Cagayan de Oro College-Phinma Education Network

GRADUATE SCHOOL

Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City

Name:   LOVELLA E. OCER                                             Student No. 02-2021-03498

Course: BAM 147                                                              Professor: RD Arnel Agabe

BAM 147 - Public Policy Formulation and Implementation

Second Semester, SY 2020-2021

Assignment No. 3

1. Assess the Policy of the Government regarding The Fight against COVID-19
(National Action Plan)

When the global pandemic: COVID-19 began last December 2019 in Wuhan,
China, there is not a single country in this whole world that was fully prepared
to face such a crisis as this. The first world countries such as Italy, and other
European nation was not spared when the virus spread and killed thousands
of its citizens. Now imagine what the pandemic did to the third world countries
who are overly populated and has more citizens that are under the poverty
line? It is not a good mental picture when at the back of your mind, you are
fully aware that their government is not financially capable to support its
people for a pandemic that has already continued for more than a year.

The Philippines’ approach at fighting COVID-19 tasked the Inter-Agency Task

Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF – EID) to
be the driving and leading force to fight the pandemic. Through its Resolution
No. 15 of Series of 2020, the National Action Plan for Covid-19 was
presented. It is stated here the roles of the inter-sectorial collaborating
agencies and government bodies, to contain and flatten the curve of the virus’
spread.
 In my opinion, I believe that the National Action Plan of our country was a
decent and a well-thought-of guide for the agencies to follow. It contains the
basic approaches, and it promotes the wellness of its people.

2. Recommend How to Improve the Policy

Even though I assessed the National Action Plan to be decent enough of a

guide for our country in fighting the Virus’s spread, there are however lacks
that I have observed that really needs to be improved.

One of which, is that the implementation as of to-date by the authorities

tasked has gone from very strict to latent. This needs to be improved since
the virus has developed into a more infectious one. Also, I have observed that
there are corruptions done by the LGUs in giving financial and food aid to the
people. This needs a proper auditing mechanism so that the ones who are in
dire need should be prioritized. I cannot even believe that “Palakasan
System” is still rampant in such a pandemic like this wherein the poorest of
the poor are not supported enough. And lastly, I recommend that the proven
corruptions be given heavier retribution by the government so that this can be
stopped or lessened drastically.

3. Evolution of Management Theories

- The evolution of management started after the industrial evolution. It occurred

in the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. People have been changing
and redesigning organizations for centuries. The industrial revolution led to
the creation of several different concepts of management. Many came about
in the years that followed. Though these concepts evolve, they’re still relevant
in the modern age.

To expound further the history of management, let us discuss about three

approaches to the evolution of management:

 The Classical theory of management. This is the oldest formal school of

thought which began around 1900 and continued into the 1920s. • Its
mainly concerned with the increasing the efficiency of workers and
organizations based on management practices, which were an outcome of
careful observation. This approach includes,
 Scientific Management Theory – This was authored by Frederick
Winslow Taylor. He published The Principles of Scientific
Management in 1909. His theory basically proposed for the
simplification of jobs. This focuses on worker-machine relationship.
Taylor launched functional foremanship for administration and
direction. According to him, maximum output is achieved through
division of labour and specialization.
  Administrative Management Theory – This emphasizes the
manager and the functions of management. The main objective of
Administrative management is to describe the management
process and philosophy of management. This was pushed through
by Henri Fayol, the Father of modern management. This theory
introduced the pyramidal form of organization. Management is
believed to consist of 6 types of activities: technical activities
(production, manufacturing); commercial (purchasing, selling and
exchange); financial (optimum use of capital); security (protection of
property and persons); accounting ( stock taking, balance sheet,
costing statistics); and managerial activities (planning, organizing,
coordinating, and controlling). Fayol’s theory is composed of 14
principles.
1) Division of work (or Labor)
2) Authority & Responsibility
3) Discipline
4) Unity of command
5) Unity of direction
6) Subordination of individual to general interest
7) Remuneration
8) Centralization of authority
9) Scalar chain or Line of authority
10) Order10) Order
11)Equity of treatment
12) Stability of workers
13) Initiative; and
14)Team spirit

 Bureaucratic Management Theory – This was developed by Max

Weber. Principle of Bureaucracy include clearly defined and
specialized functions, use of legal authority, hierarchical form,
written rules and procedures, technically trained bureaucrats,
appointment to positions based on technical expertise, promotions
based on competence and clearly defined career paths. Presently,
it is considered that bureaucracies are huge, impersonal
organizations that put impersonal competence ahead of human
needs.

 Neo-Classical Theory - Neo- classical Management includes Human

relation school and Behavioural Management School. Modern
Management includes Social system school, Decision theory school,
Quantitative Management School, System Management School, and
Contingency Management School. It was initially a reaction to the
shortcoming of the classical approaches to management. This started with
the Hawthorne studies. In Hawthornes studies, there are four (4) major
phases: The illumination experiment; the real assembly group
 experiments; the interviewing program; and the bank wiring group studies.
The nature of management principles are flexibility, universal approach,
principle are relative not absolute; based on situation; and general
statement.

 The Modern Management Theory - These early scientific and humanistic

approaches to managing people gave way to more studies on how to
achieve more productivity, efficiency and profit. Those theories and
findings became the basis for further learning. This then opened four (4)
types of approach:
 Quantitative Approach;
 System Approach;
 Contingency Approach; and
 Operational Approach

To summarize, there are important theories of Management and each theory

has distinct role to knowledge of what managers do. Management is an
interdisciplinary and global field that has been developed in parts over the
years. Numerous approaches to management theory developed that include
the universal process approach, the operational approach, the behavioural
approach, the systems approach, the contingency approach and others. F W
Taylor, Adam Smith, Henry Fayol, Elton Mayo and others have contributed to
the development of Management concept. The classical management
approach had three major categories that include scientific management,
administrative theory and bureaucratic management. Scientific management
highlighted the scientific study of work methods to improve worker efficiency.
Bureaucratic management dealt with the characteristics of a perfect
organization which operates on a rational basis. Administrative theory
explored principles that could be used by managers to synchronise the
internal activities of organizations. The behavioural approach emerged mainly
as an outcome of the Hawthorne studies. Mary Parker Follet, Elton Mayo and
his associates, Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor and Chris Argyris were
main players of this school.

Source: Evolution of Management Thoughts, Evolution Of Management Thoughts Notes,

Evaluation Of Management Thoughts (civilserviceindia.com)
The evolution of management theory (slideshare.net)
Where it All Began: The Origin of Management Theory | Great Managers

4. What is the Relevance of the School of Thought?

- A school of thought, or intellectual tradition, is the perspective of a group of
people who share common characteristics of opinion or outlook of a
philosophy, discipline, belief, social movement, economics, cultural
movement, or art movement.

Management theories can be classified into four main schools of thought:

o Pre-Scientific Management Theory
If we look at recorded history, a number of monumental
examples of management can be traced. The Sumerian civilisation,
Egyptian, Chinese, Greek and Roman civilizations represent
significant practices in management. They represent management
concepts that helped in smooth administration of these civilizations.
Though famous even today, they do not provide significant
information about the way these civilizations were managed.
These concepts did not provide important insight into
management of business (or economic) institutions. No important
techniques were available to solve organisational problems until the
end of 15th century. It was in 1494 that the technique of double
entry book-keeping was introduced to maintain financial records of
the business. In 1800s, management theories developed as a
systematic field of knowledge. Until formal management theories
developed, pre-scientific management theories contributed to the
management thought.

o Classical Theory
It is the oldest theory of management and is, therefore,
called the traditional theory of management. The classical viewpoint
finds ways to manage business organisations effectively. It includes
management theories that provide foundation to the study of
management. It is the first step towards the study of management
as a distinct field of study.
With increase in complexity of organisations, the need to
have systematic approach to management became inevitable. The
focus was on industrial production. Financial incentives were
considered important contributors to organisational output.

o Behavioural Theory
When principles of classical theory were put to practice, the
responses at the work place were not very positive. When
researchers tried to analyse human behaviour at work, they found
that classical theorists viewed people as means of production and
suggested ways to increase production. But unfortunately,
managers could not achieve the targets of production as people at
the work place did not always behave rationally. The focus was on
mechanical side of the organisation and human side of the
organisation was totally ignored.

In behavioural theory, the focus shifted from workplace

conditions to human side of the organisation. The focus changed
from job to workers who performed those jobs. ‘Production-
oriented’ approach was substituted by ‘people-oriented’ approach.
 Behavioural theory is a “perspective on management that
emphasises the importance of attempting to understand the various
factors that affect human behaviour in organisations.”

It recognises that employees’ behaviour is not affected by

job conditions alone. Internal reactions to the job situation also
affect their behaviour.

Two main theories which promote this idea are:

a. Human Relations Theory

b. Behavioural Science Theory

o Modern Management Theory

With increasing complexities of organisations, modern
management theory developed as a synthesis of quantitative
theory, systems theory, contingency theory and operational theory
of management.

The modern management thought is characterised by the following

features:

1. Management is responsive to environmental changes.

Successful organisations adapt to environmental changes as part
of the management practices.

2. Business organisations are dynamic institutions composed of

inter-related divisions and sub-divisions.

3. Firms have multiple objectives. Managers balance economic and

non-economic objectives and maximise the interests of diverse
groups of stakeholders like shareholders, customers, suppliers etc.

4. Management is multi-disciplinary in nature. It draws knowledge

from various disciplines and synthesizes it to solve managerial
problems.

5. Management is future oriented. It forecasts environment through

scientific techniques and discounts it to make decisions in the
present. Effective forecasts reduce risk and increase organisation’s
adaptability to changing environmental variables.