A Report On Training Seminar

Carried Out At
220 KV GRID SUB STATION
HEERAPURA,JAIPUR
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
award of degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Session 2019-20

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Himani Jain Dr. Kuldeep Singh
2016uec1683 Assistant Professor
1 Introduction to PLCC
Power Line Carrier Communication, often called PLCC, is used for speech data trans-
mission as well as protection of Transmission Lines. Carrier current used for Power Line
carrier Communication has a frequency range of 80 to 500 kHz. PLCC is mainly for
telemetry and telecontrol in modern electrical Power System.

Power Line Carrier Communication is used for the Carrier Tripping and Direct Trip-
ping in case of Distance Protection. For detail of how does Distance protection relay
sends and receives carrier signal, read Distance Protection philosophy.

Whenever there is a fault in the line, it is very much important to isolate the fault.
Merely tripping of breaker at one end of line cannot isolate the fault. Breaker at the
other end of line should also open. Let us consider a simple diagram as shown below.

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1.1 PLCC Scheme

The output of PLCC goes to Coupling Capacitor famously known as Capacitive Voltage
Transformer and then to transmission line and travels to another end where it is received
through Capacitive Voltage Transformer and inputted to relay and control panel at that
end.

As the frequency of carrier signal is high, the impedance offered by the CVT = 1/wC
will be low and the carrier signal travelling on Transmission Line will be bypassed by
the CVT, therefore the carrier signal is received or sent through the CVT (HF point is
given on the CVT where PLCC is connected through the Fiber Optic FO Cable.)
Wave Trap is provided in the line after the CVT (If we see from Transmission line
side then CVT will come first and then CVT will come.). Wave Trap is nothing but
a Choke Coil which chokes out high frequency carrier signal, as the impedance offered
by inductor = wL will be high which will not allow the high frequency carrier signal to
enter into the substation.

1.2 Essential components of plcc system

Following are the main components of PLCC.

1.2.1 coupling capacitors

Coupling capacitor or Capacitive Voltage Transformer connects the carrier equipment

to the transmission line. The coupling capacitors capacitance is of such a value that it
offers low impedance to carrier frequency (1/C) but high impedance to power frequency
(50 Hz).

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 Thus coupling capacitor allows carrier frequency signal to enter the carrier equipment.
To decrease the impedance further and make the circuit purely resistive so that there
is no reactive power in the circuit, low impedance is connected in series with coupling
capacitor to form resonance at carrier frequency.

1.2.2 Wave Trap

Wave Trap is provided in the line after the CVT (If we see from Transmission line side
then CVT will come first and then CVT will come.). Wave Trap is nothing but a Choke
Coil which chokes out high frequency carrier signal, as the impedance offered by inductor
= wL will be high which will not allow the high frequency carrier signal to enter into
the substation.

1.2.3 Transmitters and Receivers

The carrier Transmitters and Receivers are usually mounted in a rack or cabinet in the
control room, and the line tuner is out in the switchyard. Thus there is a large distance
between the equipment and the tuner, and the connection between the two is made using
a coaxial cable Fiber Optical (FO) Cable.
The coaxial cable provides shielding so that noise cannot get into the cable and
cause interference. The coaxial cable is connected to the line tuner which must be
mounted at the base of the coupling capacitor. If there is more than one transmitter
involved per terminal the signal must go through isolation circuits, typically hybrids,
before connection to the line tuner.

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1.2.4 hybrids and filters

The purpose of the hybrid circuits is to enable the connection of two or more transmitters
together on one coaxial cable without causing intermodulation distortion due to the
signal from one transmitter affecting the output stages of the other transmitter. Hybrids
may also be required between transmitters and receivers, depending on the application

1.2.5 Line Matching Unit

LMU is a composite unit consisting of Drain Coil, Isolation transformer with Light-
ning Arrester on its both the sides, a Tuning Device and an earth switch. Tuning
Device is the combination of R-L-C circuits which act as filter circuit. LMU is also
known as Coupling Device. Together with coupling capacitor, LMU serves the pur-
pose of connecting Audio/Radio frequency signals to PLCC terminal and protection
of the PLCC unit from the over voltages caused due to transients on power system.

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1.3 Features of plcc system

1.3.1 Programming

Each modem can be indivisually programmed with minimum system downtime. Simi-
larly the line filter can be suitably strapped and fine tuned to achieve the required center
frequency and bandwidth.

1.3.2 Efficiency

Single side band (SSB) suppressed carrier technique result in efficient use of the frequency
and large transmission ranges.

1.3.3 Flexibility

Each terminal is available as either a single or twin channel unit.

1.3.4 Voice grade connection

Each channel provides a bi-directional voice grade circuit over the transmission medium
and occupies a separate 4KHz band either direction of transmission.

1.3.5 Output Power

Terminals are provided with R-F output amplifier for the required power i.e 20w/40w

1.4 Application of PLCC

PLCC in modern electrical power system substation is mainly used for following purpose:

• Carrier protection relaying of transmission line so that Inter trip command can be
issued by relay due to tripping of circuit breaker at any one end. To trip the line
circuit breaker nearest to the fault, this is done by:

• a)Distance protection relay (V/I characteristics)

• b) Differential comparison method

• c) Phase comparison method

• Station to station communication between operating personnel

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 • Carrier telemetring, electrical quantities that are telemetered are kW, kVA, kVAR,
Voltage and Power factor etc.

2 Advantages
• No separate wires are needed for communication purpose.

• Communication and power transfer are possible on same circuit.

• Power lines provides the shortest route between the power stations.

• Higher mechanical strength.

• Increased reliability.

• Lower attenuation over long distance.

• Implementation cost is reduced.

3 Disadvantages
• Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment.

• High voltages and current.

• Due to reflection attenuation increases and creates problem.

• Noise introduced by power lines is far more than the telephone lines.

• The noise is also introduced in signal due to bad weather conditions.

4 Power Level
General value is lOW at the carrier output terminals. If the carrier power is too high
it may results in interference with ratio or telephone systems.If it is too low it may not
produced good signals to noise ratio at desired distances.
the line must be a good one at power transmission but may a poor one at carrier
transmission. the method of modulating the carrier is amplitude modulation with single
sideband transmission . This reduces the frequency bandwidth of carrier channel to

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half and gives some advantages in S/N ratio. Besides speech channel, PLCC has also
to provide many other control channels. These channel transmits pulsed information
and their speed of operation is also too high. Thus PLCC system: can either receive or
transmit a speech channels or 18 pulsed channels. Such carrier equipment is called as
single purpose equipment. If it is required to transmit speech and telemetry information
simultaneously them multipurpose equipments are used.
Bandwidth= 4KC/S= 4KHz

5 FREQUENCY RANGE IN RAJASTHAN

wire less planning and Coordination Wing of Department of Civil Aviation government of
India allocates different frequency range for each GSS and RRVPNL has to maintain the
PLCC system on the assigned frequency range. They have to keep difference of 4KHz,
in frequency so that there is no interference between twin channel and three channel
communication system. The RRVPNL has to purchase and maintain the transmitter
and receiver at different GSS as per the frequency range assigned for that G-S.These
frequency ranges cannot be changed.

6 INDOOR EQUIPMENTS
Indoor equipment consists of a batteries bank of (100 AH, 200 AH, 350 AH), battery
charger of required rating [15A/25A, 25A/40A, 40A/70A] and carrier sets (ABB;:BPL,
W/S) Tally systems. Battery used in the system has 48V/DC. For getting 48V/DC
power we connect 24 cells in series with each other. Each cell has 2.1 V voltage and
1210 specific gravity of electrolyte solution (H2S04).

7 Battery Charger
Battery charger basically consists of a rectifier. Filters and dropping diodes etc. it
consists of two terminals for load and two for batteries terminal Battery charging is of
following two types:

• Float

• Boost

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7.1 Float

when the new battery is fully charge then we can use float- charging mode. This mode is
used to provide continues charging of battery; so that the battery will neither discharge;
nor charged more than its level

7.2 Boost

In case of charging the new battery; we can use boost-charging mode. It is done with
supplying high voltage to cells of battery. This is needed b cells or battery sets when
the set is new. Boosting charges initially new batteries.

8 CHARGING OF BATTERIES IS DONE AS FOL-

LOWS
Batteries used in PLCC are of rating 2V; 200AH. Capacity. Battery charge used (FB-3
charger) is 25/40 Amp.

• I. Charging of battery: Firstly the batteries are charged ill their specific gravity
becomes 1210 and voltage/cell will 2.1 V. The first discharge is done till batteries
have specific garvity j1180 and' V/cell j 15V.

• II. Capacity Test: The battery, which has been given the first char stand on open
circuit for not less then 12 hours and not more t after discharge the battery through
a variable resistance hen 24 hours. There or acidulated water load at urrent. The
discharge shell be stopped when the close circuit voltage number of cells in across
the battery has fallen to 1.85*n Volts, where 'n' is the resries in the battery or
when the voltage across any one cell has fallen to 1.70 Volt whichever is earlier.

• III. Recharging : lt is done in boost mode and after charging the battries are kept
at continues process with charger at float mode.

9 PLCC EXCHANGE {EPAX)

The EPAX system is an advance state of art, stored program, microprocessor, controlled
exchange. Control functions are implemented with time division PAM technique.

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 This system is a replacement of electromechanical exchange. This exchange can
interface directly with PLCC terminal on hand telephone sets on other hand.

10 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
It consist of central control modules like central processing unit (CPU), Switching circuit
controller (SCC) and scanner and peripheral interface controller (SPIC) along with line
interface circuit (LIC), Trunk interface circuit (TIC) and conference (Conf.). The mem-
ory and diagnostic circuit and display control (DCD) are incorporated in CPU module.
Power supply unit (PSU) provides all necessary voltages for system derived from 48V
DC. It can also be equipped with work with work on 230V AC (Optical) The exchange
has a capacity' for 56 local subscriber lines and 20 trunk lines.

11 HARDWARE

• Central Processing Unit (CPU) :

It consists of different associated memories, which include both EPROM and RAM
area. The programs are stored in EPROM of 14 KB and scratch pad data for all
sub scribers in RAM of 6 KB. Its data bus in called Direct Bus. The SCC, SPIC
modules are on CPU buses called System Bus

• Line Interface Circuit (LIC):

Its main function is to supply ring voltage to line. These ring voltage are produce
at Ring Feed Relay. This relay is energized by 48V DC supply. LIC card act
as interface between line side and exchange side. It also provides information,
about the position of dialing set, to CPU. As maximum number of simultaneous
conversion is 32 hence this card has 32 LED's for display. These LED's will show
the position of ringer relay resister output for diagnostics purpose.

• Trunk Interface Circuit (TIC):

It acts as an interface between trunks and exchange side. It is a directional card.

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 Its function is to provide information to CPU about ON/OFF position of line,
toseize the trunk and repeats the digit over trunk. Its display has 8 LED's for
displaying direction

• Power Supply Unit (PSU):

In this section the 48V DC voltage is converted into +5V, +12V and 12V, they are
rectified and regulated and brought The mains power supply unit.(MPSU) gives
unregulated voltage inputs for +d5V and + 12V as voltage are brought to PSU in
rack where they are regulated and supplied to exchange.

• BU:

The 48V is given to oscillator that gives 25Hz-75Hz AC dringing voltage output.
This is taken out via transformer. The ring control information coming from SPIC

modules controls oscillator in according with Ring Modulation waveform such that
ringing voltage is generated or ceased

12 OUT DOOR EQUIPMENTS

Equipments which is out side : the control room in yard are Called outdoor equipments.
They consists of Wave. trap, Constant Voltage transformer and line matching unit etc.

• Wave trap:

Wave trap is also known as line trap. The line traps are inserted Between the
carrier coupling point and the station equipment To provide a high impedance to
carrier frequencies while maintaining a negligible. Impedance to power frequency
current. Line trap have to carry the power line current continuously and under
system fault condition heavy short circuit current flow through them momentarily.
There are coil of inductance to 2mH to 2H rated for full line Current and insulated
for high voltages. It is place in series with power lines, they offers high impedance
to carrier frequency but Passes 50 Hz power current easily. They can be resonated
at a single or two carrier frequencies, wide band operation is also used. This makes
the wave trap effective on more then one channel.

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• Main coil:

The main coil winding are encapsulated by winding filament fiber glass that has
been impregnated with a specially selected epoxy resin harder system. The epoxy
resin . fiberglass composite is then cured according to programmed temperature
schedule. This process result in high mechanical strength and temperature above
160 C

• Tuning pack:

It is connected in paralleled with the main coil to provide high impedance to

the desired Carrier frequency. The type of tuning pack used will depend upon
weather a single Frequency, two frequencies or band of frequencies is to be blocked
Th tuning pack is designed to have a' minimum specified resistive component
Over the entire blocking range so that these line traps will not be 'detuned by the
widely variable value of the station reactance Tuning pack is constructed using high
quality and close tolerance capacitors carefully Designed non-saturabl inductors
and non-inductive high wattage resistors The components are inductively tested
and assembled inside a fiberglass tube. The tube is then completely filled with a
special grade resin mixture and sealed. This encapsulation protects them from the
environment and mechanical shocks Ensuring stability over long periods of service.

13 Matching devices

Line matching unit

Earth switch

Lightning arrestor

Drainage coil

• Line matching unit:

It is basically a band pass filter with a frequency bandwidth of 50-500KHz in other

Words we can say it is frequency truncable transformer. The most important use of

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 line matching unit is to match the characteristic impedance of coaxial cable (used
to transmit signal to and from carrier set) with power line. The characterstic
impedance of coaxial cable used at is 75 ohm and the characteristic Impedance
of power line is 150/240/30 ohms so to transmit the maximum signal from C.V.T
to carrier set the char. Impedance of both linear' should be matched so that
maximum power transform theorem should be satisfied. It is consist of two parts.

1. Balancing transformer

2. Coupling filters

1)Balancing Transformer:

It couples the output of the PLCC terminal o the coupling filters. It matches the
characteristic impedance of coaxial cable for maximum power transform.

2) Coupling Filters:

It comprises of inductors and capacitors the output of these filters is send to

capacitive voltage transformer. -It offers the necessary means of feeding modulate
output from carrier set to coupling capacitor or constant voltage transformer. It
consist a variable inductor in series with coupling capacitor and from a resonant
circuit so as to pass carrier

frequency. The transformer acts as matching transformer between the impedance

of co-axial cable and coupling filter it self. In case there is fault in on phase then to
continue the PLCC services we should do the phase coupling for which we use line
matching dual unit in place of LMU. There is a balancing transformer (B.T.) in
LMDU B.T. is used to transform equal power in both phase so the communication
may not stop in faulty condition

• Earth Switch:

There is a switch connected between CC/CVT and ground and is known as earth
switch. The purpose of this switch is to ground the fault current and signal during
the time of maintenance in healthy system the switch should be open so that the
use full signals not be ground but we should keep in mind that the out closing the

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 switch never do any thing for maintenance purpose. If we ignore this warning then
a very large fault current may become very harmful For us.

• Lightning arrestor:

They protect line trap againt high voltage surges caused by atmospheric effects or
switching operations the nonlinear lightning arrestor is connected between the pri-
mary and earth terminals for protecting the coupling device and carrier frequency
Against any high spike voltages which may occur or a very high current about
5K Amp may damage the system The nominal discharge current of this lightning
arrestor is selected to suit the sub-station lightning arrestor behing the line trap.
. The tuning element however has been rated at 20 to 30 percent more then the
maximum residual voltage of the lightning arresrtor (used to protect the main coil)
at the maximum discharge current.

• Drainage Coil:

The coupling capacitor cannot remain 100 percent charge,all time due to contin-
uous discharge and charging of coupling capacitor there always present an A.C.
voltage about 1 1 KV. It is necessary to Ground this .. voltages so we use drainage
coil. Because the A.C. voltage always present so the drainage coil should never
open circuit.

14 References
• Titarenko.M.I., Protective, Foreign language

• Noskov.I., Relaying In, Publisher House

• Ddukelsky, Electro Power System, Moskow

15 Conclusion
In the present practical training report the various aspect of PLCC system, their pre-
ventive maintenance, testing, commissions, fault finding, case studies and precautions

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and brief theoretical detail of all cquipment of PLCC system has been studied and dis-
cussed. The above practical training report on the PLCC System is prepared on the
basis of basic knowledge gained by us and it elaborates the specific cquipment details
and the brief idea Of the PLCC network of Rajasthan R.V.P.N.L., which controls the
power system of Rajasthan state. We have covered the various modes of communica-
tion used by R.V.P.N.L., PLCC department Includes most sophisticated system which
are operational in Jodhpur region. An attempt of has been made by us to analyses
the problem of PLCC system and improvement in quality of maintaining uninterrupted
power supply and to suggest suitable remedialo measure to improve maintain the quality
of maintaining uninterrupted reliable power supply. It is evident that PLCC can help
in controlling and improving the quality of power supply and there by satisfying the
consumer and producer both and can help in economic of power system. Therefore it is
most essential for power supply managers to maintain the PLCC equipment in healthy
condition all times. Therefore at this stage we must consider the prime role of PLCC
system in controlling the power in the power system of Rajasthan and PLCC equipment
should be maintained in healthy condition always.

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