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Biodiversity Made Easy
(Quick Review)

Made by: Sabikah Shafiq

Kingdom Classification

1)Prokaryotae (Monera)
2)Protoctista (Protista)
3)Fungi
4)Plantae
5)Animalia
Kingdom Prokaryotae (Monera)

• Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms called as bacteria.

• Contains single DNA molecule coiled in a loop (Not
enclosed in a nucleus)
• Can be used in research and technology.
• The cells of some species may remain associated after cell
division and form colonies.

Antony Van Leewenhoek was the first to observe micro-

organisms via a simple microscope.
Basis of Classification of Bacteria

On Basis of Nutrition On Basis of Respiration

1. Aerobes (Obligate)
1. Saprotrophic Bacteria 2. Anaerobes (Obligate/Facultative)
2. Symbiotic Bacteria 3. Micro-aerophilic
3. Parasitic Bacteria
4. Autotrophic Bacteria
5. Photosynthetic Bacteria
6. Chemosynthetic Bacteria
 Kingdom Protoctista (Protista)

• Most controversial group of organisms.

• It is an unnatural group.
• Group contains eukaryotes generally regarded identical to
ancestors of modern plants, animals and fungi.
• It contains 2 groups i.e. Algae & Protozoans.
• Due to diversity of organisms in this group, biologists regard
protist kingdom as polyphyletic group of organisms.

Polyphyletic group= not having same ancestor

 Basis of Classification of Protista

Fungi-like Plant-like Animal-like

(Primitive Fungi) (Algae) (Protozoa)

Sub-groups Sub-classes
1. Slime mold (Gymnomycota) Examples: 1. Flagellata (Mastigophora)
2. Water mold (Oomycetes) • Chlorella 2. Sarconida (Rhizopoda)
• Ulva 3. Ciliata (Ciliophora)
• Euglena 4. Suctoria
5. Sporozoa
Examples of Class Protozoa
S.no Protozoa Class Example
(Animal like)
1 Flagellata (Mastigophora) • Trypanosoma
2 Sarconida (Rhizopoda) • Amoeba
• Paramecium
3 Ciliata (Ciliophora) • Opalina
• Balantidium
4 Suctoria • Acineta tuburosa
• Plasmodium
5 Sporozoa
• Monocystis
 Kingdom Fungi
• They’re non-chlorophyllus.
• They’re multicellular.
• They have chitinous cell wall.
• Have coenocytic body called mycelium.
• They’re absorptive hetrotrophs.
• Fungi are best decomposers along with bacteria.
• They have a characteristic mitosis called nuclear mitosis
during which nuclear membrane does not break and spindle is
formed within nucleus.

Yeast are non-hyphal unicellular fungi

• The body of fungus is called mycelium that consists of tubular
thread-like filaments called hyphae.
• Hyphae might be septate (having septum; border or sections)
or non-septate (lacking sections).
• Chitin in fungal cell wall is more resistant to decay as
compared to the decaying of cellulose and lignin in plant cell
wall.
• Non-septate hyphae are coenocytic (multinucleated).
• Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs (saprotrophs, decomposers,
parasites, predators and mutualists).

S.no Hyphal Fungi Non-hyphal Fungi

1 Mushrooms Yeast
2 Puff balls -
3 Morels -
• Saprotrophic fungi have modified hyphae called rhizoid that
they use to anchor to the substrate.
• Saprotrophic fungi along with bacteria are the major
decomposers of the biosphere.
• Parasitic fungi might be obligate or facultative.
• Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients directly from the cytoplasm of
living host by the help of special hyphal tips called haustoria.
• Asexual reproduction in fungi takes place via spores (produced
in sporangia), conidia, fragmentation and budding.
• Sexual reproduction takes place via meiosis.

Conidia are non-motile, asexual spores which are cut-off at the

end of modified hyphae called conidiophores.
 Examples of Nutritional Modes in
Fungi
S.no Mode of Nutrition Example
1 Parasitic (Obligate) • Mildews species
Method: Haustoria • Rust species
2 Predators • Oyster mushroom
Method: Paralyzing, (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Constricting ring formation, • Species of Arthrobotrys
sticky substance secretion.
3 Mutualistic symbiosis • Lichens
Method: Benefit to both partners • Mycorrhizae
and harm to none.
 Lichens
Lichens are mutualistic and have symbiotic association between
certain fungi. Lichens are economically very important as
bioindicators for air pollution.
Mycorrhizae
They are mutualistic association between certain fungi and roots
of vascular plants.
 Types
Endomycorrhizae:
Fungal hyphae penetrates the outer cells of the plant root.
Ectomycorrhizae:
Fungal hyphae surround and extends between the cells but donot
penetrates the cell walls of the roots.
 Basis of Classification of Fungi

Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota

Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples:

• Mucor • Yeasts • Mushrooms • Penicillium
• Rhizopus • Common molds • Toadstool • Aspergillus
• Morels • Puffballs
• Truffles • Jelly fungi
• Powdery meldew • Shelf fungi
• Rusts
• Smuts
 Diseases Caused By Fungi in
Humans
S.no Fungi Disease Caused
1 Candida Albicans • Common Vaginal Infection
• Oral Thrush
2 Fungi Imperfecti • Ring Worm
• Athlete’s Foot
3 Fungal Spores • Histolplasmolysis
4 Aspergillus fumigatus • Aspergillosis
5 Aspergillus flavus • Cancer due to aflatoxins
6 Purple ergot • Ergotism
7 Pink yeast (Rhodotorula) • Diseases of Immune System
 Diseases Causes By Fungi in
Plants
S.no Diseases Caused
1 Powdery mildews (on grapes, rose, wheat etc)
2 Ergot of rye
3 Red rot of sugarcane
4 Potato wilt
5 Cotton root rot
6 Apple scab
7 Brown rot of peaches, plums, apricots & cherries

Bracket/Shelf fungi causes lot of damage to stored cut timber

as well as strands of timber of living trees
 Important Points to Remember
The four divisions of fungi are distinguished primarily by their
sexual reproductive structures:
• The Ascomycota is named after their club-shaped reproductive
structure called ascus.
• Basidiomycota is named after their reproductive structure
called basidium.
• Zygomycota is named after its reproductive structures called
zygospores which are temporary dormant structures.
• Deuteromycota is the group which lacks sexual reproduction.
• Among the economically important genera of fungi imperfecti
are penicillium and aspergillus.
 Kingdom Plantae
• All plants are multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic
autotrophs.
• Cell wall is made up of cellulose.
• Plants store their carbohydrate in the from of starch.
• The chloroplasts of both green algae and plants contain
chlorophyll-b as an accessory photosynthetic pigment.
• Exchange of CO2 and O2 occurs via stomata i.e. microscopic
pores through the surfaces of the leaves.

Plants are multicellular photosynthesizers that are adapted to

living on land. All plants protect their embryos from
desiccation.
Basis of Classification of Plants

Phylum Bryophyta Phylum Tracheophyta

Class
1. Hepaticae (liverworts)
Subdivision
1. Pteridophyta (Non-flowering)
2. Musci (Moses)
2. Spermopsida (Seed plants)
3. Anthocerotae (Hornworts)

Pteridophyta Spermopsida
(Subdivision) (Group)
1. Psilopsida (Psilopsids) 1. Gymnosperms
2. Lycopsida (Club mosses) a) Cycads (Cycadophyta)
3. Sphenopsida (Horse tails) b) Gnetaeles ( Gnetophyta)
4. Pteropsida (Ferns) c) Ginkgo (Ginkgophyta)
d) Conifers (Coniferophyta)
2. Angiosperms
 Phylum Bryophyta

Bryophytes are non-vascular plants showing heteromorphic

alternation of generation with dominant gametophytes having
amphibious nature.

S.no Bryophyta Class Examples

1 Hepaticae (Liverworts) Ricca, Marchantia, Porella
2 Musci (Mosses) Funaria, Sphagnum
3 Anthocerotae (Hornworts) Anthocerotae fusiformis
 Phylum Tracheophyta
• Tracheophytes have evolved a host adaptation to the terrestrial
environment.
• They have a protective layer of sterile jacket cells around the
reproductive organs.
• Multicellular embryos retained within the archegonia.
• Cuticles are present on the aerial parts.
• Xylem and phloem present.
• The above features were absent in the early tracheophytes.

Xylem and Phloem are vascular tissues which bryophytes

lacked
S.no Tracheophyta Sub-Group Examples

1 Psilopsida (Psilopsids) Rhynia, Psilotum, Tmespteris

2 Lycopsida (Club mosses) Selaginella, Lycopodium

3 Sphenopsida (Horse tails) Equisetum

4 Pteropsida (Ferns) Dryopteris (Aspidium), Pteris

5 Spermopsida Rose, Apple, Sunflower,

(Seed plants) Orange, Ginkgo, Conifers

Angion= Cup or Vessel (Fruit); Sperma= Seed

The botanical name of almond is Prunus amygdalus because

its shape looks like amygdala; a structure found in brain.
 Kingdom Animalia
• Animals range in sizes from being microscopic Parazoan
trichoplax to the giant blue whale balaenoptera.
• True land dwelling forms in animals are found in phylum
Arthropoda and Chordata.
• Multicellular animals have arisen from the Protists at least
three times; the Sponges (Phylum Porifera), Cnidarians
(Phylum Cnidaria) and Flat worms (Phylum Platyhelminthes).
• Most of the animals are motile and few are sessile.
• The kingdom animalia is divided into 33 groups called phyla.
• The classification or grouping of animals is called Taxonomy
or Systematics.
• Animal starts its life as a zygote and then develops a by a
sequence of mitotic division, called cleavage.
 Basis of Classification of Animals
S.no Major Phylums Further Class Examples
1. Calcarea 1. Ascon, Sycon
1 Porifera 2. Hexactinellida 2. Euplectella
3. Demospongiae 3. Spongilla
1. Hydrozoa 1. Hydra, Obelia, Physalia
2 Cnidaria 2. Scyphozoa 2. Aurelia
3. Anthozoa 3. Corals, Sea-anemone
1. Dugesia (Planaria)
1. Turbelaria 2. Fasciola hepatica (Sheep
3 Platyhelminthes 2. Trematoda liver fluke)
3. Cestoda 3. Taenia saginata (Beef
tapeworm)
Nemathelminthes
4 - Ascaris
(Ascheminthes)
 Major
S.no Further Class Examples
Phylum
1. Sabella, Nereis
1. Polychaeta
2. Pheretima (Earthworm)
5 Annelida 2. Oligochaeta
3. Hirudinaria (Common
3. Hirudinea
Indian leech)
1. Unio, Mytilus, Pearl oysters
1. Bivalvia 2. Nautilus, Sepia (Cuttle
6 Mollusca
2. Cephalopoda fish), Loligo (Squids) and
Octopus (Devil fish)
1. Limulus (King crab)
1. Merostomata
2. Scorpion, Spider
2. Arachnida
3. Prawn, Crab, Sacculina
7 Arthropoda 3. Crustacea
4. Centipedes, Millipede
4. Myriapoda
5. Silverfish, Ants, Bees,
5. Insecta (Hexapoda)
Cockroaches etc.
1. Ophiroidia 1. Brittle star
8 Echinodermata 2. Holothroidia 2. Sea cucumber
3. Echinodia 3. Sea urchin
9 Hemichordata - Balanoglossus
 Larval Stages in Animals
S.no Phylum Larval Form
1 Porifera Amphiblastula
2 Cnidaria Planula Larva
3 Platyhelminthes Resemblance to Planula Larva
4 Annelida Trochophore Larval Stage
5 Mollusca Trochophore Larval Stage
Arthropoda
6 In complete metamorphosis Pupa
only
7 Echinodermata Bipinnaria Larval Stage
8 Hemichordata Tornaria Larva
Note:
The 10th Phylum i.e. Phylum Chordata will be
discussed briefly in tabloid form.
 Phylum Chordata
Group Acraniata Group Craniata
(Protochordta) (Vertibrata)
1. Sub-Phylum Urochordata
Sub-Phylum Agnatha Sub-Phylum
Example: Ascidia
Example: Hagfish, Lamprey Gnathostomata
2. Sub-Phylum Cephalochordata
Example: Branchistoma
(Amphioxus) Super-Class Pisces Super-Class Tetrapoda

Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Amphibia Aves Reptilia Mammalia

Example: Sharks Example: Sea Sub-Class Sub-Class
(Scoliodon), Skates, horse, Eel, Flying Ratitae Carinatae
Rays (Torpedo) fish, Globe fish, Example: Example:
Lung fish, Mackrel Ostrich, Kiwi, Pigeon, Cranes,
Penguin Houbara

Sub-Class Prototheria Sub-Class Metatheria Sub-Class Eutheria

Example: Echidna, Duck Example: Opossum, Koala, Example: Human, Bat,
billedplatypus Kangaroo Hedge hog