PBWN302 CreditHours CEM/WEE/STE

Dr.AsmaaModdather
SoilMechanicsandFoundations FacultyofEngineering CairoUniversity

FALL2012

Stresses inSoil

Soilconsistsof:solids,waterand/orair Theengineerneedstoknowthedistributionofstressesat anypointinthesoilmasstoanalyzeproblemssuchas:

o Settlementofsoils o Bearingcapacityoffoundations o Stability S bili of fslopes l o Lateralpressureonretainingwalls

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

ComponentsofStressesinSoil
1. Existing E i ti overburden b d pressure(due (d to t soil ilself lfweight) i ht)
v =verticalnormaloverburdenpressure h =horizontalnormaloverburdenpressure=kv since,v h =shearstressesaccompanyingv andh

2.

Addedloadsand/orexcavation
groundsurface

v(q) + (q) v + (q) h h(q)

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

StressesduetoExistingOverburdenPressure

Forasaturatedsoildeposit(sat)withgroundwatertableabove groundsurface:
o

Thetotalverticalstress()atdepth (z)equalstheweightofsolidsand waterperunitareaabovethatdepth:

GWT hw groundsurface

= sat z + w h w
o

Thetotalverticalstress()isdivided into2parts:
1.

2.

Portioncarriedbywaterinvoids= porewaterpressure(u) Portioncarriedbysolidsattheir pointofcontact=effectivestress()

Thetotalverticalstress()canbe expressedas: = u + '

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

StressesduetoExistingOverburdenPressure

The Th porewater t pressure(hydrostatic h d t ti )at tdepth d thz:

u = w (h w + z )

Theeffectiveverticalstressatdepthz: = u =sat z+w hw w(hw+z) =(sat w)z =sub z= z ,u,andallvarylinearlywithdepth.

GWT hw groundsurface

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

OverburdenStressDistributionwithDepth
GWT GS hw

= sat z + w h w

u = w (h w + z )

= u

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

CapillaryRise

Consideringtheequilibriumofwaterriseinthecapillary tube:
Weightofwatercolumn=verticalcomponentofsurfacetensileforce

d 2 h c w = dTcos 4

+
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

CapillaryRiseinSoil

Notethatthesoilissaturated(sat)belowGWTand withinthecapillaryfringe(hc) Soilabovecapillaryfringecouldbedryorwet(bulk b lk)

GS h

Capillary fringe GWT

hc

u = w hc
+ + + = u
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

= bulk h + sat ( (h c + d)

u = wd

Example

For the soil formation shown, shown plot the variation of the vertical total and effective stresses as well as the pore water pressure with depth.
GS 1.5 m 2.5 m GWT Sand dry = 1.70 t/m3 sat = 1.85 t/m3

50m 5.0

Clay

sat = 2.00 t/m3

Sand
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

GS 1.5 m 2.5 25m GWT Sand dry = 1.70 t/m3 sat = 1.85 1 85 t/m3

1 2 3

5.0 m

Clay

sat = 2.00 t/m3 4

Sand
Point 1 2 3 4 v (t/m2) 0 1.7x1.5=2.55 2.55+1.85x2.5=7.175 7.175+2.0x5.0 =17.175 u (t/m2) 0 0 1x2.5=2.5 1x7.5=7.5 v (t/m2) 0 2.55-0=2.55 7.175-2.5=4.675 17.175-7.5=9.675
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

StressesinSaturatedSoilwithoutSeepage

Waterlevelisthesameonbothsides, noflow, flow staticcase AtpointX: =whw +satz u=w(hw +z) = u =z z

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

StressesinSaturatedDownwardSeepage

Water level isnot thesameonb both downward flow W t l li tth thsides, id d dfl Atp pointX:
=whw +satz (asforstaticcase) u=whw +w(LhL)(z/L) u=whw +w(z ( iz) i ) =w( (hw+z) ) wiz
Reduction dueto fl flow

uvaries linearlyalong sample sa pe

= u =z +wiz i

Increaseduetoflow

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

StressesinSaturatedUpwardSeepage

Waterlevelisnotthesame onbothsides, ,upward p flow AtpointX:

=whw +satz u=whw +w(L+hL)(z/L) =whw +w(z+iz) =w(hw+z)+wiz = u
Increaseduetoflow

u=whw

uvarieslinearly alongsample

u=w(L+h ( hw+h hL)

=z wiz

Reductionduetoflow

=wz(/w i)

Criticalhydraulicgradientic

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

QuickCondition

= u =z w iz =wz (/w i)
Critical lh hydraulic d l gradient d ic

If i >ic,negative, g nointerg granularcontact,failure.

Quick kCondition d Boilinginsands Heaveinclays
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

C Components t of fStresses St in i soil il

Existing overburden pressure (due to self weight of soil) Added load and/or excavation
groundsurface g f

v(q) + (q) v + (q) h h(q)

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

St Stresses d duet toadded dd dL Loads d

Concentrated Loads
GS

P(ton)

a a = ?

Distributed Loads
GS

q(t/m ( / 2)

a = ?
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

C Concentrated t t d(Point) (P i t)Loads L d

TheBoussinesq method
P(ton) P Elev. GS z a

=P/z2

f(r/z)

D fi rand Define dz o rfromplan o zfromelevation

Plan P( (ton) ) r a

C l l t r/z Calculate / UseTables,getf(r/z) z =P/z2 f(r/z)

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

C Concentrated t t d(Point) (P i t)Loads L d Tables T bl

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Di t ib t dL Distributed Loads d

Influence chart for rectangular loaded areas. Influence chart for circular loaded areas. Newmarks influence chart suitable for any plan shape.
q(t/m2) GS a

a = ?

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Influence I fl Ch Chart tfor f Rectangular R t l Loaded L d dArea A Calculate qnet Define z, L, B

o L and B from Plan o z from Elevation

Calculate m = L/z, n = B/z

GS h Elev Elev. qnet =qh q(t/m2) z L Plan B a Plan B a Elev Elev. GS z

qnet =q q(t/m ( / 2)

a L a

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

InfluenceChartforRectangularLoadedArea

Useinfluencechart: GetIz z =Iz xqnet

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

InfluenceChartforRectangularLoadedArea

Notethat chart forrectangular loaded h the h influence fl h f l l d dareasis usedtocalculatestressesundercornerofloadedareaonly y. Calculatev atpointsotherthancorner??
Atcenter: L=L/2,B=B/2 m=L/zandn=B/z GetIz z =4 xIz xqnet Atedge: L=L,B=B/2 m=L/zandn=B/z GetIz z =2 xIz xqnet
B L Pl Plan a

L Plan B a

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

InfluenceChartforRectangularLoadedArea

Ata:
o L1,L2,B1,B2 o Foreachquarter,calculate: m=Li/zandn=Bi/z(i =14) o GetIzi (i =14) o z = Izi qnet (i =14)
B1 B2 L1 1 L2 2

a
3 4

Plan

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

InfluenceChartforCircularLoadedArea
qnet = q - h GS h Elev. z qnet = q q (t/m2) r a GS Elev. z r b a q (t/m2)

Plan

Plan

Calculateqnet D fi r,b, Define b and dz

o randzfromelevation o bfrom f plan l

Calculatez/bandr/b

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

InfluenceChartforCircularLoadedArea

Useinfluencechart: Get(Iz x100) z =Iz xqnet

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

N Newmarks k Chart Ch t
Calculate qnet

Define z, L, B
o L and B from Plan o z from Elevation
GS h Elev. z q(t/m2) a Elev. GS z qnet =q q(t/m2)

L Plan B a Plan B

L a

Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Newmarks Newmark s Chart

Adopt Ad ascale l such hthat: h

o z=1=2.5cm

Basedonthisscale,drawthe p sheet: loadedareaonatransparent

o o L(m) Lx2.5/z(cm) B(m) Bx2.5/z Bx2 5/z(cm)
a

PlacethescaledplanonNewmarks chart h with i h a located l donthe h center ofthechart CountthenumberofdivisionsN insidetheloadedarea z =N/200xqnet
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012

Total number of divisions within the chart = 200

DistributedLoads SpecialCase
GS qnet = q z a q (t/m2)

Elev.

SurchargeLoad(q):loadcoveringlargearea Extending d toinfinity f

a =qnet
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012