GEOLOGI STRES

STRUKTUR S
PERGUNAKAN DENGAN
BIJAKSANA

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
Hanya Untuk Kepentingan
LO
EO
G
M
Pribadi / Belajar
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

Lab Geodinamik ITB

GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S

STRESS (s)

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-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

Benyamin Sapiie - 2016

GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Analisa Struktur

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-I
IK
• Analisa Dinamika

AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M • Analisa Kinematika
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

Twiss and Moores, 1992

GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
STRESS (s) AND STRAIN (e)

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

“As Geologist I don’t believe in stress (John Ramsay)”

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
TIGA JENIS GEOLOGI STRUKTUR

• BIDANG KONTAK

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IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
• STRUKTUR PRIMER

G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
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• STRUKTUR SEKUNDER
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
VECTOR AND COORDINATE SYSTEM
• SCALARS mass, volume, density, temperature

TB
-I
• VECTORS velocity, displacement force,

IK
AM
acceleration, poles to planes, azimuth

IN
ID
G
LO
• TENSORS stress, strain, thermal conductivity,

EO
G
magnetic susceptibility, permeability
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

Coordinate System
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
BASIC CONCEPTS
FORCES AND VECTORS
• Force is any action which alters, or tends to alter

TB
• Newton II law of motion : F=Ma

-I
• Unit force : kgm/s2 = newton (N) or dyne = gram cm/s2; N = 105 dynes

IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU (a). Force: vector quantity with magnitude and direction
R
O

(b). Resolving by the parallelogram of forces

AT
R
BO

Two Types of Force

LA

• Body Forces (i.e. gravitational force)

• Contact Forces (i.e. loading)

Modified Price and Cosgrove (1990)

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Force Equilibrium

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
(A) Balance

G
LO
(B) Torque

EO
G
M
R
IU (C) Static Equilibrium
O

(D) Dynamic Equilibrium

AT
R
BO
LA

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
STRESS
Stress defined as force per unit area:

TB
s = F/A

-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
A = area, Stress units = Psi, Newton (N),

G
LO
Pascal (Pa) or bar (105 Pa)

EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
TYPE OF STRESS

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IN
ID
G
LO
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G
M
IU
R
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R
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 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
TYPE OF STRESS
• Stress at a point in 2D
• Types of stress

TB
-I
NORMAL STRESS (sn)

IK
AM

Stress (s)
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT

(+) Compressive (-) Tensile

R
BO
LA

SHEAR STRESS (sS)

(+) (-)
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
STRESS TENSOR

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-I
Stress Tensor Notation

IK
AM
s11 s12 s13

IN
ID
s = s21 s22 s23

G
LO
s31 s32 s33

EO
G
M
IU
s12 = s21, s13 = s31, s23 = s32
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

Principal Stress:
s1 > s > s
STRESS 3D – 2nd RANK TENSOR
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S

Stress Ellipsoid

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
a) Triaxial stress

ID
G
LO
EO
G
M b) Principal planes of
IU
R
the ellipsoid
O
AT
R
BO
LA

(Modified from Means, 1976)

GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Image of Stress - Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram A. Mohr Diagram

TB
-I
x

IK
ss

AM
n


IN
ID
s

G
LO
s(p)
n , ss 
(p)
ss(p)

EO
s s sin

G
 r
sn(p)
M
2  s(p) s
s IU x s sn sn
ss
(p) n 
R
O
AT
R
BO

Plane P
LA

s s s s
2 2

s s
(Twiss and Moores, 1992) cos 
2
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Mohr Diagram 2-D
A. Physical Diagram B. Mohr Diagram

TB
-I
IK
x1 ss

AM
n

IN


ID


G
s(p')
n , ss 
(p')
s(p)
 n , ss 
(p)

LO
p'
n' 

EO
G
p 
M  sn
IU
s s
R
x3 sn
O
AT
R
BO
LA

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Mohr Diagram 2-D

Planes of maximum shear stress (ss)

TB
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IK
AM
A. Physical Diagram B. Mohr Diagram

IN
ss

ID
G
x x

LO
 = +45º Planes of maximum ss

EO
' = +45º max
shear stress Counter clockwise

G
+ -
n n
s s
M
IU
R

ss s x s x s   º s sn
O

ss
AT

'  º
R
BO
LA

Counterclockwise Clockwise ss max

shear stress shear stress Clockwise

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR
2D MOHR DIAGRAM AND STRESS EQUATION
S

TB
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IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Mohr Diagram 3-D
Maximum Shear Stress

TB
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IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Mohr Diagram 3-D
Geometry of a three-dimensional
Stress on a Mohr diagram

TB
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IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

LA

• Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress

• Mean stress is hydrostatic component which tends to produce dilation
• Deviatoric stress is non hydrostatic which tends to produce distortion
• Differential stress, if greater is potential for distortion
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Mohr Diagram 2-D –image of the stress
ss ss ss

TB
-I
IK
s  s  s sn s  s s sn s s  s sn

AM
p

IN
ID
p 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0

G
LO
0 p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

EO
0 0 p 0 0 0 0 0 -a
A. Hydrostatic stress B. Uniaxial compression C. Uniaxial tension

G
M
IU
ss ss
R
ss
O
AT
R
BO

sn s s sn s s s sn
LA

s s
s s
a 0 0 a 0 0 a 0 0
0 b 0 0 a 0 0 b 0
0 0 b 0 0 b 0 0 c
D. Axial or confined E. Axial extension or F. Triaxial stress
compression extensional stress
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Image of Stress
ss ss
sn
Deviatoric Applied

TB
-I
s s s sn s s s s sn

IK
 

AM
sn

IN
ID
a 0 0
s 0 s  sn

G
0 0 0  0
=

LO
0 0 -a 0 s 0 s  sn
G. Pure shear stress H. Deviatoric stress

EO
(two-dimensional)

G
M
IU
ss ss
R
O
AT

Effective Applied
R
BO

s s s s s s sn s s s s sn
LA

E E E

s s

D s D s D s pf s 0 s p f
0 0 0
E

D s  s   s 0 Es  0 = 0 s p f 0
I. Differential stress J. Effective stress 0 0 Es  0 0 s p f
(Three examples)
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
FUNDAMENTAL STRESS EQUATIONS

Principal Stress:
s1 > s > s

TB
-I
IK
• All stress axes are mutually perpendicular

AM
IN
• Shear stress are zero in the direction of

ID
G
principal stress

LO
EO
G
M s1 + s3 + s1 – s3
IU
R

sN = cos 2
O

2 2
AT
R
BO
LA

s1 – s3
ss = Sin 2
2
Stress Ellipsoid
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Stress Strain

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IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
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LA

Stress vs. Strain Ellipsoid

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Limitation of The Concept of Stress in Structural Geology

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IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO

• No quantitative relationship
LA

between stress and permanent strain

• Paleostress determination contain
errors
• No implication equation relating stress
to strain rate that causes the
deformation
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
STRESS MEASUREMENT

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IK
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IN
ID
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LO
EO
G
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FOSSEN (2010)
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
SUMMARY OF STRESS

• Body Force works from distance and depends on the amount of materials

TB
affected (i.e. gravitational force).

-I
IK
• Surface Force are classes as compressive or tensile according to the distortion

AM
they produce.

IN
ID
• Stress is defined as force per unit area.

G
LO
• Stress at the point can be divided as normal and shear component depending

EO
they direction relative to the plane.

G
M
• Structural geology assumed that force at point are isotropic and homogenous
R
IU
• Stress vector around a point in 3-D as stress ellipsoid which have three
O
AT

orthogonal principal directions of stress and three principal planes.

R
BO

• Principal stress s1>s2>s3

LA

• The inequant shape of the ellipsoid has to do with forces in rock and has
nothing directly to do with distortions.
• Mohr Diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress of rock
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
RHEOLOGY – STRESS VS. STRAIN
• Evaluate Using Experiment of Rock Deformation
• Rheology of The Rocks

TB
• Using Triaxial Deformation Apparatus

-I
IK
• Measuring Shortening

AM
• Measuring Strain Rate

IN
ID
• Strength and Ductility

G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
TRIAXIAL TEST

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IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
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IU
R
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MODEL APPARATUS
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
EXPERIMENT ROCK DEFORMATION

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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
STRESS VS. STRAIN DIAGRAM

Yield Strength
400 After Strain

TB
Hardening Ultimate

-I
D Strength

IK
C

AM
B E

IN
300

ID
A

Differential Stress (in MPa)

Yield

G
Strength

LO
Rep ture

EO
Strength

G
M
IU 200
R
O
AT
R
BO

100
LA

1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain (in %)
 GEOLOGI
STRUKTUR

LA
BO
R
AT
O
R
IU
M
G
EO
LO
G
ID
IN
AM
IK
-I
TB
S
STRES
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

Hooke’s Law: s = Ee, E = Modulus Young or elasticity

Newtonian : s = he, h = viscosity, e = strain-rate
 GEOLOGI
STRUKTUR

LA
BO
R
AT
O
R
IU
M
G
EO
LO
G
ID
IN
AM
IK
-I
TB
S
STRES
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
CONFINING PRESSURE

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI
STRUKTUR

LA
BO
R
AT
O
R
IU
M
G
EO
LO
G
ID
IN
AM
IK
-I
TB
S
STRES
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
PORE (FLUID) PRESSURE

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
TEMPERATURE
2000

TB
-I
IK
25ºC

AM
IN
Differential Stress (in MPa)

1500

ID
G
LO
EO
300ºC

G
M
1000 R
IU
O
AT

500ºC
R
BO

500
LA

700ºC

800ºC
0
5 10 15 Strain (in %)
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR
STRAIN-RATE
S

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI
STRUKTUR

LA
BO
R
AT
O
R
IU
M
G
EO
LO
G
ID
IN
AM
IK
-I
TB
S
STRES
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR Stress S
Reference State of Stress – Static
• Lithostatic or Hydrostatic Stress : s = rgz

Depth
TB
• Stress Gradient = 27 MPa/km

-I
IK
• Temperature Gradient = 27oC/km

AM
• Common rock density = 2.7 g/cm3 sL

IN
ID
sv

G
LO
Uniaxial-Strain Reference State of Stress

EO
G
M
IU
sH = (u/1-u sv = (u/1-u rgz
R
O
AT
R

u = Poisson’s ratio, most rock = 0.25-0.33

BO
LA

sH = (1/3) sv or sH = (1/2) sv

Vertical stress is larger than horizontal stress

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
POISSON’S RATIO (u

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
POISSON’S EFFECT

G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
ROCK FAILURE – BRITTLE DEFORMATION

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR
• BRITTLE
S
• DUCTILE

TB
A

-I
IK
AM
A

IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI
STRUKTUR

LA
BO
R
AT
O
R
IU
M
G
EO
LO
G
ID
IN
AM
IK
-I
TB
S
STRES
 GEOLOGI
STRUKTUR

LA
BO
R
AT
O
R
IU
M
G
EO
LO
G
ID
IN
AM
IK
-I
TB
S
STRES
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS
• Rheology apply for elastic and viscous materials.

TB
-I
• Rheology is material response that relates stress and strain

IK
AM
• Stress = (material constant) * strain  (Hooke’s Law)

IN
• Elasticity (i.e. spring): instantaneous recoverable (non-permanent) material

ID
G
response

LO
• Elasticity derives from chemical bonds among atoms in rock

EO
G
• Viscosity: time-dependent, permanent (non-recoverable) material response
M
IU
• Most rock behaves with both of these characteristic (elastic and viscous)
R
O

• Fracture results from catastrophic rupture of those chemical bonds to make

AT
R

a surface through the rock having no cohesion

BO

• Friction is the resistance to sliding due to mechanical interaction across a

LA

surface lacking cohesion.

• Crystal plasticity results from the movement of defect within crystals.
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
MEKANISME PEMBENTUKAN REKAHAN

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

(a) Tensional fractures

(b) Compressive fractures (shear fracture)
(c) Hybrid fractures
(d) No fractures (dilation)
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
FRACTURES MECHANICS

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

SHEAR FRACTURES
EXTENSION FRACTURE
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
MECHANIC OF FRACTURES
Compressive Fractures

TB
The Coulomb Law of Failure

-I
IK
AM
sc = so + tan  (sn)

IN
ID
G
LO
EO
sc = critical shear stress

G
M
IU so = cohesive strength

R
= angle of internal friction
O
AT

tan  = coefficient
R
BO

of internal friction
LA

sn = normal stress

(Modified from Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
THE CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE STRESS (s - Pp)

TB
-I
IK
sN = normal stress

AM
IN
sS = shear stress

ID
G
LO
Pf = pore fluid pressure

EO
s1 = maximum principal stress

G
M
IU
s3 = minimum principal stress
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
FORMATION OF FRACTURE – STRESS POINT OF VIEW

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
ROLE OF FLUID PRESSURE (Pf)

Effective stress (s*)

TB
-I
IK
sn* = sn - Pf

AM
IN
sc = so + tan  (sn- Pf)

ID
G
LO
sc = so + tan  (sn*)

EO
G
If sn* = 0
M
IU
sc = so
R
O
AT
R
BO

sc = Critical stress
LA

so = Tensile strength
of rock

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
Failure Envelope and Development of Fracture at Different Condition

ss
Von Mises ductle
MODE II Brittle-ductile failure criterion

TB
transition

-I
Griffith Crack

IK
Yield stress
Coulumb

AM
fracture
MODE III

IN
criterion

ID
Parabolic E

G
fracture D

LO
envelope C

EO
G
B
T0
M
IU s1 sn
n f f
R
A
O
AT

MODE I s3
R
BO
LA

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
FRACTURES MECHANICS (EXPERIMENTAL)

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

COMPRESSIVE TENSILE
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S

GEOLOGY FRACTURES/REKAHAN

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
• FAULT/SESAR/SHEAR FRACTURES

G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
• JOINT/KEKAR/EXTENSION FRACTURES
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

• VEIN/GASH/URAT/EXTENSION FRACTURES
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
REKAHAN DAN KEKAR (JOINT)
• Joint adalah rekahan yang membuka (mode-1, extension fractures)
• Joint adalah struktur yang sangat umum dijumpai pada batuan

TB
-I
sebagai respon terhadap kompresi, tension dan shearing.

IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
JOINT/KEKAR

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
KEKAR (JOINT)

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
COLUMNAR JOINT/KEKAR KOLOM

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
VEIN - EXTENSION FRACTURES

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
VEIN/GASH FRACTURES

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
FAULT/SESAR

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
SHEAR FRACTURES/KEKAR GERUS/SESAR

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

Gores-Garis /Slicken-sides
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
SESAR (FAULT)

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
s1 slip
Principal Stresses s3
s1 > s2 > s3 tmax planes planes
s2

TB
s1 s1

-I
FAULTS s3 s3

IK
AM
IN
ID
s2 Triaxial Test

G
Stresses

LO
s3 s1

EO
G
M
NORMAL FAULT REVERSE (THRUST) FAULT
IU STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

Anderson’s (1951) Dynamic Fault Classification

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
PENAMAAN SESAR
• Bidang sesar dapat dibagi menjadi dua blok utama
yaitu Footwall (blok dibawah bidang sesar) dan

TB
-I
Hangingwall (blok diatas bidang sesar).

IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
SESAR/FAULTS (COMPRESSIONAL FRACTURES)
• Sesar dapat dibagi berdasarkan pergerakan relatif blok sepanjang

TB
bidang sesar, yaitu:

-I
IK
AM
IN
– Sesar normal (Normal Fault) jika hanging wall relatif turun

ID
G
terhadap footwall (EXTENSIONAL FAULT)

LO
EO
G
M
– Sesar naik (Reverse Fault) jika Hangingwall relatif naik terhadap
IU
R

footwall.
O
AT
R
BO
LA

– Sesar geser (Strike-slip fault) dinamakan berdasarkan pergerakan

blok didepan bidang sesar. Sinistral (lef-lateral) bila blok
didepan bidang sesar bergerak kekiri dan dextral (right-lateral)
apabila blok didepan bidang sesar bergerak kekanan.
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
SESAR TURUN (NORMAL)
BIDANG SESAR

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
FW

G
LO
EO
HW

G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S

SESAR NAIK (REVERSE)

TB
HW

-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
FW

LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

SESAR NAIK – THRUST FAULT/LOW-ANGLE REVERSE FAULT

 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
SESAR GESER (STRIKE-SLIP)

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
l
O
AT
R
BO

DEXTRAL
LA

Dip-slip
faults

SINISTRAL
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S

CERMIN SESAR – GORES GARIS

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA

SLICKENSIDES/SLICKENLINES
GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
• Berdasarkan gerak sebenarnya (slip) sesar dapat
dibagi menjadi dua: dip-slip dan strike-slip,
sedangkan oblique-slip apabila gerakannya

TB
mempunyai komponen strike-slip dan dip-slip.

-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R
O
AT
R
BO
LA
 GEOLOGI STRES
STRUKTUR S
KLASIFIKASI SESAR

SEPERATION BLOCK

TB
-I
IK
AM
IN
ID
ARAH SLIP

G
LO
EO
G
M
IU
R

ROTASI BIDANG SESAR

O
AT
R
BO
LA

GEOMETRI SESAR KHUSUS