CIVE1143 – Structural Analysis

Shear Force and Bending Moment

Equations and Diagrams

Lecturers: Srikanth & Indu

 Revision: Member Internal Forces
P1 P2 To determinate the internal forces at a
point such as B, we need to imaginarily cut
Ax the beam through the point into two
A B segments. Thus the internal loading will be
MA
Ay exposed on the free-body diagram of the
segment.
M
Ax
N
A B
MA A
y V
OR

V P1 P2

N
B
M
 Revision: Sign Convention
N N
V V M M

N N V V M M
Positive axial force
Positive shear force Positive bending moment
(tension)
P
V
M
Ax A C B N N
Ay P By M
MC V
Ax NC
A
Ay VC
VC
NC
B
MC
By
 Revision: Calculation of the Internal Forces
P • Identify a section in the structure where
you wish to determine the values of the
Ax A C B
internal forces.
Ay By • Consider the free body diagram from
this section to the end of the beam
P obtained by “cutting” the body through
MC this section. You may consider either the
NC right or the left part of the beam obtained,
Ax
A whichever gives the easier calculation.
Ay VC
OR
•Use the sign convention defined earlier
to provide the positive direction of these
VC forces. Treat the 3 internal forces at the
NC section as unknowns.
B
MC • 3 unknown internal forces can be
By determined by 3 equilibrium equations.
+
∑F x =0 + ∑F y =0 + ∑MB = 0
 V and M Functions

Design of beam requires detailed knowledge of the
variations of V and M.

Internal axial force N is generally not considered as

The loads applied to a beam normally act perpendicular to the beam’s
axis

For design purpose, a beam’s resistance to shear & bending is more

important than its ability to resist normal force

An exception is when it is subjected to compressive axial force where
buckling may occur
 V and M Functions

To obtain the variation of V and M, it is necessary to section the beam at
an arbitrary distance x from one end of beam. For example

10kN/m The variation range of x:

0 ≤ x ≤ 5m
A B
x
5m
 V and M Functions

The functions of V and M along the beam’s axis can be obtained by the
method of sections.

10kN/m The variation range of x:

0 ≤ x ≤ 5m
A B The resultant force of distributed load is
x
equivalent to the area under the loading
5m diagram, and act through the geometric
center of this area.
10x
FBD:
10kN/m area = 10 × x = 10 x
(the right part) V

B
M x

V
M
Sign Convention: N N
M V
 V and M Functions

The functions of V and M along the beam’s axis can be obtained by the
method of sections.

10kN/m The variation range of x:

0 ≤ x ≤ 5m
A B
x Equilibrium Equations:
5m

10x + ∑F y = 0: V − 10 x = 0
FBD:
10kN/m V = 10 x
(the right part) V
x
x
B + ∑ M = 0 : − M − 10 x × =0
M 2
M = −5x 2
 V and M Diagrams

If the resulting functions of x are plotted, the graphs are termed the shear
force diagram and bending moment diagram.

10kN/m The variation range of x:

0 ≤ x ≤ 5m
A B V = 10 x M = −5x 2
x
5m when x = 0 (at point B)
V V = 10 × 0 = 0
Straight line 50kN
25kN
when x = 2.5m
V = 10 × 2.5 = 25kN
SFD: x 5m 0
2.5m
when x = 5m (at point A)
V = 10 × 5 = 50kN
 V and M Diagrams

If the resulting functions of x are plotted, the graphs are termed the shear
force diagram and bending moment diagram.

10kN/m The variation range of x:

0 ≤ x ≤ 5m
A B V = 10 x M = −5x 2
x
5m when x = 0 (at point B)
V M = −5 × 02 = 0
50kN
when x = 2.5m
SFD: x
M = −5 × 2.52 = −31.25kNm
5m 0
M when x = 5m (at point A)
BMD: x
5m 2.5m
0 M = −5 × 52 = −125kNm

Parabola
(open downward)
-125kNm
 V and M Diagrams

Bending moment diagram is
plotted on the compression side of
the beam.
10kN/m

UDL causes a linear change (a
T straight line) to the SFD.
A B
x
C
5m
UDL results in the BMD
V assuming a parabolic curved shape.
50kN

SFD: x 5m 0
M
5m
BMD: x 0

Parabola
(open downward)
-125kNm
Example
6kN/m Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams for the beam.

A B
9m
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment
6kN/m
diagrams for the beam.

Reaction Forces:
A B
The resultant force of distributed load is
9m equivalent to the area under the loading
diagram, and act through the geometric
27kN center of this area.
6kN/m
6kN/m × 9m
area = = 27kN
2
FBD: A B
3m
Ay By
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment
6kN/m
diagrams for the beam.

Reaction Forces:
A B
9m + ∑ M B = 0 : − Ay × 9 + 27 × 3 = 0
Ay = 9kN
27kN
6kN/m
+ ∑F y = 0 : Ay − 27 + By = 0
By = 18kN
FBD: A B
3m
Ay By
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment
6kN/m
diagrams for the beam.

V and M Functions:
A B
x Establish an arbitrary distance x from point A
9kN 9m 18kN where 0 ≤ x ≤ 9m
6kN/m

?
2x ?
3 x
M 9m
FBD: A
x
9kN
V ? x 2x
= ?=
6 9 3

V
M
Sign Convention: N N
M V
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment
6kN/m
diagrams for the beam.

V and M Functions:
A B
x Establish an arbitrary distance x from point A
9kN 9m 18kN where 0 ≤ x ≤ 9m

The resultant force of distributed load is

x2 equivalent to the area under the loading
3 diagram, and act through the geometric
2x
3 center of this area.
M
FBD: 1 2x x2
A area = × x × =
x V
2 3 3
9kN x
3
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment
6kN/m
diagrams for the beam.

V and M Functions:
A B
x Establish an arbitrary distance x from point A
9kN 9m 18kN where 0 ≤ x ≤ 9m
x2
+ ∑ Fy = 0 : 9 − − V = 0
x2 3
3 x2
2x V = 9−
3 3
M
FBD: A x2 x
x + ∑ M = 0 : − 9× x + × + M = 0
V 3 3
9kN x
3 x3
M = − + 9x
9
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment
6kN/m
diagrams for the beam.

V and M Diagrams:
A B
x x2
9kN 9m 18kN V = 9− (0 ≤ x ≤ 9m)
3
V when x = 0 (at point A)
9kN
V = 9kN
SFD: 0 x
5.2m when x = 9m (at point B)
-18kN V = −18kN
when V = 0,
x2
9− = 0
3
x = 5.2m
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment
6kN/m
diagrams for the beam.

V and M Diagrams:
A B
x x3
9kN 9m 18kN M = − + 9 x (0 ≤ x ≤ 9m)
9
V when x = 0 (at point A)
9kN
M =0
SFD: 0 x
5.2m when x = 9m (at point B)
-18kN M =0
31.2kNm
when x = 5.2m,
M max = 31.2kNm
 Discontinuous V and M Functions
In general, the internal shear force and bending moment functions will be
discontinuous or their slope will discontinuous at points where:

The type or magnitude of the distributed load changes

Concentrated forces or couple moments are applied
Because of this discontinuous property, V and M functions must be determined
for each segment of the beam located between two discontinuities of loading.

3m 3m P 4m
Range of variations:
w
A D
0 ≤ x1 ≤ 3m (from A to B)
B C
x1
3m ≤ x2 ≤ 6m (from B to C)
x2
x3 6m ≤ x3 ≤ 10m (from C to D)
 Discontinuous V and M Functions
In general, the internal shear force and bending moment functions will be
discontinuous or their slope will discontinuous at points where:

The type or magnitude of the distributed load changes

Concentrated forces or couple moments are applied
Because of this discontinuous property, V and M functions must be determined
for each segment of the beam located between two discontinuities of loading.

3m 3m P 4m
Range of variations:
w
A D
0 ≤ x1 ≤ 3m (from A to B)
B C
x1 x2 x3
0 ≤ x2 ≤ 3m (from B to C)
0 ≤ x3 ≤ 4m (from C to D)
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN
2m 4m

A B C
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN
2m 4m Reaction Force:

A B C + ∑ M C = 0 : − Ay × 6 + 6 × 4 = 0

Ay Ay = 4kN
Cy
+ ∑F y = 0 : Ay − 6 + C y = 0
C y = 2kN
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN V and M Functions:
2m 4m For Segment AB, establish an arbitrary distance
x1 from point A where 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2m
A B C + ∑F y = 0: 4 −V = 0
4kN x1 2kN V = 4kN
+ ∑M = 0: − 4 × x1 + M = 0
FBD:
M M = 4x1
A
x1 V
4kN

V
M
Sign Convention: N N
M V
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN V and M Functions:
2m 4m For Segment AB, establish an arbitrary distance
x1 from point A where 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2m
A B C + ∑F y = 0: 4 −V = 0
4kN x1 2kN V = 4kN
x2
+ ∑M = 0: − 4 × x1 + M = 0
FBD: 6kN
2m (x2 – 2) M = 4x1
M For Segment BC, establish an arbitrary distance
A x2 from point A where 2m ≤ x2 ≤ 6m
x2 V
4kN + ∑F y = 0: 4 − 6 −V = 0
V = −2kN
V
M
+ ∑ M = 0 : − 4× x 2 + 6 × ( x2 − 2) + M = 0
Sign Convention: N N M = −2 x2 + 12
M V
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN V and M Functions:
2m 4m For Segment AB (0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2m)
V = 4kN M = 4x1
A B C For Segment BC (2m ≤ x2 ≤ 6m)
4kN x1 2kN V = −2kN M = −2 x2 + 12
x2
V and M Diagrams:
4kN
SFD: 0
-2kN
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN V and M Functions:
2m 4m For Segment AB (0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2m)
V = 4kN M = 4x1
A B C For Segment BC (2m ≤ x2 ≤ 6m)
4kN x1 2kN V = −2kN M = −2 x2 + 12
x2
V and M Diagrams:
4kN when x1 = 0 (at point A) M =0
SFD: 0 when x1 = 2m (at point B) M = 8kNm
-2kN
when x2 = 2m (at point B) M = 8kNm
8kNm
when x1 = 6m (at point C ) M = 0
BMD: 0
 Example – Another option
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN V and M Functions:
2m 4m For Segment AB, establish an arbitrary distance
x1 from point A where 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2m
A B C + ∑F y = 0: 4 −V = 0
4kN x1 x2 2kN V = 4kN
+ ∑M = 0: − 4 × x1 + M = 0
FBD: V
M = 4x1
C For Segment BC, establish an arbitrary distance
M x2 from point C where 0m ≤ x2 ≤ 4m
x2 2kN
+ ∑F y = 0: V +2=0
V = −2kN
V
M
+ ∑M = 0: − M + 2 × x2 = 0
Sign Convention: N N M = 2x2
M V
 Example – Another option
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN V and M Functions:
2m 4m For Segment AB (0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2m)
V = 4kN M = 4x1
A B C For Segment BC (0 ≤ x2 ≤ 4m)
4kN x1 x2 2kN V = −2kN M = 2x2
V and M Diagrams:
4kN
SFD: 0
-2kN
 Example – Another option
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN V and M Functions:
2m 4m For Segment AB (0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2m)
V = 4kN M = 4x1
A B C For Segment BC (0 ≤ x2 ≤ 4m)
4kN x1 x2 2kN V = −2kN M = 2x2
V and M Diagrams:
4kN when x1 = 0 (at point A) M =0
SFD: 0 when x1 = 2m (at point B) M = 8kNm
-2kN
when x2 = 0 (at point C ) M = 0
8kNm
when x1 = 4m (at point B) M = 8kNm
BMD: 0
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN Features of SFD:
2m 4m
SFD follows the force arrows – if a
A load or reaction points upward, move
B C upwards on SFD.
4kN 2kN
SFD should be a horizontal line where
no load is applied such as segment AB
and segment BC separately.
4kN
SFD: 0 SFD jumps at where a point load is
applied, and the step equal to the value
-2kN
of the load.
8kNm

BMD: 0
 Example
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
6kN Features of BMD:
2m 4m
BMD follows the deformation shape
A of the beam – plot BMD on the
B C C compression side.
4kN T 2kN
BMD should be a straight line where
no load is applied such as segment AB
and segment BC.
4kN
SFD: 0 BMD has a sudden change in the slope
at where a point force is applied.
-2kN
BMD always has a zero value at a end
8kNm
pin or roller support, unless a moment
is applied at that point.
BMD: 0
Complicate Examples
F1 F2 F1 F2

A D A C D
B C B
x1 x1
x2 x2
x3 x3

OR
F1 F2

A C D
B
x1 x3
x2
 Summary

Design of beam requires detailed knowledge of the variations of V
and M. Internal axial force N is generally not considered.

To obtain the variation of V and M, it is necessary to section the

beam at an arbitrary distance x from one end of beam.

Because of this discontinuous property, V and M functions must be

determined for each segment of the beam located between two
discontinuities of loading using x1, x2, ….(Note the variation range).

If the resulting functions are plotted, the graphs are termed the
shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.
 CIVE1143 – Structural Analysis

Shear Force and Bending Moment

Equations and Diagrams

Lecturers: Srikanth & Indu

 Revision: Discontinuous V and M
Functions
In general, the internal shear force and bending moment functions will be
discontinuous or their slope will discontinuous at points where:
¾ The type or magnitude of the distributed load changes
¾ Concentrated forces or couple moments are applied
Because of this discontinuous property, V and M functions must be determined
for each segment of the beam located between two discontinuities of loading.

3m 3m P 4m
Range of variations:
w
A D
0 ≤ x1 ≤ 3m (from A to B)
B C
x1
3m ≤ x2 ≤ 6m (from B to C)
x2
x3 6m ≤ x3 ≤ 10m (from C to D)
 Revision: V and M Functions and Diagrams
¾ General procedure for SFD and BMD
¾Determine all the reactive forces and couple moments if necessary.

¾Specify proper coordinators (x1, x2,…) , draw the free-body diagrams

for corresponding segments.

¾Applying the equilibrium equations to obtain the shear force

functions and bending moment functions for each segment (V(x1),
V(x2) … and M(x1), M(x2), …).

¾Plot the shear force diagrams and bending moment diagrams

segment by segment below the free-body diagram of the structure.
 Features of SFD and BMD
Type of load Shape of SFD Shape of BMD
No load Horizontal Straight line

Point load Step Kink

UDL Straight line Parabola

Linearly varying distributed Parabola Cubic

load

Applied moment Horizontal Step

 Mathematical relationship between SFD and BMD
Consider the small segment of beam subjected to only a uniform distributed load
wΔx Applying the force equation of equilibrium to
w segment, we have
M+ΔM
M
+ ∑F y = 0 : V − wΔx − (V + ΔV ) = 0
V V+ΔV
Δx ΔV = − wΔx
Dividing by Δx, and letting Δx → 0, we get

dV
= −w
dx
Slope of shear diagram = Negative of distributed
load intensity
 Mathematical relationship between SFD and BMD
Consider the small segment of beam subjected to only a uniform distributed load
wΔx dV
= −w
w
dx
M+ΔM Slope of shear diagram = Negative of distributed
M load intensity
V V+ΔV Applying the moment equation of equilibrium to
Δx
segment, we have
+ ∑M = 0:
Δx
− VΔx − M + wΔx × + ( M + ΔM ) = 0
2
ΔM = VΔx − w(Δx) 2
Dividing by Δx, and letting Δx → 0 and treating
2nd order terms as negligible, we get
dM
=V
dx
Slope of moment diagram = Shear
 Mathematical relationship between SFD and BMD
Consider the small segment of beam subjected to only a uniform distributed load
wΔx dV
= −w
w
dx
M+ΔM Slope of shear diagram = Negative of distributed
M load intensity
V V+ΔV
Δx dM
=V
dx
Slope of moment diagram = Shear

Hence, the mathematical relationship among load, shear force and bending
moment is

Differentiate Differentiate
Shear Bending
Load
Integrate Force Integrate Moment
 Mathematical relationship between SFD and BMD
Consider the small segment of beam subjected to only a uniform distributed load
wΔx dV
= −w
w
dx
M+ΔM Slope of shear diagram = Negative of distributed
M load intensity
V V+ΔV
Δx dM
=V
dx
Slope of moment diagram = Shear
Location of the point on the beam where the bending moment is a
maxium or minimum
dM
M is achieves a maximum Since =V
dx
or minimum where
the maximum or minimum
dM
=0 M will occur where V=0
dx
 Mathematical relationship between SFD and BMD
Consider the small segment of beam subjected to only a single load
F Applying the force equation of equilibrium to
segment, we have
M+ΔM
M
+ ∑F y = 0: V − F − (V + ΔV ) = 0
V V+ΔV
Δx ΔV = − F

The change in shear is negative, so that on the SFD the shear will jump downwards
on the beam. Likewise, the jump in shear ΔV is upward when F acts upward.

Load SFD
 Mathematical relationship between SFD and BMD
Consider the small segment of beam subjected to only a single moment

Applying the moment equation of equilibrium to

segment (assuming Δx → 0), we have
M0 M+ΔM
M + ∑M = 0: − M + M 0 + ( M + ΔM ) = 0
V V+ΔV
Δx ΔM = − M 0

The change in moment is negative, ie. BMD will jump downward if M0 is anti-clockwise.
Likewise, the jump in ΔM is upward when M0 is clockwise.

Load BMD
Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E
Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E
Reaction Forces:

+∑ M B = 0 :
10kN 10kN 10 × 2 − 10 × 2 + Dy × 4 − 6 × 6 = 0
6kN
B D Dy = 9kN
A C E
+ ∑F y = 0:
By Dy − 10 + By − 10 + Dy − 6 = 0

By = 17kN
 Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E Shear Force Diagram:

9kN SFD follows the force arrows – if a

17kN load or reaction points upward, move
upwards on SFD.

SFD: 0
-10kN
 Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E Shear Force Diagram:

9kN SFD follows the force arrows – if a

17kN load or reaction points upward, move
upwards on SFD.

SFD: 0
-10kN
 Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E Shear Force Diagram:

9kN SFD follows the force arrows – if a

17kN load or reaction points upward, move
upwards on SFD.

7kN
SFD: 0
17kN
-10kN
 Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E Shear Force Diagram:

9kN SFD follows the force arrows – if a

17kN load or reaction points upward, move
upwards on SFD.

7kN 6kN
SFD: 0
-3kN
-10kN
 Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E Bending Moment Diagram:

9kN 1. The moment of Zero at Point A.

17kN

7kN 6kN
SFD: 0
-3kN
-10kN

BMD: 0
 Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E Bending Moment Diagram:

9kN 1. The moment of Zero at Point A.

17kN
2. The moment of Point B

7kN M B = M A + ΔM
6kN
SFD: 0
-3kN = 0 + (−10) × 2 = −20kNm
-10kN
ΔM - the area of SFD.

BMD: 0

-20kNm
 Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E Bending Moment Diagram:

9kN 1. The moment of Zero at Point A.

17kN
2. The moment of Point B
3. The moment of Point C
7kN 6kN
SFD: 0 M C = M B + ΔM
-3kN
-10kN = −20 + 7 × 2 = −6kNm
ΔM - the area of SFD.

BMD: 0
-6kNm
-20kNm
 Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E Bending Moment Diagram:

9kN 1. The moment of Zero at Point A.

17kN
2. The moment of Point B
3. The moment of Point C
7kN 6kN
SFD: 0 4. The moment of Point D.
-3kN
-10kN M D = M C + ΔM
= −6 + (−3) × 2 = −12kNm
ΔM - the area of SFD.

BMD: 0
-6kNm
-20kNm -12kNm
 Example 1
10kN 10kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams for
6kN the beam.
2m 2m 2m 2m
B D
A C E Bending Moment Diagram:

9kN 1. The moment of Zero at Point A.

17kN
2. The moment of Point B
3. The moment of Point C
7kN 6kN
SFD: 0 4. The moment of Point D.
-3kN
-10kN 5. The moment of Point E.
M E = M D + ΔM
= −12 + 6 × 2 = 0
ΔM - the area of SFD.
BMD: 0
-6kNm
-20kNm -12kNm
 Example 2
Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B
4m 4m
 Example 2
80kN Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B Reaction Forces:
4m 4m
Ay By +∑ M B = 0 :
− Ay × 8 + 80 × 2 = 0
Ay = 20kN
+ ∑F y = 0:
Ay − 80 + By = 0

By = 60kN
 Example 2
Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B Shear Force Diagram:

4m 4m SFD follows the force arrows – if a
20kN
load or reaction points upward, move
60kN
upwards on SFD.

20kN
SFD: 0
 Example 2
Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B Shear Force Diagram:

4m 4m SFD follows the force arrows – if a
20kN
load or reaction points upward, move
60kN
upwards on SFD.

20kN
SFD: 0
 Example 2
Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B Shear Force Diagram:

4m 4m SFD follows the force arrows – if a
20kN
load or reaction points upward, move
60kN
upwards on SFD.

20kN The shear force at point B

SFD: 0 VB = VC + ΔV
= 20 + (−20) × 4 = −60kN
-60kN
ΔV - the area of UDL.
 Example 2
Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B Shear Force Diagram:

4m 4m SFD follows the force arrows – if a
20kN
load or reaction points upward, move
60kN
upwards on SFD.

20kN
20
SFD: 0
x 80 x

4m
-60kN

20 x
= x = 1m
80 4
 Example 2
Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B Bending Moment Diagram:

4m 4m 1. The moment of Zero at Point A.
20kN
60kN

20kN
SFD: 0
1m

-60kN

BMD: 0
 Example 2
Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B Bending Moment Diagram:

4m 4m 1. The moment of Zero at Point A.
20kN
60kN 2. The moment of Point C
M C = M A + ΔM
20kN
SFD: 0
= 0 + 20 × 4 = 80kNm
1m
ΔM - the area of SFD.

-60kN

80kNm

BMD: 0
 Example 2
Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B Bending Moment Diagram:

4m 4m 1. The moment of Zero at Point A.
20kN
60kN 2. The moment of Point C
3. The maximum moment
20kN
M max = M C + ΔM
SFD: 0
1m 20 ×1
= 80 + = 90kNm
2
-60kN ΔM - the area of SFD.
90kNm
80kNm

BMD: 0
 Example 2
Draw shear force and moment diagrams
for the beam.
20kN/m

A C B Bending Moment Diagram:

4m 4m 1. The moment of Zero at Point A.
20kN
60kN 2. The moment of Point C
3. The maximum moment
20kN
4. The moment of Point B
SFD: 0
1m
M B = M max + ΔM
-60kN = 90 + (−60) × 3 / 2 = 0
90kNm
80kNm ΔM - the area of SFD.

BMD: 0