Chu bien: PGS.TS.

PH� VAN HOA

ThS. D�G TIEN TRUNG
ThS. LE ANH TUAN
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" ,....- ""' ,,.,.? , ,

HE THONG DIEU KHIEN GIAM SAT

VA THU TH.AP
• DU LIEU
•

(Superviso1·y Control And Data Acquisition)

TRONG HE• THONG DIEN
•

Intranet

SesaDAS SesaDAS SesaOAS

U-lnbsfa-e CommlltlUllon G.1t--, !Mta Ac:qulAUon

� NifA XUAT BAN BACH KHOA - HA NQI

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T�P DOAN l:ll¢N Ll/C VItT NAM

. HOC
TRU.ONG BAI . BIEN
. LUC
.
fl
Dc;II HQ( l>l!n li,-:
1 I ••: ,�•II ••••lf1• I

PGS-TS PH"'1.M VAN HC)A

ThS DJNG TIEN TR UNG
ThS LE ANH TUiN

HE THONG DIEU KHIEN GIAM SAT

VA THU THAP DU' LIEU ■ •

SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition system)

TRONG HE• THONG BIEN

•
(Xulu biin I.in thfr hai)

NHA XUA.T BAN BA.CH KHOA- HA NQI

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Afii s6: 100- 2010/CXB/03 - 09/BKHN

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LO'IN61eAu
H� th6ng di�n bao g6m cac nha may di�n, h� th6ng lu6i truy�n tai,
luai phan ph6i va cac phv tai tieu th\1 di�n. Chung g�n b6 v6i nhau thanh
m¢t th� th6ng nh�t, n�u bj pha va thi se xay ra nhung h�u qua n�ng n� cho
toan h� th6ng va gay anh hucmg khong nh6 d�n n�n kinh t� qu6c dan.
Do v�y doi hoi m<;>t sµ quan ly, giam sat, di�u khi�n v�n hanh an toan, tin
c�y cho toan h� th6ng.
Cung v6i S\T phat tri�n cua h� th6ng di�n hi�n d.;ii c6 cac thi�t bi di�n
(mg di,mg cong ngh� tan ti�n thi vful d� quan ly, giam sat, di�u khi�n v�n
hanh h� th6ng di�n ciing khong ngung phat tri�n v6i S\T trq giup d5.c Ive cua
cac thi�t bi tµ d(mg, thi�t bi truy�n tin va thi�t bi di�u khiSn tu xa, cac h�
th6ng giam sat di�u khi�n h� th6ng di�n. M(lt trong cac M th6ng trq giup
d�c Ive do la h� th6ng di�u khi�n giam sat va thu th�p du li?u SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition).
H� th6ng di�u khi�n giam sat va thu th�p s6 I i�u SCADA ngay cang
g1n gui hem d6i voi cac ky SlI, ky thu�c vien va sinh vien nganh H� thfing
di�n va vi�c trang bi ch(mg cho H? th6ng di�n la h�t sue dn thik Cac
hang tren tht gi6i da ch� t!ilo, l�p d�t nhi�u mo hinh SCADA khac nhau
d6i v6i h� th6ng di�n, nha may di�n, luoi di�n hi;i th�, cong ty, ... d� quan
ly v�n hanh cac sa d6 lu6i cung nhu cac thi�t bi ky thu�t s6 ngay cang
duqc sfr dµng nhi�u.
Cu6n sach Hf th6ng iliiu khiin giam sat va thu th�p dii' liju trong
h/ th6ng di/n nhiim tr<;r giup cho sinh vien, ky su v�n hanh M th6ng di�n
nhung kitn thuc ca ban v� h� th6ng SCADA va ph;;tm vi ung di,mg chung
trong diSu d(> h� th6ng di�n, trong nha may di�n va lu&i di�n h.;i th�.
N(>i dung cu6n sach g6m 6 chuong chinh:
Chu(Jng I: T6ng quan v� M th6ng di�u khi6n giam sat va thu th�p dCr
li�u trong H� th6ng di�n.

3
 Chu<mg 2: Cfm true phin cung h� th5ng SCADA.
Chuang 3: C.iu true phful m�m h� th&ng SCADA.
Chuong 4: Cac he th6ng m�mg c9c bQ dung cho SC ADA
Chuang 5 · Thi6t bi MODEM va phong di�u khi!n trung tfun.
Chuang 6: (Tng d1_mg cua h� th6ng SCADA trong H� th&ng di�n
Cu6n sach duqc dung chu y�u cha sinh vien nganh H� th6ng dien.
Cong ngh� thong tin. d6ng thcri la tai li�u tham khao cho ky su v,m haith he
th6ng di�n, v,m hanh cac h� th5ng thong tin.
Trong cu5n sach, nhi�u cµm tu ti�ng Anh chung toi khong dich sang
ti�ng Vi�t vi do la danh tu rieng ho�c n�u dich se khong sat nghia va hon
th� rnla. chung la Cl,lm tu chuyen dµng trong chuyen nganh thong tin.
T�p th� tac gia xin chan thanh cam on cac d6ng nghi�p, cac can bQ
giang dl?,y t<;li trm'mg D<;ii h9c 0i�n lµc da t�n tinh giup do d� hoim thanl1
cubn sach nay.
Rdt mong SIJ d6ng gop cua cac d(>c gia d! cu&n sach ngay mot hoan
thi�n hem. Cac y ki�n dong g6p xin gui v€ khoa H� th6ng di�n, truong D:;ii
hoc 0i�n l\fc.
Di�n tho�i: (04)22185612. Email: huapv@.epu.edu.vn
Xin chan thaith cam on.
Thay m¢t tq.p thk rtk gia
PGS-TS PH,1.M VAN HOA

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DANH Ml)C cAc CHU' VIET TAT

ACC Area Control Center Tr� di�u khiSn vung
AID Analog/Digi ta! Chuy�n d6i tuang t\r sang s6
AI Analog Input D�u vao tuong tµ
,AO Aanalog Output Ddu ra cucmg t1J
' ASCII American Standard Code for Bang ma chu�n cua My d�
Information Interchange trao d6i thong tin
AUl Attachment Unit Interface
BCD Binary Code Digit H� ma nhi phan
BF I Bus Field Bus truong
CPll : Central Proee«ing Uni1 89 xfr ly trung tam
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access Da truy c�p nh�n bi�t song
,,·i th Collision Ddc::ct mang tranh xung d9t
DA Distribution Automation Ti,r d6ng M th6ng phan ph6i
DCS Distributed Control System H� th6ng di�u khiSn phan tan
DI Digital Input Diu vao s6
DMM Digital i\1 ul ti functional Meter D6ng h6 ky thu�t s6 da chuc
nang
Digital Output D�u ra s6

� s Domain Name Service Ph\lc v1,1 tra cU1J danh sach

tr�n m;;i.ng
DR Digital Relay Ro le ky thu�t s6
DSM Demand Source Management Quan ly nhu d.u di�n nang

5
EMS Energy Management System H� th6ng quan ly nang ltrQng
FACTS Flexible AC transmission Thi�t bi di€u chinh trong h�
Systems) th6ng truy�n tai xoay chi�u
linh ho�t
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data
Interface
FR Fault Recorder B(> ghi sv cb
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FTP Fole Transfer Protocol
GUJ Graphical User Interface Man hinh giao di�n d6 h9a
HOD Hard Disk Drive 6 cung
HDLC Iligh level Data Link Control Di�u khi�n lien k�t dtr li�u
b.ftc cao
IIMI Human Machine Interface Giao di�n ngum-may
HHU Hand Held Unit Thi�t bj cim tay
IEC International ElectrotechnicaJ
Committee
TED Intelligent Electronic Devices Thi�t bi di�n tu thong minh
IO Input Output Vao ra
LAN Local Area Network M�ng c1,1c bf)
LCC Logical Link Control Di�u khi�n lien k!t logic
MAC Medium Access Control
� -
KiJm soat truy nh.ftp
truyen dan
MAP Manufacturing Message Protocol
MAU Medium Attachment Unit Thiet bi di�n tu thu pha�
MODEM Modulator/Demodulator Diiu bien/Giai di�u bi�n

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I

OSI ! Open System Interconnection Ki!n true giao thuc

PC Pasonal Computer May tinh ca nhan
PLC Progranunale Logic Controllers Bi;> diSu khi�n logic l�p trinh
PLC Power Line Carrier Thi�t bi thong tin tai ba
·RAM Random Access Memory Bi;> nha trong
RTU Remote Terminal Unit Thi�t bi dfm cu6i
,SCADA Supervisory Control And Data H� th6ng di�u khi�n giam
! Acquisition system sat va thu th�p s6 li�u
SMTP Semple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management
!
Protocol
-·--
ss Substation Server Dieu khi�n muc tr�m
TC Technical Commitee
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol

7
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ChU'ong 1
TONG QUAN VE Ht THONG DIEU KHIEN
GIAM SA.T VA THU TH�P DU LitU TRONG
HE. THONG DIEN
.

§1.1. KHAI QUAT CHUNG

Kha nang th\l'c hi�n cac ho�t d¢,ng t�i m{)t tr�m di�n khong co nhan
vien ky thu�t. g.1)i la tq1m khong nguai tn,rc OUQ'C thvc hi�n tir Trung tam
ditu d{) dia phtrang ho�c tu Tnmg tam di�u d{) vimg/rni�n. Bi�u do tiJt ki�m
duqc rAt nhitu chi phi trong quan ly, v�n hanh h� th6ng di�n (HTB). nhung
t�t y�u phai dam bao cac ho:,it d(mg duqc thvc hi�n tin c�y, chfnh xac theo
yeu cau.
Th�t v�y. trong HTD dn c6 cac thao tac nhu dong ma may d.t, dao
each ly, theo doi d9c s6 li¢u tir xa,... nhlmg chi phi dS duy tri nhan vien t�i
cho li_ti khong hc;rp ly. Ngoai ra vi�c xfr \y ch�m trJ cua nhan vien ky thu�t
khi xay ra S\l' cfi co thJ keo dai them tbt'ri gian kh�c ph1,1c Sl,I' c6 va lam giam
ch�t luc;mg ph\.lc vu khach hang. Han nua chi phi duy tri nhan vicn v�n hanh
t{li ch6 se cang tang cao khi thvc hi�n cac thao tac dong cit, di�u nay lam
cho chi phi do tra nen khong kinh tJ.
Day la nhfrng ngu)'.'en nhan chu ytu lam cho de h? th6ng di�u khi�n
giam sat va thu th�p s6 li�u, g9i tilt b�ng ti�ng anh la SCADA phat tri�n
trong h� thf>ng. ThiJt bi dieu khi�n tu xa cac thitt bi di�n da duqc su di,mg
trong nhi�u nam g1n day va nhu du v� thong tin cung nhu di�u khi�n tu xa
d�n d�n sv phat tri�n de h� th6ng thiSt bj co kha nang th1:rc hi�n cac lhao
tac, ki�m soat chung va bao d.o l�i v&i Trung tam di�u do cac thao tac di�u
khi�n theo yeu du da thµc hi�n c6 k�t qua. 06ng thoi cung dn thong bao
de thong tin quan tn;mg khac nhu cac thong s6 v� hanh cua lu&i di�n nhu
dong di�n, di?n ap, cong suit, tin s6 tai Trung tam di�u d<;>. Ban diu moth�

9
th6ng nhu vh ph\l thrn)c vao nhi�u duong day thong tin lien l�c truybn tin
hi�u giam sat, di�u khi�n. ThJ h� Jiu cua h� th6ng SCADA khong thS dap
ung duqc vi�c thµc hi�n nhi�u thao tac dibu khi�n. Nhung v&i S\J' phat tri�n
cua ky thu�t trong ITnh Vµ'C thong tin ngay nay, cac thao tac di�u khi�n,
giam sat trong h� th6ng SCAOA Ut dt l&n khi thvc hi�n cac m�nh l�nh tu
Trung tam di�u t1Q.
Hi�n nay lc,li r,ic Trung tam di�u d<) mitn Bic, Trung. Nam, Trung tam
di�u d9 hl;\ th6ng di�n qu6c gia va hh h�t cac tr�m bi�n ap tu dp di�n ap
110 kV tro len o nmJc ta d�u duc;1c trang bi h� th6ng SC'ADA. H� th6ng nay
r�t c6 hi�u qua trong giam sat, di�u khi�n v�n hanh HTD.

§1.2. Sl)' PHAN CAP QUAN LY CUA He THONG SCA DA

Vi�c giam sat, thu th�p s6 li�u va diSu khi�n la r�t dn thi�t d6i vm
m<)t h? th6ng cong nghi�p b§t ky. D�c thu cua HTD la quy mo cua h¢ th6ng
san xuAt ric k'm, crai tren m9t kh6ng gian r<)ng, bao g6m nhi�u ph1n tu, thi�t
bi voi cac chuc nang, nguyen ly lam vi�c khac nhau. Do d6 vi�c su di,mg
ITIQI h� th6ng di�u khi�n trung tam c!� dam nhi�m tAt ca cac chuc nang giam
sat va di�u khi�n la h�t sue phuc t�p. Chf nh vi v�y, tuy theo muc d9 quan
tn;mg va yeu du nhfrng tinh nang giam sat, ui�u khi�n ma cac chuc nang
gi.:im sat, di�u khi�n va thu th�p s6 li�u duc;,c phan ph6i vl phan dp cho cac
thi�t bi khac nhau. H� th6ng SCADA cho h? th6ng hClP nhit, vai m()t cong
ty di�n l\fc chju trach nhi�m quan ly, thong thuong dm;tc chia tha.nh ba d.p
ca ban sau day:

1.2.1. CAp thll' n hat

Cip thu nh§.t cua h� th6ng SCADA, cac ph�n tu co chuc nang giam
sat cac thong s6 v� hanh cua lu&i, ditu khi�n ra l�nh cho cac ph�n tu dong
cit. ghi chvp phan tich cac s\r c6 xay tra tren lu&i, d6 la ra le bao v� ky
thu�t sf:. DR (Digital Relay), h9 ghi sµ c6 FR (Fault Recorder), d6ng h6 ky
thu�t s6 da chuc nang DMM (Digital Multi-function Metter), cac 6¢ bi�n
d6i cong su�t, dong di�n, di�n ap, tin s6 (Transducer)... Khi xay ra sv c6,
cac w le tinh toan va tac dcjng theo thong s6 chinh djnh da dm;yc cai d�t ma

10
khong dn lien l�c v6i h� th6ng d.p tren. Ngoai ra cac ph�n tv thu9c dp nay
con co chuc nang thu th?p s6 I i�u, thong s6 v� hanh o cac ch� d() binh
thucmg cua HTD dS giri Jen cac may tinh di�u khi�n muc tr� (Substation
Server) ho�c cac thi�t bi d�u cu6i RTU (Remote Tem1inal Unit). Trong cac
h� th6ng hi�n di;ii, cac phful tir nay dugc gc;>i chung la thi�t bi di�n tu thong
minh IED (Intelligent Electronic Devices). Chung co d.c nguyen ly lam
vi�c va ch(rc nang khac nhau, nhung co cimg chu�n giao ti�p (Protocol), cho
phep IED nay co thJ noi chuy�n dugc voi cac IED khac trong cung tr�m
(peer to peer) va trao d6i v6i f)i�u khi�n tr,;lln SS (Substation Server) ho�c
RTU. VS nguyen t�c, sµ hong hoc hay bao tri �i m9t IED se khong lam anh
hucmg d�n cac IED khac trong h� th6ng.

1.2.2. Cip th(J, hai

C�p thu hai cua h� th6ng SCADA la cac Dieu khi�n tn_1.m SS
(Substation Server) va RTU c6 chuc nang chu y�u la thu th�p s6 li�u tu cac
IED do no quan ly, h.ru l .;i.i trong ca so dfr li�u, phµc VI) cac nhu ciu d9<.: dfr
li�u t�i cho qua cac giao di�n ngum may HMI (Human Machine Interface)
va truySn dfr li�u thu th�p dut;ic len dp quan ly cao hem theo cac chuful
truy�n thong tin.

1.2.3. Cip th(J, ba

C�p thtr ba la Trung tam di�u khi�n Cl.la toan h� th6ng. TIO'i thl,!C hi�n
vi�c thu th?-p so li�u tu cac Di�u khi�n tr{lm SS (Substation Server) va RTU.
thgc hi�n cac chuc nang tinh toan danh gia tn_mg th.ii cua h� th6ng, d\r bao
nhu du ph\l tai va thµc hi�n cac chuc nang di�u khi�n quan trc,mg nhu vi�c
phan ph6i l?i cong suit gifra cac nha may, len k� ho{lch V?-0 hanh cua toan
h� th6ng.
Do quy mo ri;mg Ian cua h� th6ng truy�n tai di�n nang, cac tr� di�u
khi�n trung tam con co th� dugc chia thanh cac dp dibu khi�n trung tam
(Central control) va cac tri;im di�u khi�n vung (Area Control Center).

11
 §1.3. cAc YEU cAu CHUNG CUA HI; THONG SCADA
M9t h� thflng SCA DA chuan phai cung dp dugc cac chuc ming sau:

1.3.1. ChLPc nang giam sat

1) Gfrim sat va dam hao aU(J'C tinh chinh xac toan b◊ cac thong v�.n
hanh cua h� th6ng nhu dong di�n, di�n ap, cung suAt. t.in s6, vi tri nAc cua
may bi6n ap ...
2) Giam sat du(!c CCIC /rang thai cua cac ph�n tfr dong d.t trong h�
th6ng. 06 la tr�ng thai d6ng/mo cua may ctit. dao each Iy, dao tifp dia ...

1.3.2. Ch(pc nang di6u khiAn

1) Qua trinh iliJu khidn phiii chinh x<k, tin l'qy
Trong qua trinh thi,rc hi�n cac thao tac dong/mo may dt, dao each ly,
di�u khi�n chuy�n n&c phan ap cua may bien ap ... ttr xa (tu Trung tam di8u
d{> vimg/mi6n ho�c qu6c gia) phai dam bao tuy�t d6i tin c�y, kh6ng dugc
nh&m l§n, co nghTa la cac thao tac phai dU<Jc giam sat ch�t che ve tinh lien
d{mg ph5i h<;rp gifra may dt, dao each ly va cac thi�t bi lien quan tuan theo
quy trinh quy ph�m v�n hanh cua h� tht\ng.
2) Cai a¢t thong s6 tu xa
Khi co SI,! thay d6i v� d.u true d1:1 hr&i ho�c nang cao cong su�t ch6ng
qua tai thi cac thong so v�n hanh ctia h.r&i va thiit bi se thay d6i, vi v�y ta
dn phai d�t l�i cac thong s6 chinh d(nh bao v� ra le hoc).c thay d6i ty s6 bi8n
d6i trong cac thi�t bi do J�m nhLr d6ng 116 va cong ta cho phu hc;yp v&i thl,J"c
1t Vi�c cai d�t nay c6 th� Juqc.: dwc hi�n tu xa tc:i.i cac Trung tam di6u dQ
vung/mi�n ho�c qu&c gia.

1.3.3. Quan ly va h.,u trQI dU' li♦u

Giam sat dui;rc cac SIJ cA xay ra trcn hr&i cilng nhu cua cac thi�t bi,
dnh bao SI! c6 bfing am thanh, mau s�c hoi;i.c thong bao tren man hinh
hi�n tht. ghi ll,li duqc cac chu6i S\J ki�n, S\I c6 xay ra va xac dinh chudn
do{m sv c6.
T§.t ca cac chuc nang tren cua h� thfmg phai duqc bao m�t i.r mire cao
nh§t va tuy¢t d6i tin c�.y.

12
 1.3.4. Tinh nang thai gian thl:l'c
SCADA la m<)t h� th6ng cti�u khi�n giam sat va thu th�p du li�u trong
thm gian th\IC. do do tinh nang thcri gian cua h� th6ng la d.t d.n thi�t va
quan trQng. S�r ho;;tt d()ng binh thuang cua h� th6ng ky thu�t n6i chung, h¢
th6ng di�n n0i rieng lam vi¢c crong thai gian thvc khong chi ph1,1 thu9c
vao d<) chinh xac. dung dAn cua cac k�t qua d�u ra, ma con ph\l thuqc vao
thoi ditm dua ra k�t 4ua. Mc)t h� th6ng co tinh nang thoi gian th1,Ic khong
nhit thi�t phai c6 phan ung th�t nhanh ma quan tn:ing hem phai co phan
ung kip thai d6i , oi cac yeu d.u, tac d{mg bcn ngoai. Nhu v�y m<)t h�
th6ng truy�n tin co tinh nang thai gian th\fc phai co kha nang truy2n tai
thong tin m<)t each tin c�y va kip thoi v&i yeu du cua cac d6i tac truybn
thong. Do do tinh nang thoi gian thµc cua m(lt h� th6ng giam sat, di�u
khien ph1,1 thu9c vilo dt nhi�u h� th6ng thong tin su d1,mg trong h� thfmg
d6, vi dl:l nhu h¢ th6ng Bus tmang.
OJ dam bao tinh nang thoi gian thvc, m(lt h� th6ng Bus phai c6 nhfrng
d�c di�m sau:
I j D9 nlwy nhm1h'. T6c d(l truy�n thong tin hfru ich phai du nhanh d�
dap (mg nhu du lraL) d6i du li�u trong m9t giai phap qt th�.
2) Tinh riJn djnh: D1,r doan tru6c du9c v� thoi gian phan l'rng tieu bi�u
va lhai gian phan ung ch� nhit \,ai ycu cau cua ti.mg tr:;un.
3J Do tin c4y. kfp th(Ji: 8am bao tong lhoi gian d.n cho vi�c v�n
chuy�n du !i9u m<)t each tin c�y giiia cac tr"1m n5m crong m◊t khoang
xac dinh.
4) Tinh nJn vtmg: C6 kha nang xu ly; w c6 m◊t each thich hQP d�
khong gay thi9t h�i them cho toan b<) h� th6ng.

§1.4. TONG QUAN v� CO' cAu HI; THONG SCADA

Tu: si,r phan dp quan ly h� th6ng di�u khiJn giam sat va thu th�p s6
lt¢u cO.ng nhu yeu du chung cua h� thong SCADA neu tren, m◊t ht; th6ng
SCADA d.n co ca du ca ban nhu sau:
• Tram thu thap du· li�u trung giwi: U1 cac kh6i thi�t bi vao ra d§.u
cuoi tu xa RTU (Remote Terminal Units) ho�c la cac kh6i (b◊) vi di�u

13
khitn logic l�p trinh PLC (Programmale Logic Controllers) co chuc nang
giao ti�p vai d.c thi�t bi ch.lp hanh (cam biSn dp tnrcmg, cac h()p di�u
khien dong dt va cac van ch.ip hanh ... ).
• Tr9m ailu khiJn giitm .wit trung tam: la m()t hay nhi�u may chu
tnmg tam (Central host computer server).
• H¢ th6ng truydn thong: bao g6m cac m�ng truy�n thong cong
nghi�p, cac thi�t bi vi�n thong va cac thiJt bi chuy�n d6i dong kenh c6 chCrc
nang truy�n dfr li�u dp trucmg d&n de kh6i di�u khi�n va may chu.
• Giao di¢n nguai - may HMI (Human - Machine Interface): La cac
thi�t bi hi�n thi qua trinh xu: ly dil li�u dJ nguoi v�n hanh di�u khi�n cac
qua trinh ho�t d{mg cua h� th6ng.
Theo cac thanh phfui, co mot ca ch� thu th�p dil li�u nhu sau:
Trong h� SCADA, qua trinh thu th�p du li�u duqc th1,1c hi�n tru6c tien
a qua trinh cac RTU quet thong tin co dtr(lc tir cac thiJt bi chip hanh n6i vcri
chung. Thai gian d� thµc thi nhi�m V\.l nay duqc gQi la thm gian quet ben
trong. Cac may chu quet cac RTU (voi t6c d(> ch�m hem) d� thu th�p du li�u
tu cac RTU nay.
D� di�u khi�n, cac may chu se gui tin hi�u yeu c§u xu6ng cac RTU, tu
do cho phep cac RTU gm tin hi�u di�u khi�n trµc ti�p xu6ng cac thi�t bj
chip hanh th1Jc thi nhi�m V\J.
Trong qua trinh truytn tai du lieu, du li�u c6 th� la d;,mg lien tl,lc
(anlog), d�g s6 (digital) hay d�ng xung (pulse).
Giao di�n co so d� v�n hanh t.,ii cac thi�t bi d�u cu6i la m<)t man hinh
giao di�n d6 hQa GUI (Graphical User Interface) dung d� hi�n thi toan bQ M
th6ng di�u khi�n giam sat ho�c cac thi�t bi trong M th6ng. T�i mot thoi
di�m. du li�u dU<;rc hi�n th[ duai d�g hinh anh tinh, khi dil li�u thay d6i thi
hinh anh nay cling thay d6i theo.
Trang trucrng hc;rp dfr li¢u cua h¢ th6ng bi�n d6i lien t\.lc theo thai
gian, h� SCADA thuang hiJn thj qua trinh thay d6i du li�u nay tren man
hlnh giao di¢n dii h9a GUI duai d;,mg d6 thi.

14
 M(>t lill di�m 16n cua h� SCADA la kha nang xu ly l6i r§t thanh c6ng
khi h� th6ng xa1 ra S\I c6. Nhin chW1g, khi c6 sµ c6, h� SCADA c6 th� 11,ra
ch<,>n m(>t trong cac each xu li sau:
• Su dvng dft fi?u cdt Ritr trong ccic RTU: lrong cac h� SCADA c6 cac
RTU co dung lm;mg b◊ nh6 16n. khi M th6ng ho<;lt d(>ng 6n dinh. du li�u se
duqc sao ltru vao trong b(> nho cua RTU. Do d6. khi h� thflng xay ra loi thi
cac RTU se su dl,.lilg t�m du li�u nay cho d�n khi h� th6ng ho<;it d(,ng tro l�i
binh thucmg.
• Su dung cac phdn czmg d14 phong c1ia hf thi3ng: hiu h�t cac h¢
SCADA d�u duqc th1Jt k� them cac b9 ph�n dl,I' phong, vi d\l nJur h� th6ng
truy�n thong hai ducmg truy�n. cac RTU doi ho�c hai may chu ... Cac b◊
ph�n dµ phong nay se dugc dua vao sir d\mg kh.i h� SCADA c6 S\I c6 ho;)c
ho�t d9ng offline (co the cho m\]c dich bao ducmg. sua chiia. kiem tra ... ).

§1.5. GIO'I THll;U LICH SU' HiNH THANH

VA PHAT TRl�N HI; THONG SCADA
Yao gifra nhung th�p nien 90 cua th� ky tru6c. nhung h¢ th6ng
SCADA d�u tien chi c6 tac di.mg thu th�p du li�u tu cac b(> cam bi�n bing
cac d6ng hb do, den bao va cac bQ ghi du li�u hi�n thi duoi d�g dc3 thi. I I�
th6ng nay hJt sue don gian (hinh 1.1 ). khong dap t'.mg dugc yf:u du cong
ngh� trong san xwit.
Sensors

Hinh 1.1. Hf thong thu th�p di, lifu so, l<hai

15
 D�n nrun 2000. cac chu�n truy�n thong nhu lEC870-5-l 01/104 va
DNP 3.0 ra dcri da ph6 bi�n trong vi�c san xu�t cac thi�t bi cung nhu giai
phap cho h¢ th6ng SCADA. Cac thi�t bi cam bi�n thu th�p dfr li�u duqc
thay th� bA.ng cac thi�t bi vao ra 1/0 (lntput/Output) su d1,111g cac chuan giao
thuc mo nhu Modicon MODBUS dµa tren chuan giao thuc TCP/lP
(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol).
Hi¢n nay, cac he SCADA dang trong xu huong dich chuy�n sang
cong nghe chuan truy�n thong Ethernet va TCP/IP E1 cac chuan co ban dang
d.1.n thay th� de chuan cu hon Theo nha cung dp giai phap tu d(>ng h6a va
thong tin p�n m�m Wondcrware va cong ty tv d(mg h6a Rockwell, th� hi
tiJp theo c6 the la chuan OPC-UA, do c6 nhi�u tru diem tu vi�c ho erg cua
cong ngh¢ thong tin nho su dµng ngon ngii XML (Extensible Markup
Language). cac dich V\J Web va cac cong ngh� Web hi�n di;ti khac. Hinh 1.2
la mot \'i d1,1 v� h¢ th6ng di�u khien giam sat va thu th�p dfr li�u SCADA
hi¢n d�i. Hinh 1.3 the hi¢n chi tiJt m<}t h¢ th6ng SCADA.

T�m giam sat vav�n hanh

- Giam sat lhO'I g,an lhV'C
- 0ieu kh,en h� thOng
- Theo d01 bao dl)ng SV' c6
Nh�n di} l1�u - Phan tich, ltlp bao cao Giam sat va vtin hanh
qua SMS -vv linh hOi;ll

et
Th,et b1
fiiillll Thiel bi _ Thiel bi
dAu cu6,
Ml <lAu cu61 d�u cu6i

I\
�/\� DJ
It�-, i ! �.o.,�,..,.,
Protection
MV Circuit Relay
nalyser T
Pressure Slamshut
Valve r Transmlner
Filter
ware,
Storage
Trao,W
Pump
8reker Transmitter Valve
Hinh 1. 2. Sc,, do h� thong dieu khien giam sat va thu th�p di, li�u SCADA hi�n c1ifi

16
 II� th6ng thu th�p du \i�u va di�u khi�n giam sat SCADA la m()t h¢
th6ng bao g6m cac thi�t bi diu cu6i RTU lam nhi�m V\J nh�n tfn hi�u di�u
khi�n tu tri;im v�n hanh trung tam va thu th�p du lic;u tu cac thi�t bi cam
bi6n t�i hi�n tmang, gui du li�u tra li;ii tr<;tm chu thong qua m()t h¢ thong
truy�n thong. Cac tri;im chu hi�n thi cac thong s6 thu th�p duqc va d6ng thoi
cho phc:p nguai v�n hanh co th� ditu khi�n duqc thi�t bi tu xa.
ll'u di�m c(ta h� tlH.\ng SCA.DA la d.c dfr li�u chfnh xac va kip thai
(thuang h'l thai gian th�rc) cho phep t6i lILl hoa ho�t d(:,ng cua nha may va
qua trinh. H(.m nCi'a, h? th2ing SCADA luon co hi�u qua hem, d<) tin c�y cao
va an coan hcrn trong v�n hanh.
Cong ngh� SCADA da hinh thanh va phat tri�n nit som cung v&i sl_I
qnh tranh ct'.La hai cong ngh� khac la di�u khibn phan tan DCS (Distributed
Control System) va b() di�u khi�n logic l�p trinh PLC (Programmale Logic
Controllers). D�c di�m khac nhau co ban nh�t gifra h� th6ng SCA.DA va cac
h� th6ng ditu khitn qua trinh khac la h� th6ng SCADA c6 tht giam sat va
di�u khiJn cac thi�t bj tu khoang each rit xa vi h� th6ng SCADA su d1,mg
de phuang phap truytn thong hi�n d�i con cac h� thbng di�u khi�n qua
trinh khac chi su dµng phu011g phap n6i day tn,rc tiJp.
Cac RTU cung dp m()t giao di�n d�n cac cam bi�n s6 va tuang ti,r t;,ii
hi?n truimg.
H? th6ng truy�n thong cung dp duimg cho giao ti�p giua cac tr<;1m
chu va cac thi�t bi tu xa. H� th6ng nay co th� dU<;YC truy6n qua duong day
di�n, cap quang, phat thanh, di�n thoi;i.i va th�m chi co th� v9 tinh. Vi¢c
truy�n dfr li�u du<;rc thl!c hi�n bfulg giao th11c c1,1 the va phat hi�n loi hi�u
qua, t6i U1.l dfr li¢U.
Tr:,im chu (ho�c cac tr� con) thu th?p du li�u tu RTUs khac nhau va
thucmg cung dp m9t giao di�n di�u hanh cho hitn thi cac thong tin va ki�m
soat cac thi�t bi truimg tu xa. Trong cac h� th6ng tir xa Ion, cac tn,1.m con t{li
cong truang thu th�p thong tin tu cac thi�t bi tu xa va gui thong tin tra l,:1i
tn.un chu d� ki�m soat tfing th�.

2 · HTDKGSVHI 17
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COmmerclal Data
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MalnfTame computer
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Field devices (analog & dtgltal lnpuVoutput)

Hinh 1.3. SO' c1t, chi ti't m9t h9 thong SCADA

Trong h� th6ng di€u khi€n phan tan DCS (hinh 1.4). S\f thu th�p du
li�u va cac chuc nang di�u khi�n duqc thµc hi?n bcri m◊t nh6m cac b◊ di€u
khi�n phan tan d�t g§.n v6i cac thi�t bi tnrO'llg. Vi v�y. h� th6ng DCS chi

18
duqc th1,1c hi�n v&i cac ung d1,mg chi yeu c§u thiit bi do d�t trong m<)t ph�
vi thu h�p.

Operator Overview Detailed Display Alarming Trending

Stations Display of Area

Dual
Redundant
Highway
::==:::::==1t;;:::====:::::==:;:;:=====::::=:;:;=====::::= Data Highway
➔:;::: ( Bus based
LAN)

Remote
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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Analog &
Digital 1/0
Instrumentation
& Contron
Hinh 1.4. So, t!Jo hf th6ng t!Jleu khl4n phin tfln Devices

H� th6ng DCS duqc phan thanh 4 dp:

- C§p quan ly, giam sat
- C§p giao di�n v� banh
- C§p di�u khi�n
- C�p chfrp hanh
BQ di�u khi�n logic l�p trinh PLC, tu nhfrng nrun 1970 da dlTQC r:.i dcri
d� thay th� cho cac thi�t bi di�u khi�n d�g co khi nhu Role. B(> PLC
(hinh 1.5) bao g6m phful m�m logic va cac thi�t bi ph.in cung nhu B() xii ly
tru.ng tam CPU (CentraJ Processing Unit), cac mo-dun vao ra. Cac bQ PLC
thm:mg duqc su d1,111g nhu la cac thi�t bi RTU cua h� th6ng SCADA.

19
 Intra-PLC Comms Unk

IIIIIIIt
PLC Station 11 PLC Station #2
CPIJ � ..-
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Hinh 1.5. Sada hf th6ng PLC

Cac thi�t bi do thong minh la nhung thi�t bi do co kha nang xu ly tin

hi�u nhu la m(>t may tinh (hinh 1.6). Chung co thJ d� dang lien l�c duqc v6-i
cac RTU va cac PLC vi v�y r!t hay dtrgc sfr d\lng trong h� th6ng SCADA.

Programming Terminal

Modulator/Demodulator lnferface
Analog Input
Module
(4-20mA) Analog
C A QuanWy
(eg Flow,
4-20mA Loop Pressure,

Scar,ng.l Digilal D191tal lo

Temp)
Analog to
Oigrtal UneahzatJon Value Analog
Corverter Converter

PLC Smart Instrument

Hinh 1.6. VI d41 ve m�t thiet b/ t1o th6ng minh

20
 Qua cac phan tich so sanh neu tren thAy r�ng h� th6ng SCADA co cac
lgi fch co ban sau:
-Ti�t ki�m dm;rc chi phi v¾i hanh;
- Kha nang phat hi�n va thong bao l6i t6t;
-Tang nang suit lao d{mg;
- C6 kha nang (mg d1,mg vao trong cac linh V\)'C (mg dl,lilg phuc t�p.

§1.6. THANH PHAN HI; THONG SCADA

1.6.1. Ph.in c(l,ng

M{>t M th6ng SCADA bao g6m m<)t s6 cac thi�t bi cth cu6i RTUs
(Remote Terminal Units) lam nhi�rn V\l thu th�p du li�u va gui du li�u quay
tro l.;i.i tr� chu thong qua m<)t h� thfJng truy�n thong. Tr�m chu hi�n thi cac
du li�u thu duqc va cho phep nguai v¾i hanh th\fc hi�n cac nhi�m V\l di�u
khiJn tu xa.
Cac du li�u chinh xac va kip thm cha phep tfJi uu hoa cac ho:,1t d<)ng
nha may va qua trinh. Lgi ich khac cua h� th6ng SCADA la hi�u qua hon,
d{> tin c�y cao, chi phi v�n hanh th§p va quan tn;mg nh§.t la an toan hon
trong ho�t d{>ng.
M(>t h� th6ng SCADA phuc t�p c6 narn d.p de) ca ban sau:
• Thi�t bi do va thi�t bi di�u khitn;
• Tr�m d�u cu6i va thi�t bi dAu cu6i RTU;
• H� th6ng truy�n thong;
• Cac tr�m thu th�p du li�u;
• H� th6ng xu ly du li�u.

1.6.2. Phin mim

Ph�n m�m SCADA co tht dugc chia thanh hai lo�, thu{>c quy�n scr
huu ho�c ngu6n mo. Cac ph�n m�m thu{>c quy�n so huu la cac phin m�m
SCADA nha cung dp h? th6ng SCADA thi�t k� ra dt giao ti�p v<'ri phin
cung cua hQ. V� d� chinh vm h� th6ng nay lasµ ph1,1 thu¢c qua nhi�u vao
cac nha CWlg dp he th6ng. Vl v�y cac phln m�m mo dl.1'9'C SU' d1,mg ph6

21
bi8n hon vi kha niing tuong tac cua ho mang l�i cho h� th6ng. Thuang cac
phAn m�m m& co kha nang tn}n cac nha san xuit thi�t bi khac nhau tren
cung mqt h� th6ng.
Citect va WonderWare chi la hai trong s6 nhiing g6i phin m�m mo
sa.n tren thi trtrang cho cac M th6ng SCADA. M(lt s6 g6i phdn m!m hi�n
nay bao g6m ca quan ly tai san tich hqp trong ht'; th6ng SCADA.
Phful m�m SCADA se bao gbm nhung ph�n chinh sau:
• Giao di�n ngui:ri su d1,mg;
• 06 hoa·
. '

• Cac canh bao (Alarms);

• Cac db thi (Trends);
• Giao di�n cho thi�t bi diu cubi RTU va PLC:
• Kha nang mo r{mg;
• Phuong thuc tmy c(tp du li�u;
• Co so du li�u�
• M�ng truy�n thong;
• L6i va d\T phong;
• Qua trinh phan ph&i may chu/khach.

1.6.3. Cap truyim thong

C6 r�t nhibu lo�i cap truy�n thong dugc sir d\lllg crong h� th6ng
SCADA.
Thong tin trong nganh Di�n h,rc dugc truy�n tai thong qua cac hinh
thuc sau:
I. Ct.re kenh cao tdn theo tuyin i1uang day tai di�n PLC (Power Line
Carrier).
Su: d1,mg cac duang day di�n h,rc, day ch�ng set ho�c cac duong cap
d�t each ly trong chung d� �o kenh cao t!n truy!n tin. Vi�c sir di.mg duong
day di�n h,rc d� truy�n thong tin cao t!n duqc thµc hi�n theo cac so d3: Day
phat Day nh�, Day pha Day d!t, Day pha - Day pha, Day pha cua lQ
nay - Day pha cua I¢ khac. Vi�c sir di,mg dui:mg day chfmg set (DCS)
truy�n tin d:uqc th1Jc hi¢n theo cac so d6: DCS - DCS, DCS - Day d!t, hai
DCS Day dit.
Cac due.mg cap d�t each ly trong duong day di�n ll,l'c hoJc trong day
chdng sc:t cung duqc thgc hi�n theo cac sa d6 ttrong. tµ.
2. Cac kenh theo auimg cap ngcim ducri adt ho(lc day huu tuyin tren
khong, thuimg su d1,mg lo(li cap a6t xung hoijc cap iJ<Jng trµc.
3. Cac kenh lien 11,lC sli di.mg VO tuyJn chuyin tiip hay vi ba vvi br.rac
song l + 10cm.
4. Ctic kenh vv ruyin song ngfm, bU'iJc sling rf.t 10 - 50cm.
5. Cac kenh cap quang ch6n nglim dui,i adt hoqc il(ll theo iluimg diiy
truyJn tai ili/n.
6. Cac kenh thue cu.a nganh buu ai�n.
Hi�n nay trong nganh Di�n l�c. hinh thirc truyen tin cao Un theo
due.mg day tai di�n. VO tuy�n chuy�n titp va kenh cap quang dugc SU' dµng
r¢ng rai hem ca. Trong cac kenh truytn thong dung cap quang c6 nhi�u lIU
vi�t hem ca. Hinh 1. 7 gi6i thi�u so db cap quang sgi thuy tinh. M()t s6 d�c
di�m chung cu.a cac lo�i cap dn chit y d6 la nhi!u tin hi�u di�n va nhi6u
song radio.

Monormde

Hinh 1. 7. Sa (16 cap quang sf.}'i thuy tinh

23
 Cac lo-:ti nhi�u nay la nhan t6 quan trQng hang d§u dn duqc chu y khi
thi�t k2 va lip d�t mot M th6ng truy�n thong. Chung dm;rc sinh ra m<)t each
ngiu nhicn tir cac tin hi�u khong mong mu6n trong thi�t kt N6 c6 th� xam
nh�p vao chrang cap ho�c duong day bttng nhi�u each. Di�u nay ph1,t thu9c
r�t nhi�u vao nguai thi�t kJ ban d6u phai c6 nhfrng bi�n phap d� giam t6i
thitu cac tin hi�u nhi�u. Bai v�y cac h¢ th6ng SCADA thuong sir d1,mg
ducmg truy�n co di�n ap nho la ducmg truy�n co th� chiu d1Jng duqc cac tin
hi�u nhieu.
Vi�c SU di,mg de cap xoAn doi la m<)t yeu du t6i thi�u cua cac h�
th6ng di�u khi�n n6i chung va h� th6ng SCADA n6i rieng. Su d1,mg m()t c�p
day d§.n tbt Cling v6i vi�c vi�c l�p d�t theo dung yeu du k9· thu�t se giam
dugc t6i da cac tin hi�u nhi�u.
Cap quang cung la mqt trong nhiing lo.;i.i cap dUQ'C SU d\Ulg phi> bi�n vi
kha nang ch6ng nhieu cua n6. Hi�n �i hl1u h�t cac h� th6ng d�u su dt,mg cap
quang sc;ri thuy tinh nhung trong m(>t s6 linh VIJC cong nghi�p. cac cap
quang s�i nhlJa duQ'c su dµng nhi6u han.
Trong tucmg lai, cac h� th6ng truy!n thong du li�u se dUQ'C tach ra
thanh h? th6ng radio, h� th6ng cap quang va h� th6ng tia h6ng ngo�i.
Cac h� th6ng truy�n thong co yeu du SU dµng d�n nang lu�g se bi x6a ho.

1.6.4. Tong quan vl, m�ng c1:1c b9 LAN

M�ng cµc b9 LAN (Local Area Network) du<;rc di'mg d� chia se toan
b<) tai nguyen thong tin. Do v�y, co th� su d1,mg m;,mg LAN d� cac tr.;i.m nfun
trong m�ng SCADA co th� chia se thong tin duQ"c vm nhau khi chung duqc
kJt n6i qua cac phu011g ti�n truy�n thong. Phuang thfrc k�t n6i la topo
(topology) m.;i.ng. T(lpo m.)ng li si,r si\p x�p hinh h<;>c c11a cac nut va cap n6i
trong m.;i.ng C\lC bQ. Cic topo m�ng d�u thuc;>c hai lo.;i.i: t;,i.p trung va phan
tan. Trong topo m.;mg t�p trung, nhu m�mg hinh sao, c6 m<;>t may tinh trung
tam di�u khien vi�c thfun nh�p m�ng. Ki�u thi�t k� nay dam bao an toan
dli li�u va SIJ quan ly trung tam d6i v6i cac n<)i dung va cac ho�t d9ng cua
toan mc:ing. Trong t6p6 phan tan nhu m(lng Bus ho1:ic m.;i.ng vong trcm,
khong co may trung tam, ma tin:ig tr�m c6ng tac c6 thJ tham nh�p vao
m._ing m¢t each d<)c l�p va W thi�t l�p cac ghep n6i rieng cua minh v6i cac
tq1.m c6ng tac khac.

24
 Trang mc}.ng LAN. c:ic may tinh ca nhan va cac may tinh khac trong
ph� vi IDQl khu V\fC h� ch� duqc n6i v&i nhau bang cac day car chAt
luQ11g t6l. sao ch0 nhihlg nguoi. s11 dvng c6 th� trao d6i thong tin. dung
chung cac thiJt hi ngo�i vi va sfr d1,mg cac chuong trinh cling nhu cac dfr
li�u d.l duqc h.ru trfr trong m(>t may tinh danh ricng gQi la may dich Vl;l t�p.
Khac nhau nh1�u v� quy mo va mlic dQ phlic t�p. �g c1,1c b¢ LAN co th� chi
lien kft vai ba may tinh ca nhan va m(>t t.hi�t bi ngo� vi dung chung dAt ti�n.
nhu may in laser chfu1g h�1. Cac h� th6ng pht'.rc 41P hon thi co cac may tinh
trung tam (may dich Vl,l t¢p) va cho phep nhung nguoi dung ti�n hanh thong tin
voi nhau thong qua thu di�n tu d� phan ph6i de chuong trinh nhi�u ngtrl"ri sfr
d1µ1g. tham nh�p vao cac co so dfr li�u dung chung.
Ethernet la phAn cung. djnh UO'C va lieu chufm ghcp n6i cua m¢t lo:,ii
mc_illg c1,1c b(>, do hang Xerox Corporation dua ra dau ticn, c6 kh:i niing lien
k�t d�n I 024 nut trong m(>t m�ng Bus (hinh 1.8). Do su d1,mg tbc dQ cao
trong ky thu�t truy�n tin dai ttln co bin (kenh dcm). Ethernet cho phep
truy�n du li¢u d�ng day v6i t6c d¢ IO megabit moi giay, v6i thong luQ11g
thvc t� tir 2 d�n 3 megabit mbi giay. Ethernet dung ky th�t tham nh�p
nhi�u m6i b�ng cam nh� song mang c6 do xung d¢t CSMA/CD (Carrier
Sense Muluplc Access with Collision Detect) d� d� phong l.r\Jc tr�c cho
m�ng khi c6 hai thi�t bi d6ng thcri cung c6 tham nh�p vao mi;lng.

--------�� Request�--------
________Toxtl
__ Gr_a_._
phcs
_________, Display on chenc
_...
_________Appltlc
_________, Execl.les on clic?rt

Server Client

-- 0>------f

Hinh 1.8. Ethernet 4,x;,c sv d1,mg 44 truy�n dci lifu trtn m�t h� thong SCA DA

25
 1.6.5. Thi�t bj MODEM
MODEM (Modulator/Demodulator) la m<)t 1hi�t bi bi�n d6i cac tin
hi�u sb do c6ng n6i ti€p cua may tfnh phat ra thanh cac tin hi�u dc,1ng ttrang
t\,l' dugc di�u bi€n, d.n thich d� truy�n qua ducmg di�n tho�i. Ngugc l�i, n6
ding bitn nhfmg tin hi�u ttrcmg tv nh� duqc than.h cac tin hi�u s6 tuong
duong. Trong di�n toan ca nhan, ngucri ta thm'mg dung MODEM d� trao d6i
cac chu011g trinh va du li�u v6i nhiing may tinh khac va d� truy c�p cac
dich \f\l thong tin trvc tuy�n nhu Dow Jones News/Retrieval Service.
Hinh 1.9 gioi thi�u st,r k�t n6i may tinh PC v&i RTU b�ng MODEM.

RTU

Hinh 1.9. May tinh PC k�t n6i v6'1 RTU sv d�ng MODEM

MODEM la danh tu rut g9n cua Modulator/Demodulator (di�u

bitn/giai di�u bi�n). Yi�c di�u bi�n nay la dn thi�l vi cac ducmg day di�n
thoc,li dugc thi�t k€t d� xfr ly tiEng n6i con ngucri, c6 tAn s6 thay c16i trong
khoang tu 300 Hz d�n 3000 Hz trong nhimg cu(lc n6i chuy�n di�□ tho�i
binh tlmcmg (tu gi9ng trfun d�n gi9ng thailh). T6c d(> truy�n du li�u cua m(>t
MODEM duqc tinh bflng don vi bit m6i giay hay la bps (ve ky th�t). khong
phai la baut. m�c du hai thu�t ngfr nay dugc dung lful l(m.
Chc;m MODEM ttrong d6i don gian: ch9n lo�i t6c d() ch� (300 ho�c
1200 bps) ho�c lo:;i.i t6c d(> nhailh (2400 bps). Tuy nhien, hi�n nay c6 nhi@u
k.ha nang chQ n MODEM hon.
Cac giao thuc v@ di€u bi�n chi ph6i t6c d() pbat va thu du li�u. 0 My.
h�u nhu t!t ca cac modem 2400 bps d�u dung giao thuc CCIIT V. 22 bis.
Tuy nhien. cac modem tbc d<) cao nhJt (tu 9600 bps tro len) thi SU' d�g cac
giao thfrc di€:u bi�n so hfru rieng, cho nen phai dung cac modem cung nhan
hi�u cho ca hai dfiu ducmg truy�n. Hi�n nay lo� MODEM 9600 bps su J1,1ng
giao thuc CClTT V. 32, con lo�i MODEM 14.400 bps thi dung tieu chufm
CCITT V. 32 bis. Ca hai d€:u ttrong thich nguqc voi mQi lo:;i.i MODEM b!t
ky nao, ngay ca tru<mg hqp n6 dugc ch� t�o boi m¢t hang san xu�t khac.

26
 C6 hai lo�i tieu chillln thong d\ll1g dbi voi cac giao thuc ki�m 16i nhiim
h� ch� cac sai 16i do �p am va cac can nhi�u khac trong h? th6ng di�n
tho�i: do la MNP - 4 va CCITT V. 42. D6i voi lo� giao thuc nen du li�u,
co hai tieu chuin hang d�u la V. 42 bis va MNP - 5. Vi�c nen du li?u yeu
cAu phai co ki�m 16L nen cac MODEM nen du li�u bao gio ding c6 cac tieu
chu�n kiem 16i; n61 chung. m◊t MODEM phai c6 du b6n giao thuc ki�m lfli
va nen dii li�u (l'vfNP- 4, MNP- 5, V. 42 va V. 42 bis) ho�c khong co gi ca.
Thong thucmg lrong h� th6ng SCADA, cac thi6t bi d§u cu6i RTU
dugc d�t <:, vi tri xa so voi trung tam di�u khi�n tu I Om d�n hang nghln km.
M9t trong nhOng each ti�t ki�m chi phi nh.it d� lien k�t PC v6i RTU vm
m(>t khoang each dai la su dµng each k�t nf>i di�n thor,1i diaJup thong qua
thi�t bi MODEM
Cac MODFM dugc d�t t� cac chJ d9 l\1 dc;mg tra loi va RTU c6 the
quay s6 vao may tinh ho�c may PC c6 th� quay RTU. Cac phin m�m d�
lam di�u nay c6 sgn tu nha san xu!t RTU. Cac MODEM co the due.re mua
bAt ky o cua hang may tinh t�i dia phucmg.

1.6.6. Yeu c�u vl, may tinh trong h� th6ng SCADA

Cac may vi tfnh sir d\lng Lrong h� th6ng SCADA phai d<;tt tieu chuan
cao ca v� du hinh va ch!t lm;mg, la may tinh d�c chung dugc sin xu!t dung
ricng trong cong nghi�p. Hi�n nay may tinh thucmg duqc su d\Jng nhi�u
nh§t la cac dong may tinh cong nghi�p cua Dell va HP.
D6i voi cac may tr� thtrcmg su dl)ng may Workstation mm nh!t cua
HP la 2600 c6 du hinh t6i thi�u nhu sau:

HP Z600 WORKSTATION
CPU Intel Xeon £5504 2 .00 4MB/800 QC CPU-1
RAM HP 2GB (2x1GB) DDRJ-1333 ECC I-CPU RAM
Genuine Windows Vista® Business 32-bit with downgrade
OS
to Windows® XP Professional 32-bit custom instaJJed**
Hard Drive HP 160GB SATA 7200 1st HOD
Video Card NVIDIA Quadro FX380256MB Graphics
Mouse HP Optical 3-Button Mouse
Keyboard HP USB Standard Keyboard
Monitor HP LCD 21''

27
 D6i voi may chu (Server) dn phai dijt hang cac may chuyen d1,mg co
kha nang XU ly va hru tn1 du li�u tbt nhk
D� may vi tinh co lhJ lam vi�c trong m¢t thai gian dai thi d.n phai
th\fc hi�n bao td thuong xuyen. Cong vi�c bao tri c6 th� lam hang ngay,
hang tu�n, hang thang ho�c ki�m tra hang nam.

28
 ChLPO'ng 2
cAu TRUC PHAN CUNG Ht THONG SCADA

§2.1. GIO'I TH1eu CHUNG

Cilu true ca ban cua h� th6ng SCADA neu tren hinh 2.1. B�t d§u tu
dp th.lp nhAt cua h� th6ng SCADA nay la cac thi�t bi di�n ru thong rninh
IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices), d.p tren n6 la cac Di�u khi�n tri;,.m SS
(Substation Server) va thi�t bi d�.u cu6i RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) va t:;ii
day c6 th� d<;>c du li�u qua cac giao di�n ngum - may HMI (Human Machine
Interface). Cip cao ban nua la Trung tarn di�u khi�n cua toan h� th6ng, nai
thu th�p du li�u tir SS (Substation Server) va RTU, thgc hi�n cac tfnh toan
d� tu do di�u khi�n toan h� th6ng. T�i tri;,.m di�u khi�n giam sat trung tam
c6 th� sfr d1,mg kh6i di�u khi�n logic l�p trinh PLC (Programmale Logic
Controllers) c6 chuc nang giao ti�p voi cac thi�t bi ch.ip hanh nhu: cam bitn
dp trucmg, cac hQp di�u khi�n dong d.t va cac van ch.lp hanh.
Trong chuang nay se mo ta chi ti�t han v� cac CO' d.u cua h� th6ng
SCADA:
- Cac thi�t bi di�n tu thong minh IED (Intelligent Electronic Devices);
- CAu true thi�t bi diu cu6i RTU (Remote Terminal Unit);
- (fog di,mg kh6i di�u khi�n l�p trinh PLC (Programmale Logic
Controllers) trong h� th6ng SCADA;
- C.iu true cua tr�m di�u khi�n trung tam;
-C.iu true truy�n thong;
-Giao di�n nguoi-may HMI (Human Machine Interface).

29
 ap.rztor Ope�tor o,,.rator
Sllllon S13bon Sl.iltlon PLC I
I

,
I

--------- Uodam

,
I

Rad10
Modem
,
I

und!ii,e RTU r2
,
I
Link

RTU 13
RTUl-4

Hinh 21. So- do hf th6ng SCA DA co- ban

30
 §2.2. cAc THl�T Bl OU;N TU' THONG MINH IEDs

2.2.1. Ch(J,c nang cua IED

Cac IDfa la de thi�t bi nhu role k5· thu�t s0 DR (Digital Relay). d6ng
h6 ky thu�t da chirc n:\ng DMM (Digllul Multifunctional \.1cter). Cl'ing to
di�n n:r nhi�u bi�u gia., cac b¢ bi&n d6i T (Transducer)•... co nhfrng chuc
nang. nhi�m V\l sau:
- Bao v� tac d9ng khi xay ra S\I c6;
- Bi�u thi tr�ng th,\i cun c:k ph:ln tu dong dit cua luoi. vi d1,1 nhu tr�ng
thai d6ng/mo cua may clit va dao each ly. vi tri n�c phan ap cua may bi�n
,ip ....:
- Di�u khi�n cac thi�t bi dong dt cua tum:
- Ghi l�i cac s� c6. S\I ki�n xay ra trcn lum:
- Kiem tra tinh tr,;tng ho<;tt dc)ng cua ban than chung.
Ngay nay cac lfDs hi�n d�i duqc trang bj c6ng truy2n tin n6i ti�p
ho�c c6ng truy�n thong tin quang. Thong qua duang truycn thong tin chung
dugc n6i tm h� th6ng tr\lm chu \'a cac dCr li�u cua chung duqc kicm soat.
XU ly.

Sau day gi&i thi¢u m◊t s6 IEDs qucn thUQC la Role ky thu�t �b va
Cong to di�n tu nhi�u bieu gia.

2.2.2. Rale ky thu�t s6

Cfiu true chung cua mc)t role ky thu�t s6 th� hi¢n d�ng cac kh6i nhu
trcn hinh 2.2.

B1�n do1 Loe Bi�n d6i

0.
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u
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0
C,�i llrQ'ng f-. ll10'ng IV' I-+ hrang IV' 0
ro
c,Au v�o I, U ND 5,

.��:c-
� C
-� 'J5 ➔
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Kh6i xv ly tin hi�u µP
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Tin hi�u f-. :, U C C
nh1 phAn Bl ::, -6>
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Ngu6n thao tac

Hinh 2.2. cAu tnic role ky thult so

31
 Chuc nang cua tung kh6i nhu sau:
I) Ddu \'GO: Dong di�n va di¢n ap duqc l�y cir cac CUQn day thti cap
cua bi�n dong di�n va bi�n di�n ap.
2) Kht5i biJn dni tlr;ri lu(lrlg ,tdu van
Dong di�n va di�n ap danh dinh cua thti dp bi€n dong di�n va bi�n
di�n ap c6 tri 5A. 1 A va 110 V. I 00 V con q ua 16n so v&i cac thong s6 vao
cua linh ki�n rale. do d6 dn phai giarn tin hi�u vao xu6ng co vai mA va
khoang 10 V.
3) KhJi h>c ruung tu
LQC nhi!u, hai b�c cao va cac thanh ph§n khong mong mu6n trong cac
d�i luc;mg d�u vao.
-I) Kluii hiln ,16i tuv-ng tu - sJ AID (A nalvg/Di gital)
Bi!n d'6i cac tin hi�u tuong tv thanh tin hi�u sb.
5) Kh6i xu If• 1in hifu s6 µP
Kh6i nay c6 chirc n�ng XU ly cac tin hi�u d!u vao. SU' dvng cac bQ vi
xu ly 16 bit ho�c 32 bit. D6i v&i cac role phuc t�p nhu role khoang each.
mle so l� ch bao v� may phat di¢n, may bi�n ap, duo,,g day sieu cao ap, h�
th6ng thanh cai SU dµng tu 2-:-3 µP va moi b Q vi XU ly thl,l'C hi¢n cac chuc
nang nhi�m vv sau:
- Vi XII ly thl,fC hi�n chuc nang bao v� chinh;
- Vi xu ly thvc hi�n chuc nang bao v� d\l' phong;
- Vi xu ly th1,1c hi¢n chuc nang di�u khi�n: Ph!n m�m tinh toan trong
cac che de) v�n hanh binh thucmg. S\f c6, giao ti�p v&i cac thi�t bi va h�
th6ng ben ngoai va phful tu quan twng nh�t lam nhi�m vv: xac dinh S\f cb
cac d�i lm;mg d�u vao, ·so sanh q uan h� logic giua cac d�i lm;mg, dua ra cac
quyJt d!nh canh bao, dt S\f cb, .. ,
6) L1n.1 lrir s6 liju vci giao tdp v&i thitr hi
Kh6i nay c6 cac nhi�m vv:
- Llfll tru dfr li� u cr ch� d¢ v� hanh binh thuc:mg va ch� dQ sµ c6;
- C6ng giao ti!p trao d6i dli li �u. cung dp tin hi�u cho phin m�m
phan tich Slf c6:
- K�t n6i thong tin v&i cac d6i tuqng khac, h� th6ng thong tin va di�u d9.

32
 7) Cac phdn tt'r th1,tc hi¢n
- Cac role thtra hanh thl,l'c hi�n vi�c dong d\t may cat di�n, dtra ra
canh bao bfulg den, coi, chuong ....
- Cac den tin hi�u LED thong bao v� tr�g thai cua role: sin sang. 16i
phful cung/m�m. ho?t d()ng cua cac chuc nang.
8) Tfn hi¢u nh; phan Bl (Binary Input)
Kh6i nay nh�n tin hi�u nhi phan tu di�u d9 ho�c nh�n cac tin hi�u nhi
phan tu cac phin tfr khac th\fc hi�n ph5i hgp lien d<)ng trong v� hanh cua
h� th6ng.
9) N!{uJn rhao tac
Bi�n d6i cac ngu6n di�n 220V, 1 IOV thanh di�n ap 12V. 24V. 48V
DC cung c�p cho cac ngubn linh ki�n.

2.2.3. Cong t0' di�n ti, nhi�u bi,u gia

Ciu true chung cua m◊t cong to- di�n ru nhi�u bi�u gia th� hi�n du6i
d�g cac kh6i nhu lren hinh 2.3.
Chuc nAng cua tung kh6i nhu sau:
/) Dtiu \·ao (Input)
Nhung tin hieu dAu vao chu y�u la:
- Di�n ap cac pha (U I, U2. u 3) va trung tinh Ui-.;. dong cac pha (I,, I 2, b).
Cac d:;i.i ltr<;Yng nay cung dp tin hi�u cho h� th6ng do lucmg, cung dp ngu6n
nu6i cho cong to va di?n ap giam sat.
- Di¢n ap di!u khien Ut d� thay d6i gia tri di�n nang va nhu du bi�u
gia, cai d�t l:,i cac gia tri. h�n ch� nhu du St! di,mg. d6ng b(> cac thong s6.
- Cac nut man hinh di l�t trang man hinh, cai d�t thong s6 cho cong
to- va x6a gia tri di�n na.ng.
2) Ddu ra (Output)
Cac tin hi�u d!u ra cua cong to bao gf>m:
- Man hinh tinh th� long LCD va cac phim b!m dung cha "i�c dQc t?i
ch6 cac thong s6: gia tri di�n ning. di�n ap, dong di�n. goc pha. tAn sb,
cong suat ....

3-HlDKCSVTN 33
 - Tin hi�u quang dung cho, i�c thi nghi�m cong tu: cac den LED v6i
tcln xdt phat tin hi�u t)· l� voi gia tii di?n nang cong to do duqc trong m(>t
kho,ing then gian xac dinh.
- C:ic mlc tinh sli dµng cho , i�c canh bao tin hi?u ma cong ta xac
dinh nhu m.1.t di�n ap. qua dong di�n. nguc;,c chi�u cong su�t .....
- Giao dicn quang sir d\lng cho vi�c thu th�p dtr li�u t�i cha bfulg thi�t
bi dm tay HIIU (Hand Held Cnit) phu hc;rp.
UlOOKBKMT.COM
- Giao dit;n thong 1in RS232, RS485. Optical.. .. Titi li�n ky thu�t mien phi

Microprocessor

slgn1I
ut111ut1on D1t1
for billing

l:J�
Tariff Optical
Control
u, control Interface

B
inputs

Current
sensors

Voltage
dividers
Measuring syslem Extension board
Inputs/outputs
Power supply RCR
Memory, (Supplementary
Voltage Load profile power i;upply)
monitor

Hinh 2.3. SO' 116 kh6i c6ng tO' r1ifn tu nhieu bieu gi.i
3) HL� thcJng ,to !ucn1g
Tin hi�u di�n ap va dong Ji�n tir CUQl1 day thfr dp cua bi�n dong va
h1�n <li�n Ap dm;rc chuyen d6i tu I (S)A va I 00(11 0)V xu6ng ccr mA va mV
thc'\ng qua cac Shunt dong di�n va di�n tro phan ap. sau do tin hi¢u dong va
ap c.1uqc dua vao b(> chuy�n d6i tucmg t'! - s6 AID (Analog/Digital) va b¢
chuycn d6i nay sc biJn d6i tin hi�u dclu vao thanh tin hi�u s6 rue thc:ri thong
qua de mire hi�u chuin dua t&i b(> xu I)· tin hi�u s6.

34
 .J) Xu /.v tin hi�u
B<) XU ly tin hi�u xac dinh s6 Im.mg gia tri do tir gia tri s6 tfrc lhoi d�u
vao nhu sau:
- Cong su§.t tac dt,mg va cong su§t phan khang cua tung pha:
- Di�n ap va dongdi�n rung pha;
- Tin s6, g6c tech pha.
5) Cac gia tri c1o
D6i voi cac tin hi�u duqc su d\Jllg a tren cac thanh ghi bQ vi xu ly se
quet lien t\lC s6 luQ11g cac gia tri dado theo tllllg giay d� xacdjnh cac gia tri
do sau:
- Di�n nang huu c6ng va v6 c6ng (t6ng ba pha va cho timg pha rieng
bi�t) cu.a cac bi�u gia ma tad� xacdjnh cho tirng thoidi�m;
- Cong suftt,di�n ap, dongdi?n. h� sb cong su§t, ...
6) Thay Joi biiu gia
S\I thay doi bi�u gia c6 thJ thµc hi�n bing cac each sau:
- Thay d6i bA.ng tin hi�u di�u khian ben ngoai thong qua cac di�u
khi�nd�u vao "Input Control" tren ban m�ch mu r{mg;
- Chuy�n mt},ch thcri gian va lich cai (ijt trong cong tCY.
7) Du li�u cho vijc in hoa arm
Cac thanh ghi sau day se dugc su dµng cho vi�c xac dinh cac gia tri
do d� k�t xu�t thanh cac h6adon:
- Di�n nang cho tung bi�u gia;
- Di�n nang tong:
- Nhu du cong srn1t:
- Nhu d.u cong suAt theo bieu gia:
- H� s6 cong suit, di�n ap. dongdi�n. tful s6,...
8) B(J nha
Mc)t b{> nh6 phµc V\l cho vi�c ghi l�i va luu giu bi�u d6 phv tai, bao
g6m: du hinh, cac thong s6 cua c6ng to va bao v� cac du li�u cua h6a don
khong bi m!t khi m§t di�n.

35
 9) Ngu6n nu6i
N gu6n nuoi cung dp cho cong ta dii:n tu la ngu6n duqc SU di,mg tu
ngu6n ba pha cua lu6L nha do di�n ap pha co th� thay d6i vuqt qua dai di�n
ap ma khong dn Ct) S\I di�u chinh di�n ap ngu6n nuoi.
JO) Giao di¢n truyJn tin
Cong ta c6 cac c6ng truy2n thong tin theo cac chuin RS232, RS485,
Optical.... Nho do co the d9c dm;rc s6 li?u tu xa ho�c cai d�t cac thong s6
tirxa.

§2.3. THIET B! oAu CUOI RTU

2.3.1. Gi6'i thi�u chung

Thi�t bi dAu cu6i RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) la m◊t thi�t bi thu
th�p thong tin tir cac IEDs do no quan ly, ltru vao co sa du li�u va gui thong
tin toi tr;.im chu ho�c d.p quan ly cao h<m qua cac ducmg truy!n tin. Thong
thuong, RTU la thi�t bi xir ly thong minh co th6 giam sat va di!u khiJn cac
thiJt bi d�t a xa trung tam di�u khi�n va truyen cac tin hi�u thu th�p duqc
din trung tam di�u khi�n.
M<)t RTU lot;1i nho thuong co it hem 20 tin hi�u s6 va tuong ti,r, lo�i
RTU trung binh co 100 tin hi�u s6 va khoang tu JO dJn 40 tin hi?u tmmg t\I.
Nhung lo�i RTU ct"I s6 luQ'ng IO Ian han nfra thi du<;rc gQi la RTU lo�i l&n.
Ciu true ph�n cung ca ban cua RTU g6m nhung ph§n sau (hinh 2.4):
- BQ xu ly trung tam CPU (Central Processing Unit);
- Cac d�u vao ttrong tv AI (Analog Input);
- Cac d�u ra tumig tv AO (Analog Output);
- Cac d�u vao d�m;
- Cac dku vao s6 DI (Digital Input);
- Cac aAu ra s6 DO (Digital Output):
- Giao di�n truy�n thong;
-Ngu6ndp.
Sau day se gi&i thi�u chi ti�t hon tlIIlg ph�n.

36
 2.3.2. B9 xu, ly trung tam CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Thuoog dung hQ vi xu ly 16 bit ho�c 32 bit. T6ng dung ltrQ'llg bQ nh&
256 kByte (c6 th� mo r{mg len 4 Mbytes), dugc chia lam ba lo�i sau:
I. EPROM 256 kByte
2. RAM 640 kByte
3. EEPROM 128 kBytc
Cac CPU cua RTU thucmg co them m◊t bc;i xu ly toan hqc d� thµc
hi�n cac cong vi�c tinh loan phll'c t�p.
Antenna

I:BOOKBKMT.COM
Radio
Tai li�o ky tbu�t mien phi
rans milter
Receiver

�-----------------------------------
Main RTU - ---------------,

240VAC
Source

n : : :
�j i_f-- -- - - - - - - -1
Optional Sena! Comms Ports

1111111111111
(RS-232JRS-422JRS-485) Opt10nal

Operator Station/ : Programmable Logic Controller

Programming Tem,nal :
Spare RS-232 Port

Hinh 2.4. C,fo true phan ccmg ccia RTU

C6ng truy�n thong cua CPU thucmg c6 hai ho�c ba c6ng RS-232/RS-422
ho�c RS-485 dung cho cac cong vi�c sau:

37
 - Giao ti�p v6i cac thi�t bi ki�m tra 16i;
- Giao ti�p v6i. cac tr,;i.m v�n hanh;
- K�t n6i truy�n thong v&i Trung tam di�u khi�n.
CPU drn;rc thi�t ke m<)t h� th6ng den LED bao 16i d� thong bao cac S\I
c6 va bao 16i cua CPU, cua cac thi�t bi vao ra I/O (Jntput/Output).
M(>t be;, ph� khac rAt quan tr<,mg cua CPU d6 la be) djnh thcri, cung d.p
thcri gian th\IC giup cho vi�c thong bao cac S\T ki�n theo thoi gian duqc
chfnh xac tuy¢t d6i.

2.3.3. Mo-dun d�u vao tLPang ti! Al (Analog Input)

So d6 phfu1 cung cua Mo----dun d�u vao tuang 1\I nhu tren hinh 2.5.
Mo-dun d�u vao tmmg t1,r AI co 5 thinh phful chinh:
- B(> da cbng d�u vao {The input multiplexer):
- B<) khuech d� tin hi�u J.iu va.o (The input signal amplifier);
- M<;1ch lay mlu va giu tin hi�u;
- B9 chuy�n d6i tfn hi�u tucmg t\I sang tfn hi�u s6 AID (Analog/Digital);
- Giao di�n truy�n du li�u (Bus interface) va h� th6ng dinh thai
(Timing system).

2.3.4. Mo-dun d.iu ra tLPang t11 AO (Analog Output)

Cac mo---dun d§.u ra tuang t\I (hinh 2.6) c6 d�c di�m sau:
- 8 d�u ra tumig tv;
- Hoq.t d<)ng a ch� d<) 8 ho�c 12 bit;
- T6c d<) chuySn a6i du li�u tu 10 ms d�n 30 ms;
- Dai a1u ra thucmg la: 4- 20 mA, ho�c ±l0V, ho�c tir 0 d�n +10V.
2.3.5. Mo-dun diu vao s6 DI (Digital Input)
Cac tin hii;u dAu vao s6 DI (hinh 2.7) thucmg dugc dung d� chi ra cac
thong s6 nhu tr�g thai va canh bao. Vi d\l cac tin hi�u tr�ng thai tu m�t b¢
van bao g6m tr�ng thai dong va tn;mg thai ma.

38
 I lfiu h�t c.\c nwch d!u vao sb thtrc.JI1g co 8, 16 ho�c 32 dbu. Khi dn
su d1,111g nhi�u tin hi�u d�u vao thi ngucri ta s� l�p gh�p nhi�u m�ch l�i
voi nhau.
rheo chuAn, cac ti�p di�m thm'mg dong ho�c mo <llf(H.: SlT Jung d� lam
tin hi�u canh bao (Alam1). Thong thubng, de d�u vao Alarm thm'mg dong
duqc su d1,1ng d� chi ra t�ng thai cim Alarm.
M(lt mo-dun d�u vao s6 thm'mg c6 d�c dii:m sau:
- Moi mo-Jun thuong c,) 16 d�u vao s6:
- ('b h� th6ng den hi�n thi LED dJ hi�n thi tr:_lng thai cua t(mg
tin hi�u.

Progr.invmble Input
Gam Chaonol
Samp le & Amplifier
Hold for s�mple &
AID Hold

A/0 Con�tr'ltr �

1.1111
sun
i

1� __
Conversion

Gain
End of
Buff01 flFO conv-lon

i R� ,:�

i I�'lI'\.
Chor>nel

Ch.'lnnei-G.lin

_____
Read Array Memory
O�t•

n
...._
Timing System
E11, Clock

Ext Trigger

S1atU1 &
Con1,o1
Lines
III111111111111111
Hinh 2.5. So, do M6-<!un c1au vao tlJ'O'r'lg tv-

39
 � Ou t
r;r
Remote Sense • Remote Sense Remote Sense Remote Sense

' Out Spola, 0,1

�
1

<]_
'-.7

BOS INTERFACe-t>

Hinh 2.6. Sc:, 110 Mfr.11un 11au ra ttl'cmg tv

,----------·············-·-------�

(,�.
.
�r
: Field
Wlrin Fuse

"')=1)
I
�-
'
g --00- l
Interface
9
L.I:_______I,: 1 �1
to ' +- Olgbl \ +
Backplane lnpul 1
�4V DC
�
'
I

·· -----------·----·-···----------
Hinh 2. 7. Sc:, 116 m,ch 11ifn mfr.11un 11au v•o so

2.3.6. Mo-dun diu ra s6 DO (Digital Output)

D�c diem cua m¢t mo-<1un d!u ra sb (hinh 2.8);
- 8 dau ra so;
- 0i�n ap d�u ra thuc:mg la 24OV AC ho�c �4V DC;
- C6 h� th6ng den hien t.hj LED de hien thi �g thai cua tung tin hi�u;
- Co each ly de bao v? tin hi�u.

40
 2.3. 7. Mo-dun s6/ tlJ'O'ng tl;J'
Do yeu du cua ung d1.J.11g. nhi�u RTU d.n co ca mo---<tun sb va tucmg
tv, cac mo-dun nay dugc ch� t�o co d�c di�m sau:
- 4 d.Au vao tucmg ti,!' (8 bit);
- 2 d�u vao s6;
• l
- l dau ra so:
- 2 d�u ra tuong tv (8 bit).

+V

Digital
Output 1

Digital
Interface Output 2
to Relay
Back-
plane
Driver

.
..
•
•
Olgltal
Output8

Digital Output Module

Hinh 2.8. SO' d6 mo-dun dlu ra s6

2.3.8. Mo-dun truy.\n thong

Cac RTU hi�n d� dtrqc thi�t k� linh ho�t, du d� xii ly cac phucmg ti�n
truy!n thong nhi�u nhu:
- RS-232/RS-442/RS-485:
- Dialup telephone lines/dedicated landlines;
- Microwave/MUX;
- Satellite;
- X.25 packet protocols;
- Radio via trunkedNHF/UHF/900 MHz.

41
 2.3.9. Mo-dun ngu6n cip
Cac RTU c6 th! ho�t dqng a ngu6n d.p l 10/240V AC ±10% 50Hz
ho�c l 2/24/48V DC ± 10%. M�t khac d� dam bao cho ho�t dc;mg cua RTU
dm;,c lien we k� ca khi Cl) S1,1 c6 mfrt di�n thi cac pin sir di,mg cho RTU phai
la lo.;i.i pin ch�t lm;mg cao nlm kad acid ho�c nickel cadmium. Cac lo�i pin
nay dam bao cho RTU co th� ho<:1t d�mg duqc khoang 10 gii:t.

2.3.10. Cac yeu ciu CO' ban cua m9t h� thl>ng RTU
1) Yeu cdu vJ !lip J(lt
- Yeu Ctill \'J LJIUJI Jam mci( va l9c b�i: H� th6ng qu.:it lam mat bit bu(k
phai dUQ'C lAp d�t d� trAnh nhi�t d9 cao c6 th� lam anh hucmg d�n RTU. LQC
b1,1i cung phai duQ'c Hip d�t t�i tu RTU d� ngiin ch� b1,1i c6 th� di vao trong
cac m,;1.ch di�n cua RTU.
- Vi.mg nguy hiim: RTU phai duqc l�p d�t t�i nai ch6ng chay nb, c6
mai che.
2) Yeu ctiu vJ m6i truimg hot;tt a(mg
- RTU phai duc;,c d�t ti,li ncri c6 nhi�t d() phu hqp, n�u d�t trong nha
phai d�t trong phong co di�u boa, con nJu d�t ngoai troi dn lam mai che
cho RTU va su di.mg lol;li RTU chuyen di,mg cho ngoai troi.
- RTU d�t ti,li nai cod<) �m tir l 0- 95%.

§2.4. BQ E>l�U KHIEN L�P TRiNH PLC TRONG SCADA

2.4.1. Gi6'i thi�u �hung

89 di�u khi�n l�p trinh PLC (Programmale Logic Controllers) la m<)t
may tinh g6m cac thi�t bi c6 dinh d� di�u khitn qua trinh va thi�t bi truong.
PLC ra dcri d! thay th� cho vi�c thµc hi�n cac di�u khi!n logic bing ralc,
s,vitch va cac bi;, d�m ca h9c. Hi�n nay toan b9 cac di�u k.hi�n c6 th� duqc
th!Jc hi¢n b�ng PLC m<)t each dan gian va linh ho�t.
Ti�n ich cua vi�c sir d1,1ng mi;,t PLC nhu la mt)t RTlJ trong M thong
SCADA, n6 co d�y du cac tinh nang cua t�t ca cac lo�i RTU, han nfra PLC
rflt d� cai d�t.

42
 2.4.2. Phftn m�m PLC va Phll'O'ng phap ijp trinh gian d6 thang
Phuang phap gian d6 thang (ladder-logic) duqc su d\lng n;mg rai d�
l�p trinh PLC vi n6 gful gui nhtr la m(>t mc:1ch di¢n (hinh 2. 9).

Ii a
li �
00 07
CPU 01 I
Input 0 0 !J
E' + 48

§
r ,�
Input 2 2 . voe

I-1 H Output

• _
I
24 +
voe. ul�i§
I
utput
5

Mtmory In PLC

00 15 Input Address Table O

PLC Program (Logic)

02 07105
1�
171 ()i

Hinh 2.9. Cau tnic cu ban cua phan mem PLC

Ca.c quy lu�t ca ban cua phuong phap gian d6 thang:

- Cac dubng thing dtmg la dtrcmg ngudn dp cho M th6ng (ru 12V DC
ho�c 24V DC). "Dong ngu6n dp" c6 th� coi nhu dich chuy�n tu trai sang phai;
- 0QC gian d6 thang tu trai sang phai va tu tren xu6ng du6i;
- Cac thi�t hi di�n thong thuong cung duqc chi ra trong so d6;
- Cac ti�p di�m duqc lien k�t v6i cac cu¢n day. h◊ djnh thcri (timer).
b◊ d�m (counter) va cac thanh phful khac;

43
 - Cac thi�t bi ma chi ra m<;it ho�t dc)ng biit d�.u thm'mg duqc d�t song
song nhu hinh 2.10.
- Thi�t bi ma chi ra ho�t <.t{mg kJt thuc thucmg dm;yc d�t n6i ti�p
(hinh 2.11).

Start 1 Stop OP 1

Star 2

OP 1

Hinh 2.10. Sa 116 "Sift 11au" cua gian (1/, thang

Start Stop 1 1 Stop 2 , OP1

OP1

Hinh 2.11. Su (16 "K�t thilc" cua gian db thang

Cac thanh phfu1 trong gian d6 thang:

I) Tiip di<im rhuimg ma NO (Normal�v Open)
Normally

--1------1 --
Open

Gia tri ban diu cua ti�p di�m ma ( co gia tri la I).
2) Tifp aidm thuirng dong NC (Normally Closed)
Normally
Closed

;If
Gia trj ban d�u cua ti�p di�m la dong (co gia tri la 0).

44
 3) Ddu ra

Diu ra trong gian d6 thang dugc hi�n 1hi nlm hinh vl.
4) B() dinh thai Timer
Co hai lo(fi br) ainh thai:
-Timer ON Delay.
-Timer OFF Delay.
Co ba tham s6 tuang ung vbi mJi b{; Jinh thifi:
- The preset value: day la mN hling s6 duqc tinh bii.ng giay d� Unh
toan thoi gian kich ho'-'t b9 dinh thm.
-The accumulated value: s& thoi gian duqc tinh b.lng giay trong thai
gian b(J dinh thoi lam vi�c.
- The time base: Chi ra thai gian th1,Ic te b<) dinh thoi ho�t d¢ng
Ho<;1t d<)ng cua Timer ON Delay:
TON

.o -
l�ut Timer On
Tlmer Tl □:O
I Time Bose 1
Preset 20

no:0 Output
C

!nput ___.. Output

.-------...·-··------...... .......__

20 seconds

45
 Hot;it dt;Jng cua Timer OFF Delay
TOF
Input Timer Off
Timer Tl 0:0
Time Base l, 0
Preset 20
Tl 0:0 Output
.....------1-----------r(
DN

-----....--··
-----
Output

Input
- :: :::

20seconds
5) B<i {tirn (Counter)
Co hai lo9i bo d�m, d�m ti8n (Count up), va d�m lui (Count down).
Ho�t d9ng cua b¢ d�m tucmg tt,r nhtr holiJ.t d<)ng cua be) dinh thm.
B◊ JJm co 2 tham s6:
- Gia tr\ t(ch lily (Accumulated Value);
- Gia tri d�t tru&c (Presset Value).
B9 dim tdn (Count up Counters)
Bo d�m nay lam rang gia tri cua Accumulated value tirng mot don vj.
Khi gia tri cua Accumulated value b�ng voi Preset Value d§.u ra cua b(} d�m
se du9c kich ho�t. Khi m9t gia tr� khoi t�o l9-i duqc dua ra thi b9 dam dugc
kh&i t�o lt2-i va tham s5 accumulated value co gia ttj bing 0.
Bl) aim lui (Count down Counters)
BQ dSm nay lam giam gia tri cua Accumulated value tirng m¢t don vi.
Khi gia tri cua Accumulated value v€ bl1ng O thi d!u ra cua bQ dtm se duqc
kich ho�t.

46
 6) Cac b(> tfnh wan
PLC sfr dvng nhieu b¢ tinh toan a h� ma chuful cua My dJ trao d6i
thong tin ASCII {American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
ho�c h� ma nhj phan BCD {Binary Code Digit):
- B<) c9ng (Addition).
- B◊ trir (Subtraction).
- BQ nhan (Multiplication).
- B9 chia (Division).
- Can b�c hai.
- Chuy!n d6i sang he ma nhi phan BCD (Binary Code Digit).
7) Cac bQ logic
PLC hd trq c,k ham logic sau:
-AND
OR
XOR
-NOT

§2.5. T�M CHU

2.5.1. Giai thi�u chung

C.lu true chung cua m9t tri;tm chu gi6i thi�u tren h\nh 2.12.
Trung tam di�u khi�n hay tri;tm chu c6 the ctugc mo ta nhu la m<;>t ho�c
nhi�u tr�m v� han�, dm:;rc lien k�t v&i nhau b!ng m�ng C\lC b() LAN (Local
Area Network), lien k�t v&i h� th6ng truy�n thong nhu MODEM va cac
thi�t bi thu phat tin hi�u radio. Thong thtrcmg se khong m9t mo-dun vi.to ra
nao k�t nfli tn,rc ti�p v6-i trung tam dib khiSn ma thtrcmg phai qua cac RTU
d�t t�i nhfing di�m gAn nhit co thS so v6i trung tam.
M9t trung tam cti�u khi�n phai c6 hai chuc nang chinh nhu sau:
- Thu th�p du li�u tir cac RTU va cac tri;tm con.
- Di�u kJ1i�n cac thi�t bi trucmg thong qua cac tr.(IDl v�n hanh.

47
 �
! Radio
1
Transrnrt1erl
1
Receiver
Modem

8
Communications Operator/Logging Operator High
Station RS·232 Station Station Speed

[]
Printer

[CJ
MulH-Port ==----�=
Interface ==i--_..;;;;;;;.i.

Local Alea Network.

Gateway

Programmable logic Controller

Hinh 2.12. ci!lu true cua tflim chu

2.5.2. PhAn m�m cho tr�m chu

C6 3 thanh ph�n chinh cho phk m�m cua tr� chu:
- H� di�u hanh.
- Ph�n m�m SCADA.
- Cac phh m�m t'.mg di,mg.

2.5.3. Phin mim SCADA

Cac ph§n m�m SCADA thucmg duqc thi�t k� boi nha cung d.p h� th6ng.
Thong thucmg m9t ph�n m�m SCADA g6m 4 ph�n chinh sau:
- Thu th�p du li�u.
- Di�u khiSn.
- Ca so du li�u.

48
 - Phin giao di�n giua nguoi va may HMI (Human Machine Interface).
Phin m�m SCADA se duc;1c thao lu� ky hem trong chuong sau.

2.5.4. Mtng nc}i be} cho trfm chu

Ciu true cua tr� chu c6 th� du<;rc dµa tren m<)t ki�n true ph1n tan va
mot dm:mg truy�n du li�u o t6c d9 cao nhu la Ethernet, token bus ho�c
tok�n ring. H�u h�t cac ung d\mg d�u sir dµng m�g Ehternet ho�c token
bus khi tr� chu khong su di,mg may v�n hanh chu.
1) M9ng Ethernet
Ethernet la mc';>t ho 16:n va da d�ng gbm cac cong ngh? m�mg d\Ia
(frame-based). Ethernet dinh nghia mot lo�t cac chuin n6i day va phat tin
hieu cho, phucmg ti�n dJ truy nh�p m;;i.ng t�i phfu1 Ki!m soat truy nh�p moi
tnrang truytn dftn MAC (Medium Access Control) va dinh d:;mg chung cho
vi�c danh dja chi.
Ethernet da dugc chu!n h6a thanh IEEE 802.3, hinh thuc n6i day
(twisted pair) cu.a Ethernet da tra thanh cong ngh� mq.11g Cl)C b9 LAN dugc
str di,mg r9ng rai nh�t tu th�p ky 1990. T6i nay, no da thay th� cac chu.ln
LAN qmh tranh khac nhu Ethernet (coaxial cable), FOOi (Fiber Distributed
Data Interface) va ARCNET. Trong nhung nam gin day, d�g LAN khong
day da dugc chuftn h6a bai IEEE 802.11, da ducyc su d1.1ng ben qnh ho�c
thay the cho Ethernet trong nhi�u d.u hinh m�ng.
2) M<;mg nr)i bo dt;mg vong (Token Ring)
Ngoai Ethernet LAN m9t cong ngh� LAN chu. y�u khac dang dugc
dung hi�n nay la Token Ring. Tren hinh 2.13 gi6i thi�u h� th6ng m�g vong
Token Ring. Nguyen tac cua mq.11g Token Ring dugc djnh nghia trong tieu
chuful IEEE 802.5. M�ng Token Ring c6 thJ ch�y 6 t6c d¢ 4Mbps ho�c
l 6Mbps. Phuong phap truy c�p dung trong m�ng Token Ring gc;,i la Token
passing. Token passing la phuong phap truy nh�p xac djnh, trong do de
xung d◊t duqc ngan ngira b�ng each o moi thoi di�m chi m¢t tr�m co thJ
duqc truy�n tin hi?u. Di�u nay dugc thl)'c hi�n ba.ng vi�c truy�n m9t b6 tin
hi�u d�c bi�1 g9i la Token (ma thong bao) xoay vong cu tr�n nay qua tq.m
khac. MQt 1r<Jm chi co th� gfri di b6 du li�u khi no nh� dugc ma khong b�.

4 · HTOKGSVl ... 49
 Node 3 assumed switctled off
< and hence in bypass mode

Node 4
I :�• ! I

Physical Medium - - - - - -► Logical Ring

Hinh 2.13. H� thong m(lng vong Token Ring

Ho(Jt t1(mg cua Token Ring:

- Token Ring bao g6m m9t s6 lu<;mg cac repeater (di�m l�p), m6i
repeater duqc k�t n6i v6i 2 repeater khac theo mot chieu truy�n du li�u duy
nh�t ll;IO thanh ffiQt vong khep kin.
- D� mot ring (vong) c6 th� ho?t d9ng duqc thi dn phai co 3 chuc
nang Jo la: chuc nang dua du li�u vao ring, 1§.y du li�u nr ring va go bo g6i
tin. cac ch(rc nang nay du<;YC thµc hi�n boi cac repeater.
- Trong ring cac du: li�u duqc dong g6i thanh cac frame, trong do co
m◊t truong d(a chi dich. Khi g6i tin di qua cac repeater thi truang dia chi se
duqc copy xu6ng va so sanh voi dia chi cua tr.;un, n�u gi6ng nhau thi ph&n
con l�i cua frame se dm;rc copy va g6i tin ti�p tµc dLIQC gui di.
- Vi?c- go bo ml)t g6i tin trong ring thl phuc t�p hon so voi d,;mg Bus.
E)� go ho de g6i tin ta c6 hai each d� lµa ch<;m:
Car..:h thu nhcft la SU' dµng m<)t Repeater chuyen lam nhi�m vµ go bl)
cac g6i tin dugc xac dtnh r6 dia chi.
Cach thu hai la cac g6i tin duqc gcr bo bing chfnh tr.;im gai gfii tin d6.
Ngucri ta thuang dung each thu hai vi co hai uu di�m: t.;,.o ra m(,t ca ch� tra
lai ti,! d(mg va c6 th� truy�n m(lt g6i tin d�n nhi�u tr9-m dich.

50
 3) M,;mg Token. Bus
Hinh 2.14 gi&i thi?u h? th6ng m.,mg vong Token Bus. Trong m<:1-ng
Token Bus, the bai la don vi du lieu d�c bi�t dung d� cilp phat quy�n truy�n
du li�u. Phmmg phap truy nh�p c6 di�u khi�n nhu sau:
- Cac d6i tuQ'llg co nhu du truy�n du li�u se "bit tay" v6i nhau t{lo
thanh m9t vong logic va the bai Se dugc h.ru truy�n trong vong logic nay.
- Sau khi truy�n xong data ho�c h�t thm gian dm the bai thi the bai
duqc chuy�n sang tri,un k! ti�p trong vong logic.

Node 8 not part of the log�I ring

and hence is receiving only

,. - - Node 1 - - - - Noc\e 2 - - - - Node 3 - - -- Node 4

I ...
\
\
'
I

I
I
,. I
I
Nooe s
'

__._Physical Medium · - - - - ► Logical Ring

Hinh 2.14. Hf thong mfmg Token Bus

§2.6. DQ Tl� C�Y VA SAN SANG CUA He THONG SCADA

2.6.1. Gi6'i thi�u chung

Tung thanh ph�n cua h� th5ng SC ADA phai dam bao duqc dQ tin c�y
khi nim trong h� th6ng. Vi dv h� th6ng trung tam di�u khi�n la phin t6i
quan trong cua h� th6ng SCADA, vi�c m§.t lien l�c v&i m9t RTU ciing c6
th� anh huang r�t 16n d6n nhiing ho?t d<;mg ti�p theo cua h� th6ng. Vi v�y
khi lµa ch1;m may tinh cho trung tam di�u khi�n, drn chu y h_ra chc;m cac
thanh phful then ch6t nhu:

51
 - B¢ x11 ly trung tam CPU
-B(1 nh& RAM.
- 6 cung HDD.
- Cac giao di�n truy8n thong.

2.6.2. cju hinh di/ phong cua hf thlmg

Co d.t nhi�u d.u hinh dv phong c6 th� dugc h,ra ch9n, trong d6 co 2 h�
th6ng dv phong ca ban nhu sau:
1) H¢ thbng d¥ phdng "/�nh" (Cold Standby System)
Tren hinh 2.15 gi6i thi�u cAu hinh di,r phong "l�nh" cua M th6ng
SCADA.

□
Video Display • Prin1er

Manual
r­ Manual
switch 1
switch

I_____ •
CPU CPU
Secondary ----- • Pnmary
I
I
Manual 1
1
switch L_

Communication Channel

Modem

Radio

Hinh 2.15. Cau hlnh dv phong "IJnh" cua hf tMng SCADA

52
 Trong du hlnh d\f phong "l�", khi CPU chinh (Primary) dang lam
vi�c ma g�p sv c6 thi l�p tuc se dugc chuy�n sang CPU ph\l (Secondary)
b�ng h� th6ng chuySn m�ch switch.
2) Cdu hinh d1;1 phong "n6ng" (Hot standby System)
M<;it vi d\l v� d\T phong "n6ng" dugc th� hi�n nhu hinh 2.16. H� th6ng
lam vi�c luon co 2 CPU va cac CPU c6 th� th� ch6 cu.a nhau b�t ky h'.tc nao
bllng phln m�m di�u khiSn.

Video Display Video Display Printer

g
OMA
CPU CPU
Secondal'/ i _sh _� e d M em o � in � m u
<-----H-g
Primary
______)
__________
Watchdog timer

I MOOem I I I
Modem

Hinh 2.16. Cau hlnh d',I' phong "n6ng" cua hf th6ng SCADA

53
 §2.7. cAu TRUC TRUY�N THONG

2.7.1. Gi6'i thi�u chung

Co nhi�u du true truy�n thong duc;,c Sil d1,mg v6i rung mµc dich khac
nhau cua ung d\mg. ch true d\Ja tren ca SO' cac lien k�t, la mbi lien h� v�t
ly ho�c logic gifra hai hay nhi�u d6i tac truy�n thong. V 6i lien kJt v�t l�· de
d6i tac la cac trc;i.m truy�n thong dm;rc lien k�t vcri nhau qua mc;,t moi truong
v�t ly. Khai ni�m lien k�t logic duc.;,c hiJu nhu sau: d6i tac truyen thong
khong nhit thi�t phai la mot thi�t bi phfm cung ma c6 th� la mot chucmg
trinh h� th6ng hay rn(>t chuang trinh ung d1,mg tren m<)t tr.,un quan h�, giCra
cac d6i tac nay chi c6 tinh logic. Do d6 tum1g ung v6i mc;it d6i tac v�t ly
thuong co nhi�u d6i tac logic va t:it nhien moi lien k�t logic duqc xay dt,mg
tren CO' s6 mQt m6i lien k�t v�t ly.
Co th� co cac kiSu lien k�t logic sau:
- Lien k�t Di�m - DiSm (Point to Point): m6i lien k�t nay chi c6 hai
d6i tac tham gia, v! m�t v�t ly hai tr�m dugc n6i voi nhau boi m«)t duong
truy�n. £)� th1Jc hi?n m9t m;;mg tuy�n tin dµ-a tren lien k�t nay se la t�p hc;rp
cua nhitu duong day d(>c l�p.
- Lien k�t Di�m - Nhi�u di�m (Multi - Drop): nhi�u tr�m dugc n6i
chung vcri m(>t tr� chu, nhu v�y cac d6i tac dugc n6i chung vao m(>t
ducmg day.
- Lien k�t Nhi�u diem - nhi�u diem (Multi - Point): nhi�u d6i tac
tham gia va thong tin duqc trao d6i theo nhi�u hucmg, cac d6i tac ciing dugc
n6i vao m<;it duong day.
Kha nang lien k�t nhi�u diJm la d�c trung cua m.;mg trong di�u khi�n
phan tan.
Cac du true truy�n thong hay SU d\).Ilg la:
- Cdu true lien k�t 0i�m - 0i�m (Point to Point), dung cho 2 tr�;
- C�u true lien k�t Nhi�u di�m - Nhi�u di�m (Multipoint): dung cho
nhi�u tr;,1m.
Du&i day se gi&i thi�u mc)t sb du true c6 SU' d\mg cac du true lien k�t
neu tren.

54
 2.7.2. C.iu true Chu - Khach (Master- Slave)
Cau true Chu - Khach c6 th� duqc su d\lng trong ca hai lien kJt: point
to point va multipoint. Hinh 2.17 gi6i thi�u du hinh Chu - Khach gilia
trung tam va cac RTU. May chu (Master) so huu toan b<) quy�n c:h�u khitn
trong h� th?lng truy�n thong. n6 co quy�n dua ra cac ycu du v� du li�u va
truy�n du lit;-u di hu�c d�n cac tr.,im khach (Slave). Cac tr..im khach (slavl!)
khong co kha n�ng t\I nh� ho�c truy�n dii li?u ma hoan toan ph1,1 thU<)c vao
tr\im chu.

Polling Lisi

Rl\J I
RT\12
RT\J 3

.,

PLC

,1n1io,
Co,urCll ..ttM

Hinh 2. 17. Cau hlnh chu kMch glva trung Mm vA cac RTU

55
 2.7.3. H� th6ng Truy c�p nh�n bitlt s6ng mang tranh
xung d{,t CSMA-CD
CSMA---CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect) la
da truy c�p nh�n bich song mang tranh xung d<)t. Day la nguyen tile ho{lt
d('mg cu.a m�ng C\IC be) LAN. Trang m<;ll1g c1,1c b9 LAN, khi m<)t tr<;tm mu6n
truy�n m¢t g6i tin, tm&c tien no se !Ang nghe xem tren ducmg truy�n co
song mang hay khong. NJu khong co, no se thl!C hi�n truy�n g6i tin (theo
frame). Sau khi truyi:n g6i tin, no vin ti�p t\lC Hing nghe d� xem c6 may nao
djnh truy�n tin hay khong. NJu khong c6 xung d<)t, may tinh se truy�n g6i
tin cha d�n h�t. Neu phat hi¢n xung d<)t, n6 se gfri m<)t g6i tin (broadcast)
bao hi�u cho cac may tren m,;mg khong nen gm tin dS tranh lam nhi�u
ducmg truy�n vase titn hanh gui l�i g6i tin. Ti�n trinh cac bucrc nhu sau:
- M<)t thiet bi c6 frame cfm truy�n se Hing nghe ducmg truy�n cho den
khi nao ducmg truy�n Ethernet khong con bi chiem.
- Khi duong truy�n Ethernet khong con bi chi�m. may gfri b�t d�u
gui frame.
- May gm cung bAt d�u l�ng nghe d� dam baa ring khong co xung di;,t
xay ra.
- NJu co xung d<)t, tit ca cac may tr�m d� tirng gui ra frame SC gui ra
m9t tin hi�u nghen d� dam bao tit ca cac may tr�m d�u nMn ra S\f xung d(lt
do (collision).
- Sau khi tin hi�u nghen la hoan t�t, m6i may gui cua nhfrng frame bi
xung d()t se khoi d¢ng m<)t b('J djnh thai (Timer) va chcr h�t khoan thcri gian
nay se c6 g�ng truy�n li;i.i. Nhfrng may khong t�o ra collision se khong
phai cha.
- Sau khi thai gian dinh thbi h�t. may gui co th� b�t d§.u m<)t l�n nua
v&i bu&c 1.

56
 §2.8. GIAO DltN NGU'O'I - MAY HMI

2.8.1. Khai nitm chung

HMI chi v� m6i lien h� qua l�i giua ngum v�n hanh va cac thi�t bi,
may moc xung quanh trong qua trinh dieu ph6i v� hanh h� th6ng. C�n phai
xu ly m6i quan h� nay nhim t�o ra sg tuong thich hoan toan gifra con nguai
va thi�t bj. Di�u nay d�c bi�t quan tr9ng trong cac ch� d◊ S\J' cb, chi trong
thm gian dt ngiln ngum di�u hanh phii nh�n thuc duqc tinh hu6ng da xay
ra bkg each chit l9c duqc thong tin quan tr<;mg nh�t trong r�t nhi�u thong
tin duqc giri v� ban di�u khi�n va dbng thai de dang thao tac d� khic phl_lC
S\f c6 do.
Trong cac h� th6ng di¢n v6i th� h� thi�t bi c6 giao di�n Nguoi - May
chua dugc chu y day du do nhfrng h� ch� v� cong ngh� va nh.,m thuc. Vai
sµ phat tritn khoa h9c va cong ngh?. d�c bi�t la cong ngh� ky thu�t sb,
m<;1ng thong tin s6, ... da xu�t hi�n nhi�u c6ng ngM luu trrr, xu Jy, sip x�p
truy xu�t va hi�n thi thong tin gop phful hoan thi�n giao di�n Nguoi - May.
Nhi�u cong ty di�n li,rc tren th� gi&i da nang dp h� th6ng di�u khi�n phan
ph6i di�n nang theo hucmg nay nhfun giam thi�u chi phi. Trong h¢ th6ng
di�n Vi�t Nam vao tru&c nhling n�m 1990 cua th� ky XX, cac thi�t bi di�u
khi�n, bao v�, hi�n thj cua cac tr�m bi�n ap. nha may di�n chu y�u la cac
thitt bi ki�u co khi, di?n tu. Tu nam 1995 trcr l�i day. cac thi�t bi nay d�n
du<;1c thay th� bkg cac thi�t bi ky thu�t s6 hi�n d�i va theo do da din hoan
thi�n h� thfmg SCADA cho tung tr;pn va toan b<'., dugc giam sat c:ti�u khi�n
bm cac Trung tam di�u d9 mi!n Bic, mi�n Trung, mi�n Nam va Trung tam
di�u do qu6c gia.

2.8.2. Thi hi�n sa d6 h16'i

C6 hai phucmg phap th� hi�n scr d6 Ju&i di�n xu�t phat tu nhu du th\J'c
t� khac nhau:
- Th� hi¢n ki�u so d6 k�t day m9t sQi di�u kh1�n xa;
- Th� hi�n kieu dja d6 cho cac dc;ii st'ra chua.
Th� hi¢n ki�u so d6 kJt day la phuong phap th� hi�n don gian va ro
rang, cho phep nguoi cti�u hanh phan tich nhanh ch6ng va chinh xac tinh

57
tn;mg luai di�n. thao tac cac chi�t bi di@u khi�n tu xa va ghi h;ii cac thaa tac
cua thi�t b1 dung tay. Ca.ch thJ hi�n nay cho phep hi�n thi cac k�t n6i va t6
hqp luai phan ph6i duai d�ng mot so d6 co kich thu&c l&n hem. n6 lien quan
d�n h§.u h�t cac thao tac cua nguai di�u hanh. So d6 t6ng th� nay con co tht
duo-c 66 sung cac thong s6 chi ti�t cua cac tr� du&i d<;tng m()t so d6 thu hai
tren cung so d6 voi thong tin phong phu hon va duc;,c phong to, thu nho v&i
ty l� do nguoi di�u hanh ch{;m.
Tht hi�n ki�u dia d6 cho phep nguoi di<T:u hanh hu&ng dfui cac d<)i sl'ra
chiia th�rc hi�n cac chuy�n cong tac tren vimg Hinh th6. Khi do lum di�n se
dugc xay dvng theo cac t9a d(l c!ia ly sao cho n6 co thJ lam vi�c k�t hqp v&i
cac ban ct,\. Di�u nay cho phep can thi�p nhanh cac si,r c6 va bot thm gian
clit di�n.

2.8.3. Cac ch(vc nang cua giao di�n Ngll'ai - May

Chuc nang hang dh cua giao di�n HMI la hi�n thi d§.y du cac tinh
tri;mg cu.a lu6i di�n va giup cho nguai di�u hiah hi�u duqc cac thao tac c:in
phai di@u hanh, C\l 1h� nhu sau:
1) Chuc nting ainh hu6ng
Cung d.p cac kha nang dinh hucmg bftng each dua ra duqc so d6 toan
canh cu.a lu&i:
- Con tro !en xuflng: m<)t phfui cu.a so d6 gic'ri h� bcri phi;U11 vi cac
chi�u ngang va dc;,c, gc;,i la cua s6 duqc thay d6i theo y mu6n cua ngum su
d\mg (dung thanh cu6n/ditm cu6n nhu trong Windows);
- Thay d6i toan canh: sv thay hinh duqc 1h1Jc hi�n tren toan be) man
hinh di�u khi2n m9t ca.eh rue thai theo ca hai chi�u;
- Cua s6 dinh hu&ng: thvc chAt la nhin 'tlmg quan v� lu&i di�n, cho
phep djnh vi cac ph.ln cu.a hr6i hien thi trong cac cua s6 tren mam hinh. Co
th� truy nh�p d�n cua s6 dinh hucmg tuy theo yeu du cu.a nguai di�u hanh.
Sv thay d6i hinh anh tren cua s6 d(nh hucmg dfu1 d�n S\f thay d6i tren cac
cl'ra s6 lien quan.
- Cua s6 thu ph6ng: phong to, thu nho cac ph�n cua sa d6. Sa d6 co
th� duqc mo bfulg su dl,lllg chu(>t ho�c menu cu6n.

58
 2) Chuc niing phan tdng thong tin (dee/uttering)
Cac so d6 lucri di�n dugc chia thanh die tfulg, tren d6 s�p x�p cac
ph� ni finh va d{mg, ch(mg dugc c�p nh�t lien tµc. Nhu v�y co th� hi�n thi
bo�c khong hi�n thi m9t tfuig ho�c mot nh6m tAng tuy theo yeu du truy
nh�p d�n cac thong tin lien quan. VI d\l, trong mQt sa d6 luoi co th� chi dn
hi�n thi cac thiit b1 di�u khitn tu xa. Bfulg each truy ruw.p t&i ting sau hcrn,
ngucri di�u hanh c6 th� th!y dm;rc cac trang thi�t bi di�u khi�n b�ng tay.
Trong tnrang hgp chung, t6n t�i b6n c!p phan ting thong tin:
- C�p tht'.r nhAt la ml;lllg h� thf>ng di�n hgp nh�t;
- C�p thu hai la lu&i di�n nho cua khu V\.fC;
Cip thi.'.r ba la cftu hinh cua trl,lm phan ph6i;
- C!p th(r tu la SCY d6 cua mQt duong day xuAt tuyBn nao do.
Mi.'.rc di) chi ti�t c6 thci duqc k�t h<;rp v6i muc d¢ thu ph6ng sao cho
muc d(> phong phu cua thong tin tro thimh ham s6 ty I� thu ph6ng. Cac mtrc
d9 sau cua thong tin thucmg dm;rc tinh toan t\I d¢ng theo ry l� nay.
3) Chuc niing to mau ctic d(mg thai cua /uai
S\T k�t nbi cua lu&i duqc mo ta chinh xac bAng cac mau s�c tuang ung
voi cac d<)ng thai co th� cho phep t6ng hQP ducrc trl;lllg thai thl,TC d: cua luoi
di¢n, Cac hinh anh tren man hinl1 khi d6 co th� cho phep hi�n thi:
- Cac phb cua lu6i khong dm;rc cung d.p ngufin;
- Cac nut gi&i hl;l.11 bcri hai xu!t tuy�n;
- Vung cua lucri cung c!p bcri m9t may bibn ap hay mQt t� d§u ngu6n;
- Sµ t6n t�i cua mot chu6i xich tren lu&i n�u no dugc phan d.p theo
SO' d6 hinh cay;

- Tqmg thai cua cac may c�t ho�c dao each Jy.
4) Chuc m'ing canh bao khi co str ki?n
Khi co bi6n d¢ng nao do trong hr&i cdn gay chu y, canh bao cho nguoi
v�n hanh, nguoi ta thuang su dl).Ilg ca.nh bao bang anh sang va fun thanh,
Canh bao bing anh sang co th� la sg d6i mau cua nhfing phfui tu troug lu&i,
SI! chap nhay trong k.hoang thoi gian nao d6 kem theo thong bao Sl,f ki�n
xay ra. Canh bao bAng am thanh thuang dung cac am thanh ngllt quang co
tfin sb cao trong dai tlin nghe th�y d� gay chu y hem cho ngum v� hanh.

59
 2.8.4. Cac SO' (16 lui6ti
- Cac nguyen tdc cua S<l i16: cac so db cua lu6i c6 th� cung duqc hi�n
thi tren m9t vai cua s6 cua man hinh di�u hanh. Cac qua trinh xay ra tren so
ab se duqc th� hi�n d6ng thcri.
Cac ph!n tu tren scr d6 c6 tht la d6i tugng tinh ho�c d9ng nhu may
cit, may bien ap, may phat, t1.1 bu, ... Sµ th� hi�n bfing db thi cua m◊t d6i
tm;:mg, vi dµ nhu may c�t se la k�t qua tinh toan tir cac dfr li�u mo phong df>i
tuqng d6.
Cac i!6i tu(Tng cua sa d6: m9t di�m d� nh;p1 th.ly cua cac lum phan
ph6i la svbi�n thai r!t m;,lnh cua n6. Do do, vi�c th� hi�n sa d6 cu6i cung
phai do ngucri su d\lng th1,Ic hien. f)� nguoi su dl,l1lg c6 th� d� dang ti6p c�n
v6i vi�c quan ly h� thbng ky thu�t d.n thoa man cac di�u ki�n sau:
1. Xac dinh du hinh lu&i m&i khi c6 du thong s6 de �o ra cac sa d&
ki�u ab thi;
2. Xac d1nh sob<} cac d6i tuqng cua lu6i d� don gian h6a vi�c dinh
d:;mg lu&i vi lu&i di�n thucmg g6m c6 cac phful tu c6 ban ch.it gi6ng nhau,
c6 gia tri va each th� hi�n cac dijc tinh nhu nhau, vi d\l: cac xu�t tuy�n trung
ap, cac tr;,1m trung/h;,1 ap, ...
- Cac dft lit?u vJ SO' iJJ ghep n6i: mo ta cac phuong thuc k�t n6i v�
di�n gifra cac phdn tu trong h� th6ng <.'tien, s6 lm;mg cac di�m kit n6i. Xac
djnh m<}t ducmg day, m¢t thanh cai, m!)t diu day ha, ho�c m<)t di�m n6i
hinh tia, ... cung dp thong tin v� m¢t tr�m v6i so d6 kth day phuc ti;ip c6 SU
d\mg h� th6ng thanh cai vong.
- Cac thong sti ili?n: cac thong s6 v� di�n la cac du li�u khong th�
thiJu trong cac tfnh toan v! dien. Do la cac thong s6: t6ng tro, di�n khang
cac phin tu, d�c tuy!n cua tai ti;i.i diu cung dp, .. •,
- Cac thong tin vJ h4 tht5ng: chung c6 tht la cac IED, RTU truy�n
t6i ho�c la cac k�t qua tinh toan ho�c tr;.:mg thai cac phful tir thao tacbfulg
tay, ...

2.8.5. T,o va thay dOi cac s0t d6

Chinh ly cac d6i tm;mg (may c!t, may bi�n ap, ... ): chinh ly cac bi�u
tm;mg d6 h9a duqc thl,l'c hi�n b�g ph!n mem chinh ly nh�m m1.1c dich

60
mo phong cac chuc nang cua phAn tu m6i khi hru tru trong thu vi�n. T6 hc;yp
cac thong tin khac nhau nhu phucmg thuc k�t n6i. cac thong s6 di�n cG.ng
dugc luu trfr trong thu vi�n d� dan gian h6a vi�c chinh ly lu6i.
Chinh ly lu&i su di,mg de phucmg ti�n d6 h9a d� thay d6i du hinh
cua lu&i phu hQ'P v&i c:ac thao tac di�u hanh. 0 day ta sir d1,mg cac bi�u
tuqng (mg v&i cac doi tm;mg da duqc thi�t kJ tu truac d� rut ngi\n thoi gian
thay d6i du hinh lucri.
Khi thay d6i m(,t 69 ph�n h.rL'1i, cac ccr d.u tfnh toan ben trong se xac
djnh lc;ti t�t ca cac qua trinh trong d6i trn;mg va cac thanh phful cua n6. Toan
b9 thong tin ben trong vAn bi che khuit d6i voi nguoi v�n hanh nSu nhu hQ
khong yeu du thong tin.
Khi thay df>i bi�u tuc;mg chuful cua m9t lo�i d6i trn;mg, t�t ca cac qua
trinh tmmg {mg cu.a d6i ttrc;mg nay cung se thay d6i.

61
 ChLPang 3
cAu TRUC PHAN MEM HE. THONG SCADA

§3.1. GIO'I THleu CHUNG

Chuong nay se t�p trung C\l th� vim cac h� th3ng SCADA va giao
thuc truy�n thong duqc SU' di.mg trong h� th6ng, C\l th� gi6i thi�u cac n(li
dung .sau:
-Cac thanh ph§n cua m{)t M th6ng SCADA;
- Cac g6i phful m�m SCADA;
- Cac giao thirc su d\mg trong h; th&ng SCADA;
- Phat hi�n l&i.

§3.2. THANH PHAN CUA M(>T He THONG SCADA

Cac thanh phful co ban cua h� th6ng SCADA duqc chi ra nhu trong
hinh 3. t. Cac d�c di�m chinh mot M th6ng SCADA nhu sau:
1) Giav di¢n nguai SU dung
-Ban phim.
- Chu9t.
-Man hinh cam ung.
2) Trang i/6 h9a hidn thj
-Giao di¢n
-Gi&i hi;m s5 trang d6 hQa.
- DQ phan giai: Jen t&i 1280 x l 024 tri�u mau.

62
3) Ccinh bao (Alarm)
- Canh bao toan b<) cac SI! cb xii) ra trong qua trinh ho:,lt d<)ng.
- Khoang thoi gian dua ra canh bao I mili giay ho�c nhanh hon.
- Cac canh bao db dtrQ'C hi�n thi t?i t5l ca cac may tr<;tm.
- l1i�n tl� canh bao theo th(r tl,I'.
-I) D6 th; (Trend),
5) Giao di¢n RTU (ho(ic PLC):
6) Kha niinK ma r6ng,
7) Truy c(1p du /iqu:
8) Co s<i dti li¢u,
9) Af<;mg truyJn thf>nR:
I 0) Phar hi¢n l�i vu d(r phong.

Mfly chu # 1 Maychu # 2

Mfly in

110
Ca sa dO, li¢u
Trend Server Task
Report Server Task
Input/Output Server Task

Thl�t bi C,o
vtl c1il!u khi�n
1111
p n Out
Analog
I I In Out I
Digital

Hinh 3. 1. Thanh ph§n CO' ban cua m9t hf th6ng s CADA

63
 §3.3. GOI PHAN M�M CUA He THONG SCADA

3.3.1. GiO'i thiiu chung

H1�u sufit va nang su§t cua m◊t h� 1h6ng SCADA d6i vcri d6i tm;mg
dang sir d1,1ng no la rAt quan tn;mg, di�u nay phµ thUQC nhiSu vao kha
nang mo r(mg cua h� th6ng theo cac yeu du trong tmmg lai. He th6ng
phai d� dang trong nang dp va chinh s(ra theo cac yeu du thl,l'C t� cua
d&i ttrQng, d� lam duc;,c di�u nay ph \l thu9c r!t nhi�u vao du hinh ph.ln
m�m cua M th6ng.
C6 hai phuong phap chinh a! thi,h k8 he th6ng SCADA. Do la
phuong phap t�p trung va phuong phap phan tan.
Phuong phap t�p crung co nghia la m9t may tinh thi,rc hi�n toan b¢
vi?c giam sat va thu th�p du li¢u d\fa tren ca so du li�u ben trong may tinh
d6. Tren hinh 3.2 gi6i thi�u h� th6ng �p trung.

Terminal #3

.------B Printer

Terminal #2 Central Terminal #4

Computer
System

Terminal #1 Terminal #5

PLC#1 PLC#2 PLC #3 PLC#4

Hinh 3.2. Hf thong tip trung

64
 Nhung h�n chJ cua phmmg phap nay la:
Gia thanh d5u tu ban d!u dt l6n d6i voi cac h� th6ng nho;
- Kha nang mo r()ng d6i tm;mg bi h�n ch�;
H� th6ng dg phong rftt t6n kem boi vi toan b9 h� th6ng phai du<;rc
nhan doi;
- Nhan vien bao duong, bao tri phai yeu du co trinh OQ cao.
Phm.mg phap phan tan c6 nghia la h� th6ng SCADA sc duqc di�u
khi�n boi nhitu tqi.m may tinh nho. Tren hinh 3.3 gi&i thi�u h� th6ng phan
tan.Vai h� th6ng nay thi dn chu y mQt s6 v§n d& sau:
- Truy�n thong gicta cac may tinh la khong phai don gian;
- Truy6n du li�u va ca sa dfr li�u phai duqc nhan doi dbi vcri toan bo
cac may tinh:
- Khong c6 each ti�p c�n d� thu thi}p du li�u tn,rc ti�p tu cac thiet bi
truang (vi d1,1. n&u c6 2 tr�m v�n hanh yeu d.u cung m9t du li�u. de RTU
phai du<;rc h6i 2 J§n).

Ptr&onal Computers

PLC 111
bm
PLC #2 PLC #3 PLC#4

Hinh 3.3. Hf th6ng phan tan

M(>t giai phap c6 hi�u qua la ki8m tra cac lo�i du li�u d.n thi�t cho
m6i cong vi�c va sau d6 d�n du true cua h? thbng m{,t each thkh hQP. Ki�u
du tr(LC chu khach se lam cha h� thtmg hoq.t d(mg hi�u qua hon.
M(lt h¢ th6ng chu khach duqc hi�u nhu sau:
M◊t may chu (server) la thiJt bi cung dp toan b<) dich VI,! cho cac
may khac tren h� th6ng m�ng. T�t ca cac may khach (Client) mubn SII d1,1.ng
djch V\l thi c!n phai y2u du l�nh tu may chu.

5•HTOKGSVTN 65
 - M(H vi dv la m9t he$ tht>ng hi�n thi dO lii;u cAn hi€n th(. Nut hi�n thi
(ho�c khach hang) yeu du cac du li�u tu may chu diBu khi�n. Cac may chu
di�u khi8n sau do tim kiSm C<J SCI do li�u va tra v� dii lit$u yeu du, do d6
lam giam overhead ml:}.ng so voi cac phm.:mg phap ti8p c1µ1 khac d� hi�n thi
nut phai lam cac vi�c tim kitm ca so di.t li�u ban than.

'"f
H¢ th6ng SCADA theo phucmg phap chu khach dn phai thl,rc hi�n
dfiy du cac cong vi�c nhu hinh 3.4.

JI
I • � l I • I , • , I I I I , • f • l • J , I I 1 f I i , I I I ' I • t I , • I

• I Al'."'' H UO =!�R:.( po��;;�k:�::=

e rt I ra s
='
,_
_.
--�.....-r--....

.
Server Node Display Node Printer
•. l I I I I •
Lor.al Area Network
Bridge

Programmable
I! II Logic
Controi,ers

Hin h 3.4. Cau hinh chu khach r,ng dpng trong h. thong SCADA

66
 Mdi phful m�m SCAD A c6 5 chuong trinh ca ban nh1r sau:
-Nhi?m VI! vao ra (Input/Output Task): Chuong trinh nay ia giao di?n
giua h� th6ng di�u khi�n va giam sat.
-Nhijm VIJ canh bao (Alarm Task): Chuang trinh nay quan ly toan b9
cac Canh bao cua he thdng.
- Nhi¢m v¥ a6 thi (Frend Task): Chuong trinh nay thu th�p dir li�u va
hi�n thi bAng d6 thj cac du li�u thu thtp dtrqc.
- Nhiim VtJ btio ctio (Reports Task): Cac bao cao dUQ'C xu§t ra tu dfr
Ji�u cua nha may. Cac bao cao c6 tht theo chu ky, theo thiri gia.n djnh sful
tuy thu¢c vao ngum v�n hanh nha may.
-Nhi�m V!l hie°n thj (Display Task): Chuang trinh nay quan ly toan bQ
du Ii¢u dm;yc hi�n thi !en cac tr� v� hanh.

3.3.2. Ht th6ng dy, phong

M9t vf d1,1 di�n hinh cua m{>t h� thfing SCADA, nai rn9t trong nhfrng
thanh ph�n co th� lam gian do�n ho�t dong cua toan b{) h? th5ng dm;rc gi6i
thi�u tren hinh 3.5, gQi la h¢ th6ng SCADA khong dtrgc bao v� t6t.

Display Display Displa� Display Display

Node #1 Node#2 Node#l Node#4 Node #5

Plant Data Control Action

to MASTER Station to PLC's

PLC #1 PLC#1 PLC #1 PLC #1 PLC#1

Hinh 3.5. H4 th6ng SCADA khong tJtJVC bao vf t6t

67
 D8 dam bao m¢t ky quy trinh hay m9t ho�t d9ng trong h� th6ng co d¢
tin cay cao, ho�c d� giam chi phi t6n th§.t v� san xu�t thi nhflt thii:t he dµ
phong phai dugc xay dgng vao he th6ng. Oi!u nay c6 th� th<,rc hi�n duqc
b�ng m9t s6 each nlm th� hi�n tren hinh 3.6.

Display Display Display Display Display

Node#1 Node #2 Node#3 Node#4 Node#S

Primary Standby
Server Server

PLC #1 PLC #2 PLC :;t.3 PLC#4 PLC#5

Hinh 3.6. Sa (lo SU' d\mg hai server

Trong sa dti nhu hinh 3.6, h� th6ng SCADA su d\lng hai server, m<)t
server ho,;1.t di)ng chinb va m9t server dl,J' phong. Khi server chinh c6 S\l' c6,
l�p tuc server d1,r phong thay th� vao ngay d�. dam bao qua trinh ho,;1.t d{mg
cu.a nha may duqc lien tl,tC.
0� h� th&ng duqc dam bao hem, nguoi ta thi!St k8 hai duong m�ng cho
h� th6ng, mot duong ho<;1t d¢ng chinh va rnt;>t dmmg dg phong nhu hinh 3.7.

68
 Display Display Display Display O:splay Display
�ode #1 Node#2 Node #3 �ode/14 Node #S Node #6

i--_....,____..,.___,.____.,_.....,...,__.,.._____---1 LAN #1
.,____.............________.,_o--i....,______.___. LAN#2

Primary Standby
Server Servf;f

PLC LAN #.3

Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
CPU CPU

Hinh 3. 7. SO' c1o sti- d1,mg hai di.,ong mf!ng LAN vii m{lng PLC
3.3.3. Thai gian phan h6i
Cac yeu d.u v� m�t thcri gian r�t quan trQng d6i v<'ri h� th6ng SCADA,
do do thai gian phan h6i cua n6 dn phai dtrqc dap ung dung yeu du:
- Hi�n thj cac gia tri tuong tµ va s6 (thu duqc tu cac RTU) tren trung
tam di�u khi�n t.?i cac tqm v�n hanh: Thai gian dap ung Ian nhAt phai tu l
d�n 2 giay:
- Yeu du di�u khi�n tu tq1m v�n hanh d€n cac RTU: 1 giay cho cac
yeu d.u quan tr9ng, 3 giay cho cac yeu du a muc d9 khac;
- Xu.it hi�n canh bao (Alarm) tren cac tr�m v� hanh: I giay;
- Hi�n thi cac man hinh moi tren man hlnh cua tr;,im v:4i hanh: 1 giay;
- Nh�n cac d6 thi va hi�n thi tren tr� v:4i hanh: 2 giay;
- Truy c�p d�n cac S\I ki�n (a RTIJ) ho�c cac Sl,J' ki�n quan trc;mg khac: l
mili giay.

69
 3.3.4. Kha nang ma rqng cua h� th6ng
Kha nang mo r9ng cua h� th6ng la rat quan trc;mg, no lien quan d�n
tuong lai sau nay cua m9t d6i tm;mg co trang b( SCADA. Do v�y khi
thi�t k� cho m<)t xi nghi�p, m<)t nha may hay m{)t tr�m di�n co trang bj
h� th6ng SCADA dn chu y d�n d.c v5n d� sau:
- Ph.in ct'.mg co th� du<;1c them vim phai tuong thfch v6i cac phfui ct'.mg
dang s(r d1,mg;
- Vi�c cai d�t phful ct'.mg hi� �i cua h� th6ng SCADA/tu diSu khi�n /
nha di�u han.h hi�n thi se khong bi anh hucmg khi b6 sung them ph�n c(mg.
Ditu nay bao g6m d.c h�ng mµc nhu cung d.p di�n/diSu hoa khong khi/t6
cht'.rc hi�n thj SCAD A ...
- Cac h� di�u hanh Se c6 th� h6 trg dUQ'C cac yeu du bf> sung ma
khong dn S\l' thay df>i 16n nao;
- Cac ph�n m�m t'mg di,mg nen khong d.n sua d6i trong each them
moi RTU ho�c tr�m v�n hanh t�i trung tam di!u khi�n.

§3.4. GIAO THU'C TRONG He THONG SCADA

3.4.1. Gioi thi�u chung

V5n d� trong m9t h� th6ng m..mg la phai lam sao cho cac thi�t bi co
du true khong tuan.g thich co th� truy�n thong cho nhau. Nhu v�y dn dua
ra m◊t thu tl,).c quy djnh chuAn cho tclt ca cac thiSt bi khi mu6n tham gia
m�ng phai tuan theo. No dU(lC gQi la giao thuc truy�n thong (Protocol).
Quy iljnh vJ giao thirc bao g6m:
- D,inh thin (Timing): Quy dµih v� cac thu tµc giao ti!p, ch� d◊ truy�n.
t6c d{> truy�n, ... ;
- Ngu nghia (.';ematic): Quy djnh v! nQi dung cua tirng phfut trong
khung truy�n (frames);
- Cu phap (Syntax): quy djnh v� du true.
Qua trinh xu ly giao thlic co th� la ma hoa ho�c giai m�. nhu v�y vi�c
xu ly giao thuc chinh la vi?c thgc hi�n mot qua trinh truy�n thong d\l'a tren
ca so giao thuc djnh sfo.

70
 Giao thuc dp cao gful v&i nguoi sfr di,mg. thuCYl1g duqc thµc hi�n b5ng
ph�n mem, vi dv FTP (File Transfer Protocol) dung cho vi�c trao d6i dii
li�u tu xa, HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) dung d� trao d6i cac trang
HTML, MMS (Manufactoring Message Specification) dung trong cac giai
phap v� do h.rcmg di�u khi�n.
Giao thuc d.p th§p thuoog duqc th\fc hi�n nha cac thi�t bi phin cung,
chfulg h�n nhu TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
dung trong giao di�n v�t ly cua h� th6ng Bus truang (Bus Field)
Cac yeu C[ir,l a6i CCIC giao thuc
- Di dang cho cac M th6ng XU ly
Muc dQ yeu du cua h� th6ng truy�n thong 6 muc tr1,1m la dp thip, do
v�y dn thi�t chqn cac giao thuc don gian, ching h'-1n giao thfrc ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
- Tinh bao loan du li�u
Trong moi tnrang cong nghi�p c6 nhi�u nhi�u di�n tu, dn thi�t phai
truy8n du li�u sao cho khong c6 16i, giao thuc duc;,c ch9n phai c6 kha nang
ki�m soat 16i hi�u qua, chfu-lg h,,m nhu phuong phap soat l6i CRC.
- Chudn hoa giao thuc
Xu�t phat tu yeu du trao d6i thong tin giua cac d6i tac trao ctoi thong
tin (IED, RTU, PLC, PC. ... ) du<;,c san xu§.t bm cac hang khac nhau, dn
thift phai co giao thuc truy�n thong chung, vf di) nhu ModBus.
- Tt5c do truy c(lp eek thong s,5 cao
Xu§t phat tu yeu du vi�c c�p nh�t cac thong s6 tir cac thi�t bj trui:mg
n6i ti�p nhau gfm nhu la d6ng thm.
Sau day se gi6i rn◊t s.6 giao thuc thong tin ph6 biJn.
3.4.2. Giao thLPC ma chu.in cua My cho trao d6i thong tin ASCII
Giao thuc ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
duqc SU d\mg n)ng rai bai S\J dan gian cua n6, tuy v�y giao tht'.rc nay la
ch�m va. kh6 su d1,1ng v6i cac h� th6ng Ion v6i nhi�u nut m�ng. Nui chung
giao thuc ASCII chi su d1,111g trong de h� th6ng khong doi hoi t6c d9 trao
d6i thong tin nhanh vai m9t tr� chu (Master) va cac tr�m to (Slave).

71
 I) G;ao thuc ASCII cO' him cho cac JED
Cac IED s6 co s�n cac c6ng ghep n6i truyen thong nhu chu�n truyen
thong RS232. RS485, ... Cac chufm nay dtrQ'C SU' di,mg trong vi�c truy�n s6
li�u gifra d.L tr�m chu (Master) va cac tr�m to (Slave). Sa do ghep n6i dUQ'C
mo ta nhu tren hinh 3.8

Master

Line Bus

Slave l Slave 2 Slave N

Hinh 3.8. Sad& ghep n6i gi&a tlflm chu va t�m t6'

- Theo chuin RS232 (hlnh 3.9), trcJ.m chu se gui thong bao tm cac
trc}.m to. trong thong b:io nay c6 mang dia chi cua trcJ.m duqc nh�n, do d6
tr<;1m nao kh6ng c6 dja chi trong thong bao thi se khong dm;rc bi�t n9i dung
thong bao. Sau c16 cac thong bao tra lcri se duqc chuy�n v� tr� chu theo
trinh tv nt3i ti�p sau.

RxD
r-..fastcr

TxD TxD
RxD TxD RxD RxD Tx D

Slave I Slave 2 Slave N

Hinh 3.9. SO' do ghep noi Master/Slave theo chu�n RS232

- Theo chuftn RS485 (hinh 3 .10), ch� d9 ho,:i.t d9ng la ban song cong
su d\ffig phu011g thuc truy�n sai !�ch d5i xung kha rning kh11 nhi�u t6t, cho
phep truy�n xa vai t6c do cao, thµc hi�n vi�c giao tiip Di�m - Nhi�u di�m

72
(Multi-Drop). Tr�m chu sc phat tin hi�u tren ducmg truy�n va cac tr�m t&
cung nghe, n�u tr,pn ta nh�n th�y dja chi cua tr� chu gm cho la cua minh
thi n6 duqc phep d9c thong bao d6. S6 hrc;rng cac d6i tm;mg tham gia trong
m,;ing khong dUO'C vugt qua 32 tr::i.m. Trong tnrcmg h gp s6 trg,.m VUQ1: qua
doi hoi phai co be) l�p (Repeater).

Master

Slave I Slave 2 Slave N

Hinh 3.10. S01 t/6 ghep ni>J Master/Slave theo chuAn RS485

2) cdu tnic giao thuc

- PhuO"ng thfrc ho{lt d<)ng cua giao thuc ASCII co ban la hoi/oap,
chung dugc ap d�mg lrong truy�n thong giua tr:,un chu (PC. PLC) v6i cac
IDE. tr�m chu luon phat tin hi�u m¢t each trnln tv.
- 06 dai qrc d�i cua m6i ma tra li:ri t5i da 20 ky n,.
- Dung phucmg phap ki6m soat 16i t6ng (Check Sum) d� ki�m tra gia
tri cac s6 HEX trong ban tin.

3.4.3. Giao th(pc ModBus

Giao thuc ModBus la giao thuc dm;,c pha.t tri�n boi nhung Modicol
(sau nay 1hrn)c AEG). ModBus thµc ch.it la m()t chuin giao thuc va dich V\l
thu(>c lap ung d1,mg, vi v�y no dtr<;YC thlJC hi¢n tren cac CO' chJ v�n chuy�n
d.p thAp nhu TCP/IP {Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol),
MAP (Manufacturing Message Protocol).
ModBus djnh nghia m(,t t�p hc;,p n)ng lon cac dich v1.1 trao d5i dfr li9u
qua trinh, dfr li�u di�u khiSn. Trong ky thu�t di�u khi�n My, hon 40% cac
t'.rng d1.1ng truy�n thong da du<;1c su d1.1ng giao thuc ModBus cho 6iao ti�p
cua minh. ModBus th!Jc hien vi�c giao ti�p gifra b<) di�u khi�n va thi�t bi
truy�n thong qua ca ch� hoi dap, no dtrQ'C Sil' d\lng tren cac ducmg truy�n
RS232 ghep n6i gifra cac thi�t bi d1u cu&i DTE vai cac DCE.

73
 1) Ca chi giao tiip
ModBus ph1,1 thu(lc vao h� thbng d.p th.lp, ngucri ta chia chung thrulh
2 loc,1i: rn,;111g ModBus chu�n (ModBus II) va ModBus tren cac m,;111g khac
(ModBus Plus).
- ModBus II: Su dµng giao di�n RS232, cac b(l di�u khi�n co cac
c6ng giao ti�p nay co th� duqc n6i m�ng trvc ti�p 1hong qua m9t MODEM.
Chung giao tiSp voi nhau theo ca ch� chu/t& (Master/Slave), trong do tr�
chu (Master) duqc chu d()ng gui yeu du cho tr� to (Slave).
- ModBus Plus: tvlodBus Plus la giao thuc cho cac lap ung dµng. cac
thi�t bj c6 th� giao tibp theo co ch� rieng, chfulg hi,ln nhu trong giao ti�p
peer-to-peer, cac b<) di�u khibn c6 th� thay nhau dong vai tro Master/Slave.
2) Chu trinh hoi ilap
Vi�c thong bao hoi (yeu du) toi cac trt,lm Slave nhu tren hinh 3 .11.

y eu du ru Master

Dfa chi thiet bi Dia chi thi�t bi

Ma ham Maham

Du lieu Du li�u
Ki�m tra 16i Ki�m tra 16i

Hinh 3.11. Chu trlnh ho//(fap giva Master/Slave

Tu hinh 3.11, c1,1 thJ nhu sau:

- Bia chi thi�t bj: (0- 247) trong d6 0 roe la gm d6ng loi;it;
- Ma ham: G9i chi thi ho,;lt d◊ng tri,\m Slave d.n thvc hi�n theo yeu
d.u. Vi d1,1 ma ham 03 yeu du tr� Slave doc n{>i.dung cac thanh ghi luu
tru va tra l�i k�t qua;

74
(Multi-Drop). Tr�m chu se phat tin hi�u tren ducmg truy�n va cac tn;\m to
cung nghe, n6u tr� to nh�n thfty dia chi cua tr� chu gui cho la cua minh
thi n6 dUQ'C phep dye thong bao do. s6 luqng cac d6i tugng tham gia trong
m�mg khong duoc vu<;rt qua 32 tr9,m. Trong tnrcmg hQ'P s6 tr1,tm VUQ't qua
doi hoi phai c6 b<) l�p (Repeater).

Master

Slave l Slave 2 Slave N

Hinh 3.10. SO' r16 ghep noi Master/Slave theo chuAn RS485

2) cdu true giao thuc

- Phmmg thuc ho�t di;mg cu.a giao thuc ASCH ca ban la hoi/dap,
chung duq-c ap dµng trong truy�n thong giua tr:µn chu (PC, PLC) v&i cac
IDE, tr�m chu luon phat tin hi�u m<)t each tuin n,r.
- 09 dai qrc dl.'i cua moi ma tra loi t6i da 20 ky t!J.
- Dung phucmg phap ki�m soat Joi t6ng (Check Sum) de ki�m tra gia
td cac s6 HEX trong ban tin.

3.4.3. Giao th(rc ModBus

Giao thfrc ModBus la giao thuc dugc phat tri�n bai nhfrng Modicol
(sau nay thw;,c AEG). ModBus thµc ch,h la m9t chuin giao thuc va dich V\l
thuc;ic lap ung d\rng, vi y�y no dm:;yc thvc hi�n tren cac ca cht v�n chuy�n
dp thip nhu TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol),
MAP (Manufacturing Message Protocol).
ModBus dinh nghia m{>t t�p hqp r(mg 16n cac dich vv trao d6i du li�u
qua trinh. du li�u dit?u khi�n. Trong ky thu�t di�u khi�n My, hon 40% cac
frng di,mg truy�n thong da duqc su d1,1ng giao thfrc ModBus cho giao ti�p
cua minh. ModBus thi,rc hi�n vi�c giao ti�p gifra b◊ di�u khi�n va thi�t bi
truy�n thong qua co ch� hoi d�\p, no duqc su d1,mg tren cac ducmg truy�n
RS232 ghep n6i gifra cac thiet bj d�u cu6i DTE v&i cac DCE.

73
 - Du li¢u: Chua cac thong tin bf> sung ma tr{lm Slave d.n cho vi�c
th\IC hi�n yeu d.u cua tr� Master;
- Thong tin ki�m tra Joi: Giup tr�m Slave ki�m tra S\J' toim vc:;n cua nQi
dung thong bao.
Thong bao tra Uri tu Slave:
- Dia chi: tr� nh�n la tr� chi1;
- Ma ham: Tra Uri tu tr�g thai cua chinh minh, vi dl,l.: ma 02 d!a chi
du li�u yeu du ta khong co ho?C ma 06 la tr� Slave dang b�;

3.4.4. Giao th(rc Kit n6i ht thimg m6' OSI

Mo hlnh Ket n6i h� th6ng ma OSI (Open System Interconnection),
con duqc gQi la mo hinh quy chi�u OSI duqc t6 chuc tieu chufu\ h6a ISO
dua ra nam 1983. Mo hlnh nay bao gbm 7 lop, trong do m6i 16-p dm;1c phan
cong m¢t chuc nang rieng nhAm ID\IC dich trao d6i dfr li�u cua cac thi�t bi
khac nhau trong m1:1ng. Cac chuc nang cua 7 lop nay c6 th� chia ra tam 2
nh6m nhu sau:
Nh6m 1, Kit n6i (Interconnection): c6 chuc nang t�o va duy tri ducrng
truy�n dfr li�u d� cho 2 thiSt bi truy�n du li�u. Chuc nang nay phai c6 nhi�m
V\l giai quy6t m9t Jo?,t cac v�n d� nhu: t6c d<) truy�n, kich co goi truy�n.
phat hi�n 16i trong qua trinh truy�n.
Nhom 2, Trao d6i ting d{mg (Interworking): nh6m nay Jien quan d�n
cac vful d� o dp d9 cao hon trong vi�c truy�n du li�u. Vi�c truy�n dii li�u
phai thoa man cac yeu du d� hoan thanh m()t ung dµng.
Do v�y phai c6 sg thoa thu� gifra hai thi�t bi. Cac yeu du v� du li¢u
phai tuan theo va ph\l thUQC vao m¢t ung di,mg nao do.
Tren hinh 3.12 gim thi�u mo hinh quy chi�u OSI vcri 7 lap nhu sau:
1. L{,p Ung dt,mg (Application Layer)
Lop nay lien quan d�n vful d� giao di�n vm nguoi dung ph\lC V\I cho
nhfrng (mg d\lllg cµ the. Nhfrng ung dl)ng lien quan d�n vi�c chuy�n cac file
dii li�u, quan ly thong tin, truy nh�p file.

75
 2. Lap Bieu diln dii li¢u (Presentation Layer)
Lap Bi�u di2n du ti�u chuy�n d6i bi�u di�n cac dir li�u ung d1,mg v�
cu phap thanh m<)t d�ng chuin nhfun t:;io di�u ki�n cho cac d6i tac truy�n
thong c6 tht hi�u duc;,c nhau m�c du chung su d1.,mg ca:c kiJu du li�u khac
nhau. Ngoai ra n6 con c6 th� cung d.p cac djch v�1 bao m�t dtr li�u qua
phuong phap SU' dµng ma kh6a.
3. Lt!p Kidm soat ndi (Ses.,ion Laye,)
Trong qua trinh truytn thong se c6 st,r trao d6i du li�u gifra hai chuong
trinh 11:ng d\mg thu(k hai nut m�ng. Lop Ki�m soat n6i c6 chi:rc nang ki�m
soat m6i lien kJt truy8n thong giiia cac chuong trlnh ung d\mg. bao g6m t�o
l�Pi quan ly va k�t thuc cac duong n6i gifra cac t'.mg d\lng d6i tac. M6i lien
kJt gilia cac chuong trinh t'.rng dµng mang tinh chllt logic. thong qua mc)t
m6i lien k�t v�t ly (gifra hai tr�m, giua hai nut nwng) c6 th� t6n t�i nhi�u
duong n6i logic, Thong thuong vi�c ki2m soat nbi thUQC chl'.rc na.ng cua h�
di8u himh. D� thµc hi�n cac due.mg nfii gifra hai t'.rng d\lfig d6i tac, h� di!u
hanh c6 th� t�o cac qua trinh tinh to.in song song ( c:;mh tranh). Nhu v�y,
nhi�m v1,1 d6ng b9 h6a cac qua trinh tinh toan d6i v6i vi�c su d\mg chung
mqt giao di�n ml;\ng cCmg thu9c chl'.rc nang cua lop Ki�m soat n3i, vi tht lop
nay con c6 ten la l{rp 06ng b9.
4. Lap V4n chuydn (Transport layer)
Lop V�n chuy�n quan ly vi�c chuy�n du li�u qua m�mg. Khi dfr li�u
duqc chuyc?n di thanh tung goi dn phai dam bao cac g6i d�u d8n dich va
d(mg trinh ti,r chung dugc chuy�n di, bao g6m ca chirc nruig khAc ph1,1c 16i va
diiu khi6n luu thong. Nho lap nay, cac lap tren thvc hi�n dugc cac chuc
nang cao dp ma khong dn quan tam t6i C(J ch� V?Il chuy�n du li�u C\l th�.
Cac nhi�m vµ rua lop V�n chuy�n bao g&m:
- Quan !y v� ten hinh thirc cho cac tr?-m su dµng;
- 0(nh vi cac d6i tac truy!n thong qua ten hinh thuc ha�c dia chi;
- Xu ly 16i va ki�m soat dong thong tin, trong d6 c6 ca vi�c l�p 1?-i
quan h� lien kJt va th\(C hi?n cac thu t\)C gui dii li�u khi c!n thi�t;
- Dbn kenh cac ngu5n du li�u khac nhau;
- E>6ng b9 h6a giua cac tr;;im d6i tac.

76
H� th6ng gui Sending System H� th6ng nh� - Receive system

l. Ung d\mg - Application l. Ung <l\mg - Application

2. Tr1nh di�n - Presentation 2. Trinh di�n - Presentation

3. Kiim soat n6i Session 3. Ki�m soat n6i Session

4. V� chuy�n Transport 4. V�n chuy�n Transport

5. M1;1ng Network 5. M�ng Network

6. Lien k�t - Link 6. Lien ktt - Link

7. V�t ly - Physical 7. V�t ly - Physical

Thong tin

Hirth 3. 12. Mo hinh quy chieu OSI

5. Lrtp M()ng (Network Layer)

M<)t h¢ th6ng m�g di�n n;,ng, ching h{ln nhu m�ng Internet ho�c
m�ng vi�n thong co S\f lien k�t nJ1i�u m�g t6n �i d9c l�p. Lop M�ng c6
trach nhj�m ch9n duong di t6i tru cho vi�c v�n chuy�n du li�u. giai pJ1ong
S\I phµ thu¢c cua cac lap tren vao phuong thuc chuy�n giao du li?u va cong
ngh¢ chuy�n m�ch dung kJt n6i cua C{Lc h¢ th6ng khac nhau. Tieu chu�n tbi
tru cr day hoan loan di,ra tren yeu cfiu cua d6i tac, vi d\.) yeu du v� thoi gian,

77
quang duong va gia thanh dich VI,! hay yeu du v� ch�t luqng djch V\}. Vi�c
xay d\Tllg va huy be quan h� lien kJt giua cac nut m1;1I1g cung la trach nhi�rn
cua krp M�ng.
6. L&p lien kit du li�u (Data Link Layer)
Lap Lien k�t du li�u lien quan d�n vi�c chuy�n giao du li�u m◊t each
tin c�y giCra hai lap: lap M:;mg va lap V�t ly. Lap nay thuong chia thanh hai
lap con: lop Ki�m soat truy nh�p moi truang MAC (Medium Access
Control) va Lien k�t logic LLC (Logical Link Control). B� th1,1c hi¢n chuc
nang ba.o toan du li�u. thong tin nh� duqc tir cac lap ph.ia tren dm;rc dong
g6i thanh cac btrc di�n co chi�u dai hqp ly. Lap Lien k�t du li�u phia tren
nh� thong tin se di,ra vao cac thong tin nay ct! xac djnh chinh xac cac du
li�u, silp x�p I� cac khung theo dung trinh tv va khoi phµc l�i thong tin de
chuy�n ti€:p 16-p ducri n6.
7. Lap V(it ly (Physical Layer)
Lap V�t ly la lap du6i cung trong mo hinh phan 16-p chuc ming truy�n
thong cua mQt tr;;im thi�t bj. Lap nay dam nhi�m toan b(, cong vi�c giao
di�n v�t ly giua m()r tr,;1m thi�t bi va moi trucmg truy�n thong:
- Cac chi ti�t v� du true m�g (Bus, Cay, Hinh sao, ... ):
- Chu�n truy�n dan (RS485, RS232, lECI 158-2, firbe-optic, ... );
- PhLiang phap ma h6a bit (NRZ, Manchester, FSK, ... );
- Ch� d9 truy�n tai (dai r(mg/da.i ca so/dii mang d6ng be), khong
d6ng b<));
- Giao di�n ca hQC (phich cim, r�c c�m,...).
Lap V�t ly dUQ'C chu�n h6a sao cho mot ht th6ng truy�n thong co S\J"
h,ra chc;m gifra mot vai kha na.ng khac nhau. Trong cac he th6ng Bus, SIJ h,ra
chc;m nay khong qua 16n, h�u h�t di,ra tren m◊t vai chuful va ky thu�c ca ban.
Thong tin duqc dinh dl;lilg tuy thm}c vao 7 lop nay t� tr� gm, sau do
drn;rc truy�n d9c theo duong truy�n va khi d�n tr�m dich chung I� dut;rc
bien dich nguQ'c l�i bm 7 lap tren. Trang sa d6, m6i lop co th� ho�t dc)ng
doc l�p. sau khi hoan thanh nhi�m Y\l cua n6, thi thong tin se duqc chuy�n
qua 16-p k� tiSp tuy thuc)c vao chi�u truy�n thong.

78
 3.4.5. Giao thll'c TCP/IP
a) Giai thi?u chung
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet) bao g6m 5 l&p duqc
si\p x�p nhu tren hinh 3.2a.
l. Lap Ung d1,mg (Application Layer)
Lop ung d1,mg th\fc hi�n die chuc nang h6 trg dn thi�t cho nhibu ung
dt,mg khac nhau. V 6i mbi loi;i.i ung d1,1I1g d.n m(>t module rieng bi�t, vi d1,1
FPT (Fole Transfer Protocol) cho chuy!n giao file, TELNET cho lam vi�c
v6i tr� chu tu xa, SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) cho chuy�n thtr
dien ru, SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) cho quan ttj m�g
va DNS (Domain Name Service) phµc V\l tra cuu danh sach ten va dja chi
tren Internet va ung di.mg khac nhu IEC 870-5, DNP, Profibus, ...

Node A Node B

Application Application

n
1,

Transport (TCP) Transport (TCP)

a
,t

Internet (IP) lnlemet (lP)

-
I•

�
Network Network
Interface Interface
'I

,,
Physical Connection

Hinh 3.12a. Truyen th6ng giC1a 2 lap khAc nhau sti d1,mg TCP/IP

79
 2. Lap V4n chuye"n (Iramport Laye,)
Ca ch� dam bao duqc v�n chuy�n m()t each tin c�y hoan toan kh6ng
ph\l thu()c vao d�c tinh cua cac ung d1,mg su d\lng du li�u. Chinh vi thJ co
du each SU d1,mg d<)c l�p d� tit ca cac (mg d1,mg khac nhau c6 thJ SU' d\mg
chung, duc;rc g9i la lap v�n chuy�n. Co th� th�y ring TCP la mc)t giao thuc
tieu bi�u nh§t, ph6 bi�n nh.lt ph1,1c V\l vi�c thµc hi�n chuc nang n6i tren.
TCP h6 trc;r vi�c trao d6i du li�u tren CO' SO' djch V\l c6 n6i.
3. Lap Mt;mg (Network Layer)
Tuong tl,f nhu lap M�ng cua OSI, l&p nay c6 chuc nang chuy�n giao
dfr li�u giCra nhi�u m<;1.ng lien k�t v&i nhau. Giao thuc IP duc;rc sti d1,mg
chinh a lap nay nhu ten g9i cua n6. Giao thuc IP duc;,c thµc hi�n kh6ng
nhfrng a cac thi�t bi d�u cu6i ma con et cac b9 router. M<)t router chinh la
thi�t bj xu ly giao tht'.rc dung d� lien k�t hai m,;lng, co chuc nang chuy�n
giao du li�u tir m(,t m�ng nay sang m�ng khac, trong d6 co chuc nang
chuy�n giao du li,;u tu m<)t m<;1.ng nay sang mc;ing khac, trong do c6 ca
nhi�m V\l tim duong di t&i uu.
4. Lap Truy nh4p mt;zng
Lap Truy nh�p m;;t.ng lien quan toi vi�c trao d6i du li�u hai tr<;1.m thi�t
bi trong cung m<)t m;;t.ng, bao g6m cac chuc nang ki�m soat truy nh�p m6i
truong truy�n dfu1, kiSm soat lfii va hru thong dii' li�u gi6ng nhu lap lien k�t
du li�u trong OSI.
5. L(1p Vt;it l_v (Physical Layer)
L&p V�t ly gi6ng nhu lap V�t ly cua ISO, d� c�p d�n giao di�n v�t ly
gifra m<)t thi<it bi truy�n dfr li�u (vi d\l PC, PLC, RTU, ... ) v6i moi trucmg
truy�n d�n hay mt;1ng, trong d6 co d�c tinh tin hi�u, ch� d(> truy�n, t6c d(>
truy�n va du true co h9c cua phi ch cfun, rftc cAm.
b) Cdu true cua giao thuc TCP/IP
TCP/IP cung dp 3 lop nhu sau::
- Application Service;
- Quarateed Reliable Transport Service;
- Connectionless Packet Delivery Service.

80
 IP co ba chuc nimg quan tr<;mg:
+ Thong s6 dinh dc;lilg giao thuc;
+ Cac g6i thong tin truy�n qua mot duong Internet xac dinh;
+ Thong tin vi: cac g6i giu li�u. cac Joi trong qua trlnh truy�n.
1) Lo lrinh 1rrm>: mr;mg Internet (Routing in an imernct)
v, trinh se h,ra ch9n duong d� truy�n thong tin, se tham chi�u d6n bfit
CU' may tinh nao dS lµa ch9n duong va route SU di,mg.
Ca cac nut va gateway d�u lien quan d�n 1¢ trinh trong thong tin IP.
C6 2 d,_mg I(> tdnh:
+ L(> trinh tn,c ti�p: noi ma m(>t nut truy�n thong tin trµc ti�p t6i cac
nut khac, t�t ca k�t n6i trong cung mot mc,lilg;
+ LQ trinh gian ti�p: noi ma nut den khong tn,rc ti�p k!t n6i va thong
tin phai truy�n qua gateway.

13 0 0 4 14.0.0.2 15.0.0.3

12.0.0.4 13.0.0.2 14.0.0.3

To reach nodes on network Route to this address

12.0.0.0 13.0.0.4
13.0.0.0 Deliver Directly
14.0.0.0 Deliver Directly
15.0.0.0 14.0.0.3

2) Giao thuc ttiJu khidn truyin nh(in TCP

M�c du TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) luon duQ'c coi la m<')t
ph�n cua giao tht'.rc Internet TCP/IP. M<)t giao tht'.rc c6 th@ su d\mg d{,c l�p.
N6 co th� xem nhu ho�t dc)ng d<)c l�p dum n�n cac 16-p m,.ing v�t If.

6 · HTDKGSVHI 81
 Giao thfrc nay xac djnh ro du true cua thong tin, sµ tin c�y giua 2 nut
d! darn bao vi�c chuy�n du li�u la dang tin c�y, c6 th� phat hi�n va sua 16i.
TCP la giao thuc kha hi�u qua m?c du n6 duc;,c vi6t cho nhilng ung
dl,111g chung. T6c d<) cua n6 co th� la 8Mbps cho 2 may tr�m v�n hanh ho�c
v&i nhfrng may tinh c6 d.u hinh m�nh thi t&c d(l c6 th� len d€n 600Mbps.
Vi�c truy�n tai thong tin m(lt each dang tin c�y la r!t dn thi�t. Tuy
nhien cac goi dfr li�u co th� bi m§t ho�c pha huy bai cac l6i xay ra trong
qua trinh truy!n ho�c khi m�ng tr& nen qua tai. Ung d\mg chuang trlnh a
mCrc cao nhit co th� truy�n du li�u tir di6m nay d!n di�m khac mot each
dang tin c�y.

3.4.6. Giao thuic Bus trwoing FB

1) Kh6i ni�m vJ Bus truimg FB (Field Bus)
Field Bus la h� th6ng n6i ti�p st'.r d\mg ky thu�t truy�n tin s6 d� ktt n5i
cac thift bi trong d.p di!u khi�n (cac bQ Controller, cac may tinh di!u
khi�n, ... ) v6i nhau va t&i cac thiit bi 6 c!p hi�n truong (hay con gQi la thi!t
bi trucmg).
Do nhi�m Vl,J cua Field Bus la chuy�n du li�u qua trlnh len dp di�u
khitn dt xu ly va chuy�n quytt dinh ditu khitn tir dp di�u khi�n xu&ng cftp
ch§.p hanh, do do ma tinh nang thai gian thl,1'c duqc uu tien hang d�u. Thm
gian dap ung c6 th� len d�n ms. M{it khac yeu du v8 luQTig thong tin trong
thong bao khong l6n (khoang vai Byte) nen t6c d¢ truy�n nhit thi�t phai qua
Ian (ca Mbit/s). Vi?c trao d�i thong tin v� qua trinh chu y�u mang tinh ch.it
dinh ky, tuful hoan ben qnh cac thong tin canh bao.
2) Dqc di€m cua Fi_eld Bus
Field Bus khong nhung la giao thfrc thong tin ma no con co cac dl;lc
di�m sau:
- Thay th� duqc hoim toan cac h� th6ng truy�n cu nhu: 0 - 20mA,
0- lOV, ...
- Cho phep lam vi�c v6i thi�t bi cua nhi�u hang san xuit khac nha1..1;
- Lah� th&ng mo, ddng thai cho phep hi�u chinh di�u khi�n tir phong
di�u khi&n trung tam.

82
 3) Uu t11im cua Field Bus
- H� th6ng ho�t d{mg v&i d{l tin c�y cao;
- 0<) m6m deo gful nhu khong c6 gi&i h�n;
- Gia 'thanh th§p;
- Lu<;rng thong tin truy�n tai Ian;
- L�p trinh cho h� th6ng Field Bus c6 th� duqc th1Jc hi¢n theo de
kh6i cht'.rc nang b�ng ph1n m�m. No cha phep thay d6i lc;ti du true cua h�
th6ng ma khong phai thay d6i phin cung.
T6 chuc Field Bus coi mo hinh OSI la ccr so b�t d�u cho de thi�t k�
d1a minh.
4) Cac lap cua Field Bus
Mo hinh m�ng ba lap duqc ap d1mg trong cac h¢ th6ng Field Bus,
d6 la: lap Ung d\lng, lap Lien k�t va lap V�t ly.
- L/Jp l}n� dung (Application Layer)
Lop lJng d1,mg duqc dinh nghia nhu la m(>t n(li dung cua cac thong
di�p v&i cac dich V\l yeu du dm;rc h6 tn;r.
- Ll1p Lie>1 kdt du li¢u (Data Link Layer)
Lop lien kJt du li�u la giao thuc va ph§n tim ki�m 16i cua cac giao
thuc a do thong di�p gui tren duong day da dtr<;rc ma hoa.
- Lap Vi;it ly (Physical Layer)
Vi�c nh�n du li�u tu 16-p nay dm;rc ma hoa k.hi d�n lop V�t ly cua moi
trucmg khac. Tin hi?u nh� duqc tu lop Lien k�t dfr li�u da duqc ma h6a
ducri d,;1ng du li�u nhi phan va dua xu6ng l&p V�t ly.

3.4.7. Giao thu,c Eli�u khi�n du, li�u mll'C cao HDLC
Giao thuc HDLC (High Level Data Control) du<;rc dinh nghTa theo
ticu chuin cua t6 chuc qufic t� d� su d\,lng cho ca hai tnrang hgp k�t n6i
kitu Nhi�u di�m- Nhi�u di�m (multipoint) va Di�m- Di�m (point to point).
Co hai ki�u ho,;1t d(mg cua HDLC !a:
- Ki�u dap ung binh thmmg NRM (Normal Response Mode): Dugc
SU dµng v&i tr�m chi1 d� khai ti;lO toan bQ ho;;it d(>ng;

83
 Ki�u can bfulg khong dfing b9 ABM (Asynchronous Balance Mode):
Trong ch� d◊ nay cac tr,,rm dSu c6 quy�n nhu nhau va c6 th� ho1;1.t d¢ng nhu
la tr� chinh ho�c tr1;1.m ph\l.
Khung du li�u cua giao th(rc HDLC duqc giai thi�u tren hinh 3.13.

Start of Frame Information Frame End of

Frame Header Field Check Frame
Delimiter Sequence Delimiter

I 8
Flag
I
8 8
Addr !control I 0 to N
�"!��a�i�� J F
.....___ ....
8 8 8
?_s__.......__F_la_g___,
◄ Direction of Transmission
Control
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Information = 0 :N(S): IP/Fl ,N(R):

Supervisory = 0 1
! i IP/FI
Receiver Ready (RR)
N(R):

s = { Receiver Not Ready (RNR)

Reject (REJ)
Selective Reject (SREJ)
1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8
Unnumbered =
IP/FI
Set Normal Response Mode (SNRM}
Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM)
M= Disconnect (DISC)
Unnumbered Acknowledgement
Unnumbered Poll (UP)
Frame Reject {F RM R)
Etc.

Hinh 3.13. Khung d& lifu cila HDLC

84
 §3.5. PHAT Hll�N LOI

3.5.1. Nguyen n han gay loi

Trong thµc t� m()t tin hi�u duqc truyen di qua b�t ky hinh thuc
phum,g ti�n truy�n dfui nao cling bi anh huong cua b6n y�u tb sau:
I) S1, suy gitim: Bay la hi�n tm;mg cucmg d<) tin hi�u bj m.1.t do cap
d�n cua h� th6ng dai vugt qua cµ ly q.rc d�i cho phep, theo cac d�c tnmg
ky thu�t cua ID<;lng. S1,1 suy giarn Se lam cho vi�c truyi:n du li¢u bi th�t
b.,ii. B�n co the dung thi�t bl goi la b<) l�p ll;li d� tan g qr ly truy6n thong
cµc d,;1i cua m,;i.ng.
2) Hr;m chi bling thong (Limit1ed Bandwith): Do gim h� cua bang
thong nen nhi�u khi tin hi¢u truy�n g�p 16i.
3) Meo tin hi¢u (Delay distortion): Khi truy�n tin hi�u tfu1 s6 cac
thanh ph�n khac nhau cua tin hi�u dSn may thu vcri S\J ch� tr� khac nhau
gifra chung. Do do tin hi�u nh?TI duqc la meo v&i nhfrng anh huong cua bi�n
d.;i.ng ch �.m tr�.
4) Nhiiu (Noise): Co rAt nhi�u tac d{mg ngol3i canh t�o nhieu trong
trny�n tin hi�u.

3.5.2. E>i6u khilm phan hl>i 16i

M()t di�u dn thi�t la d.n bao v� ch6ng l�i vi�c lam rlii lo�n du li�u
trong qua trinh truy�n du li�u. Di�u nay yeu d.u cfu1 phai bao rn�t nghia
brtng each them m(>t ma kitm tra trong mlii tin nhAn truytn di. Khai ni?m
nay danh cho cac tr�m truy�n d� tinh toan ma ki6rn tra tir cac m!u tin nhAn.
Cac tr�m ti�p nh� sau d6 l�p di l�p l�i vi�c tinh. ki�m tra ma tren cung m<;it
tin nhAn va so sanh ma ki�m tra vcri tinh cua •minh. N�u chung la gi6ng nhau
thi cac thong bao da nh?TI duc;,c la d�t. NSu chung khac nhau co nghia la
vi�c truy�n thong tin bi llii.
Cac ki�u ki6m tra them bit vao khung dfr li?u g6rn co:
1) Bit kidm tra lbi (Parity Bit): la m¢t bit don duc;,c them vao m6i byte
cua ban tin d� th� hi�n t6ng s6 cac bit chh cua ban tin d6.

85
 2) Block check calculalion: 0ay la m9t ph�n mo r9ng v� vi�c ki�m tra
tinh chful le duy nh�t trong m9t byte m&i duqc tinh (a cu6i thu), d'1'a tren
tinh chAn le ki�m tra ho�c m9t t6ng s6 h9c dcrn gian cua bit.
3) Afii 2--ow-of-5: Hai trong s6 nam bit tren moi nh6m trong s6 nam
duqc d�t t�i bilt ky thoi gian nhilt djnh.
4) Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC-16 or CRC-CCITT): Di�u nay
tuong t1J trong quan ni�m cua BCH trong d6 con l�i la m<)t l 6--bit, duqc n6i
vao cu6i cua ban tin. �1Qt CRC-16 c6 th� la bQ ph�n ki�m tra an ninh dang
tin c�y nh�t va c6 th� dS dang duqc th\l'C hi�n.

86
 ChU'O'ng 4
cAc ui THONG �G C()C B(> DUNG CHO SCADA

§4.1. GIO'I THl(:U CHUNG

Nhfmg 1rn;mg n(li b(> LANs (Local Area Networks) la nhung m'img
chia se thong tin va tai nguyen. Dt kich ho:;it t�t ca cac nut tren m�ng d�
chia se thong tin nay, chting phai dm_:,c k�t n6i boi mC>t s6 truy�n dan trung
gian. Phll'ang phap k�t n6i OUQ'C gQi la Topology ffii:lng. Cac nut dn phai
chia se ducmg truy�n nay d� cho phep cac nut m;;ing truy c�p vao m<;1.ng va
giarn thi�u gian do{ln cua vi�c gui thong tin. Cac nguyen t:lc chinh ctia vi�c
truy�n thong nay SC OU'Q'C thao lu�. Nhfrng anh huang cua no tl'ri h¢ th6ng
cling se dugc xem xet.
M(lt m:;mg LAN la m9t m�g lien l�c giCra mc)t ho�c nhi�u may tinh,
t�p tin may chu, thi�t bi d!u cu6i, may tr�m, thong minh va cac thi&t bi
ngo:,ii vi khac nhau, thuong duqc gQi la cac thi�t bj (devices) ho�c may chu
(hosts). M{lt m;;lng LAN cbo phep truy c�p vao cac thiJt bi d� chia se thong
tin trong m<;it nh6m nguoi Sil dµng. vm diy du cac kJt n6i giua t51 ca cac
tr:;im tren m�ng. M9t m;,mg LAN thuc'mg dm_:,c scr hfru va quan ly bai m9t
chu sc, huu tu nhan (admin) va thuong d�t trong cac toa nha.
Cac k�t n6i ClJa thi�t bi vao m{H m;,mg LAN dugc thlJC hi�n thong qua
mqt nut. Nut A la m(>t nut tren m�ng LAN ma thi�t bj duqc k�t n6i va m6i
nut duqc phan b6 m(>t s6 dia chi duy nh§.t. M6i tin nhin dm;rc gui vao m<;1.ng
LAN phai co ti�n c6 v6i cac dia chi duy nh�t cua di�m d�n. T�t ca thi�t bi
k�t n6i v6i m91 nut ding xern co thong di�p gm d�n dia chi cua rieng minh
v� ml;lng lu6i M9,11g LAN ho:,it dong a t6c d9 tuong d6i cao v&i m(lt chia si:
ducmg truy�n din tren m<)t khong gian nho.
Trong mQt m�ng LAN, ph�n mem ki6m soat vi�c chuy�n tai cac g6i
du li�u trong gifra cac thi�t bi d� dam bao khong co xung d◊t hay gian do:;in
cua du li?u. 0� nhi�u nguoi su d\lng co th� truy c�p m9,11g t.;i.i cimg m()t thai
gian. m<)t s6 quy tic phai dugc thanh l�p, khi nao duc;,c truy qip va thco
nhung di�u ki�n gi. Nhung quy dinh van bao dam dugc theo tieu chu§.n
chung cua vi�c truy c�p vao m�ng. Cac quy tic ap d1,mg ph\l thu9c vao d.u
true m.;i.ng (cac m�ng khac nhau co cac quy djnh khac nhau).

87
 Khi m<)t nut c6 quy�n truy c�p vao kenh d� truy�n du li�u, 06 se gui
cac du li�u trong theo g6i, bao gfim, phAn dllu cua n6, dja chi ca di�m dllu
va di�m d�n cua du li�u. Di�u nay cho phep m6i nut c6 th� nMn ho�c bo
qua du li�u tren mi;lng. M<)t khung du li�u thucmg duqc su di,mg d6 chi ra
cac g6i ctuqc gui (ho�c thong bao truy�n qua ducmg kenh thong tin).
Topology la du true lien k�t mi;ing, hay noi each khac n6 chinh la
t6ng hqp cua cac m6i lien k�t. Topology duqc hi@u la each xiip x�p, t6 chfrc
v� m�t v�t ly cua ml;ll1g nhung cfing duqc hi�u la each xfip x�p logic cua cac
nut mi;ing. Sau day se gim thi�u va phan tich cac lo.,ii Topology

§4.2. cAu TRUC LIEN Kl':T M�NG TRONG HI; THONG

4.2.1. Topology lofi kit n6i djy du

Topology loi;ii k�t n6i d�y du giai thi�u tren hinh 4.1.

Hinh 4.1. Topology loi)i ket noi t!Ay du

Vai d.u true dl1y du thi sµ giao ti�p gifra cac tr� va cac thi�t bi la
nhanh, n�u m<)t d6i tac bi SIJ c6 se khong anh hucmg tai cac d6i tac con li;li.
Tuy v�y du true nay gia thanh cao vi ducmg truy�n d�n kha t6n kem.

88
 4.2.2. Topology 10,i k�t n6i hinh sao
Topology hinh sao la m¢t mi;mg trong d6 nhi�u nut duqc ket n6i v6i
m{>t trung tam, thucmg la cac hub. Hub n6i chung chi la rn<)t trung tam k�t
n6i day; c6 nghTa la, c6 m{>t day n6i tir nut ma.ng t6i trung tam. Trong m(>t
s6 trucmg hgp, cac Lrung tam thvc sµ c6 th� la m(>t may chu (mc)t may tinh
lrung tam c6 chtra m<)t t�p tin t�p trung va h� th6ng di�u khi�n), v6i t�t ca
cac nut cua n6 duqc g�n trvc ti�p vao may chu. M9i tin hi?u, chi dful va dfr
li¢u d�n va di tu moi nut phai WQ1 qua cac trung tam ma nut dm;rc k�t n6i.
H? th6ng di�n thoa.i ciing du(,Yc t6 chuc theo d�g nay, vcri day truy�n cho
cac ca nhan d�n ru mc)t trung tam.

HUB

Hinh 4.2. Topology lo�i k4t n61 hinh sao

f
l u. nhuqc di�m cua Topology Ioa.i k�t n6i hinh sao nhu sau:
Uu aiim:
- Chufui doan va sua 16i duqc tach bi�t d� dang.
- Rit don gian d� them. bcrt cac nut ma.ng ho�c cai �o nut mi;mg.
- M<)t nut ma.ng bi hong se k.hong anh huong d!n cac nut khac.
- SI! t�p trung thong tin v� hub cho phcp ki�m so.it d� dang hon.
Nhu()'c tlidm.
- N�u nlnr hub bi hong thi toan b9 m�g se hong, do v�y tr� chu den
hoi phai c6 de) tin c�y rftt cao;
- Topology hinh sao se ycu du kha nhi�u cap.
Topology k�t n�i hinh sao c1uqc thiJt k� trq gitip cho nhung h� th6ng
c6 nhi8u lo�i lEDs. Nhung ro le c6 kha n�ng thong tin t6c dQ thAp lip d�t

89
cung vcri nhung ro-lc hi�n d� c6 t6c d(> nhanh hem. Trong Topology hinh
sao. thi�t bi c6 xu§t xu tir nhi�u nha san xudt v6i cac giao thuc (Protocol)
khac nhau c6 th� cung n6i tr\J'C ti�p tcri bQ XU' ly trung tam. Tinh mo (J day
duqc the hi�n k.hi ml;¼flg c6 k.ha nwg giao ti�p gifra phfu1 ct'mg va phfui m�m
cua nhi6u hang sa.n x�t v6i nhih giao thuc (Protocol). nhi�u ty s3 truy!n
(baut rate) va nhi�u hlnh th(rc giao ti�p m�g.

4.2.3. Topology 10,i k�t n6i hinh vong

Hinh 4.3 gicri thi�u Topology lo�i k€t n6i hinh vong. Topology m�ch
vong la mQl m,;mg ma cac nut dll'Q'C s�p x�p theo m<;>t vong kin, vi v�y kh6ng
phan bi�t nut dAu va nut cu6i. Trong d�.ng m�ch vong nay, m<)t nut b!t ky
duqc kJt nbi v&i 2 nut k.hac nen ciing xac djnh ro du li�u do nut nao gui va
gui d�n nut nao. Trong tn?ch vong thi m6i m¢t nut dong vai tro nhlI m<;>t b◊
repeater lam tAng tin hi¢u trll'CJC khi gtii n6 di.

Hinh 4.3. Topology lo{Jl ket no/ hinh vong

u·u. nbugc diJm cua Topology lo�i k8t n6i hinh vong nhll' sau:
Uu cliim:
- Tf>n it cap;
- Khong d.n n6i day trung tam�
- Thong tin c6 th� dlIQ'C tµ d9ng ghi nh�;
- M6i nut c6 th� la may phat tin hi�u;
- D� xac dinh vi tr( xay ra S\f c6 (trong m�ng thong tin) nlm dtrt day.
l �
mat nguon.

90
 Nhu(Jc aiim:
- B§t ky nut nao hong thi m�ng se hong.
- Chmln doan va sua l6i kJ16 vi truy�n thong chi theo m<)t chi�u.
- Khi them ho{lc bat nut thi phai dung ho�t ct{mg cua m�ng.
- Khoang each gifra cac nut bj gi&i h1;111.

4.2.4. Topology 10,i k�t n6i Bus

Topology BUS c6 3 kieu (hinh 4.4): Daisy - Chain, Trunk - Line/Drop,
M�ch vong khong tich C\JC. Hai ki�u diu dtrQC x�p vao kiiu du tnk thing
v6i tinh ch�t hai d1u vong khong khep kin. con ki�u ba la cim true vong.

/1\ Hub Trunk-Line

,______.I .-------,
I I ___.
I ,___
Daisy - chain
Drop-line Drop-fine Drop-line
I 1
D Trunk-line/drop-line

D
Ml;\ch vong khong tkh CIJC

Hinh 4.4. Topology lo{li k�t noi Bus

Di;ic di�m cua du true Bus la nJu mot tr�m, ph!n tu hay IDE khong
]am vi�c (hu hong, m§t ngu6n,. .. ) gay a.nh huong dbn cac phdn tu con h;ii.
M()t d�c di�m khac nfra la vi�c dung chung m{,t ducmg dart doi hAi co m<,t
phucmg phap phan chia thm gian su di.mg thich hqp dJ tranh xung d(lt tfn
hi�u gQi la phucmg phap truy nh�p moi tnrang hay truy nh�p Bus. Nguyen
t� phan chia d6 la: t;,1i mot thoi di�m nh�t djnh chi co m◊t thanh vien giri

91
tin hi?u, con cac thanh vien khac chi co quy�n nh�n. V&i m._ing IED mang
d�c tinh khac nhau nhu: dung luc;mg nh&. t6c do xu ly va c6 nhi�u protocol
thi trong m�ng chung yeu du �t'.mg lam vi�c t�i gia tri hoi;lt dQng th!p nh§.t
va t�t ca cac thanh vien c6 cung ty s6 truy�n (baud rate) va lu�t n6i chung.
Uu, nhm;rc diJm cua Topology loc;1i kJt n6i Bus nhu sau:
Uu iliJm:
- Su di,mg it day cap va n6i day don gian;
- Cac nut duc;,c kJt n6i boi tro kh:ing cao tren m◊t cap chinh, rat
d� dang d� them ho�c bo cac nut trong bus. Ditu nay giup de dang mo
n)ng m�ng;
- C§u tnk m,;mg nay kha dan gian va linh ho,:tt.
Nhuac die°m:
- Khong dam bao an ninh vi cac nut d�u c6 th� xem thong tin m�c du
thong tin d6 khong gui cho nut do. Di�u do dan d�n tf>n thm gian.
- Chu�n doan va sua l6i g�p khci khan do 16i c6 th� xay ra a bit cu
di�m nao d9c theo Bus.
- Khong c6 sv phan h6i trong vi�c tin da dugc nh�n hay chua.

4.2.5. Topology lo�i k6t n6i cay

Topology lo�i k�t n6i cay gi6i thi�u tren hinh 4.5.

Be) n6i B9 n6i sao

Hinh 4.5. Topology lo{li ket noi cay

92
 Topology lo:;ti k�t n6i cay bao g6m cac lien k�t n6i tren, voi ph�rn vi
la xu ly thong tin thvc t� trong HTD. N6 se thµc hi�n duc;rc nhi�u tac d\mg
nhu di�u khi6n, bao v�, phan tich, ki�m tra, bao dufmg trong HTD.
Trong m�ng LAN. d.c may tinh ca nhan va cac may tinh khac trong
ph�m vi m◊t khu V\IC h�n chJ dugc n6i voi nhau b�ng cac day cap ch§t
lu<;rng. t6t, sao cho nhfrng nguai su dµng c6 th� trao d6i thong tin, dung
chung cac thiJt b[ ngo,;i.i vi, sti dµng cac chucmg trinh cilng nhu cac dCi"
li�u da dm;rc luu trii trong mc;it may tinh danh rieng g9i la may dich vl)
t�p. Khac nhau nhi�u v� quy mo va muc d{l phuc t�p, m�ng q.1c b9 LAN
co th� chi lien k�t vai ba may tinh ca nhan va m◊t thitt bi ngo�i vi dung
chung d�t tien, nhtr may in laser chiing hi;ln. Cac h� th6ng phuc t,,i.p htm
thi co cac may tinh trung tam (may djch Vl) t?p) va cho phep nhC-mg
nguai dung ti�n hanh thong tin v&i nhau thong qua thu di?n tu JJ phan
ph6i cac chum1g trinh nhi�u nguai su di.mg va dt tham nh�p vao cac co
so du li�u dung chung.

§4.3. CHUAN IEEE 802.3 ETHERNET

4.3.1. Gi6'i thi�u chung

Ethernet su dµng CSMAJCD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Det�ct) phuong phap ti�p c�n thao lu�n trong phAn 2.7.3. Di�u nay
t;;io ra m()t h� thf>ng c6 th� ho;.=it d<;mg v&i sµ cMm tr� nho n�u tai nhy, nhmig
CCI ch� truy c�p c6 th� khong hoan toan n�u tai km. Ethernet duc;rc SU d1_mg
n;mg rai vi mvc dich thuon.g m�i. Phfm cung m�ng la tmmg d6i re va san
xu!t v6i s6 lm;m.g Ian. Bai ca ch6 truy c�p xac suit nen k.hong co bao Hinh
cua chuy�n tin nhin va tin nh�n kh6ng th� du<;rc uu ti2n. Di�u nay co
nghia la thong di¢p quan tr9ng (nhtr la bao d¢ng) tren m9t m�t va tin nhiln
khong quan trQng v� m�t khac c6 lTU tien gi6ng nhau d� truy c�p m�ng
luai. No duc;rc su dµng r(mg rai trong cong nghi�p b.it ch.lp nhilng b.it lc;ri.
Tuy nhien, m1,1ng LAN Ethernet ph6 bi�n nhu v�y chi don gian la do chi
phi th!p.

93
 4.3.2. Kieu Ethernet 1 OBA SE
Cac tieu chuful IEEE 802.3 dinh nghia m{)t lo�t cac lo�i cap ma co th�
duqc sir dvng cho m:;i.ng dga tren cac tieu chmin nay. Chung bao g6m cap
dang tn,ic, cap c�p xoan va cap quang. Ngoai ra, c6 nhung tin hi�u khac
nhau v6 tieu chuin va t6c d◊ truy�n din, c6 th� dw.)'c dung. Trong d6 co ca
baseband va bang r{mg t6c d◊ 1 Mbps va 10 Mbps. Cac tieu chuful dang tilp
t1,1c phat tribn: Ethernet t6c d<} cao (100 Mbps) va Gigabit Ethernet ( 1000
Mbps). Cic van ban tieu chufrn IEEE 802.3 (ISO 8802,3) hO trQ phucmg ti�n
truy�n thong khac nhau '-'"a cap ty 1� lay truy�n len din 10 Mbps nhu sau:
- l O BASE-2 Cap d(}ng tn,1c lo�i nh6 (Duong kfrth 0.25 inch),
lOMbps.
- l O BASE-5 Cap d8ng tn,ic lo1;1i km (Duong kinh 0.5 inch), l OMbps.
- IO BASE-T Cap doi xo§.n, I OMbps.
- 10 BASE-F Cap quang. 1OMbps.
- 10 BOARD-36 Cap tivi, 1OMbps.
Sau day se gi6i thi�u qua cac h� th&ng truy�n 10 Mbps.
I) H¢ th<Jng 1 0BASE-5
Day la m9t h� thbng cap d6ng tr\,LC va dtrgc sir d\,Lflg ban dAu cho cac
h¢ th6ng Ethernet. thuong duqc g9i la 'Thiclrnet', Day la m<}t day cap d6ng
tn,ic, tr& khang 500, mau vang ho�c mau da cam. Quy u6c d�t ten cho
l0BASE-5, c6 nghia la v6i t6c dq 10 Mbps, tin hi�u tren mi)t cap se h6 trg
cac phan do',ln dai 500 met. Cac cap nay thuong dtrgc k!t n6i v&i cac
Card, ... va cac thi�t bi di�n tu thu phat MAU (Medium Attachment Unit)
cai d�t trµc ti�p tren cap. Tu d6, m◊t day cap trung gian, duqc bi�t d�n nhu
m(,t b<) trao d6i thong tin gin vao AUi (Attachment Unit Interface), duqc su
d1Jng d� ket n6i v6i cac NIC. Cap nay c6 d9 dai t6i da la 50 met. N6 lam
cha cac d!u mi,mg cua 1 OBASE-5 linh ho�t hon. Cap AUi bao g6m 5 c�p
dugc b9c rieng re thanh tirng doi m<;>t (di!u khien va du li¢u) cho ca truyen
va nh�n du li�u.
K8t n6i MAU (Medium Access Control) c6 th� dugc th!Jc hi¢n bfulg
each c�t day cap va chen m{it diu n6i N vao va m<)t df>ng tn,ic hinh T ho�c
ph6 bi�n hon b�ng each str dvng bee sting ,rn)t ho�c vampire tap. Di�u nay k�t

94
n5i b�ng de ki;p co khi trvr ti�p vao cap. K�t n6i di�n duqc th1Jc hi�n thong
qua m◊t dftu do k�t n6i d�n cac trung tam. Cac b◊ ph� phfin c(mg duqc
rnicu ta nhu hinh 4.6.
Cac vj tri cua kJt n6i la cit quan trQng ct� tranh S\I d{,i !�1 cua nhi&u
dong tin hi�u ln:n day cap va cap Thicknet dugc d:inh dfiu cho lung 2.5 m1,;t.
voi m(>t vong mau den ho�c nau de chi ra m<)t nut m�ng ncn duc;rc d�t a dau.
89 chia d5u ra c6 the duqc su dt,mg n�u c6 m<)t s6 cac nut d� k6t n6i, cho
phc p m (lt nttt c6 th� dap ung m6i nut nhu th� n6 di! duc;rc k�t n61 thco m<)t
ducmg ricng bi�t. K€t n6i o hai d!u cua cap AUI du qc lhµc hi�n th6ng qua
m{>t c6ng 25 chin (hlnh 4.7).

Transceiver Unit

Jabber
\
Medium\
Control Attachment\

���))
Data Control

ttf
(
Control Data
o e a //
·, 1 P w r, E rth � Transceiver Cable
/'
Node .,,,./
'!
,.,,-·"
'-..........___ .,,,.,... Attachment Unit
-----·------ Interface [AUi)
Transceiver (50m maxi
DIX connectors
Drop Cable
\
u:=-
Communication
Subsystem DTE

J1 · Media Acesss Control Unit

,,,- Protocol Control Finnwanl
Controller Card �

Hinh 4.6. c,u true phen c(mg cua 10BASE-5

95
 Female Connector Male Connector

i
(Connect to Transceiver) (Connect lo Equipment Card)

AUi Cable

(5 Screened pairs)

Shde Latch Assembly

Hinh 4. 7. Cap l<'t n6f AUi

MQl s6 thong s6 ycu du khi SlI d1,mg lo;,ii cap nay:

• Moi UO�ln phai nho hon 500m de tranh S\J suy giam cua tin hi�u�
• Khong dtrqc nhi�u hon 100 nut tren m6i do.,m:
• Cac nut phai dtrqc d�t 6 b(>i s6 nguyen cua 2.5:
• Su d1.,mg di�n trcr 500 t?i dfiu cu6i cua m�ng;
• Cubi ctia m::ing phai duqc n6i d5t.
I linh 4.8 gi6i thi�u so d6 v�t ly cua m�g I OBASE- 5.

Host
Computer
(DTE)

DIX Conneclor
N-Connectors
SOm Max
-... ..--- 2.5m Mulllples ___,..---,

MAU
Tenmnator Termlaal
Vampire
SefVII
Tap
(DTE}

Earthed 11
one end only

Hinh 4.8. S'7d6 vlt ly ccia m�ng 10BASE-5

96
 Cap Thick.net d1Jgc su d\mg nhlI mQt d1Jcmg m�g chinh cho d�n nfim
1995. Nhtrng I OBASE-T va cap quang da trcr nen ph6 bi�n hon.

2) He th6ng 1 0BASE-2
M{>t lo:;ti kh:ic- cl.ia cap m�g Ethernet la lOBASE-2 (hinh 4.9) va
thuong duqc gQi la: "Thinnet'' va doi khi la ''thinwire ethemet". N6 str d1,lflg
RG-58 AIU ho�c C/U voi di�n tro 50n. Cap nay thong thuong sc dm;,c k�t
n6i v&i NICs t�i cac nut bing cac d§u n6i BNC hinh T. Nhfrng k�t n6i nay
yeu cau:
- Su d \lilg cac di�n trcr son:
- D{> dai t6i da cac dol,Ul la 185m;
- Khong l�p qua 30 b{> thu phat tren m9t do�n;
Khoang each nho nhit giua cac nodes la O.5m�
-N6 c6 th� SU' dt,mg nhu cac duong nbi giua cac do<;1n m;,mg "Thicknct".

Host
Computer
(DTE)

O.Sm Minimum Terminator

Bt,jC Connector

BNC Host
Connector Computer
(DTE)

BNC -Input

Hinh 4.9. So, do vlt /y cua m(fng 10BASE-2

7 • HTOKGSVlN 97
 M;:ing nay dU(TC SU' d1,mg kha ph6 bi�n vi gia thanh re va d� dang thi�t
l�p. Tuy nhicn no cling c6 rn¢t vai nhuqc diJm. Khi cap m�ng bi loi se dfui
d�n ca h� th6ng bi loi r&t nhanh. De tranh nhi.tng loi nlm v�y, cac cap
thucrng duqc dung J� kJt n6i voi m{>t hue tucmg make-break nbi k�l hc,Yp.
Vi¢c k�t n6i d�n cac nut d6 c6 the duqc th\Ic hi�n boi "bay d�n" cua cung
mQt lo,;1i cap. Oi�u nay la quan trQng d� xem xet tinh toan trong b�t ky chi�u
dai nao cua cap. Ngoai ra con cung c!p cho Maus tir xa trong h� th6ng nay,
vm cap AUi t�o k�t n6i nut, m(>t each tucmg t\f nhu k�t n6i Thick.net.

3) Ile thimg JORtSE-T

Cap 1 0BASE-T (hinh 4.10) tieu chuin su d1,mg c�p day xoin A WG24
(UTP) d� i..Jt nbi giua cac nut M�g v�t ly Clla n6 theo d?ng hinh sao vm
cac nut dtr<;'YC ket nbi v6i cac hub ho�c cac b{l �p trung. Cac b{l nay thtrong
duqc k�t n6i v6i cac m,;1ng chinh bAng cac cap day xoin ho�c cap quang. 0<)
dai cua cap 1cm nhAt la 1 00m bao g6m 2 cap xoin nh� va truy�n du li�u
Jw;rc k�t n6i theo ki�u RJ45

HUB

Tx R� Tx � Tx Rx

MAC MAC MAC

DTE DTE DTE

StaUonA Station B Station C

t
.Atr;msmits All others receive

Hinh 4.10. SO' 116 10BASE-T

98
 M;;tng nay ngay cang tro nen pho bi6n. Tuy v�y n6 cung c6 m(>t s6
nhuqc di�m sau:
- Cap kh6ng c6 kha nllng ch6ng nhieu va cung kh6ng c6 tinh 6n dinh
trong cac moi trtrcmg cong nghi�p;
- M�c du cap khong dAt nhlmg 11;li phai mAt them chi phi cho cac ph\l
ki�n nlm: hub, day nbi ... ;
- Khoimg each tu nut d�n hub la co gioi � ( < I OOm).
-I) H� 1hJng JOBASE-F
M�ng chuan I OBASE-F ding gi6ng nhu m;;tng chuAn I OBASE-T.
N6 dva tren nguyen ly m;;tng hinh sao va n6i day v6i hub. No duqc chia lam
ba d�ng:
- I OBASE-FL: Cac do;ln cap quang tieu chuin dugc nang d.p dQ dai
len d�n 2 km d\fa tren cac b{> l�p chuful (FOIRL). V6i chi�u dai t6i da la
2,5 km n�u c6 5 phan do;;tn trong lien k�t. Luu y rfulg day la m9t lien k�t
gifra hai bQ L�p trong m{>t m;;tng va khong c6 cac nut k�l n6i d�n n6.
- l OBASE-FP: M{>t mc;U1g hinh sao d\Ia tren mQt c�p cap quang th\l
d<)ng. C6 th� len d�n 33 cf>ng cho m6i mc;U1g hinh sao va d¢ dai rn6i do� c6
the Jen dJn 500m. Nhfrng hub th\l d{>ng nay thuong khong bi anh hu6ng boi
nhi�u va la m{>t Iv-a chQn t6t cho nhfrng moi trtrang c6 nhi�u cao.
- I OBASE-FB: la cac do1;1n cap quang tr\JC chinh, ncri ma du li�u dtrQ"C
truy�n d6ng b<). N6 dugc thi�t k� dJ k�t n5i v6i cac b<) l�p, bao g6m cac bl)
thu nh�n tin hi�u. Khoang each 16n nh!t c6 lh� len t6i 2km va c6 the chua
15 b¢ l�p. Di�u nay dfu1 d�n S\I linh ho�t tit 16n cho m�g.

4.3.3. Khung dO, li�u Oi�u khi€m truy nhJp truy4}n din MAC
Dinh d�g co ban cua m<)t k.hung dtr li�u cho m�g 802.3 duqc mo ta
nhtr hinh 4.11. C6 8 phAn chinh trong m6i mQt dinh d<;1ng khung du li�u
MAC (Medium Access Control):
- Mo dAu {preamble): Buqc su d\lng dJ d6ng bQ h6a vi�c truy�n va
nMn du li¢u;

99
 - Dinh danh gi&i k.hung (Start frame delimiter): Xac dinh dia chi khai
diu cua k.hung;
- Ngu6n va dja chi d�n (Source and destination address): N6 bao gf>m
dja chi vat i)' cua ca ngudn va dich;
- D◊ dai (length): No cho bi�t d◊ dai cua khung du li�u. Di�u nay nit
dn thi�t n�u khong c6 xac dinh danh gi&i k�t thuc cua khung:
- Ou li�u I.hong tin (data): rhong tin duqc truytn tir cac 16-p ph\l LLC:
- D�m (Pad):
- FCS (Frame Check Sequence).

7 Preamble 10101010

1 Start Frame Delimiter 10101011

2 or 6 Destination Address

2 or 6 Source Address

2 Length Indicator

0 to 500 Oat.a

Oto 46 Pad

4 Frame Check Sequence

# octets

Hinh 4.11. E>{nh d{lng khung MAC

100
 §4.4. He THONG M�NG ETHERNET T6C ElQ

4.4.1. Gi6'i thi�u chung

M�c du Ethernet rjt ph6 biin tren toan th� giai nhung vm t6c d¢
truy�n chi 1 0Mbps vin con qua ch�m d� dap ung dugc nh(rng ung d1,mg doi
hoi thai gian thl)'C. M{lt s6 each c6 th� nang cao t6c d¢ truy€:n cu.a m�g va
cho phep vi�c truy�n tai du li�u duqc nhanh hon. Vi�c nay doi hoi tang kich
thu6c cua cap va cong suit phat. Nhtmg di kem voi no la nhi�u se 16n. Cach
thi'.r hai la thay d6i tu cac duong truy�n n6i ti�p thanh cac ducmg m�ch vong
ho�c ducmg truy�n song song. Ca.ch thu ba la nen du li�u. Ca.ch thu ru la su
dµng duCYI1g truyen lO00Mbps.
d day tijp trung hu6ng tm mi,mg co tbc d(> truy!n l00Mbps duqc sir
di,mg dva tren l&p MAC Ethernet. Thay d6i d.u true v�t ly d� lam tang t6c
d(> cua m:;mg.

4.4.2. KiAu Ethernet 100BASE

Sau day se mieu ta cac rn;mg tieu chuful IEEE 802.3u va &02.3y:
IEEE 802.3u: i!u(Jc chia lam ba loqi:
- 100BASE-TX s11 d\mg day xolin doi lo�i 5, UTP ho�c STP
-· 1 00BASE-T4 su di,mg day xo.1n bfm lo�i 3, 4. 5 ho�c UTP
- I00BASE-FX str dµng cap quang.
IEEE 802.3y:
- 1 00BA SE-T2 su di,mg day xoim d6i lo,;i.i 3, 4, 5, UTP
Hinh 4.12 gioi th,�u sa luge chuin l00BASE-T.
M◊t trong nhung gi6i hi,m cua h� thf>ng 1 00BASE-T la gioi h-,n v�
chi�u dai. 16n nhit la 250m. Khoang each gi6i h� giua cac tr.;un v� hanh
va cac hub la 1 00m, ciing gi6ng nhu l 0BASE-T. Nbtmg chi su d\lilg m9t
hub cho m9t domain. Di�u nay c6 nghia rang voi nhung m,;i.ng luoi 16n hon
200m thi phai sir d\lng cac thiJt bi h3 trg nhu: routers. switchs ...
Vu th� cua mlitng 100BASE-T la lO0BASE-TX - chi�m thi phfui
khoang 95%. H� th6ng I00BASE-T4 duqc phat tri�n sir d\mg lo� day doi
blm cua lo<)i cap 3. Tuy nhien m9t s6 khach hang da co sin cap d\l phong va

101
h? th6ng 1 00BASE-T4 ciing khong co kha n�ng ho�t d(mg hoan toan song
song nen n6 cung kh6ng dm;,c su d i,.mg ph6 bi�n. I00BASE-TI cung khong
dtrQ'C SU d1,mg 6 trcn lh! trucmg nhi�u. Tuy nhien n6 sir d\Ulg cong ngh? tin
hi¢u s6 d\fa trcn n�n tang la I 00BASE-T voi 2 cap doi lol;li 5.

IEEE 802.3u Standard IEEE 802.ly Standard

MIi Layer

100BASE-FX 100BASE-TX 100BASE-T4 100BASE-T2

Two Strands Two Pairs of Four pairs Two Pairs of

ofMMF Cat 5 UTP or ofCat Cat 3/4/S
or SMF Cat 1 STP 3/4/5 UTP UTP

Hinh 4.12. S<Y llf'9'C chulm 100BASE-T

Sau day se gi6i thi?u qua de h¢ thf>ng truy�n I00 Mbps.

I) IOOBASE T.¥ \'a FX
Mi;i.ng nay ho�t d(>ng d\fa tren 2 c�p day xo�n loi;i.i 5 ho�c cap quang.
N6 sir d1,1J1g 3 lo�i m�t ma nrong ung v6i 3 muc di�n ap: + I. 0. IV. Khi
1 bit thay d6i thi muc di�n ap se chuy�n sang t.ri;i.ng thai ti�p theo tuAn l\f:
0V, +IV. 0V. -IV, 0V... k�t qua se la m(>t bang ma. Trong m1;1ng
l 00BASI· TX yeu du hai c�p day xoAn, b(> k�t n6i RJ45, hub. Khoang
each giua nut va hub la 1 00m.
2) J(}OBASE-T./
M�ng I0013ASb T4 sir d1,mg 4 c�p day lo:,:ti 3 UTP. Dfr li?u d1I9'C mai
h6a b:ing 3 muc di�n ap cho moi bit. · v. ov, -V, thucmg dlIQ'C vi�t du&i
d<,U1g +. 0, -.

102
 3) JOOBASE-T2
H? th6ng 100BASE-T2 (hlnh 4.13) dugc dua ra vao nam 1996 va
cung dµa tren chuin IEEE802.3y. N6 duqc thi�t k� d� bu d�p l�i nhung
thi�u s6t cua IOOBASE-T, cho phep di�u khien song song toan be;, chi v6i 2
day xoAn lo�i 3. Chufm nay cung da duqc hoan thanh 2 narn sau I 00BASE­
TX. D6ng TX la dong co lIU th� hon tren thi truc:mg. T2 k.hong phai la cac
san phfun thuong m�i. Tuy nhien o day n6 srr dµng c6ng ngh� s6 (DSP) v6i
5 lap ma h6a (PAM-5).

Digital

Analog

UTP
Cabling

TX T4 TX TX TX TX

Hinh 4.13. SO'/IJ'9'C chuan cua 100BASE-T2

D(ic tinh cua IOOBASE-T2·

- Sfr d\Ulg 2 day doi lo�i 3, 4, 5 UTP;
- Sfr d1,mg day c16i cho ca vi�c truy�n va nh�n du li�u;
- Ma h6a 5 lap.
J00BASE-T hubs:
Thong s6 ky thu�t cua chuful IEEE802.3u duc;rc chia lam 2 lap cua
100l3ASE-T hubs thuang dugc gQi la b9 l�p:

103
 - Lap I: ho�c la bQ l�p tµili ti�n h3 trQ' ca h� th6ng TX/FX va T4:
- Lop :2: ho�c b¢ l�p chi ho trq tin hi�u cua h� thong.
Lap I c6 thoi gian tr� r!t ngAn (1cm nhit 0,7µs). No cung ma h6a toan
b(> cho tin hi?u vao la TX va T4 sau d6 chuy�n doi tin hi�u s6 thanh tin hi�u
tucrng ti/ va truy�n t6i cac c3ng cua hub. 89 l�p nay cung ho trq toan bQ tit
ca T4, tAt ca TX, ho�c k�t hgp ca 2 lo�i tren.
4) /00BASE-T adapters
Card adapter c6 sin chuful I 00Mbps va 10/100Mbps. Cac card nay c6
th� k8t hqp vcri hub cho ca 2 t6c d◊ tren.
Nhimg tJiJu ccin /iru ;v khi thih ki mt;rng Ethernet t6c d(> cao:
- Khoang each cap UTP 1 00BASE-TXff4;
- Khoang each tf>i da gifra UTP hub va man hinh NIC la I 00m va thi�t
l�p nhu sau:
• Sm ru hub t6i panel;
• 90m tir panel d�n phong;
• Sm tu phong d�n man hinh NIC.
5) lwit b<) /(ip I00Base-T
Khoang each cua cap, s6 luqng bQ l�p dLrQ'C SU' di,mg trong mQl
domain 1 00Base-T tuy thUQC vao kha na.ng truy�n Ctla cap, thcri gian trl: cua
b{> l�p va thm gian tr� cua NIC. Thai gian tr� 1cm nh!t trong m¢t h� th6ng
100Base-T la thcri gian d� truy�n 64bytes tm:mg ung vcri 512µs. M(>t khung
du li�u nhu v�y phai di tir b◊ truy�n d�n nut xa nh!t va tr6 l�i b◊ truyin.
Thucmg c6 cong thuc tfnh nhtr sau:
Repeater delay + Cables delay + NlC delay + Safety factor (Shits)
< 2.56µs.

com ent Maxinumdel

Fast Ethernet NIC 0.26
Fast Ethernet Switch Port 0.26
Class I Re 0.7max
Class II R 0.46max
0.55
0.50

104
 §4.5. cAc THANH PHAN LIEN K�T M�NG
4.5.1. Gi6'i thi�u chung
Khoang each cua m�g LAN thucmg bi gi6i h� va di€u nay luon dful
d�n m<;'lt yeu du la phai tang duqc khoang each nay. Du6i day la m◊t s3
lhi€t bj lien k�t d� th\Ic hi�n vi�c tren:
• B(> l�p
• C�u
• Routers
• Gateways
• Hubs
• Switches

4.5.2. 89 l�p Repeater

Ho�u d(>ng cua b(> l�p don gian la m◊t b{) nh� tin hi�u, khuSch d�i tin
hi�u va truy�n tin hi�u di. Ly do chinh d� su dl,lflg cac be) l�p la mu6n ma
r{)ng m�g lu6i. Tren hlnh 4.14 gi6i thi�u so df> b◊ l�p Repeater.
Vfu1 ct� thoi gian tr� xay ra khi qua nhi�u cac b<} l�p dugc sir d\ffig.

AUi

AUi

5egnent 2

M/lll

Segrmnt 3
MAU

Hinh 4.14. So- 46 b� l#p Repeater

105
 4.5.3. ciu nf>i Bridges
cAu duqc su d\lng d� n6i 2 m�g tach bi�t tro thanh m(lt m�g logic.
cau n6i c6 m(>t nut trong m6i m9t m�g. cAu se ltru giu dinh d�g cua
m◊t m�g va se kiJm tra dia chi noi d�n d� xac dinh n6 c6 truy�n qua du
duqc khong.
Hinh 4.15 gicri thi�u du Ethernet.

Network A Network B

Hinh 4.15. Cau Ethernet

C§u se luu giii thong tin dia chi cua cac nut va 2 h� th6ng dm;rc k�t n6i
vcri nhau. Phmmg thuc truy�n thong du Ii�u phai dugc xac dinh 6 ca 2 ben
cua du. tuy nhien v� m�t v�t ly thi khong dn phai gibng nhau.
C�u c6 the str di,mg dt mo r(lng chi�u dai cua m,.ing (gi6ng nhtr cac b(>
l?p) nhung chung con nang cao S\J ho�t d(mg ci:1a m�g. Vi d1,1 nhu trong
m◊t m�g c6 th<Yi gian dap ung ch�m. T§t ca nhilng nut m�ng chfnh c6 thE
gom l�i thanh m(lt nh6m (mQl segment). NhGng nut con l�i gom l,;li thanh
m(>t nh6m khac (m◊t segment khac). Khi m(>t nh6m b�n, n6 c6 th€ khong
kiem soat dugc SI} tAng ten v� ti I� dap ung. Nhung o nhilng do�n ma
ho�t d{rng ch� hon thi c6 th� ki�m soat duqc ti I� dap (mg nay. C!u
duqc thi�t k� d� ho-n 80% thong tin qua m�g LAN va chi khoang gftn
20% la di qua du.

4.5.4. Ciu d.in Router

Router dung d� truy�n du li�u gifra 2 �g co cung giao thuc truy�n
thong nhu TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) nhung
khong nhAt thi�t phai gi6ng nhau v� m�t v�t ly.
Hinh 4.16 gi6i thi�u ung d\lilg Router.

106
 Network 16.0

16.0.1. 7 16.0 1.1

Network 15.0
14.0.1.5
Network 14 15.0.0.6

14.0.0.3

Network 13

13.0.1.6

13.0.1.1

Hinh 4.16. Vng dvng ctia Router

Router se duy tri nhung thong tin ma chung mang theo va gui di.
Router sir dµng dja cW IP cua m�g d� xac djnh dia chi ma n6 se giri thong
tin t6i. Vi dµ nhu hlnh 4.16, d� truy!n thong tin tu nut A v6i dia chl 13.0 t6i
nut B v&i dja chi 16.0, router l se truy�n thong tin t6:i 14.0, router 2 se
truy!n thong tin t6i 16.0.
Router I se luu giu thong tin tu di�m A, xac dinh dia chi cua ncri d�n
(16.0.1.7). Xem xet bang chuy�n df>i d� chuyJn thong tin d�n router 2 tnr&c
khi chuy�n d�n m�g 16.0. Thay th� dia cru ph&n c(rng nc,i d!n bAng dia chi
cua router 2. Router 2 se l�p l�i qua trinh nay va xac dinh dia chi IP ncf d�n
(16.0.1.17). No c6 th� truy�n ttvc ti�p thong tin dJn m�g 16.0. Router 2 se
thi�t l�p m<)t dja chi phful c(rng ( 16.0.1.17) tir bang dja chi va se d�t dja chi
nay trong g6i thong 1in sc duqc truy�n d�n m�g 16.0.

107
 4.5.5. Cong n6i Gateways
Gateway duqc lhi�t k� d� k�t nf>i nhfrng m�ng khong gi6ng nhau M(>t
gateway c6 th� su dµng dJ giai ma va ta1 ma h6a cho t�t ca 7 lop cua hai
m�g khac nhau. MQt gateway c6 the k�t nbi m�mg Ethernet voi mcp1g vong
token. Gatewa1 chuy�n d6i tic <l�ng truy�n thong nay sang d,,mg truy�n
thong khac, cac tin hi¢u v�t I}' khac nhau. cac d�nh d�g va t6c d<) du li�u
khac nhau.

4.5.6. Hubs va Switchs

Hubs duQ'c su d\lng v6i nhi�m V\J phan chia m�g 1 OBase-T va me;tng
vong token. Chu y�u la de mo r(mg m�ng lhco ki�u �g hinh sao (Hlnh 4.17).

1 2 3 4

ETHERNET SWITCH

E.g. Cisco Kalpana Switch

5 6 7 8

Hinh 4. 17. Hubs va Switchs

108
 §4.6. M�NG SCADA VA INTERNET

4.6.1. Gi6'i thi�u chung

Intemet la m◊t m�g kh:i don gian. t�i d6 t5t ca c,k tr:;im duc;,c n6i v6i
nhau, khong cin phai quan tam d�n cac lop k�t n6i v�t ly. V� co han. giao
tht'.rc IP (lntemet Protocol) co kha nt\ng truy�n cac g6i tm toi m<)t nu.mg khac
pht'.rc t�p hon duqc k�t n6i ,·6i nhau. Phfin TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) d� dam bao cac goi thong tin dtrqc gtri u:r m{>t di�m m"ty dJn m<)t
di�m khac va bao darn d�n dung dia chi ycu cau.
Vi�c t'.rng dt,mg cac lop giao thtrc co th� dtr&i d:,mg nhtr sicu vAn ban
(HTTP) duqc su d i,mg b6i V./VlW (World Wide Web). ho�c trang web dcrn
gian. la d6 hQa giao di?n cho phep dQc va tai dii li¢u. Internet r!t la ph6 bi�n
va la each hl11.J hi�u d� giao ti�p gieta eac t�m. cac m�ng nQi bQ. N6 cling
dong va1 tro quan trQng trong m�mg SCADA.
Hinh 4.18 the hi�n S\J so sanh gifra Internet. Intranet va m�ng m)i
b(> chuful.

SCADA SCADA $CADA

based based based
Internet Internet Corporate Network

• Web-based
• Unsecure
�·�
• Legacy client
server
• TCPnP TCPIIP • Secure
• Limited llaillgld • Multlprotocol
management Dynamic • Management
• Dynamic Infrastructure
• Static

Hinh 4.18. So slnh glira Internet, Intranet va m(lng n9i b9

109
 M9t m,,ing Internet duqc thi�t k� d� giao ti�p v&i nhfrng m�ng dan le.
N6 c6 tht xay d1JI1g tren n�n tang m�ng IP (Internet Protocol). Day la m()t
ung dµng rflt huu fch cua m�ng Internet. M¢t giao di�n toan m;;tng. de sir
dµng, chia se d� dang cac ngu6n tai nguyen trong m�ng.

4.6.2. U'ng d1:1ng Internet cho mfng SCADA

Vm vi?c b6 sung them cac modem va cac phfui m�m. cac rAng cua CO'
quan/nha may tro thanh cac nut m�ng Internet c6 th� tham nh�p tu bit ky
ncri nao tren th� giai. Khach hang va nhf"mg nguai tich hqp h� th6ng co tht
dang nh�p vao m�ng tu xa va c6 thS lam b�t cu di�u gi n�u dugc phan
quy�n. C6 th� nhin vao phien ban cua CPU (Central Processing Unit), giam
sat chucmg tdnh dang thµ-c hi�n.
V&i cac phfu1 m�m va phfm cung dang tin c�y ho�t d¢ng cung nhau c6
th� dap (mg vi�c truy6n tai du li�u theo thai gian thl,rc tm b!t ky nai nao v6i
chi phi th�p.
C6 mQt s6 cong ty ph�n mSm SCADA cung d.p giai phap trong linh
V\fC nay. M¢t trong s6 d6 la FIX. Day la m¢t giai phap "thin client" co th�
ho:;ich djnh, quan ly, san xuit, bao duang, giam sat qua trinh theo thm gian
thµ-c t�i m¢t dia di�m xa d\fa theo chu�n Internet va Intranet. N6 chi truy
c�p thai gian thµc phin d6 hoa va phfu1 m�m tv d9ng hoa trong cong nghi�p
tu web ho�c mcimg nqi bq.
Tu trung tam SCADA co th� giam sat bAng each su dvng cac trinh
duy�t Internet chu&n. Tuy nhien du li�u cling se dlTc;YC bao v� d� tranh truy
nh�p 1rai phcp.
M?ng n9i b() (Intranet) da trcr thanh m¢t kh6i xay d\l'llg tr<;mg di�m.
Chi tieu cho mi;ing n<)i b¢ dl,l' kiSn Ion hon l O I!n cho mi;ing Internet trong
tht': ky nay.
Cong ngh� truy�n thong Internet va Intranet (hinh 4. 19) sc thay d6i
kha nang cua con nguai su dvng thu th�p va xem thong tin cua cong ty, k�
ho.;Lch san xu§.t. .. tu b�t cu nai nao. A.p dvng cong ngh� chuin va mo c6 th�
phat tri�n d� dang b§.t ky m<)t trng dµng nao trong cac nha may. Truy c�p su
dvng giao ti6p ma tieu chu:ln TCP/IP va Ethernet.
Hinh 4.20 th� hi�n ho�t dong cua Web.

I I0
 Remote
Site

Company
Intranet

l___
····_J
lllIIIl_L
PC PC ;
L __ _
-

Hinh 4.19. Intranet va Internet

Page Request
Text/Graphics
Display on client
Applet Executes on c:llenl

□
Server Client

-----□-------t
Hinh 4.20. Ho,t t1¢ng ctia Web

III
 4.6.3. Bao mit hf) th6ng
H� th6ng SCADA su di.,mg cong ngh� Internet, tuy nhien nhung vAn
d� trong thucmg m;;ii qu6c t� va bao m�t luon dm;rc xem xet dn th�.
SCADA 1a m<)t moi trucmg t6t va duqc ung d1,mg nhi€u nen vi�c bao v�
thong tin va tai nguyen cua. n6 la r.it d.n thi�t.
Trong thl)'c t�, hiu h�t nhi!u ngum mu6n lam vi¢c tCr xa qua Internet,
sir dµng no d� truy c�p ca sa du li�u tu xa theo thoi gian thvc. Tir d6 cac
d.n J� d{it ra la:
- H� th6ng SCADA yeu d.u IP db truy c�p tren m�g. Di�u nay cho
phep bit ky ai tren m�ng cung c6 th� truy nh�p vao h� th6ng SCADA.
- H� th6ng SCADA (dµa tren Intranet ho�c Internet) phai dugc quan
ly. Di�u nay co nghTa nhilng nguoi quan ly h� thbng phai c6 thong tin ro
rang v! du li¢u, phmmg thuc truy�n ...
- Cu6i cimg la h� th6ng phai Iinh ho�t, c6 kha nang d6i ph6 v6i nhung
thay d6i bit thui:mg.

112
 ChLPO'ng 5
THIET BJ MODEM
VA PHONG DIEU KHIEN TRUNG TAM

§5.1. THl�T B! MODEM

5.1.1. Khai ni�m CO' ban v� Modem

Trang h� th6ng Telephone, h� th6ng truy6n bfulg day va h� th6ng

truy6n h1ng song radio khong th� truy�n trvc ti�p cac thong tin s6 ma khong
cful mot vai S\J bitn d&i tin hi�u. Bo bi�n d6i tin hi�u du(;Yc gQi la MODEM
(modulator/demodulator), thi�t bi nay co th� bifn d6i tin hi�u s6 thanh tin
hi�u tuong tv chu�n de truy�n di tren mi,lllg Telephone.
Hinh 5.1 th� hi�n truy�n du li�u biog MODEM tren m�ng Telephone.

□ □
____.
Digital Signal

.n.nn.n.n. Modem
Analog Signal

M/\.11_ Modem
D1g1tal Signal

J1flMl1 D
□
Landline SysleM
Terminal DCE DCE Terminal

Hinh 5.1. Truyen dvfi�u bang modem trim mfng telephone

Tren hinh 5.2 gi&i thi�u cac thanh phfu1 cua MODEM.
Cac thanh phAn C\la MODEM bao g6m:
- Bi;> nh�n (Modem receiver).
- B9 truyc$n (Modem transmitter).
- Giao di�n truy�n thong RS-232/RS--422/RS485.

8 • IHDKGSVTN 113
 ------,
Receiver Circuitru
Receive
Data De- De- ._.,__ 600
Data I I Filter
,_____ ...
Eq Te1ephone
Receive Decoder l scrambler I modulator & Amp
C-1,-- Line
Clock I •• • •1

: ' Clock I1 Data

- -- -- _,
a•-•----••••••••J Carrier
: Source • Detect
Data
Carrier--+-------------------
Detect

Transmitter Circuitry
Request to ____________________
Send
Data Filler
Transmit Encoder
Data

Transmit ◄ __ : .f -Transmitte� - ; Transmit

Clock · rr�;;it • 1• ClocSource)
k (Timing : Control
Circuits Delay
Clock •---------1
Clear lo --1------------------.....,
Send

Hinh 5.2. Cac thilnh phan cua MODEM

5.1.2 Chuan giao ti�p

Modem co th� ho;;i.t dc)ng a hai ch� de):
- Haft-duplex.
- Full- duplex.
M¢t h� th6ng dan gian (Hinh 5.3) trong truy�n dfr li�u la h� th6ng ma
chi m<)t ben gtri du li�u va cung chi m¢t ben nh� du li�u:

r-----······--------• r·--------------···•
I
I
I, ►
I
l1
l Simplex : ...------.I
'
i---!-------►-----t-! --1
Transmitter
I
:
I
I
Receiver
I
...______.: 1·1
I

' '
I I
I I

._ ________________J ___________ _.

Hinh 5.3. Sa (lo h� thong cJc,n gian

114
 H� th6ng kep Duplex trong truy�n du li�u la h� th6ng duqc thi2t kJ dJ
c6 th� gui du li�u di tu ca hai phia. H� th6ng kep duqc g9i la Haft-duplex
(Hinh 5.4) khi du li�u co th� gui ru ca hai phia nhung cimg m(>t thai di�m
chi m<)t phia c6 th� giri du li�u.

----------·····-··-·i

Transmitter Half-Duplex rl____ e ei v

R c
_ - - e_ r
I i
____
' ►
:!, ,------,� ◄
I

Receiver
I
.
!l I
I
Transmitter

t---···-·······-·--·-··
Hinh 5.4. So- do truy�n thong kieu haft-duplex

H� th6ng kep du<,c g9i la full-duplex (hinh 5.5) khi dfr li�u co th�
d6ng th&i di tu ca hai phia.

Half-Duplex

_____.,Ii
r•-------·------.., r--•--·--·------ --- --�
: Receiver
I

Transmitter .,___.,__
______
__ _ _ _
J ....-------,

�-......
►
::I.
.__

__________.__.......
I i
I I

:1--R-e-ce-iv_e_r_--:___._____◄ - -ra_n_s_m_ti -te_r......,I!

T
I I J • 1

L ____________ J l _______________ .J

Hinh 5.5. Sc, 60 truy�n thong kieu full-duplex

5.1.3. Radio MODEM

Radio MODEM (hinh 5.6) dung trong ca.c ung di,mg truytn du li�u
gifra cac thi�t bi d�t each xa nhau kho khlin trong vi�c dung day dJ k2t n6i.
Radio modem hoc_l.t d<)ng a dai tln s6 400 va 900 Hz. H�u h�t dai t�n
s6 nay duqc yeu du cho cac duong truytn va nh�n tin hi�u bli.ng ang-ten.
Chung c6 th� hoc_1t d(mg trong rn<)t m�mg nhung yeu du mot h� th6ng ph§.n
m�m quan ly mc_l.ng dJ quan ly SIJ truy c�p vao mc_l.ng va phat hi�n 16i xay ra
trong h� th6ng m,;i.ng. Binh thuang. mot trc_l.m chu giao ti�p v&i rftt nhi�u cac
tr� con b�ng song radio va giao thl'.rc thm:mg su d1,mg trong cac IIIlg d\mg
nay la tham do/tra loi (poll/response).

1I5
 l
Antenna

j
Antenna
·..��.. --= .:.-,•,..._,, ·-··
--
._ ., ••.
•."I:'_-:;."":
_->�l

Radio Ramo
Transmitteri Transmitter/
Receiver Receiver
RS,232 RS.232
Modem Modem
Hinh 5.6. Cau hinh cua Radio MODEM

Cac MODEM d�u dugc thi�t ki d� dam bao cac PLC va may tinh co
thJ k�t n6i dugc vc'Yi chung ma khong dm them m9t yeu du nao.
Ciu tr ue cua m<)t radio MODEM nhu hinh 5.7.

Reteive Signal Strength Indicator

Control
Request To Send (PTT)
RTS
Cl&arTo Send
CTS
Ti Data Radio
TXD ' Soft Modem Pre
Frequency
Rx Data Carrier Delay Emphasis
Unit
Oata Terminal Ready Modem Push To Talk (PTT)
Integrated
Channel Monrtor Circuit · Channel Mon�or

Dita Set
DSR De Emphasis
Ready

DC +V
power --rl-­ ] LED �agnostic I
Display
Supply -l_j--
Hinh 5. 7. Cau true cua m9t radio modem

116
 Hinh 5.7 cho thiy du true cu.a radio MODEM g6m c6:
- PIT (Push to talk signal).
- RSSI.
- Noise squelch: C6 gfuig giam t6i thi�u bit ky m(>t tin hi�u nhi�u nao
u,ii d!u ra.
- RSSI squelch: Be;, ph� nay mo ph§.n "receive radio" khi tin hi�u RF
6 mire cao.
- Channel Monitor: duqc hi�n th! khi squelch mo.
- Soft carrier delay: cho phep S\I truy�n RF bi phat sinh nh6 nh�t sau
qua trinh Ul\IC t� cua ban tin dtr li�u.

5.1.4. s., c6 thll'ang xay ra v6'i MODEM

Hlnh 5.8 th! hi�n kha nang sµ c6 ctia h� th6ng sfr d\lllg MODEM.

Serial Data Communications

Troubleshooting

Terminal Terminal

Hinh 5.8. SI' c6 cua hf th6ng sv d1,mg Modem

C6 hai SIJ c6.thtrcmg xay ra d6i v6i m<)t h� th6ng truy�n thong SU dl,ll1g
MODEM la:
- S\I c6 v� truy�n du li�u n6i ti�p.
- Sµ c6 xay ra d6i vcri thi�t bi Modem.
Sau day ta xem xet C\l th� cac S\J c6 nay.
1) s,✓ c6 vi truyin dii lifu n6i tiip
Khi rri<)t sv c6 v� truy�n dii li�u n6i ti�p xay ra d6i v6i h� th6ng dn
chu y cac di�m sau:

117
 - Ki�m tra cac thong s6 co ban nhu: baud rate, khung du li�u (data
format) o ca hai ph1a.
- Nh� d�ng cac thi!t bi DTE va DCE va chic chin r�g cac chan cua
thi�t bi dugc k�t n6i dunh xac.
- Sang l9c va tim ki�m loi dJ dam bao phful cung da "bit tay" duc;,c.
- Ki�m tra giao thuc dang st:r dµng.
2) Str ,A xay ra <1,5i wJi thiit br MODEM
C6 nhiiu each ki�m tra khi modem g�p S\I c6 d� tim ra 16i.
Cach kiJm tra dh tien d6 la sir dµng ch� d{l l\f kiem tra (self-test) cua
MODEM bing each ket n6i b{l nh�n va bQ truy�n cua MODEM nhu hinh
5.9. Loise dugc phat hi�n ngay tren giao di�n cua MODEM.

Transmitter

Data Modulator
Encoder & Filter
Amplifier
Pattern
Generator
Rs-232 Communications
Line Line
Disconnected Receiver Disconnected
Demodulator FIiter
Data &
Encoder &
Equalizer Amplifier
Circuits
Pattern
omparison

Hinh 5_g_ Scn:fo ti,, kl,m tra cua Modem

Cach th(r hai la ki�m tra vong l�p (loop back test), c6 b6n ki�u nhu
sau (Hinh 5.10):
- Local digital loop: d� ki€m tra d�u cu6i va dmrog RS-232.
- Local analog loop: d� ki€rn tra m�ch modulator va demodulator.

118
 - Remote analog loop: d� ki�m tra day n6i va modem d�t �i trung tam.
- Remote digital loop: d� kiem tra modem CJ xa va CJ trung tam va k�t
n6i cua day.

Local Modem Remote Modem

and Terminal and Terminal

,-.
Transmit Pair
••••• -
:::=:=�,�;M;::,
ode::;f�
Terminal I Receive Pair �( '' Terminal

I
I
'------',�
, ......... _______ ,., -
#

Hinh 5.1 O. Su dl> kiem tra kllu v6ng lip (loop back test)

§5.2. PHONG Ol�U KHl�N TRUNG TAM

5.2.1. Gi6'i thitu chung

Phong dib khi�n trung tam phai duqc thi�t k� va Hip d�t d€ dam bao
th6a man cac ho�t d(>ng cua phAn cung va phfu1 m�m d8 ngucri v� hanh va
nhCmg nguoi khac co th� SU d1,mg n6 mQt each c6 hi�u qua va an toan nhk

119
 5.2.2. Thi cong, Hip d�t va cac yeu ciu thi�t k� phong
di€,u khi�n trung tam
M{>t s6 ycu du khi Hip d�t h� th6ng may tinh trong phong trung tam
di€u khien nhu sau:
I. M61 lrurmg xung quanh
Moi truc'mg dn phai thich hqp voi h� th6ng may tinh va cac h� th6ng
di�n tu khac. Di�u ki�n moi truong phai phu hqp voi di�u ki�n trong cong
nghi�p nhu sau:

Recommended Ran
Envlronmantal
Condition lndustHal

0 ° c to 50 °C

storage -40°C to 85°C -10°C to 60 °C

Temperattn

Relaflve Humid 5 to 95% RH 5 to 90% RH

2 Ni>, t1dt
Dam bao rfu1g toan b{> phful c(mg phai duqc n6i dAt an toan.
3 Dciu day
M{>t vai di�m cful chu )' khi d§u day giua de may tinh trong phong
di�u khi�n trung tam:
- Tinh toan khoang each th\fc cua day, chQn dtrcmg di ngAn n.hAt c6 th�
d� tranh nhi�u.
- Trinh di day vao nhung ncri c6 moi tnrcmg khong t6t nhu: noi bj an
mon boi ch�t h6a hc;>c. noi c6 nhi�l d{> cao, noi c6 m6i tnrcmg am u6t...
- Darn bao ring khong m<)t ai c6 th� bi vu6ng boi day .
./ Kit n6i v&i ngu6n dijn
Cac nha may tlmcmg sir dl,IJlg ngu6n di�n ba pha do v�y de dam bao
nguf>n dp cho cac thi�t bi di?n thong thucmg d.n SU dµng cac may bi€n ap.
Hinh 5.11 gi6i thi�u so d6 dp di�n cho h� th6ng may t(nh.

120
 Mc;it vi�c dt quan trQng do la phai chQn may bi�n ftp phu hqp vi:
- N�u may biJn ap qua nho. n6 se lam dt di dinh cua hinh sin Ji�n
ap, dfu1 d�n gia tri di�n lip th§p do d6 ngu6n dp cho cac thi�t b1 di�n khong
du va h� th6ng se bi dung ho�ll d{)ng.
- N�u ch(ln may bi�n ap qua 16n SC gay hong cac ffi?Ch bao v� each ly.

Disconnect Fuses 415 VAC

.,------.o'-.c---o-<>----,-------- L1
>-----o..o--o-o----+--------L2
----<,-.,<>--<><>----+---+----- l3
i .
I
, Step-down
: Transfonner

Other
Computer
Equipment
Isolation or
Constant Voltage
Transfonner

To Computer
Power Supplies

Hinh 5. 11. Sa '16 cAp dlfn cho hf thlmg mly tlnh

5 Cac yeu cdu ,.J thiir kd (r(lm v(in himh

Hinh 5.12 gim thi¢u m�t b�g phong di�u khi�n trung tam. Hinh 5. IJ
th� hi�n vi tri khong thu.µ1 IQi / thu�n lc,i cho nguo-i van hanh.
De dam bao v� moi trucmg lam vi�c cho nguoi lao d{mg trong ph6ng
di�u khien trung tam dn phai:
- rhi�t ke cua phong di�u khi�n phai d�t tieu chufu1:
- H� th6ng chieu sang phai duqc lip c.1�t dung nbu thi�t kf;
- 0{> 6n cua moi trucmg phai d�t tieu chufu1 tu 54 d�n 59 dB;
- Phai c6 h� th6ng thong gi6:
- Phai thiJt k� vi tri d�t man hinh thu� ti�n cho nguoi v�n hanh.

I 21
 "-•ble
Compute,
FlooM9

'300

..
\
'Enu) Wlltte Boa11f@12m1II
, 1820

□
EJ EJ .. '

EJ □ El
'
CtoHCI Ctreult
Futurt U" of Crtbcal
AAn
1�
Enuy,
_,
Doon mutt comply wltll
l9qUi
,-ia,ndh.-ctfflllllopen
Aftly
nnottd

. 2. M�t b'ang ph6ng meu kh.,en

Hinh 51 • trung tlm

122
 ChLPO'ng 6
UNG DUNG
. CUA HE. THONG SCADA
TRONG H];, THONG Dl�N

§6.1. U'NG DVNG SCADA TRONG EllEU El(> HI; TH6NG Ell�N
H� th6ng SCADA cung dang duqc su di,mg trong di�u hanh h? th6ng
di�n Vi�t Nam. Hi?n nay dang v�n hanh c6 cac h� th6ng SCADA va
MiniSCADA, d6 la:
- SCADA t�i Cong ty di�n h,rc Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh.
- SCAD A t�i Trung tam di�u do HT0 Qu6c gia: AO. A I, A2, A3.
- SCADA t�i Di�n h,rc Da L�t.
- MiniSCADA eua Ba Ria.
-- MiniSCADA C�n Tho. Bien Hoa.
Cac h� th6ng SCADA cua cac di�u d<) phan ph6i la cac dµ an duqc
thi�t k� mot each d9c l�p, do cac nha th1u khac nhau cung d.p theo d.c hqp
d6ng khac nhau, khong d6ng b9 v� thai gian va phmmg thue ghep n6i,
trong qua trinh tri�n khai Hip d�t va ho�t d<)ng da bAt dftu b9c I◊ m<)t s6 di�m
b�t c�p tren de m�t v�n hanh, khai thac, c�p nh�t, nang dp ma r(mg.
Tren thµc t� hi�n nay, trang lhi�t b( di�u d<) eho cac di�n Ive thinh
ph6, tinh va eac tri;lm con d.t ngheo nan. Phin 1cm cac dan vi nay chua duqc
trang bi h� th6ng SCADA, vi�c di�u hanh luai di�n con l�c h�u, chu y�u
bfu'lg sa d6 lu6i di?n tinh va di�n thoi;i.i, nert xu ly kem linh ho�t va khong
kinh tf Th\fc tr?J}g d6 dfui d�n nhu du su di,mg h� th6ng SC ADA cho cac
dp di�u d{> va cac nha may, tr�m di�n la m(>t nhu du dp thih
Nganh d.i¢n thira hucmg moi thanh qua trong cong ngh� truy�n thong
va cong ngh� thong lin trong vi�c vfm hanh di�u khi�n cac dutmg day
truyen ta.L cac nha may di�n. Cung vm S\J' ma r9ng cua h� th6ng truy�n tai
va nhu du ngay cang tang cua khach hang, nhu du trao d6i thong tin ngay
cang t�ng.

123
 Cac chuc nang quan tn;mg cua h� th6ng truySn thong tin trong h�
th6ng di�n c1,1 th� nhu:
- Thu th�p s6 li�u cua cac nha may di�n, thong sf> cua cac ducmg day
truySn tai, cac h9 tieu th1,1;
- Thong tin lien l;;tc gifra cac nha may, cac tr�m di?n khac nhau;
-Trao d6i ca sa du li�u giua cac trung tam di�u khi�n;
- Chinh dinh thong s6 cua h� th6ng ra le bao v?;
- Tv d{mg sa thai ph1,1 tai dva tren phan tich h� th6ng;
- Di�u khi�n cac thi�t bi, thucmg la thi�t bi FACTS (Flexible AC
transmission systems);
Thong tin trong h� th6ng di�n c1,1 th� duc;rc truytn di bAng each sir
di,mg cac m�ng thong tin sau:
- M,,mg di�n tho�i c6 dinh (Mq.ng di�n tho�i c6 dinh co dt lau truck
m:;i.ng Internet va nguoi ta SU di,mg d� lien il;}C trong h� th6ng di�n, khong
tuan theo cac chufu1 cua Internet hi�n nay);
- M:;mg di�n tho::ii khong day;
- M,,mg may tfnh, bao g6m cac h� th6ng m�ng LAN, WAN, Internet.
Ngoai ba h? th6ng thong tin tren, h� th6ng truyen thong sir dµng v�
tinh ciing duc;rc llllg di,mg trong h? th6ng di�n (chua phai a VN). Ung d1,1ng
di�n hinh nh§.t cua h� th6ng thong tin v? tinh la di�u khi�n d6ng b(> g6c pha
cua cac may phat (synchroniezed phasor measurement) va ra le so l�ch.
H� th6ng SCADA cho HTD hc;rp nhit, v6i m(>t cong ty di�n h,rc chiu
trach nhi?m quan ly, c1,1 th� duc;rc chia thanh ba d.p:
- (J cdp thdp nhdt cua h� th6ng SCADA, la cac phful c6 chuc nang
theo doi va di�u khi�n cho tung thi�t bi rieng bi�t. Thucmg g�p nh�t trong
HTD la cac ra le bao v�. Khi thi�t bi g�p SIJ c6, cac rale nay hoan toan co
tht tinh toa.n va tac dc)ng theo thong s6 chinh djnh truoc ma khong dn lien
l�c v&i h� th6ng d.p tren. Ngoai chuc nang di�u khi�n, cac ph!n tu thu9c
c.ip nay cung c6 chuc n�ng thu tMp s6 li�u, thong s6 cua cac thi�t bi d� gui
len cac Substation server. Trang cac h� th6ng hi?n d�, cac phfui tu nay
duc;rc g9i chung la IED (Intelligent Electronic Devices), c6 cac nguyen ly
lam vi�c va cht'.rc nang khac nhau, nhung c6 cung chu§n giao tii?p, cho phep

124
IED nay c6 th� n6i chuy?n duqc v&i cac !ED khac trong cung trglll (peer to
peer) va trao a6i v&i substation server. V� nguyen tftc, S\f hong hoc hay bao
trq t;i.i mc)t lED se khong lam anh huang d�n cac IED khac trong h� th6ng.
- Gip rlnr hai cua h� th6ng SCADA la cac Substation St:rvt:r, vai
chuc nang chu y�u la thu th�p s6 1i¢u tu d.c IED do n6 quan ly, luu l<:1i trong
ca so du li�u. phl,lC Vl,1 cac nhu du dQC du 1i9u t�i cho qua cac HMI (Human
Machine Interface).
- Cdp thu ba la Trung tam di�u khi�n cua toan h� 1h6ng. noi t!H,IC hi�n
vi�c thu th�p s6 li�u tu cac Substation Server, th\fC hi�n rac chuc nang tinh
toan danh gia tr�ng thai cua h� th6ng, dl,l' bao nhu d.u phµ tai va thµc hi�n
cac chuc nang di6u khi�n quan tn;mg, nhu vi?c phan ph6i h:1i cong su5.t phat
giua cac nha may, Jen k� ho�ch v�n hanh cua toan M th6ng.
Do quy mo r(mg Ion cua h? th6ng truy�n tai di�n nang. cac tr�m di�u
khi�n trung tam cung c6 th� duc;,c chia thanh d.c dp: Di�u khi�n trung tarn
(Central control Center hay Central Dispatching Center) va cac trl)m di�u
khi�n vung (Area Control Center).
SCADA!EMS:
H� th6ng quan ly nang ]U'(;mg EMS (Energy Management System) la
tjp hqp cac cong c1,1 cho phep nguai v�n hanh h� thfing phan tfch danh gia,
dua ra quySt djnh di�u khi�n h� th6ng. EMS duqc sfr d1,.1t1g t�i d.c trung tam
di�u de) (CCC ho�c ACC). Vai EMS luon yeu du co m(>t h? th6ng s6 li�u
thu th�p tu h� th6ng va ban than no tham gia nhu m(>t b¢ ph4n trong
SCADA, nen nguai ta su dµng thu�t ngu SCADA/EMS.
T�i cac trung tam di�u d<) (ACC va CCC), v6i sv trq giup cua h�
th6ng may tinh ml)nh va cac phin m�m chuyen dl,lng, nguai v�n hanh thl)'c
hi�n cac chuc nang SCADA/EMS, co th� k� ra mc)t s6 chuc nang quan
tn;mg nhu sau:
- Danh gia trl)ng thai h� th6ng (SE - Online State Estimation);
- Tinh toan trao luu cong su�t (LF - Load Flow);
- Tinh toan t6i uu trao luu cong sufit (OPF - Optimal Load Flow);
- Dv bao pb1,1 tai (LF-Load forecast);
- Danh gia muc d◊ an toan cC1a h� th6ng (DSA-Dynarnic Security
Assesment);
- Xay d!Jrlg cac chi�n luge ph1,1c h6i h� th6ng khi c6 sµ c6.

l25
 §6.2. U'NG Dl)NG SCADA TRONG GIAM SAT LU'OI H� TH�
Mi;ing SCADA giam sat luai h� th�. trong xu th� phat tri�n hi�n nay,
ngoai chuc nang giam sat va thu th�p XU' ly dfr li�u, con phai g6p phdn thoi
man cac m1,1c tieu bao g6m:
- Bao dam tinh lien ll,lC Cl.la luai h� th�;
- Tf>i uu h6a cac ngu6n tai nguyen cung nhu ch:lt lm;mg bao tri;
- Nang cao chit lm;mg di�n nang;
- Bao ,tam an toan !um h� th&.
Lu&i di�n h;,t th� hi�n d� khi dugc lip dijt luon Juan phai thoa man
cac ffil,JC tieu sau:
- Nang cao muc linh hoc_1.t khi su di.mg di�n nang;
- Giam gia thanh sfr dl,lng dien;
- Ti6t ki�m chi phi lip d�t, bao tri va ming dp;
- Bao dam an toan cho nguai v:p1 hanh;
- Cai thi�n ti�n nghi khi v� hanh ltr&i hi;i th�.
Mu6n v�y, !um h� th� dn phai c6 tinh thich irng cao, kha ming ming
cdp ,·a rfnh thfch nghi vcri m9i du hinh khi l�p d�t.
Ngum V<}.11 hanh lu6i hc_1. th� d� thoa man cac yeu du cua m�g
SCADA giam sat lu6i dtn phai bi�t:
- C\i d�t d.ly du cac chfrc nang d1�u khiSn khi l�p d�t. nim vfrng cac
tr�ng thai v�n hanh, trong d6 g6m ca kha nang di�u khi�n tu xa cua cac khi
q1 va thi�t bi.
- K�t n6i t6t v&i mQi ph�n tu n1m trong m�ng h,;1 th6 dang V?Jl hanh.
bao dam dap ung nhanh nhit khi c6 S\l' cf> xay ra.
- Khai thac va XU ly t6t du I i?u thu th�p.
- Do va hi�n thj m9i thong s6 cua h.r6i phan ph6i (dong, ap, cong sudt,
coscp...).
-Bao dam an toan cho ngubi va chi�t bi.
Nhu v�y ta co th� qui v� 4 nh6rn chuc nang chinh cho mi;ll1g SCADA
giam sat lu&i h� th� bao g6m: Do luimg, Hiin thi. Diiu khidn va Quan ly,
duqc minh hQa thc:o hinh 6.1.

126
 T6m uh bf>n nh6m chuc n1ing nhu sau:
- Cht'rc n�ng Dv lucmg: Bao dam thu th�p
duqc <lfiy du du li�u lien quan d�n h� th 6ng phan
phf>i lucri h� th�.
- Chuc nang / liin th;: Th� hi�n diy <lu mQi
thong s6 luoi cung nhu luon kip thoi dnh bao S\I

•••
c6 n�u c6.
- Chuc nAng DiJu khiin: C6 kha nAng giam
sat va di�u khicn tu xa m9i thanh ph.ln cua luoi
hc;t tht
- Cht'rc nang Quan l;i: Bao dam giam chi
phi v�n hanh Hing cuong ti�n nghi va don gian
Control
h6a cong tac bao tri.
Cac thitt bi bao v¢ va dong dt hi�n d�i cho .D
phep mc'Y r(>ng 4 chlic nang chinh neu tren. C\l tht
Nang cao tinh nttng khi do cac thong sf>
m
cua hr6i di�n. khong chi th� hi�n gia tri dong va
ap 6 m�\t truoc cua PANEL hi&n thi. ma ct'>n th�
hi�n de d:;ii lu(fl1g P: S: coscp cung kha nang
truy�n gia tri do v� may linh PC trung tam:
- Chuc nang di�u khi�n c6 nhi�u tinh nang
moi:
Hinh 6.1. Bon nhom ch&c
- C6 kha nang t�p trung dfr li�u d� ki�m tra nang chfnh cho m()ng
SCADA glam sat /u,&I h() the
va phan tich:
- Oi�u khi�n tu xa CB cung cac thi�t bi khac trong m�g;
- Hien thj thong bao tr�g thai rung thi�t bi ciing nhu tinh tqmg dit":n
ap tren tirng thanh cai:
- Phat hi�n Sl,I cd va canh bao kjp thoi;
- Chuc n!ng chd.n doan va bao tri c6 them tinh n�ng dinh vi tri noi bi
S\I' c6 cung nhu ltru tru cac thong s6 lien quan d�n tlillg S\f c6�
- Chuc nli.ng quan ly c6 kha nlng dQc thong s6 di�n tieu th1,1 tu xa.
gi:im sat va phan tich dfiy du cac d�i luqng P: S; coscp.

127
 Hinh 6.2 gicri thi�u hru d6 v� hanh va giam sat lucri di�n hc;t thi.
START

No

Yes
Yes

PhtnlOftVi
Cho v•n hi nhjn SV' CO
hanh cAc
nhanh 1ai

C.\<:h ly nhanh
chlnh VI c,c
Hlin 1111 th6ng •� nhanh tal
IIIO'i

No
No

Diliu chinh
TUBU Yes Oimg hf lh6ng
YH ao l.19ng SVC

End

Hinh 6.2. Lvu <!o chfnh vln hanh va giam sat ftl'O'I <!ifn h{I the

128
 Hinh 6.3 gioi thi�u ILIU db chuong trinh con phat bi�n va kh�c ph1,1c
S\f CO.
START

G1am sat
thong so
d!iu vAo

No

Slfc.6 qua
S1,1co mAt Si,rcoqua
dong. th!ip
dong hp. th6p ap
dong

X" ly "" XLP ly S\'

co co

D.\nh gl.\, ph6n

10,1 ,,., co

No

Yes

ENO

Hinh 6.3. Cht"°"1g trlnh con phat hlfn va kh,c ph1,1c cac sv cd

9 HTDKGSVTN 129
 IIlnh 6.4 gioi thi�u hru d6 chuong trinh con phat hi�n va phan lo�i S\f
cb v� dong.

START

RESET

Yes

No

Yts

Sirc6
hclpha

No
No

Ye$

Sircongin Slfco ngin

111Ki12pha �2pha Lid Yin hlnh binh
chamdit ttn1m9 jkh6ng wc6)
khong�dlt

00

Hinh 6.4. Chvc,ng trinh con phat hifn va phan /of; sv co ve dong

130
 H1nh 6.5 gicri lhi�u hru d6 chucmg trinh con theo doi bu cong su�t
phan khang.

START

eo dOI COng su6t phin kMng

cua h& th6ng 10'61

Yes

Tlnh toan Tlnh toan

dunglt1Q'll9 ung h.ri;rng ll,I
cln bu dU' cln ngAt

Cos<p 2: 0,94

Cap nha CAp nha Cap nha

tv = 1 tv = 2 tv = 3

Yes

ENO

Hinh 6.5. Ch1J1C1ng trlnh con theo doi bu cong suat phan khang

I 31
 §6.3. U'NG Dl)NG SCA DA TRONG cAc NHA MAY E)ll�N
SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) la h� 1.h6ng thu
th�p dfr li�u va di�u khien giam sat. Khai ni�m duqc su di,rng r<)ng rai trong
cong nghi�p va cac nha may hi�n d�i. D6i v6i m<)t nha may hi�n d�i, khi
xay d\ffig va dua vao ho�t dong thi dn t�o ra duqc san ph�m d�t yeu du v�
chllt luqng, dap 1111g duc;1c cac yeu d.u kh�t khe cua thj tmcmg.
Nha may cfui dU(,"YC trang bi cac may m6c hi�n d�i, d�t dugc cac ticu
chuk v� chit luc;mg va moi trucmg, d(> an toan, nang suit va ti�t ki�m.
Chfnh vi th�, vi�c tich hQ'P tµ d{mg hoa nha may la m9t yeu du buc thi�t
d�t ra. Cac h�ng m1,1c san xuit duqc trang bi may mac tv d{mg, phAn m�m
di�u khi6n hi�n d�i d� tiSt ki�m nhien li�u, di�n nang, nhan cong va dam
bao chinh xac theo yeu d.u.
D6i v&i cac nha may di�n. ngoai vi�c t1,1 dc)ng hoa toan b<) day chuy�n
san xuit di�n ming. nha quan ly dn dut;1c cung d.p cac thong tin v� tinh
hlnh san x�t, tinh tr�ng may moc thi�t bi, cac thong s6 san ph§.m di�n nang
cua nha may, cac v�n d� lien quan d�n san xu�t va truy�n tai di xa, ... Tuy
nhien muc d◊ thong tin o cac d.p khac nhau se rit khac nhau.
Thong tlurimg du-!)"c chia ra lam 3 cfi,p :
1) Ccip w;in hanh (Ctip truang)
Cip v�n hanh la dtp d9 a� cac ky SU, cong nhan v�n hanh, theo doi
ho�t d<)ng cua thift bi, cac thong s6 theo quy trinh cong ngh� d�t ra.
2) Cdp iliJu khz°in (J'Qi ph/mg aidu khitn)
Cip di�u khi�n la dp d◊ cac ky su di�u khi�n t1,1 d(lng se giam sat,
di�u khi�n cac thong s6, tinh tr:,mg cua cac thi�t bi va toan b9 day chuy�n
san xuAt theo quy trinh da d�t ra bing thao tac, theo doi tren bang thong s6,
man hinh hien thj va di�u khi�n qua giao di?'n ph!n m�m HMI (Human
Machine Interface) hay ban di�u khi�n OP (Operator Panel).
3) cdp giam sat, quan ly
D6i v&i dp giam sat, quan ly c6 hai hinh thuc tucmg ducmg nhau, d6 la:
- Giam sat t9i nha may (T4i nha v4n hanh): Nha quan ly se theo doi
cac thong s6, tinh tr�ng thi�t h! va toan b(> ho�t d(mg cua day chuy�n san
xu�t theo yeu du qua giao di�n may tinh dugc k�t n6i trµc ti�p v&i phong

132
di�u khiSn qua do c6 th� nfu-n du<;1c tinh hinh san xuit, tinh tr,:}Jlg v�t tu thiit
bi, len kt hol;lch san xu,k truy�n tai, ...
- Gicim SQ/ fl( Xd (lai (rung tam): Ti:i.i !rung tam cua tbng cong ty, nha
quan 1) t.:ii day c6 th� theo d6i, giam sat m9i ho<_1.t d�mg cua nha may thong
1

qua may tinh duqc k�t n6i tir xa qua m�ng. T(r do co ki ho.;tch san xu:it, di�u
d◊, ban hang va nh�p hang.
Hinh 6.6 mo ta sa df> M th6ng SCADA cho nha may di?n.

CAp giam sat, quan ly

Giam sat tll' xa

qua m1;1ng

ROUTER

� Tr1;1m lam vi�c Tram lam vi�c

L..:__J
di�u khren, di�u khien,
giam sat giam sat

SWITCH

Cflp trlJ'ong

Thii!t bi chap hanh Thiel bj do

Hinh ti. ti. Sa (lo ma ta h� thong SCADA cho nha may t!ifn
133
 Cac thong tin trong h� th5ng SCADA d� gif.tm sat d:i!u khiJn thong
thuong bao g6m:
- Cac cong su�t P, Q, S;
- San luqng di�n luy k�;
- TAn s6. di�n ip;
- Tinh trq.ng dong cfit cua cac may cit;
- S6 k1n d(mg may;
- Nhung cuabin nao dang ho�t d9ng;
- Thth hinh S\f c6 (n�u c6);
- Dµ tru d�u, lugng tieu th1,1 d&u trong ngay;
- San Jugng, ch.it lm;mg khi ho�c than tieu th1,t,...
Cac thong s6 nay duqc cung dp tir cac thie:t bi do o dp truimg, ch(mg
dugc t(ch hgp vao cac bt) di�u khi!n va cac thong tin cua. chung duqc dung
lam diu vao d� ditu khi�n cac thiJt bi va cac thong s6 khac. Chung con
dugc truy8n Jen may tinh giam sat, di�u khi�n va hi�n thj tren man hlnh giao
di�n di�u khi�n (t.;ii phong di�u khi�n), duqc luu trfr trong ccr s6 du li�u dS
t�o bao cao khi dn thi�t Va gui v� trung tam qua duang Internet. T,;ti trung
tam. cac thong s6 nay cfing dui;,c hi�n thi tren giao di�n d6 hQa va hru trfr
trong CO' SO' du li�u cua may tinh ct� l�p bao cao,
Thilt hi cua hf thbng SCA DA
1) Phdn cung
D� xay d\lllg h� th6ng SCADA cho nha may d.n cac ph�n c(mg sau:
- May tinh cong nghi�p {IPC);
- Bo tich hgp thiit bi (K�t n6i va thu th�p dfr li�u len may tinh):
- Thi�t bi m�ng (Switch, Router, ...).
2) Phtin mJm
Phan mJm cho giam sat aiJu khiin: T�o ra giao di�n hi8n thi cac
thong s&, di�u khi�n qua giao di�n hi�n thj, luu trii dfr Heu vao ca scr dO li�u
(M6i may c6 1 license va theo s6 di�m tkh hqp di�u khi�n 1/0 point).
- Ph6n mim giam sat, quim if: Hi�n thi cac thong s6, luu tru cac du
li�u vao ca so du li�u (Giao di�n co th� la web navigator).
- Cac phdn m/m phl:' tr(!: K�t n6i m�g, k�t n6i PLC-I PC, ...

134
 3) Mc;mg kit nrii
Cac hinh thtrc c6 th� SU di,mg:
- Duimg truydn lease-line: La kenh thue bao rieng cua buu di�n
cho phep truy�n du li�u vc'Yi t6c d9 cao b�ng cac thi�t bj d�u cu6i bing
modem truy�n th6ng, t6c do t6i da cho phep 19.2 kb/s (ctia rieng nha
may - private line).
- Duong truytn cap quang: Dung cap quang d6 truy�n dfr li�u tu nha
may v� trung tam ( c6 th� thue cua buu di�n ho�c tv keo cap n�u khoang
each g�n) v&i khoang each xa, bang thong n;mg, tin c�y, t6c do cao. Tl,li moi
dh phai c6 thi�t bj chuy�n d6i quang d� k�t n6i vm may tinh.
- Duong truyJn ADSL: La ducmg truy�n internet bang thong rc)ng,
cho phep du li�u vm t6c do cao, d� k�t n6i (La m�ng cong c<;mg).
Kha nang tich h()'JJ vao cac hf th6ng t{li trung tam
T<_1i trung tam, nha quan ly khong chi thu nh�n va giam sat cac thong
tin lien quan d�n cac nha may di�n tu xa qua m1,1ng ma con giarn sat va quan
ly nhi�u h� th6ng khac: trung tam du li�u (thu th�p toan bo cac du li�u
chuyen nganh va tich hQ'P vao cac h� th6ng con ctia tfulg dfr li�u, truy!n
hinh h¢i nghi ( tele conference), t6ng dai di�n tho�i (PABX), ban hang va
thuang m�i di�n tu (e-commerce), tu v.in cac djch V\l di�n tu su dl,lng m}i
b<) va cho tlrne.... T.lt ca cac djch V\l nay d�u kh6ng chi thu�n ruy v� ky
thl.tjt ma con lien quan d�n cac v.in d� v& thong tin. quan I)·. ban hang, d(nh
hucmg, phat tri�n va cac dich v\l gia trj gia tifog.
H� th6ng SCADA se xay d\ffig hoan toan c6 th� tich hc;,p d� giam sat
tu xa tren cung mot may tinh t�i trung tam. lu6ng du li�u thu th�p tu nha
may duqc luu giu trong co so du li�u nen hoan toan c6 th� dung d� t�o cac
bao v� cac ho�t d(mg c6 lien quan.
Tuy nhien h� th6ng dieu khitn giarn sat SCADA van ho9-t d¢ng d(>c
l�p ma khong bi ph\J thw}c hay can trcr tir bit kf h� th6ng nao khac k� ca khi
cac h� th6ng khac g�p sµ c6, h� th6ng SCADA vin ho�t d<)ng binh thucmg.

135
 TAI LIE:U THAM KHA.O

1. ABB, User .1.\1anual Remote Terminal Unit RTU 2ll.

2. AREY A, Protection-Automation & Control Integrated System, October
2004.
3. Bailey D., Practical SCADAfor Industry. Elsevier. 2003.
4. Darol Woodward. Protocol and atchitectures for Power Delivery
Automation, Proceeding of the 1 st Annual Western Power Delivery
Automation.
5. !EC Standard 61850.
6. International Power Generation, May 2003.
7. Truang Dinh Chau, H¢ tht5ng thu th(jp dii lifu va aidu khiin giam sat.
B(l mon Di�u khi�n Tl! d(mg. D<;1i h9c Bach Khoa TP. H6 Chi Minh. 2006.
8. Phi;im Van Hoa, B�ng Ti�n Trung, Hf th6ng th/mg tin trong H? thimg
ili?n, Nha xuftt ban Bach khoa - Ha Nc)i, 2010.
9. Hoang Minh San, M(lng truydn thi3ng cong nghi?P, Nha xuAt ban Khoa
hoc ky thu�t, 2000.
I 0. Tai li�u ky thu�t s6 ICS03-02-EVN, H� thf>ng di�u khi�n cho tr.;im bifn
ap trcn 220 kV.
11. Tai li�u Trung tam Bi�u d◊ qu6c gia AO va Bi�u d9 mi�n B�c Al.

136
 Ml)C L{)C
LOI NOi DAU···································· .................................................................. 3
DANH M�JC cAc CHU VIET TA.T.................................. ·········....................... 5
Chum,g J. TONG QUAN VE HB THONG DIEU KHIEN GIAM SAT
VA THU THA.P DULIBU TRONG H8 THONG Dil;N ................ g
§1. 1. l<HAI auAT CHUNG......... ................................................... . ....... . .. .. . 9
§ 1. 2. SV' PHAN CAP QUAN LY CUA HI; THONG SCADA.......................... .. . . .. . ... . .... 10
1.2.1. Cf:lp thU' nh�t ........................................................................................... 1 0
1.2.2. Cap th(r hai ................................................................................. .... ...... 11
1.2.3. Cap thll' ba.................. ............................................................................11
§1.3. CAC Yl::U cAu CHUNG CUA HI;. THONG SCADA....................................................... 12
1.3.1. Chll'c nang giam sat ...................................................... ........................ 12
1.3.2. ChL!'c nang dieu kh1en ....................................... .......... ......................... 12
1.3.3. Quan ly va IU'u tn) dll' li$u ................................................ ...... , .............. 12
1.3.4. Tfnh nang thai gian thl,l'C ........................................................................ 13
§1.4. TONG QUAN v� ca CAU HI; TH6NG SCADA ........... ..... . ..... ... . ...... ................... 13
§1.5. GIOI THIEU LICH SO' HlNH THANH VA PHAT TRll::N HI; THONG SCADA ............... 15
§1.6. THANH PHAN HI; THONG SCADA.................................. .. . ..... . ... ............ ............. 21
1.6.1. Phan CU'ng ........................................................................................ ...... 21
1.6.2. Phan mem ............................................ ,.................................................. 21
1.6. 3. Cap truyen thong ................................ .................................................. 22
1.6.4. Tong quan ve mang cue bQ LAN .. ........................................................ 24
1.6.5. Thiet bi MODEM ..................................................................................... 26
1.6.6. Yeu du v� may Unh trong he th6ng SCADA ....................................... 27
Chirm,.g 2. cAu TRUC PHAN CUNG HF;, THONG SCADA ....................... 29
§2.1. GIO'I THl!;.U CHUNG............... .... .... .. .. ...... .. .... ..... ...................................... .. .... .. 29
§2.2. cAc THll::T Bl flll;.N TO' THONG MINH IEDs ..................... . . .. ......................... . . . 31
2.2.1. ChU'C nang cua IED .. ........................................................................ ... 31
2.2.2. RO'le ky thu.)t s6 ...................................................................................... 31
2.2.3. Cong ta dien tU' nhieu bieu gia .............................................................. 33
§2.3. THll::T Bl E>AU CUOI RTU .. .................................................................... . .... . .. . 36
2.3.1. G1oi thieu chung ...................................................................................... 36
2.3.2. Bo w
ly trung tam CPU (Central Processing Unit) .............................. 37
2.3.3. Mo--<!un l1�u vao tU'O'ng tl,l' Al (Analog Input)........................................ 38
2.3.4. M6--dun dau ra tU'ang ht AO (Analog Output) ..................................... 38
2.3.5. Mo-dun dau vao s6 DI (Digital lnput) .................................................... 38
2.3.6. M6--dun dau ra s6 DO (Digrta\ Output)...................................... ...........40
2.3. 7. M�un s6/ tU"ang tl)'................................... .......................................... 41
2.3.8. Mo-dun truy�n thong.............................................................................. 41
2.3.9. Mo-dun ngubn c�p ................................................................................. 42
2. 3.10. Cac yeu du ca ban cua mot h$ th6ng RTU ...................................... 42

137
 §2. 4 . B0 DIEU KHIEN �p TRlNH PLC TRONG SCADA ..................................................... 42
2.4.1. Gloi thii;lu chung ........................................................., ............................ 42
2.4.2. Ph�n mem PLC va PhlfO'ng phapl�p trlnh gian do thang .................. 43
§2.5. TRAM CHO .................................................................................................................... 47
2.5.1. Gi6'1 thieu chung ...................................................................................... 47
2.5.2. Phan mem cho tr.;lm chu ...................................................." .................. 48
2.5.3. Phan mem SCADA................................................................................. 48
2.5.4. M,;1ng nol b¢ cho tram chu....................,, ........................,....................... 49
§2.6. eo TIN CAY VA SAN SANG CUA HI; THONG SCADA ._............................................. 51
2.6.1. Gi6'i thieu chung ..........................................................,,....,,....................51
2.62. Ciiu hinh dl,f ph6ng cua h$ thllng..........................................................52
§2.7. cAu TRUC TRUYEN THONG ....................................................................................... 54
2.7.1. Gi6'i thieu chung ...................................................................................... 54
2.7.2.Cau trucChu-Khach (Master- Slave)
2.7.3. H� th6ng Truy C$p nh(m bi�t s6ng mang
tranh xung d(>tCSMA-CD...................................................................... 56
§2 .8. GIAO D11;:N NGU'OI - MAY HMI .................................................................................... 57
2.8. 1.Khai niem chung ....,,............................................................................... 57
2.8.2. The hi$ n SO' do lt..r&i ................................................................................ 57
2.8.3. Cac chCrc nang cua giao dien Ngl.fO'i-May.........................................58
2.8.4.Cac SO' do ILI'6'i ........................................................................................60
2.8.5. Tc;10 va thay abi cac sO' aei ......................................................................60
Chm1ng 3. cAu
TRUC PHAN MEM
HJ; THONG SCADA ......................... 62
§3.1. GIO'I THll;U CHUNG ..............,,.............. ,.......................................,............................... 62
§3.2. THANH PHAN CUA MOT HI; THONG SCAOA ............................................................. 62
§3.3. GO! PHAN Ml=M COA HI; THONG SCADA .................................................................. 64
3.3.1. Gi6'i thi$u chung ......................................................................................64
3.3.2. He th6ng dl,Y ph6ng ................................................................................. 67
3.3.3. Thai gian phan hol .................................................................................. 69
3.3.4. Kha nang mb rong cua he th6ng......................................................... ..70
§3.4. GIAO THU'C TRONG HI; THONG SCADA.................................................................... 70
3.4.1. Gi6'i thieu chung ....
3.4.2. Giao thCrc ma chu�m cua My cho trao d6i thong tin ASCII .................. 71
3.4.3. Giao thCrc ModBus........................... :...................................................... 73
3.4.4. Giao thCrc K�t n6i he th6ng mo OSl......................................................75
3.4.5. Giao thU'C TCP/IP.................................................................................... 79
3.4.6. Giao th(rc Bus trLI'6'ng FB ....................................................................... 82
3.4.7. Giao thLYC 0ieu khien dO, lieu mll'c cao HDLC ...................................... 83
§3.5. PHAT Hll;N LCI ........................................................................, ....... ., ....... ., .................. 85
3.5.1. N�uyen nMn gay !oi.:.·············································································85
3.5.2. 0ieu khi� phan hoi loi ...........................................................................85
Chm1ng 4. cAc
H� THONG M�G C()C BO
DUNG CHO SCADA .......... 87
§4.1. GIOI THll;;U CHUNG .....,,............................................................................................... 87

138
 §4.2. cAu TRUC Lll:N K�T MANG TRONG HE TH6NG ...................................................... 88
4 .2.1 Topology l0;;3i k�t n6i day du .................................................................. 88
4.2.2. Topology loai k�t n6i hinh sao ............................................................... 89
4.2.3. Topology I� ket n6i hinh vong ........................................... .............. .. 90
4.2.4. Topology l�i ket n6i Bus ....................................................................... 91
4.2.5. Topology l�i ket n6i cay ................................................................... .... 92
§4.3. CHUAN IEEE 802.3 ETHERNET.................................... ................................. ........... 93
4.3. 1. Gi6'i thi$u chung ..................................................................... ................ 93
4.3.2. K1eu Ethernet 1 0BASE .......................... ............................... ................ 94
4.3.3. Khung dO' li$u E>i�u khien truy nh<;1p truyen dan MAC ......................... 99
§4.4. HE THONG MANG ETHERNET T6C 00 ............. .................................. . . ... ........1 01
4.4.1. Gi6'i thieu chung .................................................................................... 101
4.4.2. Ki�u Ethernet i00BASE ....................................................................... 101
§4.5. cAc THANH PHAN Lll:N Kl=T MANG ......... ..................................... ........................1 05
4. 5.1. Gi6'i thi�u chung .................................................................................... 105
4.5.2. B¢ lc;1p Repeater .................................................................................... 105
4.5.3 Cau noi Bridges...................................................................................... 106
4.5.4. Cau dan Router ..................................................................................... 106
4.5.5. Cong n6i Gateways ............... ..............................................................108
4.5.6. Hubs va Switchs ...................................................................................1 08
§4.6. MANG SCAOA VA INTERNET ............................... .. .. . .. ... . ............. .. .............. 109
4.6.1 . Gia, thi$u chung ........... . .......................................................................109
4.6.2. U'ng dL,Jng Internet cha m9ng SCADA ................................ ............... 110
4.6. 3. Bao mc;:1t he thong.................................................................................. 112
Chumrg 5. THI ET B! MODEM VA PHONG DIEU KHIEN TRUNG TAM
........................................................................................................................... 113
§5.1. THll:T Bl MODEM...... ..... ..................................................................... .....................11 3
5.1.1 . Khai ni�m oo ban ve Modem ............................................................... 113
5.1.2 Chuan giao tiep. .....................................................................................1 14
5.1.3. Radio MODEM ......................................................................................115
5.1 .4. Sv co thU'O'ng xay ra v6'i MODEM .......... ...........................................117
§5.2. PHONG Elll�U KHll:N TRUNG TAM ................................. ... .... ......................... ...... 119
5.2.1 . Gi&i thieu chung .................................................................................... 119
5.2.2. Thi �ng, liip d�t va cac yeu cau thiet ke ph6ng di�u khien
trung tam ............................................................................................... 120
Clumng 6. UNG Dl)NG CUA HI; THONG SCADA TRONG
HJ;. THONG DIJ;:N ·······--·····--············----·--····--···········•--···············-- 123
§6.1 . LYNG Dl)NG SCADA TRONG 01 t:U £>0 HE TH(°)NG f)ll;N ..... ... ..... ..... .................1 23
§6.2. U'NG Dl,ING SCADA TRONG GIAM sAT LU'O'I HA THI= ............................ ..............1 26
§6. 3. L/'NG D1,1 NG SCA DA TR ONG cAc NHA MAY 0I l;N .................................................. 132
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ......................................................................... 136

139
 He THONG DIEU KHll:N GIAM SAT
VA THU TH�P DU' Lieu SCADA
TRONG HI; THONG Oll;N

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