9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 1

PHY 711 Classical Mechanics and

Mathematical Methods
10-10:50 AM MWF Olin 103

Plan for Lecture 3:

Chapter 1 scattering theory
continued; center of mass versus
laboratory reference frame.
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 2
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 3
Scattering geometry:

sin u u
o
d
db b
d
d
=
|
.
|

\
|
O
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 4
Relationship between scattering angle u and impact
parameter b for interaction potential V(r):

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
}

E
r V
r
b
r
dr b
r
) (
1
/ 1
2
2
2
2
min
t u

sin u u
o
d
db b
d
d
=
|
.
|

\
|
O
0
) (
1
: where
min
2
min
2
=
E
r V
r
b
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 5
( )
( )
( ) 2 / sin
2 / cos
1 /
1
sin 2
) (
for : scattering Rutherford
2
1
u
u
k
k
u
k
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

b
b
r E
r V
( )

2 / sin
1
4 sin
4
2
u
k
u u
o
= =
|
.
|

\
|
O d
db b
d
d
Example of cross section analysis
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 6
Hard sphere scattering:
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
cos
that showed you homework your For
_
D b

4 sin
2
D
d
db b
d
d
= =
|
.
|

\
|
O _ _
o
Example of cross section analysis
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 7
The results above were derived in the center of mass
reference frame; relationship between normal
laboratory reference and center of mass:
Laboratory reference frame:
Before After
u
1

u
2
=0
v
1

v
2


,
m
1

m
2

Center of mass reference frame:
Before After
U
1
U
2

V
1

V
2

u
m
1

m
2

u
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 8
Relationship between center of mass and laboratory
frames of reference
( )
( )
( )
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1
2 1 2 2 1 1
2 1 2 2 1 1
mass of center of Definition
v v V u u
R r r
R r r
R
m m m m m m
m m m m
m m m m
CM
CM
CM
CM
+ = + = +
+ = +
+ = +

2 1
2 2 1 1
1
2 1
1
: case our In
m m
m m
m m
m
CM
+
+
=
+
=
v v
u V
V
1

V
CM

v
1

u
CM
V U u + =
1 1
CM
V V v + =
1 1
U
1
u
1
V
CM
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 9
Relationship between center of mass and laboratory
frames of reference -- continued
CM CM
CM CM CM
m m
m
m
m
m m
m
m m
m
m
V u U V U u
V u U V U u u V
=
+
= + =
=
+
= + =
+
=
1
2 1
1
2 2 2
1
2
1
2 1
2
1 1 1 1
2 1
1
2


: rest at initially is Since
CM
CM
V V v
V V v
+ =
+ =
2 2
1 1

9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 10
V
1

V
CM

v
1

u
Relationship between center of mass and laboratory
frames of reference
2 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
/ cos
sin
/ cos
sin
tan
cos cos
sin sin
m m V V
V V v
V v
CM
CM
CM
+
=
+
=
+ =
=
+ =
u
u
u
u

u
u
V V v
For elastic
scattering
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 11
Digression elastic scattering


( )
( )
2
2 1
2
1
2
2 2
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
2 1
2
1
2
2 2
2
1
2
1 1
2
1

CM
CM
V m m V m V m
V m m U m U m
+ + + =
+ + +
Also note:



0 0
2
1
2
1
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
CM CM
m
m
m m m m
V U V U
V V U U
= =
= + = +
/m m /U V /V V
m m

CM CM 2 1 1 1
2 1
: that So
: that note Also
and
= =
=
= = =
2 1
CM 2 2 1 1
U U
V V U V U
v
1

V
1

V
CM


u
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 12
Relationship between center of mass and laboratory
frames of reference continued (elastic scattering)

2 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
/ cos
sin
/ cos
sin
tan
cos cos
sin sin
m m V V
V V v
V v
CM
CM
CM
+
=
+
=
+ =
=
+ =
u
u
u
u

u
u
V V v
( )
2
2 1 2 1
2 1
/ cos / 2 1
/ cos
cos : Also
m m m m
m m
+ +
+
=
u
u

9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 13

Differential cross sections in different reference frames
( ) ( )

u
u o o
cos
cos
sin
sin
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
LAB
CM
LAB
CM
CM
CM
LAB
LAB
= =
O
O
O
O
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 3
2
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2 1
/ cos / 2 1
1 cos /
cos
cos
/ cos / 2 1
/ cos
cos
: Using
m m m m
m m
d
d
m m m m
m m
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
u
u
u

u
u

9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 14

Differential cross sections in different reference frames
continued:
( ) ( )

u u o o
cos
cos
d
d
d
d
d
d
CM
CM
LAB
LAB
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 1 cos /
/ cos / 2 1
2 1
2 / 3
2
2 1 2 1
+
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
O u
u u o o
m m
m m m m
d
d
d
d
CM
CM
LAB
LAB
2 1
/ cos
sin
tan : where
m m +
=
u
u

9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 15

Example: suppose m
1
= m
2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 1 cos /
/ cos / 2 1
2 1
2 / 3
2
2 1 2 1
+
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
O u
u u o o
m m
m m m m
d
d
d
d
CM
CM
LAB
LAB
2 1
/ cos
sin
tan : where
m m +
=
u
u

2
0 that note
2

1 cos
sin
tan : case In this
t

u
u

s s
=
+
=
( ) ( )

o o
cos 4
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
O
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
CM
CM
LAB
LAB
d
d
d
d
9/2/2013 PHY 711 Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 16
energy) mass of center is that (Note
) ( : scattering Rutherford
2
2 1
E
r
e Z Z
r
E
r V = =
k
( )

2 / sin
1
4
4
2
u
k o
=
|
.
|

\
|
O
CM
d
d
Example of cross section analysis CM versus lab frame
( ) ( )

k
o o
4
2
2 1
sin
cos
cos 4
2
For
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
=
CM
CM
LAB
LAB
d
d
d
d
m m