Subject: “Principles of Management”

Assignment Topic: Management before 21 century

Submitted to: Dr. Muhammmad Imdad Ullah

Submitted by: Group 3

Arfa Tofiq (Group Leader)

Shafa Maryam (Member 1)

Amna Shareef (Member 2)

Class: MPA (1st Semester)

Session (2019-2021)

Government College University Faisalabad

Contents

1. Introduction of Management
2. Definition of Management
3. History of Management
4. Public Administration work in Management
5. Major classification of management approaches and their contributors
6. Major aspects of Management
7. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION:
Management is the administration of an organization whether it is a business not for
profit organization, or government body. Management includes the activities of setting
the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees to accomplish
its objectives through the application of available resources, such as
financial, natural, technological, and human resources. The term "management" may also refer
to those people who manage an organization individually manager.
Definition of “Management’’
“Management can be defined as a process of administering and controlling the affairs of
organization irrespective of its nature, type, structure and size.’’

According to: HAROLD KOONTZ

“Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized
groups.’’
History of Management:
Management practice is as old as human civilization people started living together in groups.

For every human group requires management and the history of human being is full of
organizational and behavioral

However, the study of human managers achieves result is predominantly a twentieth century
phenomena.

Public Administration work in Management?

Public managers carry out the managerial operations of public organizations. In practice, public
management is meant to improve the quality and efficiency of services delivered by public
organizations.
 Public managers can operate in two different areas: the internal and external management of
public organizations.

 Internally, public managers must understand how to manage risk and change within their
respective organizations. This demands that they stay informed of societal conditions that may
impact their organizations’ ability to function optimally. By acknowledging those risks,
managers prepare their staff to adapt to the instability those adverse conditions may have on the
organization.
 Externally, public managers work with private citizens and other public organizations to keep
public programs running smoothly. To do this, managers perform tasks such as coordinating
public human resources to assist with specific projects, or helping certain communities secure the
necessary financing to implement public programs.

Major classification of Management approaches and their contributors?

1. Classical Approach

2. Behavioral Approach

3. Modern Approach

1. Classical Approach

 Scientific management
 Administrative management
 Bureaucratic management

1. Scientific management?

According to F.W Taylor:

Frederick Winslow Taylor is called the father of Scientific Management. His experience from the
bottom-most level in the organization gave him an opportunity to know at first the problems of
the workers. Taylor’s principal concern was that of increasing efficiency in production, not only
to lower costs and raise profits but also to make possible increased pay for workers through their
higher productivity.
for each worker that reached daily standard.

C. Plus extra bonus if everyone

According to Henry L. Gantt's theory:

He worked with Frederick Taylor for some years, but when he was on his own as an industrial
Engineer, he began to reconsider Taylor's incentive policies., he abandoned the Differential Rate
system as having too little motivational impact, He came up with new ideas,

A. Workers who met daily requirement should be given 50% bonus.

B. Supervisors should be given bonus reach

2. Administrative Management
Through the year, Fayol began to develop what he considered to be the 14 most important
principles of management. Essentially, these explained how managers should organize and
interact with staff.

In 1916, two years before he stepped down as director, he published his “14 principles of
Management’’

3. Bureaucratic Management
According to Max Weber, the Bureaucratic management approach emphasized the necessity of
organizations to operate in a rational way instead of following irrational emotions and intentions
of owners and managers.

He found different characteristics in bureaucracies that would effectively conduct decision-

making, controlling resources, protecting workers and accomplishment of organizational goals.

Bureaucratic management approach developed by Max Weber is not suitable for business
organizations but may be suitable for government organizations.

2. What is Behavioral Approach?

 Human relation approach

 Behavioral science

1. Human Relations Approach:

According to Human Relations Approach, management is the Study of behavior of people at

work.
This approach had its origin in a series of experiments conducted by Professor Elton Mayo

These studies brought out for the first time the important relationships between social factors and

productivity. Before it, productivity of the employees was considered to be a function only of

physical conditions of work and money wages paid to them. For the first time it was realized that

productivity depended largely upon the satisfaction of the employees in work situations.

2. Behavioral science

According to MASLOW:

Theory is divided into two categories, i.e. growth needs and deficiency needs, which are further,
sub classified into five needs, within each individual, represented in the shape of a pyramid. The
theory is based on the premise that human needs are in proper sequence, wherein psychological
need is at the bottom, and self actualization needs are at the top level. Other needs, i.e. safety
needs, social needs and esteem needs are in the middle.
According to HERZBERG:

Categories /Herzberg and his associates carried out interviews of 200 persons
including engineers and accountants. In that survey, they were asked about the components of
job that make them happy or unhappy, and their answers made it clear that it was the working
environment that causes unhappiness or dissatisfaction.

3. What is Modern Approach?

 System approach
 Contingency approach and situational approach

1. System Approach
According to CHURCHMAN WEST:

After the war he applied his insights to business and industry, thus founding the completely new
discipline of management science. This new science deals mostly with systems that have people
in them. These are systems like industrial firms, hospitals, educational institutions, and so on.
The approach Churchman developed to improve these systems is the systems approach
Churchman outlines five basic considerations for thinking about the meaning of a system.
 The total system objectives and, more specifically, the performance measures of the whole
system
 The system’s environment: the fixed constraints
 The resources of the system
 The components of the system, their activities, goals and measures of performance
 The management of the system
2. Contingency Approach and Situational Approach

Contingency approach and situational approach

According to PAUL HERSEY and KEN BLANCHARD
“Set of values and attitudes with which the individual or group has to deal in a process of
activity and with regard to which this activity is the solution of a situation.” Situations can be
complicated affairs and generally have five elements:

 The structure of interpersonal relationships within the group

 The characteristics of the group as a whole
 The characteristics of the group environment from which member come
 Physical constraints on the group
The perceptual representation, within the group and among its members, of these elements and
the "attitudes and values engendered by them"

Situational influences thus constrain the leader who must adapt his or her style of leadership to
the situation at hand. Situational leadership, according to North house, has both a directive and a
supportive dynamic. A situational motivated leader realizes that the skills and motivation of any
group member are not static and the mix of the leader's supportive and directive activities must
likewise change with the situation.

Major Aspects of Management in 21 Century?

Management involves supervising, looking over what other people do and ensuring that
they do what they should be doing. In a deeper sense, management can also refer to the
process of creating and keeping an environment in which people work and achieve the
stipulated goals. So basically, managers need to be very agile in their tactics of handling
people with the changing business world.
1. Technical Aspect
This technical aspect requires that the managers to incorporate specific tools and
techniques that will him or her through the management corridors. In the modern business
world, the technicality of the managers is very important. Who can tru st you with business
if you cannot depict technical qualities in you? However, with this technological world,
things are bound to change in the future. In most cases, for managers to employ their
technical skills, they need to have some quality experience and vividly sh ow that he or she
is a good manager. This may not happen in the future in that people are moving very fast
and there is probability that they can start working in such positions and will not
necessarily need the technical. Even currently, there are those managers who basically do
the supervisory work without attending the normal in acquisition of the technical
knowledge. People are looking for money and going to schools and even going to other
posts for experiences may delay good managerial skills.
2. Human Aspect
On the other hand, human aspect of management involves the ability of the manager to
work with the people. The ability of the people to incorporate teamwork i.e. the ability to
create an environment that will make people feel that they are allowed to express their
opinions and views concerning the environment. This ability enhances an environment
that makes everybody in the business to feel part and parcel of whatever is taking place in
the business. The supervisory job that the managers do will go high-tech in that there will
be virtual supervision. The managers will not necessarily need to physically present
themselves to make sure that things are going on well. For instance, technology today has
it that we can have teleconferences, meaning that withy the manager physically present of
not, they can still have their meetings as usual. The management abilities of the human
resource will also have a boost from the education sector and the hard economic times.
The world population is growing very first and the number of educated people is also
growing, meaning that there are more people who can do the same kinds of jobs at ago.
3. Conceptual Aspect
The conceptual aspect of management refers to the being in a position to work in
recognizing the different elements that may exist between management and the
relationships between these elements. This is the theoretical aspect of management.
However it extends to the practical in that the theories have to be applied. This aspect will
remain the same as it is. The process of recognizing these elements, the on and offs will
still be there. However, with technology there is a likelihood of more ease coming.
4. Design Aspect
Finally, there is the design aspect of management. This aspect helps managers to solv e
problems as soon as they arise. This majorly eyes the business i.e. the decisions that are
always made are in favor of the business. Good managers should be in a position to see
problems even before they come. This means that they need to be very observa nt. These
managers need also to be good designers in that they should be able to carry out practical
solutions to problems. Managers will not need to be perfect in designing. Still people will
be employed. A person can be a good manager and yet he or she is not a good designer or
the vice versa can still happen. Therefore there is a likelihood of the future allowing
managers to differ from the designers so that the roles can be coordinated and sober minds
are involved.
Conclusion:
After read all the topics. I gave my conclusion practically on Management System. There is no
difference between management and administration. Objective of management is to secure as we
know that management is a universal phenomenon.
It is a very popular and widely used term. All organizations like business, political, cultural or
social are involved in management because it is the management which helps and directs the
various efforts towards a definite purpose. In public administration we can make better attitude
and behavior to prepare a systematic process.
In the past, different concepts of management were executed like equality, motivation, mutual
co-operation. If we will increase the level of management then it will be better to give benefits
of people. Management level can change through more attention and concentration. we can
achieve more authentic public management system that give us a lot of benefit to solve the public
problems. Maximum outputs with minimum efforts and resources .Management is basically
concerned with thinking and utilizing human, material and financial resources in such a manner
that would result in best combination.