DIRECT BROAD CAST SATELLITE TV

PROF.A.JABEENA
INTRODUCTION :
 Satellite services have shifted away from telephone,
toward video and data delivery, with television
broadcasting directly to the home .

 GEO satellites carry the majority of services, because

the use of the high gain fixed antennas at earth
stations maximize the capacity of the satellite .

 Previously used undersea cables for voice

communication, but it’s limited bandwidth prevented
their use for video signals.

 Satellites are very effective way to distribute wide

band signals.
EARTH STATION:

 An earth station complex is

equipped to uplink analog
and digital video signals.

 A 9m C band cassegrain
antenna used to transmit
analog video FM. TV C band
signals to a domestic satellite.

 A 5.5 m ku band cassegrian

uplink antenna and to transmit
multiple digital compressed
video signals.
 Direct Broadcast Satellite:
 Direct Broadcast Satellite is a communication link that transmits
directly from the transmitter to the user.

 The end user receives data from a high frequency satellite in

geosynchronous orbit (GEO).

 The high power of transmission from this satellite allows the user's
receiving dish to be the size very small.

 By using video compression and encoding in the transmission,

hundreds of channels can be broadcast over the bandwidth
available.
Digital DBS-TV:
 The bandwidth allocated for DBS-TV is 12.2-12.7 GHz. This
band is exclusively used for DBS-TV satellite in GEO.

 Mainly C-band and Ku band used in the transponders in

the satellites.

 For C band, one transponder used for each video

signal, but Ku band satellite and compressed digital
video signal made it possible to transmit several video
signal through one transponder.

 Typical transponder output levels are 100 to 240 w with

flux density as the earth’s surface up to - 105 dB W/M².
DBS TV Satellite:

Echostar 5 DBS-TV Satellite. (Photo Courtesy Of Echostar Communications Corporation)

 This is a large GEO three axis stabilized DBS TV

Satellite.
 The satellites can carry up to 32 transponders, giving a
total transmitted RF power up to 3.2 kW, higher than for
any other commercial satellite.

 The flux density at the earth surface produced by

medium and high power transponders used on DBS
satellites is in the range - 105 to -115 dB W/M², which
allows small receiving antennas (dishes) to be used for
DBS-TV reception, with diameters in the range 0.45 -
0.9m.
DBS TV Receiving Antennas:

www.directv.com www.dishnetwork.com

 Single feed allow reception from only one satellite.

 Two feeds to allow reception from 2 satellites at
separate locations in the geostationary orbit can be
viewed by different people at same time.
 DirectV:
 The first entrant into the high power DBS-TV field is DirectV.
DirectV was four satellites in two pairs spaced half a
degree apart at a nominal orbital location of 100 degrees
west.

 The satellites at each orbit location transmit in opposite

hands of circular polarization (CP). Signals with opposite
hands of circular polarization are orthogonal, and suitably
designed earth station antenna can separate two signals
with opposite hands of circular polarization.

 LHCP and RHCP polarizer are placed behind the receiving

antenna feed.
 Low noise block converter unit receives the signal by
changing voltage supply.

 7v supply volt cause the antenna to receive one

polarization and reject other.

 Increasing the voltage above 14 volt causes the antenna

to switch polarization.

 The polarizer converts the circularly received polarization

signal to a linearly polarized signal in a section of
waveguide and a linear probe in the wave guide converts
the signals to currents that drive the LNA input.
DBS TV Receiver:
 The LNB minimize the loss of signal and maintain lowest
possible system noise temperature.

 The entire 12.2-12.7 GHz band is down converted to 900-

1400 MHz by LNB, here the cable losses are lower than at Ku
band.

 The down converter consists of a dielectric resonator local

oscillator and mixer, followed by an IF amplifier and band
pass filter.

 The set top box accept the entire 500 MHz band and
separate out the individual trans ponder frequencies.

 The user enter a desired channel number into the set top
box using an IR remote control, which is converted via a
stored look up table in the receiver to an RF channel
frequency and polarization .
 The signal from the required transponder is then selected by
the receiver by setting the correct polarization at the
antenna and tuning the set top local oscillator to the
appropriate IF channel frequency.
 The QPSK signal is then demodulated.
 The result is a multiplexed bit stream, typically at a bit rate
up to 40 Mbps, which contains the bits for channel number
and several other video signals.
 The bit stream is encrypted and contains error control
coding bits an data bits.
 The bit stream is processed to correct and detect errors, de
interleaved and decrypted.
 A digital demultiplexer then extracts the bits for the wanted
channel, sends them to a MPEG 2 decoder and finally
generates analog audio and video signals with D/A
converters to drive the TV set.
 Error Control In Digital DBS TV:
•When prerecorded material such as movies is digitized and
processed through MPEG 2 compression, the data rate can be
reduced to 1.6Mbps. Live program material with a lot of motion in
the picture can cause the bit rate of an MPEG 2 coded signal to
increase above the average value of 6.2 Mbps.

Block Diagram Of Coding & Decoding Operation in a DBS-TV Signal

 Mixing prerecorded and live material in single transponder helps
even out the bursty nature of live material.

 The compressed digital video signal bit stream is split into blocks
of bits and encoded with Reed-Solomon Linear block code.

 The coded bit stream is then interleaved and encoded again

with a convolutional code.

 The purpose of interleaving is to spread out the errors that

occurred in a burst and thus to make it easier for an error
correction system to recover the original data.

 At the receiver, the recovered bit stream is first decoded with a

viterbi decoding algorithm to remove the convolutional coding
and a limited number of error in the bit steam is the de-
interleaved and a Reed-Solomon decoding algorithm is
applied.
Other Cause of Error:
 The signals are in the form of bits and a group of bits form a
word.
 Bit errors in a digital video or audio signal result in wrong
voltage occurring.
 If the system knows that a particular word is in error, that
word can be flagged and the error can be removed by
interpolation of the analog wave form. When a word is
know to contain a bit error, it is replaced by a new word
which is calculated to have a value midway between two
adjacent words in the bit stream.
 The result is an interpolated value in the analog voltage
waveform output by the DAC.
 The interleaving process ensures that most bit errors are
single errors, increasing the probability that words contain
only a single error and that the error will be detected.
DBS TV UPLINK EARTHSTATION:
 Many signals are broadcast
by the satellites, collected
at a master control station
and uplinked to the
satellites by group of large
antennas.

 The video and audio signals

that which are uplinked to
the DBS TV satellites 24 hour
a day, 365 days a year.
www.dishnetwork.com

 The uplink station have

hundreds of tape and
video disc players, all under
computer control, which
supply the video and audio
signals for each channel.
DBS TV Uplink Earth
Station:
 One uplink antenna will typically transmit up to 16RF
channels to one DBS-TV satellite. Each RF signal is a QPSK
modulated ku band carrier with a symbol rate of up to 20
Msps, occupying a bandwidth up to 27 MHz.

 The encoded, compressed and multiplexed bit stream

drives a video exciter which generates QPSK modulation
of an intermediate frequency carrier, typically at 70 MHz .
The 70 MHz signal is unconverted to the transmitter, which
contains a traveling wave tube high power amplifier.

 The signals together in microwave combiners and sent to

the antenna feed for transmission to the satellite.
CONCLUSION :
 DBS seems most appealing to persons who either are
disenchanted with cable television or who live in areas
that are not served by cable.

 DBS-TV systems operate with small antennas and low cost

receiving systems, and offer a very large number of video
and audio channels, making them attractive to
customers.

 Delivery of bit stream through a direct broadcast satellite

can be adapted to serve Internet users who require the
download of large blocks of data.

 Both DirectV and Dishnetwork offer internet access

terminals with uplink capability.