Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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TOday’s TOpiC
Satellite
Communication
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Communication Medium
Open wire
Twisted Pair UTP / STP
Coaxial Thicknet / Thinnet
Fiber Optic
Microwave Terrestrial
Transmission
Microwave Satellite Transmission
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TRaNsMissiON
TERREsTRiaL &
saTELLiTE
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ECHO SYNCOM
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FREquENCy
BaNds
Band Up link D link Issues
(GHz) (GHz)
C 6 4 Interference With Ground
Links
Ku 14 11 Attenuation Due to Rain
Ka 30 20 High Equipment Cost
The up-link is a highly directional, point
topoint link
The down-link can have a footprint
providing coverage for a substantial
area "spot beam“.
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FaCTORs iN saTELLiTE
COMMuNiCaTiON
Elevation Angle:
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saTELLiTE TRaNspONdERs
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saTELLiTE TRaNsMissiON
aNaLOg Vs digiTaL
ANALOG DIGITAL
•One program per channel / •More programs per channel /
transponder Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient
•Comparatively noisy •Noise-Free Reception
•Lower quality with respect to VCD, •CD quality sound & better than DVD
quality picture
DVD digital media
•Reduced transmission power
•Fixed reception
•Flexibility in service planning -quality /
•Limited coverage Bandwidth trade off
•Terrestrial free network
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sigNaLs -aNaLOg Vs digiTaL
ANALOG DIGITAL
SIGNAL Continuous Discrete
REPRESENTATION Continuous Range of Discontinuous Range of
Values Values
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BLOCk sChEMaTiC OF a TRaNspONdER
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Introduction:
A satellite link is defined as an Earth station - satellite -
Earth station connection.
The Earth station - satellite segment is called the uplink
and the satellite - Earth station segment is called the
downlink.
The Earth station design consists of the Transmission
Link Design, or Link Budget, and the Transmission
System Design.
The Link Budget establishes the resources needed for a
given service to achieve the performance objectives.
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EARTH STATION
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DIgITAl EARTH
STATION
Major Components of Digital Earth Station
1) PDA (Parabolic Dish Antenna)
2) FEED
3) LNA / LNBC
4) Wave Guide / Low Loss Cable
5) HPA (TWTA, SSPA, Klystrons)
6) Up converter
7) Modulator
8) Encoder
9) Multiplexer
10) IRD (Integrated Receiver Decoder)
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Link Bidget
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The satellite link is composed primarily of three
segments:
(i) the transmitting Earth station and the uplink media;
(ii) the satellite; and
(iii) the downlink media and the receiving Earth station.
The carrier level received at the end of the link is a
straightforward addition of the losses and gains in the
path between transmitting and receiving Earth stations.
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DVB - DIgITAl VIDEO BROADcASTINg
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is being adopted as the standard for digital
television
Main forms of DVB
>>>> 19
Carrier to Noise Ratio
The basic carrier-to-noise relationship in a system establishes the
transmission performance of the RF portion of the system, and is defined
by the receive carrier power level compared to the noise at the receiver
input.
For example, the downlink thermal carrier-to-noise ratio is:
C/N = C -10log(kTB)
Where:
C = Received power in dBW
k = Boltzman constant, 1.38*10-23 W/°K/Hz
B = Noise Bandwidth (or Occupied Bandwidth) in Hz
T = Absolute temperature of the receiving system in °K
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Transmission Losses
Generally consist of four components:
Where:
Lo = free Space Loss
Latm = atmospheric losses
Lrain = attenuation due to rain effects
Ltrack = losses due to antenna tracking errors
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ENcODER
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MULTIPLEXER
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RF STagE In
CoMMUnICaTIon
Up-converters
The up-conversion is required to raise the frequency of the signal in
desired band: C-band, Extended C-band or Ku-band before
transmission.
7. RF output power
>>>> 29
RF STagE In
CoMMUnICaTIon……
High Power Amplifier
>>>>
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kLySTRon
An evacuated electron-beam tube in which an initial velocity modulation imparted
to electrons in the beam results subsequently in density modulation of the beam.
A klystron is used either as an amplifier in the microwave region or as an oscillator.
>>>> 31
kLySTRon……
>>>> 33
CRoSS SECTIon oF TWTa
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SoLId STaTE PoWER aMPLIFIER
The basic functionality of the amplifier is the same in a high power solid state amplifier.
Multiple devices are combined into power modules.
They are combined to develop the needed gain and power.
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ELECTRoMagnETIC WavES
Radio signals are a form of electromagnetic wave
Electromagnetic waves have both electric and magnetic components that are
inseparable.
The planes of these fields are at right angles to one another and to the direction of
motion of the wave.
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PolarizatioN
The polarization is effectively the plane in which the electric wave vibrates.
Circular polarisation
It can be imagined that a signal propagating from an RF antenna is rotating.
Circular polarisation can be either right or left handed dependent upon the
the direction of rotation of electric vector as seen from the transmitter.
>>>> 37
PolarizatioN…..
An other form of polarisation is known as elliptical polarisation .
It occurs when there is a mix of linear and circular polarisation .
This can be visualised as the tip of the electric field vector tracing out an
elliptically shaped corkscrew.
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Wave guide
>>>> 39
tyPes of rf Waveguide……
Circular waveguide:
This is less common than rectangular waveguide.
They have many similarities in their basic approach.
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Wave guide…..
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aNteNNa directivity aNd gaiN
RF antennas or aerials do not radiate equally in all directions.
The actual pattern is dependent upon the type of antenna design.
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Parabolic reflector
>>>>
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Parabolic reflector aNteNNa
Advantages :
High gain High directivity
Disadvantages
Cost Size
Requires reflector and drive element
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