GASES AROUND US Q4—Weeks 1-2

(S9MT -IIj -20) GRADE 10

The pleasant smell coming from the perfume of your classmates or the foul odor coming from the gar-
bage area indicates the presence of matter called gas.

Gas aids in the existence of life on earth. Without it, life is an impossibility. It takes the shape of the
container and has no definite volume. It is made of molecules.

A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance which can exist by itself and which has all the properties
of the substance. (Note: Substance is different from particle.)

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains the behavior of gases. It is a model that helps us to visual-
ize what happens to gas particles as experimental conditions change.
1. Matter is made up of particles.
2. The particles or molecules of gases are widely spread out.
3. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
absolute temperature (in Kelvin).
4. The particles move chaotically at high speed and in straight lines (as fast as a bullet).
5. The gas collisions are said to be completely elastic, meaning no energy is lost as heat
goes to the walls of the container.

Note: The KMT assumptions are absolutely true for an ideal gas only. In an ideal gas, there is no
intermolecular force between the molecules.

Properties of Gases
1. Diffusion — the rapid random, straight-line motion of molecules to uniformly fill up all
available spaces; (the movement of molecules from a higher concentration
to a lower concentration);
— a gas with higher molecular mass diffuses more slowly than with a lower
molecular mass as explained by Graham’s law of diffusion

2. Pressure — force exerted per unit area (by the gas molecules) ( P = F/A);
— units used : N/cm2, atm, mmHg, cmHg, torr, Pa (pascal), psi (pound per square inch)

3. Compressibility— as gases inside tires of the vehicles (being able to occupy less space)

4. Expansibility— as in hot air balloons (gas expands as temperature increases)

Put a / or x inside the cell opposite each item to

TASK 1 check your idea about the properties of the gases.

Item
a. The unpleasant odor coming from
the garbage area is just an odor
and contains no molecules of air.
b. Air is a transparent material.
c. Gases like air are colorless,
odorless, and tasteless.
d. Clean unpolluted air is a pure
substance.
e. A glass without water is of course
empty.
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Answer
f. More air can be pumped or pushed
into a bicycle tire or basketball.
g. Smoke and hot gases tend to go
downwards while cold ones go
upwards.
h. The shape and size of toy balloons
depend on the kind of gas inside
the balloons.
i. Gases like air are weightless.
 Gas Laws Q4—Weeks 1-2
GRADE 10

Pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) are the three variables that define the
state of a gas. They are related to each other in which defining two of the three, fixing the
third one.
The observable states or properties of the gases are explained by the gas laws below.

GAS LAWS

P1V1 = P2V2 V1T2 = V2T1 P1T2 = P2T1 V1n2 = V2n2 P1V1T2 = P2V2T1 PV = nRT Ptotal= PAPBPC...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Boyle’s Law
states that “at constant temperature, the volume of a confined gas is inversely
proportional to pressure.” V = 1/P or [PV = K] K means constant

This was introduced by an English chemist Robert Boyle in 1662.

P1V1 = P2V2 P1 V2
=
P2 V1
2. Charles’ Law
states that “ at constant pressure, the volume of a confined gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature (in kelvin).” V = T or [V/T = K]

This was introduced by a French scientist Jacques Charles in 1787.

V1 = V2
V1T2 = V2T1 T1 T2

Nota bene: During computation, temperature in kelvin (K) should always be used.
Changing 0C to K [ K = C + 273 ]
Changing K to 0C [ 0C = K - 273 ]
TASK 2
Solve the following problems using the GRESA format.
Given first, what is asked for (Required), and the formula (Equation) together with the Solution.
State the final Answer in a sentence form. Use any page as your answer sheet.

a. A gas occupies a volume of 400 cm3 at a pressure of 2.00 atm.

What would be the new pressure if the volume is increased to 500 cm3 ?

b. The volume of a given gas was 50 cm3 at 260C. After heat was applied to the gas, its volume increased
to 80 cm3. If the pressure was held constant, what is the new temperature of the gas?

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 Gas Laws Q4—Weeks 1-2
GRADE 10

3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
states that “for a given mass of gas at constant volume, the pressure is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature (in kelvin).” P = T or [ P/T = K]

This was introduced by a French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850).

P1 P
P1T2 = P2T1 = 2
T1 T2

4. Avogadro’s Law (Volume-No. of Moles Relationship)

states that “ at constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a
gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas expressed in moles (mol)” or

“equal number of molecules of different gases at the

same temperature and pressure occupy equal volumes.” [V = n]

This was introduced by Amedeo Avogadro in 1811.

Some problems may only say at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure). Just remember, in
one mole of a gas occupies a 22.4 L [molar volume (n)] and contains 6.02x1023 molecules at STP.

V1
V1n2 = V2n1 = V2
n1 n2

Nota bene: If the given is in grams, change first to number of moles.

Example:
How many moles are there in 48 grams of oxygen?
Please check in your periodic table. 1mol of O = 16 g;
therefore, the answer is 3 mol. Discover how.

TASK 2
Solve the following problems using the GRESA format.
Given first, what is asked for (Required), and the formula (Equation) together with the Solution.
State the final Answer in a sentence form. Use any page as your answer sheet.

c. What is the new pressure of a gas at constant volume which was heated from 25 0C at 1.5 atm to 350C?

d. At a particular temperature and pressure, 0.4 mol of O 2 occupies a volume of 950 mL. What
volume would 0.52 mol of oxygen gas have under the same conditions?

e. A 2.0 mol of N2 occupies a volume of 770 mL at a particular temperature and pressure.

How many moles of nitrogen gas under the same conditions would occupy a 1025 mL?

f. If 25 grams of Cl2 occupies a volume of 5.5 L at a particular temperature and pressure, what
volume will 3.00 g of chlorine gas occupy under the same conditions?

g. Travelling during hot days, drivers are advised to decrease the pressure of their vehicle’s tires .
Explain why?

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 Gas Laws Q4—Weeks 1-2
GRADE 10

5. Combined Gas Law (Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships)

states that “the volume occupied by a given amount of gas is proportional to the
absolute temperature divided by the pressure.” V = T/P or [ PV/T = K]

P1V1T2 = P2V2T1 P1V1 = P2V2

T1 T2

6. Ideal Gas Law or Ideal Gas Equation

This is a law integrating gas laws into one equation;
(Pressure-Volume-Temperature-No. of Moles Relationships)

PV = nRT
P = pressure in atmosphere (atm)
V = volume in liter (L)
n = number of moles (mol)
R = proportionality constant, (0.0821 L-atm )
T = temperature in Kelvin (K) mol-K

Nota bene: The value of R is computed from the following:

R = PV/nT
= (1 atm) (22.4L)
(1 mole) (273 K)
= 0.0821 L-atm
mol-K

TASK 2
Solve the following problems using the GRESA format.
Given first, what is asked for (Required), and the formula (Equation) together with the Solution.
State the final Answer in a sentence form. Use any page as your answer sheet.

h. A gas balloon has a volume of 96.0 L when the temperature is 35 0C and the pressure is 740 mm Hg.
What will be its final temperature at 820 mm Hg with its 82.7 L volume?

i. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 10.0 mL at 60 0C and 567 mm Hg. What volume would this
gas occupy at STP?
(Note: at STP, temperature is always 273 K; pressure is 1 atm or 760 mm Hg or 76 cm Hg)

j. A weather balloon is filled with 16.0 L of helium at a temperature of 26 0C and a pressure of 700.0 mm Hg.
What is the pressure of the helium in the balloon in the upper atmosphere when the temperature is –330C and
the volume becomes 35.0 L?

k. How many moles of a gas are contained in a 50.0 L cylinder at a pressure of 100 atm
and a temperature of 350C?

l. What volume will 1.27 mol of helium gas occupy at STP?

m. Calculate the pressure exerted by 0.300 mole of gas contained in an 8.00 L vessel at 18 0C.

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 Gas Laws Q4—Weeks 1-2
GRADE 10

7. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

states that “the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures
of the components of the mixtures.”

This was introduced by John Dalton, an English chemist, biologist, astronomer, and writer.

PTOTAL = PA + PB + PC + ...
[Just get the sum of the partial pressures of gas A, gas B, gas C and so on ... ]

TASK 2
Solve the following problems using the GRESA format.
Given first, what is asked for (Required), and the formula (Equation) together with the Solution.
State the final Answer in a sentence form. Use any page as your answer sheet.

n. A steel cylinder contains a mixture of nitrogen gas at 410 torr, oxygen gas
at 110 torr, and helium gas at 230 torr. What is the total pressure of the gas mixture?

o. What is the total pressure of the container with three gases inside: oxygen at 5.00 atm; carbon dioxide at 7.00
atm and helium at 9.00 atm?

p. Find the total pressure in atmospheres of a gas mixture containing argon gas at 35.25 atm,
helium gas at 290 mm Hg, and nitrogen gas at 400 torr.

q. A cylinder with two gases nitrogen and hydrogen, is 20% nitrogen by volume.
Calculate the partial pressure of nitrogen and hydrogen if the total pressure inside the cylinder is 7.00 atm.

r. N2, CO2, and He are inside the container. N2 exerts a pressure of 410 mm Hg while CO2 exerts a
pressure of 70 mm Hg. If the total pressure exerted by the three gases is 842 mm Hg, find
a. the pressure exerted by He; and
b. the percentage by volume of each gas.

TASK 3
Explain the
APPLICATION OF GAS LAWS in

1. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas).

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2. Pressure Cooker.
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3. Breathing.
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