6 Deep Foundations

17/3/2017
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017
Pile Foundation
Pile foundation is the most common type of deep
foundations.
It is used to transfer the structural loads acting at the
foundation level into deeper layers of soil.
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Pile Foundation
The pile length is determined such that the soil layers
surrounding the pile have adequate shear strength to safely
support these structural loads.
Pile Foundation
Pile foundation is more expensive than shallow foundation.

However, it may be the best solution for the following
reasons:
To increase the load carrying capacity of the site by reaching the
lower soil layers with higher resistance than the upper soil layers.
To reduce the total and differential settlements.

To avoid excavation under water for sites where G.W.T. is
relatively high.
To densify cohesionless loose soil layers using compaction piles.

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Pile Classification
Pile Material
Methods of Pile Placement in Soil
Transmission of Pile Loads to Soil
Pile Material
Timber piles
Steel piles
Concrete piles
Precast
Cast-in-place
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Pile Material
Timber piles
Timber Piles
Used in woody countries where tree trunks of good timber
quality are available.
Minimum diameter = 30 cm.

Load capacity = 15 t 25 t.
End pile Protection
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Pile Materials
Steel piles
Steel Piles
H section or steel pipes.
Open-ended or closed-ended.
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Pile Materials
Precast concrete piles
Precast concrete piles
Piles are sufficiently reinforced or
prestressed to be able to resist the
handling stresses and the driving
stresses.
May be square or octagonal cross
sections.
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Pile Materials
Cast-in-place concrete piles

Constructed in two steps:
Concrete
Step (1): execute a hole in the ground.
Step (2): fill the hole with concrete.
Hole
Step (1) Step (2)

How to execute a hole (step 1):
Bored cast-in-place pile.
Driven cast-in-place pile.
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Bored cast-in-place pile: the hole is drilled
Driven cast-in-place pile:
The hole is formed by driving a

casing into the ground.
The casing may be closed-
ended or open-ended.
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Piles have to be reinforced if subjected to lateral loads
causing moment in the pile or tension forces.
If there are no lateral loads or tension forces: at least the
top 4 m of the pile should be reinforced.
Boring
Driving
Jacking
Jetting
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Pile boring
Drilling is done with a short-flight auger or bucket drill.
Using temporary or permanent casing, bentonite slurry
may be needed during drilling through unstable soils to
maintain the stability of the sides of the hole.
After drilling, the bottom of the hole is cleaned of any
loose material.
Then, the reinforced steel cage is placed. Finally the
concrete is poured using a tremie pipe.
Pile Boring
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Pile Boring
Dry drilling may be used: (CFA)
Pile Boring
Allow to check subsoil conditions.
Necking and squeezing problems.
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Pile Boring
No noise or vibration problems.
Large diameter piles.
Change of soil properties.
Pile driving
Used to insert either the pile itself into the ground
(timber, steel, precast reinforced concrete piles) or the
casing (for cast-in-place pile).
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Pile Driving
Piles are driven by the dynamic

impact of a pile-driving hammer
or a vibratory driver.
Pile Driving
Pile toe should be provided with a metal shoe to facilitate
penetration of the pile in firm soils.
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Pile Driving
Piles may be driven to a predetermined length, to a specified
tip elevation, to a specified minimum penetration resistance
(hammer blows per cm), or according to a combination of
these criteria.
Pile Driving
Problems associated with pile driving:

Effect on neighboring structures.
Overdriving
Piles not reaching same depth
Piles inclined or dislocated during driving.
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Pile Driving
Effect on neighboring structures

Driving vibration may be harmful to neighboring
structures especially those founded on shallow
foundations.
Driving through loose sand may cause settlements to
neighboring structures.
Pile Driving
Overdriving
Overdriving to overcome soil resistance and reach required
pile tip level may cause damage to driven pile and decrease
in its carrying capacity
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Pile Driving
Overdriving
Pile Driving
Piles not reaching same depth

Piles are resting on an underlying sand layer which is
not horizontal.
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Pile Driving
Piles inclined or dislocated

during driving
Maximum allowable inclination
from vertical= 1.5%
Maximum allowable dislocation =
50 mm or 1/10 pile diameter
Bored Pile
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Pile Classification
Pile Material
Piles can transmit:
Vertical loads
Inclined loads
Horizontal loads
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Vertical loads
Column loads
Uplift forces
Inclined loads
Retaining walls
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Horizontal loads
Harbor structures
Piles can transmit:
Vertical loads
Inclined loads
Horizontal loads
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Transmission of Vertical Pile Loads to Soil
Transmission of pile loads to soil by:

Skin resistance (friction)
End bearing
Skin friction (friction):

Friction piles transfer their loads to the surrounding
soil through skin resistance or friction developed along
their sides.
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End Bearing:
If a pile penetrates a soil of low resistance then ends
inside a layer of much higher resistance, most of the
load will be transferred to the soil through its base.
Estimation of Pile Bearing Capacity
1. Pile Material Capacity P
2. Static Bearing Capacity Formulae

L
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1. Pile Material Capacity : P
For reinforced concrete pile

Pall1 = (cu/F.S) A
L
cu = ultimate compressive strength of concrete (= 2500 t/m2)
A = cross section area of pile
F.S = 5.0
2. Static Bearing Capacity Formulae : P
Pult is calculated based on soil capacity
Pult: ultimate pile load capacity.

L
Pall2 = Pult/FS
FS = 2.5 3.0
Pall = smaller of Pall1 & Pall2
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Types of Piles according to how pile loads are

transmitted to soil :
Friction Pile
End-Bearing Pile
Friction Pile:
Pile tip is in clay layer or sand layer ( 34o)
P
Pult = Pf + Pb
Pf : skin friction resistance along pile length
P b: end-bearing resistance at pile tip L
Clay layer
or Sand layer ( 34o)
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End-Bearing Pile:
Pile tip is in sand layer ( > 34o)
P
Pult = Pb
P b: end-bearing resistance at pile tip
Sand layer ( > 34o)
Pf in Clay: P
Pf = ca L Per.
ca = adhesion = cu
Per. = pile perimeter L
L = pile length
= 0.3 0.4 for bored piles
Clay
For driven piles:
Very soft to soft 1.0
Medium stiff 0.8
Stiff 0.6
Very stiff to hard 0.4 Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017
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Pb in Clay: P
Pb = c Nc c A
c = cohesion L
A = pile cross section area

Nc c = 10
Pf in Sand: P
Pf = L2 ko Per. tan
ko = lateral earth pressure coefficient at-rest
= 1 sin L
= friction angle between soil and pile

= 2/3
Per. = pile perimeter
L = pile length
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Pb in Sand: P
Pb = ad Nq A
ad = effective overburden pressure at pile tip L
A = pile cross section area

(o) 25 30 35 40
Nq =
Nq 15 30 75 150
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6 Deep Foundations

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17/3/2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Pile foundation is more expensive than shallow foundation.

To reduce the total and differential settlements.

To densify cohesionless loose soil layers using compaction piles.

Methods of Pile Placement in Soil

Transmission of Pile Loads to Soil

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Used in woody countries where tree trunks of good timber

quality are available.

Minimum diameter = 30 cm.

End pile Protection

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

H section or steel pipes.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Precast concrete piles

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Precast concrete piles

Piles are sufficiently reinforced or

prestressed to be able to resist the

handling stresses and the driving

May be square or octagonal cross

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Cast-in-place concrete piles

Step (1): execute a hole in the ground.

Step (2): fill the hole with concrete.

Step (1) Step (2)

Cast-in-place concrete piles

How to execute a hole (step 1):

Bored cast-in-place pile.

Driven cast-in-place pile.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Cast-in-place concrete piles

Bored cast-in-place pile: the hole is drilled

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Cast-in-place concrete piles

Driven cast-in-place pile:

The hole is formed by driving a

The casing may be closed-

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Cast-in-place concrete piles

Piles have to be reinforced if subjected to lateral loads

causing moment in the pile or tension forces.

If there are no lateral loads or tension forces: at least the

top 4 m of the pile should be reinforced.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Methods of Pile Placement in Soil

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Methods of Pile Placement in Soil

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Dry drilling may be used: (CFA)

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Allow to check subsoil conditions.

Necking and squeezing problems.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

No noise or vibration problems.

Large diameter piles.

Change of soil properties.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather CVE N302 Spring 2017

Methods of Pile Placement in Soil