bacteria include protection against
enteric infections, use as an oral adjuvant, the immunopotentiator in malnutrition, and the
prevention of chemically induced tumors. The results showed that Lactobacillus casei could
prevent enteric infections and stimulate secretory IgA in malnourished animals, but could
produce bacteria translocation. Yogurt could inhibit the growth of intestinal carcinoma through
increased activity of IgA, T cells, and macrophages.
Immune Suppression
• Immunosuppression means that your immune system is not functioning as it should.
This can be caused by disease, but it is more often induced by medications such as
chemotherapy and immunosuppressants. Some procedures can cause
immunosuppression too.
• The immune system is the collection of all the cells, tissues, and organs that help the
body stave off infection. Without an intact immune system, infections can become very
aggressive, and may even be fatal. Immunosuppression also increases the risk of cancer,
because the immune system helps protect the body from cancer.
Common Causes
• There are a number of medications that reduce inflammation or suppress the immune
system. Immunosuppressants are used for treating a variety of inflammatory and
autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and arthritis.2 Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) can cause AIDS, another cause of immunosuppression.
 REFERENCES
• https://www.slideshare.net/pervezali5283/hypersensitity-and-
types-of-hypersensitivity-i-ii-iii-iv
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7593855?report=abstr
act
Thanks