MATERI

DVB-T2 TRANSMITTER
By: Usrin Usman
Dream of
“Television wherever you go”
Dream of “Television wherever you go”

Diklat Pemancar Digital

Jakarta 2013

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 Flashback & Refreshing

As we can see , a TV transmitter contains various components:

• Exciter:
The exciter performs signal conditioning for the RF signal to be transmitted.
The input signal (CCVS or MPEG-2 transport stream) is modulated onto a carrier
signal at a certain frequency (channel frequency).

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• Amplifier array:
Using parallel LDMOS amplifiers, the RF signal generated by the exciter is
amplified. Due to the high power levels required to transmit a signal over
along distance, the signal is split among several amplifier paths. Following the
amplification process, the resultant signal paths are summed together with the
proper phase to produce the high-power output signal.

• Channel filter:
One basic requirement for the TV transmitter is that it must output only a
single modulated signal in a selected channel. The adjacent channels must not
be influenced or disrupted. Channel filters are used to ensure compliance with
this requirement.

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• Harmonics filter:
Like the channel filter, the harmonics filter is used to prevent harmonics from
disrupting other channels (multiples of the desired transmit frequency) in the
frequency spectrum. The transmit signal should consist solely of the
fundamental.

• Directional coupler:
A directional coupler is used to decouple part of the output power for test
purposes (typically 30 dB to 60 dB). This is necessary since the full output
power would immediately destroy the test instrument.

• Lightning protection:
Transmitter facilities have lightning protection to protect the transmitter and
its components from lightning strikes.

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 Nonlinear and Linear Distortion in the Signal Path

The amplification process in the output stages of the TV transmitter as well

as the optional power filter result in distortion in the actual output signal.
However, this distortion must be eliminated from the signal that is
transmitted, which is why precorrectors are used in the exciters.

Nonlinear distortion during amplification

The amplifiers consist of laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistors (LDMOS). Due to their characteristic, such transistors can
amplify the incoming signal from the exciter:

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 Output characteristic (Schematic)

There are several different modes:

• A-mode:
In A-mode, the operating point is in middle of the characteristic's linear part. A
high quiescent current is produced. In this mode a single amplifier stage only
achieves a maximum power added efficiency of 50%. One big advantage is the
low distortion of the signal to be amplified.

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B-mode:
Here, the operating point of the transistor is in the lower region of the
characteristic. Compared to amplifiers in A-mode, the power added
efficiency is higher and the quiescent current is lower.

AB-mode:
Amplifiers in AB-mode have a marginally higher quiescent current than B
mode amplifiers. This type of amplifier represents the compromise between
distortion and gain. This type is used primarily in the consumer electronics
industry in either IC or discrete implementations.

C-mode (not shown in figure):

With this type of power amplifier, strong distortion of the signal is prevalent.
This is due to the fact that an operating point is chosen that results in zero
quiescent current for small input signals. The major benefit of this type of
amplifier is the relatively high power added efficiency of up to 90% for a
single stage.

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For economical operation, the amplifiers are operated in their higher-
efficiency range (AB). This results in nonlinear distortion of the signal. In
other words, the instantaneous gain and phase shift of the signal change in
response to variations in the drive. This creates spurious frequencies in the
signal spectrum. Looking at the analog television signal, nonlinear distortions
result in incorrect luminance and chrominance information.

Linear distortion due to power filters

The power filters at the transmitter output create linear phase and amplitude
distortion on the filter edges that can reduce the signal/noise ratio. In case of
linear distortion, the amplitude as well as the group delay for a specific
frequency range is not constant. Looking at the analog television signal,
linear distortion results in a sort of slurring of the waveform.

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Precorrection at the exciter
To prevent distortion of the generated transmit spectrum, the exciter has two
precorrection units as shown in Fig. A:

Fig.A The precorrection units in the Exciter

• Linear precorrection:
The linear precorrector precorrects the amplitude and phase response of the
signal so that distortion caused by the output filter is canceled out.
• Nonlinear precorrection:
The nonlinear precorrector precorrects the driven signal so that distortion
caused by the amplifier stage is corrected.

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The basic principle behind precorrection is as follows:
Distortion is fed into the amplifier path that corresponds to the exact inverse of
the distortion caused by the amplifier and/or a power filter. In the ideal case,
the resulting transmit spectrum exhibits as little distortion as possible.

One major quality criterion for TV transmitters is how well the exciter and
the amplifier/power filter are matched to one another.

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 DVB-T2
●Commercial requirements being formulated
●Possible Improvements;
□Enhanced capacity / spectrum efficiency
□Enhanced robustness
□Enhanced mobility
□More flexibility for IP services
□Improved flexibility in Bandwidth & Frequency
□Lower peak to average power ratio
□Increased provisions for SFN’s
The essential core parameter of DVB-T2 are :
 Several MPEG-2 TS input or possibly generic-stream an baseband signals ( up to 225)
 approx. at least 30% higher net data rate mainly due to the improved BCH+LDPC error
protection already used in DVB-S2
 additional bandwidth 1.7 MHz and 10 MHz
 stationary, but also mobile aplications
COFDM
 1K, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K and 32K mode
 Guard interval ¼, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 19/256 and 1/128
 modulation scheme QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM
 Q-delay “rotated” constellation diagram
 RF frame structure with P1 and P2 symbol at the beginning of the frame
 optional MISO
 etc
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
MULTISTANDARD TV TRANSMITTER 500Wavg

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DVB-T2 Modulator
Interleavers inDVB-T2

In DVB-T2, interleaving is separate into

bit interleaving
cell interleaving
time interleaving
frequency interleaving
Definition of Term
Interleaver correspons dengan bit interleaver pada DVB-S2
yang dioperasikan pada FEC frame level.
Interleaver berfungsi untuk mengoptimalkan karakteristik dari
Error Protection agar imun terhadap Burst Error.

Cell interleaver juga dioperasikan pada FEC frame level dan

Interleave bagi Cell yang telah di mapping yaitu IQ value.
Berfungsi meningkatkan kinerja terutama dalam konjungsi
Q-rotated dan Q-delay constelasi
FEC block
Of one PLP

TI block

Time
interleaver DVB-T2 time interleaving

Interleaving frame
Definition of Term
Time interleaver berfungsi pada distribusi data pada PLP (Physical Layer
Pipe) dengan long period hingga beberapa ratus miliseconds.
Time interleaver uuntuk menambah ketahanan terhadap burst error. Burst
error dapat terjadi terutama pada mobile reception dan dengan impusif
noise.

PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) untuk mengurangi Crest Factor.

Crest Faktor adalah rasio dari Voltage peak maksimum terhadap RMS
value.
Dalam praktik maksimal Crest Factor adalah 12 s/d 15 dB dan dibatasi pada
12 s/d 13 dB.
Definition of Term
Transport Stream :
Disingkat TS atau MPEG-TS, transport stream sungai adalah audio, video
dan data protokol transmisi komunikasi yang ditentukan dalam MPEG-2
Bagian 1. Transportas stream memungkinkan untuk multiplexing digital
video dan audio, yang berarti data digabungkan ke dalam aliran bit transmisi
sinkron tunggal, untuk pengiriman melalui berbagai media standar seperti
DSL, IP, IPV, Ethernet, jaringan TV Kabel, dan lainnya. Transport stream
dirancang hanya untuk address pengiriman. Aplikasi penyimpanan
menggunakan program streaming.

Encoding
(1) Dalam teknologi komputer, encoding adalah proses menempatkan urutan
karakter ke dalam format khusus untuk keperluan pengiriman atau
penyimpanan.
(2) Istilah yang digunakan untuk referensi proses konversi analog-ke-digital, dan
dapat digunakan dalam konteks semua jenis data seperti teks, gambar, audio,
video atau multimedia.

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Definition of Term
Codec

 (1)Kependekan dari kompresor / decompressor, codec adalah setiap teknologi

untuk kompresi dan dekompresi data. Codec dapat diimplementasikan dalam
perangkat lunak, perangkat keras, atau kombinasi keduanya. Beberapa codec
populer untuk video komputer termasuk MPEG.

(2) Dalam telekomunikasi, (kependekan dari coder / decoder) perangkat yang

mengkodekan atau decode sinyal. Sebagai contoh, perusahaan telepon
menggunakan codec untuk mengkonversi sinyal biner ditransmisikan pada
jaringan digital mereka ke sinyal analog dikonversi pada jaringan analog
mereka.

(3) terjemahan dari nilai biner menjadi tegangan yang dapat ditransmisikan
melalui kabel.

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Definition of Term
Modulation Error Ratio

Rasio kesalahan Modulasi atau MER adalah ukuran yang digunakan untuk
mengukur kinerja pemancar radio digital atau receiver dalam sistem komunikasi
menggunakan modulasi digital (seperti QAM). Sebuah sinyal yang dikirim oleh
pemancar ideal atau diterima oleh penerima akan memiliki semua konstelasi
poin tepatnya di lokasi yang ideal, namun berbagai ketidaksempurnaan dalam
pelaksanaan (seperti kebisingan, rasio penolakan gambar rendah, fase
kebisingan, penindasan carrier, distorsi, dll) atau jalur sinyal menyebabkan titik
konstelasi yang sebenarnya menyimpang dari lokasi yang ideal.

Transmitter MER dapat diukur dengan peralatan khusus, yang demodulates

sinyal yang diterima dengan cara yang mirip dengan bagaimana demodulator
radio nyata melakukannya. Didemodulasi dan terdeteksi sinyal dapat digunakan
sebagai perkiraan yang cukup diandalkan untuk sinyal ditransmisikan ideal
dalam perhitungan MER

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Vektor kesalahan adalah vektor di bidang IQ antara titik konstelasi yang
ideal dan titik yang diterima oleh penerima. The Euclidean jarak antara
dua titik adalah besarnya.
Modulasi rasio kesalahan adalah sama dengan rasio root mean square
(RMS) kekuatan vektor kesalahan dengan kekuatan referensi. Ini
didefinisikan dalam dB sebagai:

dimana Perror adalah Power RMS dari

kesalahan vektor , dan Psignal adalah Power
RMS ideal yang ditransmisikan.

MER didefinisikan dalam persentase dengancara:

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Definition of Term

MER berkaitan erat dengan besarnya kesalahan vektor (EVM), namun

MER dihitung dari daya rata-rata dari sinyal. MER juga terkait erat
dengan rasio signal-to-noise. MER mencakup semua ketidaksempurnaan
termasuk ketidakseimbangan amplitudo deterministik, kesalahan
quadrature dan distorsi, sementara Noise bersifat acak secara alamiah .

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 Definition of Term
Bit Error Ratio (BER) is defined as :

BER = bit errors / transmitted bits

Guard Interval

Dalam telekomunikasi, guard interval digunakan untuk memastikan bahwa transmisi

yang berbeda tidak mengganggu satu sama lain. Transmisi ini mungkin milik pengguna
yang berbeda (seperti pada TDMA) atau untuk pengguna yang sama (seperti di OFDM).

Tujuan dari guard interval adalah untuk megintrodusir kekebalan terhadap

keterlambatan propagasi, gema dan refleksi, biasanya data digital sangat sensitif.

The purpose of the guard interval is to introduce immunity to

propagation delays, echoes and reflections, to which digital data is
normally very sensitive.

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Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) merupakan metode
pengkodean data digital pada beberapa frekuensi carrier. OFDM telah
berkembang menjadi sebuah skema populer untuk komunikasi digital
wideband, apakah kabel tembaga nirkabel atau lebih, digunakan dalam
aplikasi seperti televisi digital dan penyiaran audio, DSL akses internet
broadband, jaringan nirkabel, dan 4G komunikasi selular

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 Contoh lain
Block Diagram DVB-T2 Transmitter

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 Santai aja ….!!!

PEMBAHASAN TENTANG
dB relatif dan
dB absolut
Insert materi tentang basic Logaritma
dan dB Calculation
sebelum pembahasan tentang
dB Coupler

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STANDART PENGUKURAN : 0 dBm = 1 mWatt = 107 dBμ

1. UNTUK VIDEO dengan Z = 75 Ω

POWER 1 mWatt, maka P = V²/R ; V² = P.R
V = √ P.R = √ 0,001 x 75 = 0,274 Volt

2. UNTUK AUDIO dengan Z = 600 Ω

POWER 1 mWatt, maka P = V²/R ; V² = P.R
V = √ P.R = √ 0,001 x 600 = 0,775 Volt

3. UNTUK tingkat RF dengan Z = 50 Ω

POWER 1 mWatt, maka P = V²/R ; V² = P.R
V = √ P.R = √ 0,001 x 50 = 0,224 Volt
20 Log (0,224V) / 1μV = 107 dBμ

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 HOW TO OBTAIN
HIGH RF POWER LEVEL

The only way to obtain high power levels

with Transistor amplifier to operate many
devices together since the power capacity
of only one device is low compared to the
power level of the Amplifier (or Transmitter).

Caranya dengan menggabungkan RF Transistor

dengan menggunakan:
1. 3dB Coupler
2. Wilcinson Coupling system
3. Full Isolated Coupling system (FICS)

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 3 dB as
DEVIDER/SPLITTER

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3 dB as COMBINER

CONDITION :
* ANATARA INPUT (1) DAN (3) HARUS BEDA PHASE -90°
* AMPLITUDE (1) = AMPLITUDO (3)

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3 dB as COMBINER

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Simulasi lain

Jika Power TX pada point (3) = 0 dan

point (1) 5000 Watt berapa besar power
pada point (4) =……Watt
Dan point (2) = …… Watt

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Simulasi lain

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 WILKINSON
COUPLING SYSTEM

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 WILKINSON
COUPLING SYSTEM

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FULL ISOLATED COUPLING SYSTEM

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
UHF EXCITER 0.5 Wavg

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BLOCK DIAGRAM UHF AMPLIFIRE
500 Wavg

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
PHASE SHIFTER - ATTENUATOR

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
UHF AMPLIFIRE 20 Wavg

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BLOCK DIAGRAM UHF AMPLIFIRE 150 Wavg

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BLOCK DIAGRAM UHF AMPLIFIRE
250 Wavg

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DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

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ANTENNA SYETEM FOR TV TRANSMITTER

Various Antenna Arrangement for TV Transmission :-

1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1

1 1 1 3

2 Direction 3 Direction 4 Direction 4 Direction

Equal Power Equal Power Equal Power Unequal Power
Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution

Typical Radiation Pattern for the above Antenna Arrangement :-

0° 0° 0°
dB 0°
330° 30° dB
dB 330° dB 330°
330° 30° 30° 2
2 2
2 4
4
4
6 300° 6
300° 300° 4 300° 60°
60° 60° 60°
6 6 8
8
8 10 10
8
10 10
20
20
20 20
270° 270° 90°
90° 270° 90° 270° 90°
20
20 20 20
10
10
10 10 8
8 8
8 240°
6 240° 240° 6 120° 6 120°
240° 120° 6 120°
4
4 4 4
2 2
2 2 210° dB 150°
210°
210° dB 150° dB 150°
210° 150° 180°
dB
180° 180°
180°

2 Direction 3 Direction 4 Direction 4 Direction

Equal Power Equal Power Equal Power Unequal Power
Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution

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CONTOH :ANTENNA PERFORMANCE SITE
JOGLO

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COAXIAL FEEDER

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 COAXIAL FEEDER

BAHAS JUGA UNTUK

POWER LAIN
SELAIN UNTUK KAPSITAS 5 KW

Catatan:
untuk Air dielectrik diharuskan
menggunakan dehydrator

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 CONNECTOR
Yang sering digunakan

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 CONNECTOR
Yang sering digunakan

SMA male

SMA female -panel-mount SMA female

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 CONNECTOR
Yang sering digunakan

DD
N OR DIN 7-16 EIA 3-1/8”

EIA 7/8” EIA 1- 5/8”

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CONNECTOR
Yang sering digunakan

HDMI

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact

audio/video interface for transferring uncompressed video data and
compressed /uncompressed digital audio data from a HDMI-compliant
device ("the source device") to a compatible computer monitor,
video projector, digital television, or digital audio device.[1] HDMI is a
digital replacement for existing analog video standards.

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 SCART

SCART (from Syndicat des Constructeurs

d'Appareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs, - Radio
and Television Receiver Manufacturers' Association)
is a French-originated standard and associated 21-pin
connector, for connecting audio-visual (AV)
equipment together.

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 Set Top Box

Pembahasan brosur/referensi
Download Internet
dari bebagai varian

* If possible

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 “The real of living is giving”

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