The Kurdistan Regional Government Of Iraq

Ministry Of Higher Education

Duhok Polytechnic University
Information Technology Management

Report about

Dep: Information Technology Management

Subject: Management Principles
Stage: 1

Name of Student
Mustafa Kamal Shaban

Name of the Supervisor

Mr. Dlawer Samd

2020-2021
 Table of Contents

Abstract .....................................................................................................................1
Introduction ..............................................................................................................2
Definition Of Management......................................................................................3
Management Theories .............................................................................................4
Types Of Management Theories .........................................................................4
Classical Management Theory ............................................................................5
Behavioral Management Theory .........................................................................7
Modern Management Theory ..............................................................................8
Compare Management's Classical And Behavioural Theory .............................9
Advantages Of Classical And Behavioral Management Theory..................10
Disadvantages Of Classical And Behavioral Management Theory ...............11
Conclusion...............................................................................................................12
My Opinion .............................................................................................................12
References ...............................................................................................................13
Abstract
No doubt management is very important thing in any organization. Organization can
never achieve its objectives without proper management. Management is art of
getting thing done with the help of other people. There is jungle of management
theories which are categorized as Classical, Behavioral and Situational Management
Theories. Knowledge of management theories (along other factors) is basic
requirement for managers of any organization to meet the challenges of the
organization. To provide knowledge and pros and cons of management theories to
managers and management scholars, this article is written.

1
INTRODUCTION

The concept of managing people as an organized group must have been around
since humans began to live in organized societies. History shows us that there were
many great empires and civilizations that developed, grew and declined over a
period of time.
For an organized activity to be successful, there must be elements of leadership
and management. It can be said that some form of management may have existed
over the years. But it was only during the latter half of the nineteenth century that
management principles and theories began to emerge. Early theories of
management, often referred to as scientific, were based on increasing productivity
in a competitive economy fueled by the Industrial Revolution.
In most cases this approach treated people as machines without regard for their
feelings or disregard for the fact that humans are complex beings. But since the
shortcomings of the scientific approach became apparent, a more human-centered
outlook developed. This view is referred to as behavioral approaches, and it begins
to consider that employees are motivated by factors other than money.

Given the importance of management in relation to the growth and success of the
organization, it is important to understand the history of management theories.
Increasing levels of communication, travel, globalization and free trade have made
the market very competitive and managers must be aware of the complexities of
management.
They must be able to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the two above
mentioned approaches. This paper is an attempt to explain the two approaches
followed by a comparative analysis of them. The first section will discuss the
scientific management theories followed by behavioral approaches.

2
DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT
Management may be defined in many different ways. Many eminent authors on the
subject have defined the term "management", some of these definitions are
reproduced below:
According to Lawrence A Appley - "Management is the development of people and
not the direction of things".
According to Joseph Massie - "Management is defined as the process by which a
cooperative group directs action towards common goals".
In the words of George R Terry - "Management is a distinct process consisting of
planning, organising, actuating and controlling performed to determine and
accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources".
According to James L Lundy - "Management is principally the task of planning,
coordinating, motivating and controlling the efforts of others towards a specific
objective".
In the words of Henry Fayol - "To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to
command, to co-ordinate and to control".
According to Peter F Drucker - "Management is a multi-purpose organ that manages
a business and manages managers and manages worker and work".
In the words of J.N. Schulze - "Management is the force which leads, guides and
directs an organisation in the accomplishment of a pre-determined object".
In the words of Koontz and O'Donnel - "Management is defined as the creation and
maintenance of an internal environment in an enterprise where individuals working
together in groups can perform efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of
group goals".
According to Ordway Tead - "Management is the process and agency which directs
and guides the operations of an organisation in realising of established aims".
According to Stanley Vance - "Management is simply the process of decision-
making and control over the actions of human beings for the express purpose of
attaining predetermined goals".

3
Management Theories

Management theories are the collection of general rules that direct an organization
to be managed by managers. The position of supervision, organization, and group
success is the subject of management theories (also known as "Transactional
theories"). Theories are an explanation for helping workers react efficiently to
company objectives and introduce successful ways of achieving the same.
The historical background of management, various perspectives on management,
and finally the theories of management will be discussed in this essay.
Theories of early leadership base leadership on a scheme of reward and punishment.
Managerial theories are also used in business; they are praised when workers are
successful; they are reprimanded or disciplined when they fail.

Types of Management Theories

Management theories can be classified into three types.

• Classical Management Theory

• Behavioral Management Theory
• Modern Management Theory

4
Classical Management Theory

The key premise underpinning this leadership theory is that people are rational and
that their economic ambitions drive them as such. It is possible to split the classical
management perspective into three parts:
• Scientific Management.
• Administrative School .
• Bureaucratic Management.
Scientific management supporters claim that the "one best way" for a job to be done
can be determined by the scientific method. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Frederick
Winslow Taylor and Henry L. Gantt were the key supporters. Max Weber and Henri
Fayol were the advocates of the Administrative School (Bureaucratic Management).
Max Weber thought that organisations could be run impersonally and that it was
necessary to have a structured organizational structure, where explicit rules were
followed. Henri Fayol, on the other hand, based on his management experience,
developed 14 management principles. These concepts offer general instructions for
modern-day administrators on how a boss can structure her organization and handle
her employees.
Scientific Management Theory
Classical theory is also known as traditional theory of management. The first among
this school of thought (classical management perspective) is “scientific management
perspective” where Frederick W. Taylor is known to be a “father of scientific
management” for proposing 'one best way to do things' or scientific
management/Taylorism. Time and motion were a scientific analysis of task for
examining the physical movements and requirements for the completion of task. The
idea of Taylorism is found to be consistent with the concerns of Adam Smith that
emphasized division of labour bringing specialization, which leads to enhanced
productivity. In doing so the humans are treated as machines while ignoring the
demoralizing and inhuman effects of tasks on the workers. In addition to that, Taylor
also commenced another study “science of shovelling” for determining the optimal
weight to be lifted by the workers, thus, the optimal shovels were introduced to
increase productivity while reward as increase in the pay was motivator.

5
 • Administrative Management
Under same classical school of management, the contemporary school of thought
to scientific management are the ‘administrative management’ and ‘bureaucratic
organisations’ . This school of thought is based on traditional or administrative
principles of management while prominent exponents include Henri Fayol, Chester
Barnard and Colnel Urwick . Henri Fayol is considered as the father of modern
management for his contribution in the administrative management field primarily
focusing on the operational approach through 14 principles of management. “Fayol
introduced unified concept by focusing on managerial levels and the organisation as
a whole” .

• Bureaucratic Organisation
With the expansion of organisations, the operations become further complex giving
“authoritarian-paternalistic pattern” way that enhances functional specialization
within the distinctive layers of management to have smooth operations .This led to
bureaucratic approach towards organisational structure and Max Webber proposed
a theory of bureaucracy for organisational efficiency based of organisational systems
functioning on set of rules, policies and hierarchy of authority . Biggest fain of this
approach is that it excludes the conflict or overlapping duties, which offers clear
direction so that organisational operations gain efficiency in productivity. The
approach offers consistency in patterns to ensure higher precision in tasks to avoid
waste of resources . This is effectively the theme of modern-day organisations too
to have structural and patronized functions in order to avoid wastage of resources
and enhance operational efficiency . However, the major focus of this theory remains
on positions rather than individuals . Organisations would even continue its
functionality even if workers quit, which is visible in modern day to some extent that
organisation stays while employees come and go . Excessive red tapism and
paperwork often creates unpleasant experience as well as delay smooth operations .
Higher emphasis of policies and procedures develop the cautious approach and as a
result employee avoid risk and show less creativity, initiative and growth .

6
Behavioral Management Theory

Behavioral management focuses on worker behavior and motivations. Specifically,

behavioral management theory is concerned with how to manage productivity by
understanding worker motivation, including expectations, needs and interests, and
group dynamics. Behavioral management theory is sometimes referred to as the
human relations movement due to its focus on the human dimension of
work. Theorists who contributed to behavioral management include Mary Parker
Follett, Elton Mayo, and Abraham Maslow.
The behavioral management theory is often called the human relations movement
because it addresses the human dimension of work. Behavioral theorists believed
that a better understanding of human behavior at work, such as motivation, conflict,
expectations, and group dynamics, improved productivity.

Elements of Behavioural Theory

There are three elements of behavioural theory.

• The Individual.
• Work Groups.
• Participative Management.

7
 • The Individual:
The neoclassical theory emphasized that individual differences must be recognised.
An individual has feelings, emotions, perception and attitude. Each person is unique.
He brings to the job situation certain attitudes, beliefs and ways of life, as well as
skills. He has certain meaning of his job, his supervision, working conditions etc.
The inner world of the worker is more important than the external reality in the
determination of productivity. Thus human relations at work determine the rise or
fall in productivity. Therefore human relationists advocate the adoption of
multidimensional model of motivation which is based upon economic, individual
and social factors.
• Work Groups:
Workers are not isolated; they are social beings and should be treated as such by
management. The existence of informal organization is natural. The neo-classical
theory describes the vital effects of group psychology and behaviour on motivation
and productivity.
• Participative Management:
The emergence of participative management is inevitable when emphasis is laid on
individual and work groups. Allowing labour to participate in decision making
primarily to increase productivity was a new form of supervision. Management now
welcomes worker participation in planning job contents and job operations.
Neoclassical theory focuses its attention on workers. Plant layout, machinery, tool
etc., must offer employee convenience and facilities. Therefore, neoclassical
approach is trying to satisfy personal security and social needs of workers.

Modern Management Theory

The systems approach to management indicates the fourth major theory of

management thought called modern theory. Modern theory considers an
organization as an adaptive system which has to adjust to changes in its environment.
An organization is now defined as a structured process in which individuals interact
for attaining objectives.

8
Compare Management's Classical and Behavioural theory

In all organisations, both classical and behavioral theorists have sought to find the
best way to do it. In their methods, however, there were differences. The key
emphasis of the discrepancies between the classical approach and the behavioral
approach to public or private organization management consists of the following
fields:
1. The behavioral approach aimed to alter the hierarchical organizational
structures so ardently embraced by the Classical authors, but rarely to
eradicate them. In order to cater to a broader variety of human needs and thus
empower people in the organization efficiently, this modification was deemed
necessary. Correspondingly, A variety of improvements to the organizational
structure and procedure were facilitated by the Behavioural approach.
Although executive decision-making roles were stressed by the Classical
method, the Behavioural approach called for more participatory decision-
making procedures.
2. Under the Classical approach, supervision was generally "production
oriented," while a more "employee-oriented" form of supervision was
endorsed by the Behavioral approach.
3. While the Classical approach preached the advantages of specialization, the
Behavioral approach recommended role extension (i.e. widening the number
of work functions performed) to give workers a greater sense of satisfaction
with the success of their duties.
4. In order to maintain close supervision, the classical approach urged a limited
span of control, while the behavioral approach proposed a broader span of
control to avoid close supervision and allow more flexibility for the worker's
expression of self-initiative and self-control.
5. In the interest of order and communication, the Classical scholars requested
centralization; the behavioral writers insisted on decentralization to give a
greater sense of control over their own destinies to more members of the
organization.

9
These management style comparisons were primarily derived from more basic
philosophical differences between the two approaches, most fundamentally in their
conceptions of the relationship between man and the organization.
There were also several significant variations in the strategies used to realize the
popular ambition of building a science of administration between the classical and
behavioral approaches. The focus of the Classical approach was primarily deductive
and normative. In addition, the behavioral approach was more inductive and
descriptive in emphasis, In the logical-positivist tradition, following much of its
research; emphasizing the use of rigorous analytical methods in the testing of
hypotheses; and generalization based on an accumulation of empirical results.

Advantages Of Classical and Behavioral Management Theory

Advantages Of Classical Management Theory

• Classical Management theory has a clear structure for management.
• Classical management theory increased the productivity and efficiency of
the workers.
• Classical management theory helps to create better working conditions.
• Classical management theory increases the wages of the workers.
• Classical management theory creates bonds among managers and workers.

Advantages Of Behavioral Management Theory

• Putting it into practice is easy.
• It is easy to comprehend,
• The outcomes are typically fast,
• It uses tiny steps to form the actions
• To implement it, it does not need a specialist - anyone can use the approach
• It is founded on the premise that reinforced (rewarded) conduct would be
replicated.
• The findings can be measured and improvement illustrated.
• It is acceptable for any age and skill.

10
Disadvantages Of Classical and Behavioral Management Theory

Disadvantages Of Classical Management Theory

• Classical management theory creates pressure and burden of work among
the employees.
• Classical management theory is based upon the one best way and it is
applicable to the simple organization’s structures. It does not fit on today’s
complex structures.
• Classical management theory focuses on the individual performance of the
employees and categories them into efficient and inefficient.
• Classical management theory kills the creativity of the workers and creates
frustrations among the employees.

Disadvantages Of Behavioral Management Theory

• It's not always easy to make people change their minds.
• The customer could revolt against being told what to do
• Older individuals may resent being treated like a child.
• It does not understand the feelings or emotions of the customer.
• It can be considered to be dogmatic and a punishment.
• Punishment is often used more often than benefits.
• Could be seen as de-humanizing - limiting our actions to responses to a
stimulus.
• Suggests that we are just animals finding gratification.

11
Conclusion

It can be seen that both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages. The
principles of lean production, continuous improvement, and just-in-time have their
roots in the scientific approach. The importance of human resources management
and department in organizations illustrate the importance of the behavioral or
humanistic approach to management.
It is essential that the diverse needs that motivate employees and bring about job
satisfaction need to be considered in today’s management scenario. But workers also
need to be controlled and an element of standardization be present in many
processes. It can be concluded that elements of both approaches need to be present
in today’s management practices. The factor that should be given more importance
is the behavioral or humanistic approach to management.

My Opinion

Classical management theory and Behavioral management theory are two different
theories of management. Classical theory mainly focuses on how to perform task
efficiently and how the business goals achieved effectively. On the other hand
behavioral management considers employees as assets.

12
References

1. P G Aquinas .(2007) . Management Principles And Practice. Bharathiar

University, Coimbatore.

2. Dr. D.A Ogunbameru Oau. (2004). Management Theory. National Open

University Of Nigeria Faculty Of Management Sciences.

3. Hussain, N., Haque, A., Baloch, A. (2019). Management Theories: The

Contribution Of Contemporary Management Theorists In Tackling
Contemporary Management Challenges. Journal Of Yasar University.

4. Ziarab Mahmood And Muhammad Basharat.( 1 January 2012). Review Of

Classical Management Theories. International Journal Of Social Sciences
And Education.

5. Muchhal, Ravi .(2013) . Commercemates .Classical Management Theory

Advantages And Disadvantages.

6. Kusumanchi, Sowmya .(2018) . Quora . Advantages And Disadvantages Of

The Behavioural To Management.

7. Ifioque, Career Workshop .Management. Classical Vs Behavioural

Management Theory.

13