ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Роль иностранного языка в профессиональном общении,

профессиональном становлении и развитии личности.
THE ROLE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN CONTEMPORARY LIFE

LEAD IN

Exercise 1. Look at the picture and say what language do the people speak in
these countries?

Exercise 2. At these images you can see the most spoken languages in the
world.
Exercise 3. Make a list of 10 languages the most spoken in your opinion and
try to find number of speakers. What is the most spoken language in the
world and why?

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1. How many people speak English?

2. In what countries is English spoken?
3. Why should every educated people learn English?

Exercise 2. Read the text and see if your answers were right.

English is the language of the modern World

The modern world is becoming smaller all the time. Every day distances
between different countries seem less. For this reason it's becoming more and more
important to know different languages, especially English.
One billion people speak English today. That's about 20% of the world's
population. 400 million people speak English as their first language. For the other
600 million people it's either a second language or a foreign language.
English is the first language in the United Kingdom, the United States of
America, Australia and New Zealand. It is one of the official languages in Canada,
the Irish Republic and the Republic of South Africa.
As a second language English is spoken in more than 60 countries. It is used
by the government, businessmen and universities.
English is the language of politics and diplomacy, science and technology,
business and trade, sport and pop music. 80% of all information in the world's
computers is in English. 75% of the world's letters and faxes are in English. 60%
of all international telephone calls are made in English. More than 60% of all
scientific journals are written in English.
To know English today is absolutely necessary for every educated person,
for every good specialist. Learning a language is not an
easy thing. It's a long and slow process that takes a lot of
time and patience. But it's a must.
English is taught throughout the world and a lot of
people speak it quite well. In our country English is very
popular: it is studied at schools (sometimes even at
nursery schools), colleges and universities.
Everyone will speak English soon — I'm sure of it. We all need to
understand each other. To do that we need an international language, and that's
English.

Exercise 3. Read the text and answer the question what does English mean in
your life?
 English means much in my life. I think that it means much not only for me.
Many people in our country are interested in English. They learn and love it and
they think the saim way as I do.
Not long ago computers and internet have appeared. When a man works in
the internet he gets much information in English. When you want to set the definite
program you meet with many sets in English. If you don`t know English you can`t
understand the material.
English enters to our everyday life. On the doors of the shops in our small
town we can see the signs "Open" and "Closed".
When we buy TV-sets and telephones we can get instruction and names
written in English.
I think that English in our life means much. Certain people, who study
English hope to become English men, go abroad, get rich and
maybe see famous actors. Is that really wonderful?
Maybe with the help of English they can fulfill their dream.
To my mind studying English is very interesting and funny.
English means much for me.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Why do we need to learn English? Here are ten reasons. Discuss
them in pairs or small groups.
1. English is the most commonly spoken language in the world. One out of
five people can speak or at least understand English!
2. English is the language of science, of aviation, computers, diplomacy,
and tourism. Knowing English increases your chances of getting a good
job in a multinational company within your home country or of finding
work abroad.
3. English is the official language of 53 countries. That is a lot of people to
meet and speak to.
4. English is spoken as a first language by around 400 million people
around the world.
 5. English is the language of the media industry. If you speak English, you
won’t need to rely on translations and subtitles anymore to enjoy your
favourite books, songs, films and TV shows.
6. English is also the language of the Internet. Many websites are written
in English – you will be able to understand them and to take part in forums
and discussions.
7. English is based on a simple alphabet and it is fairly quick and easy to
learn compared to other languages.
8. English is not only useful — it gives you a lot of satisfaction. Making
progress feels great. You will enjoy learning English, if you remember
that every hour you spend gets you closer to perfection.
9. Since English is spoken in so many different countries there are
thousands of schools around the world that offer programmes in English.
If you speak English, there’re lots of opportunities for you to find an
appropriate school and course to suit your academic needs.
10. Because it’s fun! By learning English, you will also learn about other
cultures. Few experiences will make you grow as a person more than
learning the values, habits and way of life in a culture that is different
from yours.

Exercise 2. Name your reasons for learning English.

VOCABULARY

Before reading the text, look through the following words and expressions.

Latin – латинский язык

Average person – обычный человек
Mother tongue – родной язык
United Nation Organisation - Организация Объединённых Наций
Joint venture – совместное предприятие

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text and say why do we learn English?

People began to speak many centuries ago, and since then they have been
speaking different languages. Every language reflects the soul, behavior and
temperament of each nationality. Peoples created their own alphabets and rules, but
they always wanted to communicate with each other, to understand and to know
more about each other.

Languages help people to understand each other better, they help them to
solve different economic and political problems, which stands before them, and so
people learn foreign languages.
 All languages are different. Some are very hard, some are easier, some are
similar, but there are no identical languages in the whole world. There are more
than 2,700 languages in the world. Many of them are "alive" because people use
them, but there are some "dead" languages, for example Latin.

Two thousands years ago, Latin was the world's most important
international language. Today this title belongs to English. It's a global language of
travel, business, pop culture, sport and science.

Over one billion people speak English. That's almost one fifth of the world's
population. For over 450 million it's their first language. For the other 600 million
it's either a second language or a foreign language.

Today, in fact, over 300 million people are learning English. That's more
than the population of the USA.

The average person in Britain has a vocabulary of between 10,000 and

15,000 words. In his plays William Shakespeare used a vocabulary of about 30,000
words. Shakespeare was born over 400 years ago. At that time, only six or seven
million people spoke English.

Now English is spoken practically all over the world, it has become the
world's most important language in politics, science, trade and cultural relations. It
is spoken as a mother tongue in Great Britain, the United States of America,
Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Besides, a lot of people speak English in
Japan, India, China, Africa and many other countries. English is one of the official
languages of the United Nation Organisation. Half of the world's scientific
literature is in English. It is the language of computer technology.

To my mind English is worth studying. There is a proverb: "A new language

is a new world". "Knowledge is a power", one great man said. Speaking a foreign
language one can not only read the papers, magazines and original books by
outstanding writers, but as well watch satellite programs, travel easily to different
parts of the world. Besides, understanding and speaking a foreign language became
necessary while applying for a good and well-paid job.

Now I know that it is a must for XXI century professional no matter what
job to choose. The world is getting smaller and international connections tighter. A
lot of foreign delegations keep coming to our country, hundreds of joint ventures
have appeared in every city of our country recently. So without doubt you can't do
without learning this beautiful language.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1. How many people speak English as their first language, a second language or a
foreign language?
2. What was the world's most important international language two thousands
years ago?
3. How large is the vocabulary of the average British person?
4. How many languages are there in the world?
5. Why do you learn English?
6. Where is English spoken?

WRITING

Exercise 1. Read the text again and continue the sentences in writing
according to the text.

1. People began to speak many centuries ago, and since then_________________.

2. Languages help people _____________________________________________.
3. At that time, only six or seven________________________________________.
4. There is a proverb_________________________________________________.
5. Besides, understanding and speaking a foreign language __________________.

Exercise 2. Fill in the adjectives as in the text.

1. Two thousands years ago, Latin was the world's most ____________ language.
2. All languages are different. Some are very _____, some are _______, some are
_______, but there are ________ languages in the whole world.
3. It's a ____________ language of travel, business, pop culture, sport and science.
4. English is one of the ___________ languages of the United Nation Organisation.
5. So without doubt you can't do without learning this _______________ language.

ACTIVITY

Why is it important to learn English? Discuss the following ideas.

 It’s the official language of 53 countries
It’s the most widely spoken language in the World
It can help you get a better job
It makes it easier to travel
It’s the language of the media
Travelling and making friends
Reading novels in the original language
Real voices in movies

Read the text and discuss this question: Will Learning a Foreign Language
Help Your Career?
How many languages do you speak? Did you know that learning a foreign
language can help to boost your career? It’s true. When you dedicate the time and
effort to learning a second language you’ll be on the fast track to job search
success.

According to iLanguages.org, 40% of the world’s population only speak one

language. They claim that 43% are bilingual, 13% are trilingual, 3% are multi-
lingual, and less than 1% speak 5 languages fluently. Where do you fall in this
range? A good chunk of people never learn a language besides their native tongue,
yet learning a foreign language is incredibly beneficial.
While the #1 reason to learn a foreign language is to increase your ability to
communicate, there are plenty of other reasons for learning a foreign language,
including:
 Boost employability
 Beat out the job search competition
 Open up a world of opportunities
 Travel and work abroad
 Communicate with a larger audience
 Command higher wages
 Become a more interesting person
 Broaden your network
 Create connections with more people
 Improve your resume
 Sharpen your mental skills
 Find work opportunities as a translator or interpreter
As you can see, there are plenty of reasons why learning a foreign language will
help your career. So why don’t more people do it? It’s easy to make excuses like
it’s too hard or you don’t have enough time. Learning a second language will
require time and effort, but it’s totally worth it.
Any language you learn will help your job search, but it’s wise to choose one that
relates to your career path, clientele, employer, location, or other factors. When
you choose a language that is relevant to your career path, it will help you get
ahead faster. Before you start to learn a foreign language, do your research and
make a plan.
Once you feel confident in your newfound skills, market your language skills, and
use them to help you find a job, land a promotion, relocate, or connect with clients.
Learning a foreign language will pay off if you’re up for the task. Why don’t
you get started today?

UNIT 1
1.1 ЛЕКСИКО - ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ И ОРФОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ
МАТЕРИАЛ

В английском языке есть 44 звука — 20 гласных и 24 согласных.

В английском алфавите — 26 букв: 6 гласных (a, e, i, o, u, y) и 20

согласных (b. c. d. f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z).

Так как количество звуков превышает количество букв, то некоторые

буквы могут передавать несколько звуков.  Для передачи отдельных звуков
используются буквосочетания (передача 2мя и более буквами одного звука).
Один звук может передаваться разными буквами и буквосочетаниями.
Иногда одно буквосочетание может передавать разные звуки. Поэтому в
фонетике английского языка используют транскрипцию — систему знаков,
в который каждый знак передает только один звук. Транскрипция
показывает, как нужно произносить слово, т.е., из каких звуков оно состоит.
Традиционные знаки английской транскрипции  используются в двуязычных
(переводных) словарях.

В английском языке долгота гласных очень важна, поскольку  влияет

на смысл слова. Это означает, что слова с одной и той же гласной разной
долготы будут отличаться по смыслу, например:  sheep [ʃi:p] — овца, ship
[ʃɪp] – корабль, live [lɪv] жить — leave [li:v] – покидать, оставлять. Долгота
гласной в транскрипции обозначается двумя точками после гласного звука.

Интонация
 Интонация, или мелодика речи — это понижение или повышение
тона в процессе речи. Каждый язык имеет свою собственную, только
присущую ему мелодику, что делает звучание языка особенным. В
английском языке есть две основные интонационные модели: нисходящая
(tune one) и восходящая (tune two).  Нисходящий и восходящий тоны речи
обозначаются стрелочкой: если стрелочка стоит перед последним ударным
слогом направлена вниз, то интонация предложения нисходящая; если
стрелочка направлена вверх, то тон повышается:

 I live in ↓ Tokyo.
 Do you live in ↑ Tokyo?

Нисходящая интонация чаще всего используется в утвердительных и

повелительных предложениях, специальных вопросах (вопросы, которые
начинаются с вопросительных слов), восклицательных предложениях, а
восходящая- в общих вопросах, просьбе, перечислении.

 Kate is ↓ twenty.
 ↓ Open the window.
 Where did she ↓ go?

Примеры употребления восходящей интонации:

 Do you speak ↑English?
 May I ask you a ↑ question?
 I have a ↑ mother, a ↑ father, a ↑ sister and a  ↓ brother.

Ударение

В английском языке различают словесное, фразовое и логическое

ударения.
Словесное ударение
Выделение в слове одного или двух слогов среди других с помощью
голоса и/или длительного произнесения называется словесным
ударением. Знаки ударения в английском языке на письме никак не
отображается, а найти его  можно в транскрипции слов. В английском языке,
в отличие от русского, знак ударения ставится не над гласной ударного слога,
а перед ударным слогом. Ударным всегда бывает гласный звук. В
многосложных и составных словах часто встречаются два ударных слога.
Главное ударение обозначается знаком обозначается знаком ['], а
второстепенное - [ˌ].
Пример: archaeologist [ˌɑːkɪ'ɔləʤɪst]    
Ударение в двусложных словах
В большинстве случаях ударение в двусложных словах падает на
корневой, как правило, первый слог. К этой группе слов относятся
большинство существительных и прилагательных. Примеры: forest ['fɔrɪst],
border ['bɔːdə], pretty ['prɪtɪ]  
К другой группе слов можно отнести глаголы, наречия, служебные
слова, которые часто имеют в своём составе префиксы (приставки). В словах
этой группы ударение стоит на втором слоге, так как содержащийся в них
префикс является безударным. Примеры: before, delay      
Ударение в многосложных словах
Слова, содержащие три и более слога, называются многосложными. В
большинстве многосложных слов ударным является третий слог,
отсчитываемый от конца слова.
Примеры: capital ['kæpɪtəl], balcony ['bælkənɪ]
Если в слове два ударения, второстепенное ударение ставится через
один слог влево от главного ударного слога.
Пример: precipitation [prɪˌsɪpɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n]  
Фразовое ударение
Выделение голосом одних слов среди других в предложении
называется фразовым ударением. В английском предложении ударными
являются, как правило, следующие части речи: существительные, смысловые
глаголы, прилагательные,  числительные, наречия, указательные и
вопросительные местоимения. Неударными являются: артикли,
вспомогательные глаголы, союзы, предлоги, модальные глаголы, личные и
притяжательные местоимения.  
Логическое ударение

Логическое ударение - выделение в предложении одного или

нескольких слов, наиболее важных по смыслу для говорящего..

Типы слогов

Чтение гласной зависит от ударения и ее положения относительно

других букв. В английском языке существуют 4 типа слогов:

1.Закрытый слог — слог заканчивается на согласную: ten, not,

spot.
2.Открытый слог —  слог заканчивается на
гласную: mice, no, cry.
3.Гласная + r + согласная — card, cart, fork.
4.Гласная + r + гласная —  here, pure, rare.

Чтение гласных в четырех типах слогов

   Закрытый  Открытый  Гласная  Гласная

Буква слог слог  + r + согласная + r + гласная
 a  rat [ræt]  rate [reɪt]  star [stɑː]  stare [steə]
  o  hot [hɔt]  hope [həup] sport [spɔːt]  more [mɔː]
 u  bus [bʌs]  use [juːz]  turn [tɜːn]  pure [pjuə]
 e  ten [ten]  Pete [piːt]  her [hɜː]  here [hɪə]
 i  still [stɪl]  smile [smaɪl  bird [bɜːd]  fire [‘faɪə]
]
y  system [‘sɪstəm]  type [taɪp]   myrtle [‘mɜːtl]  tyre [‘taɪə]

Чтение буквосочетаний

Некоторые согласные в английском языке влияют на чтение гласных,

которые стоят рядом.

Чтение гласных буквосочетаний

  a+s+согласная — [a:] — ask, fast, pass;

 a+l+согласная — в закрытом слоге под ударением — [ɔ:]-
small, salt, tall;
 a+l+k (l не читается) — [ɔ:] — talk, chalk;
 wa, qua+r+согласная ( r не читается) — [ɔ:] — war, warm,
quarter;
 wa, qua+согласная (кроме r, l ) — [ɔ] — want, quantity;
 wa, qua — в открытом слоге — [ei] — wave, quake;
 ai, ay — под ударением — [ei] — stain, day;
 au, aw — [ɔ:] — author, law ;
 ea, ee — [i:] — sea, steel;
 ear — под ударением, если за этим сочетанием не стоит
согласная — [iə] — dear;
 ear — перед согласным -[ə:] — learn, early;
 eer — под ударением — [iə] — engineer;
 ew — если не стоит после l, r, j — [ju:] — few, dew;
 ew после l, r, j — [u:] — flew, drew, jewel;
 i+ld — [ai] — mild;
 i+nd — [ai] — find;
 i+gh — [ai] — flight;
 o+ld — [ou] — old, gold;
 oo+k — [u] — took, look;
 oo+согласная — [u:] —  mood, shoot, foot;
 oa — [ou] — road, load;
 ou, ow — [au] — out, town, loud;
 u — после r, l, j, а также перед гласной -[u:] — rule, blue,
june;
 ui — [ju:] — suit;
  ui  после r, l ,j — [u:] — fruit, sluice, juice.

Чтение некоторых согласных и их сочетаний

 c+e, i, y — [s] — palce, pencil, icy;

 c — в других случаях — [k] — crystal, cubic, can;
 g+e, i, y — [dʒ] — page, giant, Egypt (исключение — get,
give) ;
 g — в других случаях — [g] — go, big, gave;
 j — [dʒ] — jet, just;
 s — в конце слова, после гласной и звонкой согласной, в
середине слова между гласными — [z] — his, plans, because;
 s — в других случаях — [s] — so, stand,  lamps;
 th — [θ] — think, thin, thank;  [ð] — this, that, with;
 sh — [ʃ] — show, ship;
 ch, tch — [tʃ] — inch, match;
 ph — [f] — physics, telephone;
 w — перед r в начале слова не читается — write, wrong;
 qu — [kw] — quick, equipment;
  wh+гласная ( кроме o) — [w] — what, when, why;
 wh+o — [h] — who, whom, whose;
 ture — в безударной позиции — [tʃə] — lecture, culture;
 tion, ssion — в безударной позиции — [ʃn] — motion,
session;
ci+безударная гласная — [ʃ] — social, electrition.

Exercice 1. Read the text according to the rules

Part 1

We receive a lot of emails every day. It has become such a usual thing. It’s a
fact that people have stopped writing letters. It is going out of date. Just imagine
only a hundred years ago we looked forward to an envelope in our postbox. And it
came to us in many trains, it flew through air, over the mountains and seas, it
passed through the hands of many people. It is so simple to send emails today that
people never remember that it was once a very difficult and special task.

Part 2

In ancient times “letters” were brought by runners – men who could run fast
and far – and the “letters” they carried were not written, but were told to a receiver.
Postmen in those days had to have a good memory, and they had to be honest. This
was especially important: the “letter” often had important secrets in it, it had to
reach only ears of the receiver and without any change in it. Post runners were
met everywhere with respect and honour. Nobody was allowed to stop them or to
do anything against them. History has many stories about runners and descriptions
of what they did.

Part 3

Traditions connected with the postal service were different in different

countries. In Mexico, for example, after a battle the people knew by the runner’s
clothes whether the message he was carrying to the capital was good or bad. If he
had on a white belt and his long hair was tied with a red ribbon it meant that the
battle had been won; if he came from the battle field with his hair untied, he carried
the news that the battle had been lost.
Post runners sometimes had other duties besides carrying letters. Indian post
runners in Mexico, where the postal service was very fast, were sometimes used to
send – fish! Sea fish for a king’s table. The capital was four hundred kilometers
from the sea.

Основные правила орфографии языка.

Правописание — совокупность законов и правил, которые регламентируют

написание слов. Английская орфография одна из самых сложных, так как
произношение слов совершенно не совпадает с его написанием. Слова
в английском образуются не по фонетическим принципам (как слышим, так
и пишем), а по морфологическим законам, чаще всего морфемным
способом — присоединение к корня суффикса и/или приставки.

Рассмотрим основные базисы английского правописания:

При добавлении к слову с конечными «-ll» суффикса «-ful», одна согласная

опускается: Will + ful = willful

Присоединяя суффикс, начинающийся с гласной (-ed, -ing, -er и т. д.), к слову

с нечитаемой «e» на конце, эта буква тоже исчезает: Love + ed = loved. Если
к слову с нечитаемой «e» на конце присоединяется суффикс, начинающийся
с согласной (-ment, -ful, -ly, -ness и др.), то «e» сохраняется: Engage + ment =
engagement. Исключения: awful, wholly, duly, truly

Однослоговое слово удваивает последнюю согласную, если оно

заканчивается на гласную + согласную, а добавляемый суффикс начинается
с гласной: Cut + ing = cutting, Rob + er = robber. Однослоговое слово НЕ
удваивает последнюю литеру, если добавляются те же суффиксы, а слово
заканчивается на две согласные или гласные: Wish + ed = wished
Сохраняется «e», когда добавляются «-ous» и «-able» к слову на «-ge» или «-
ce»: Courage + ous = courageous, Change + able = changeable

Добавляя суф-сы, слова на «-ee» не теряют ничего: Agree + ment = agreement,

See + ing = seeing

Единицы, с окончанием «y» при присоединении суффикса, начинающегося

на согласной заменяется на «i»: Carry + ed = carried, Beauty + ful = beautiful
И наоборот, при добавлении «-ing», конечные «-ie», меняются на «y»: Lie +
ing = lying, Die + ing = dying.

Слова с последней согласной и «y», присоединяя «-ing» сохраняют «y»:

Marry + ing = marrying

Exercise 1:
От слов в квадратных скобках образуйте существительные и вставьте
их в предложение.
Many people who think they have a professional future in films go to Hollywood
only to find … instead of success. [disappoint]
They often have to give up the more enjoyable aspects of their chosen career to
play parts in … because these provide financial … – but they are not satisfying.
[advertise] [secure]
For many actors, even basic … can bedifficult. [survive]
Some do not earn enough to pay their rent or electricity bills, and the time and
money they invest in the … of a portfolio for interviews is often wasted. [prepare]
Of course there is a possible … why only 1% of … are really successful. [explain]
[act]
There are just too many people who believe that their next … will be the one that
makes them a star! [perform]

Exercise 2:
2. От данных слов образуйте существительные при помощи суффиксов
-ment, -ant, -ness, -ist.
appoint
move
mad
science
advertise
material
judge
kind
entertain
govern
type
develop
improve

1.2 Лексико - грамматический материал

Части речи. Род и число имён существительных.
Каждое слово английского языка можно отнести к определенной категории,
которых несколько и именуются они частями речи (parts of speech).
Изучением частей речи в английском языке занимается такой раздел
грамматики, как морфология (morphology). Все слова английского языка
классифицированы на части речи согласно трем критериям: грамматическое
значение, форма и синтаксическая функция. Исходя из этих принципов, в
английском языке существуют самостоятельные (notional) и служебные
(functional) части речи.

Самостоятельные части речи в английском языке

Эти части речи являются независимыми и способны выполнять любую

синтаксическую функцию в предложении. К этой группе относятся: имя
существительное, имя прилагательное, слова категории состояния,
местоимение, числительное, глагол, наречие.

1. Имя существительное (Noun) – это часть речи, обозначающая предмет,

живые существа, абстрактные понятия, явления. Отвечает на вопросы
«кто? что?». Все существительные делятся на нарицательные (common),
собственные (proper) и конкретные (concrete). Также существует
классификация на исчисляемые и неисчисляемые (countable and
uncountable). Имя существительное обладает категориями рода (gender),
числа (number) и падежа (case). Примеры: a flower – цветок, Henry –
Генри, tea – чай, time – время, money – деньги, water – вода.
2. Имя прилагательное (Adjective) – это часть речи, обозначающая
признак предмета, лица или явления. По характеру признака все
прилагательные можно разделить на качественные (qualitative) и
относительные (relative). По принципу словообразования они бывают
простыми (simple), производными (derived) и сложными (compound).
Также прилагательные обладают степенями сравнения (degrees of
comparison): положительной (positive degree), сравнительной
(comparative degree) и превосходной (superlative degree).
Примеры: difficult (трудный), golden (золотой), red (красный), unknown (
неизвестный), well-made (искусно выполненный), long – longer – the
longest (длинный – длиннее – самый длинный).
 3. Слова категории состояния (the Stative) – это разряд слов,
обозначающих физическое или психическое состояние, часто с
модальной окраской. В предложении они играют
роль сказуемого безличного предложения.
Примеры: alive(живой), pity (жалость), afraid (испуганный).
4. Местоимение (Pronoun) – часть речи, указывающая на предмет или
качество предмета, не называя его. Местоимения обладают категориями
рода и числа. В английском языке существует несколько групп
местоимений: личные (personal), притяжательные (possessive), указатель
ные (demonstrative), неопределенные (indefinite), возвратные(reflexive),
отрицательные (negative) местоимения.
Примеры: he (он), my (мой), our (наш), this (этот), something (что-
то), every (каждый), herself (сама), nobody (никто).
5. Имя числительное (Numeral) – часть речи, обозначающая количество и
порядок предметов при счете. Числительные
бывают порядковыми (ordinal numbers) и количественными (cardinal
numbers). Примеры: twelve (12), thirteenth(13-й).
6. Глагол (Verb) – часть речи, обозначающая действие или состояние. В
зависимости от значения и роли в предложении глаголы бывают
смысловые (notional), служебные (semi-
auxiliary), вспомогательные (auxiliary). Все английские глаголы делятся
на правильные и неправильные (regular and irregular). Помимо этого
глаголы в личной форме обладают такими категориями как: лицо
(person), число, аспект (aspect), время (tense), залог (voice)
и наклонение(mood).
Примеры: run (бегать), must (должен), be (быть), paint (рисовать).
7. Наречие (Adverb) – часть речи, обозначающая характер действия и
отвечающая на вопросы Как? Где? Когда? Почему? Каким образом?
(How? Where? When? Why? In what manner?). Наречия также делятся на
группы: наречия места (place), времени (time), образа действия (manner),
частоты (frequency), степени (degree).
Примеры: here (здесь), today (сегодня), suddenly (вдруг), usually (обычно
), rather (достаточно).

Служебные части речи в английском языке

В этой группе мы назовем союзы (conjunctions), предлоги (prepositions),

частицы (particles), междометия(interjections), модальные слова (modal words)
и восклицания (exclamations).
Примеры: and (и), in (в), merely (просто), well (ну), perhaps (возможно), ah (ой
). С помощью этих частей речи в английском языке соединяются слова и
предложения, констатируется или усиливается значение других слов, а также
определяется отношение говорящего к содержанию высказывания.

Exercise 1:
Look at the words above and choose the BEST collocation below for each
word.
NOUNS ADVERBS ADJECTIVES

happy

Write 5 sentences using the words above and each part of speech at least once.
Example: I am happy when I am good at grammar.
1._______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2:
Underline the nouns in each of the following sentences:
1. Jason enjoyed the movie about France.
2. The musicians play marching songs.
3. Music lovers thrill to the sound of trumpets.
4. Boys and girls are often eager to listen.
5. The conductor moves his baton vigorously.
6. There is no death penalty for criminals in Puerto Rico.
7. The "Explorer," crammed with scientific instruments, was launched on
January 31, 1958.
8. New Mexico was admitted as a state in the twentieth century.
9. Chester Arthur was nominated for vice-president by the Republican Party in
1880.
10. Winston Churchill was the man whose courage led the nation from defeat to
victory.

Exercise 3:
Underline the pronouns in each of the following sentences:
1. You and John are the boys who will have to pay for the damage.
2. Mr. Gunsher gave us the record which was just played.
3. She cried loudly, and each of us heard her.
4. They felt flattered by our attention to them.
5. Everyone followed the directions the faculty members had given each of them.
6. She sent them to him as a birthday gift.
7. They collided near the school.
8. Solving the traffic problems taxes the imagination of those who have the
responsibility of it.
9. He says anyone who enjoys driving under today’s traffic conditions must be
crazy.
10. Some take up a hobby because it is fun.

Exercise 4:
Underline the adjectives in each of the following sentences.
1. The interior plateau of the Union of South Africa is called its veldt.
2. There are countless millions of gaseous bodies called stars.
3. Baseball, enjoyed by many cheering fans today, was played here and in merry
England before 1839.
4. Sir Walter Raleigh was a famous statesman and a bold explorer.
5. His many projects to settle America were unsuccessful.
6. He even made a long voyage to the Hot Lands below the Equator in search of
gold.
7. After the death of his beloved queen, he was arrested for being a disloyal citizen.
8. His adventurous career came to an abrupt end when he was executed for piracy
in 1618.
9. As college admission standards continue to rise, tension and anxiety build to a
ridiculous point in college-preparatory seniors.
10. Twenty-five students attended reading class during the first term.

Exercise 5:
Underline the verb (or verb phrase) in the following sentences.
1. A micron is a unit of length.
2. There are over a thousand millimeters in a yard.
3. Freva was the Saxon Goddess of Beauty.
4. Gold melts at 1,063 degrees Centigrade.
5. Egypt measures about one and one-half the size of Texas.
6. The George Washington Bridge is located between New York and New Jersey.
7. It can be seen spanning the might Hudson River.
8. Automobiles have been crossing it since 1931.
9. It is ranked as the second largest bridge in the world.
10. It is constantly being painted.
11. West Point, which is located in the Hudson Valley, houses the United States
Military Academy.
12. It is over 150 years old since it was established in 1802.
13. It was established by an Act of Congress and opened with twelve cadets.
14. Many visitors go to West Point and watch the dress parade on Saturdays.
15. The officers trained there are taught to live democratically in order that they
may better protect our democratic way of life.

Exercise 6:
Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.
1. The name "sirocco" is often given to a warm wind.
2. It is usually given to a warm wind blowing over large areas of hot, dry land.
3. Such winds now occur over the area of our Great Plains.
4. Originally "sirocco" was a name used by people of North Africa.
5. It was not used for ordinary wind.
6. It described the very hot, dusty wind that comes from the South.
7. It comes quickly from the scorching Sahara Desert.
8. This extremely hot wind is a menace to life.
9. Its coming always fills the natives with fear.
10. The biting bits of sand dig deeply into the eyes and skin of those caught in its
fury.

Род и число имён существительных.

Существительные в английском языке, как и в русском, могут стоять в форме

единственного или множественного числа.
Единственное число (singular) обозначает один предмет:
cup – чашка
gun – пушка
bubble – пузырёк
Множественное число (plural) обозначает два и более предмета:
three cups – три чашки
two guns – две пушки
thousands of bubbles – тысячи пузырьков
Образование множественного числа английских существительных
Английское существительное можно поставить во множественное число,
прибавив к нему окончание -s. Оно читается как [ z ] после гласных и
звонких согласных:
shoe – shoes
hen – hens
или как [ s ] после глухих согласных:
bat – bats
Если существительное оканчивается на свистящий или шипящий звук, то
есть на буквы s, ss, x, sh, ch, то для него форма множественного числа
образуется при помощи окончания -es [ iz ]:
bass – basses
match – matches
leash – leashes
box – boxes
Если существительное оканчивается на букву -y, перед которой стоит
согласная, то во множественном числе -y меняется на iи к слову
прибавляется окончание -es:
lobby – lobbies
sky – skies
Исключения: имена собственные (the two Germanys, the Gatsbys) и составные
существительные (stand-bys).
Если перед буквой -y стоит гласная, то множественное число образуется по
общему правилу при помощи окончания -s, а буква y остается без изменений:
bay – bays
day – days
way – ways
К существительным заканчивающимся на -o прибавляется окончание -es:
potato – potatoes
tomato – tomatoes
hero – heroes
Исключения: bamboos, embryos, folios, kangaroos, radios, studios, zoos,
Eskimos, kilos, photos, pros, pianos, concertos, dynamos, solos, tangos, tobaccos,
videos.
Если же существительное оканчивается на буквы -f или -fe, то во
множественном числе они меняются на -v- и прибавляется окончание -es:
thief – thieves
wolf – wolves
half – halves
wife – wives
Исключения: proofs, chiefs, safes, cliffs, gulfs, reefs
Исключения при образовании множественного числа английских
существительных
Некоторые существительные по историческим причинам имеют свои
собственные способы построения множественного числа:
man – men
woman – women
tooth – teeth
foot – feet
goose – geese
mouse – mice
louse – lice
child – children
ox – oxen
Для некоторых слов форма единственного числа совпадает с формой
множественного:
sheep – овца, овцы
swine – свинья, свиньи
deer – олень, олени
grouse – куропатка, куропатки
series – серия, серии
species – вид, виды
corps – корпус, корпусы (воен.)
Также это характерно для названий некоторых национальностей – Chinese,
Japanese, Portuguese, Swiss:
a Chinese – (один) китаец
a group of seven Chinese – группа из семи китайцев
Довольно большая часть заимствованных слов сохранила за собой окончания
множественного числа, образованные по правилам «своего» языка (как
правило, греческого и латинского):
basis – bases
crisis – crises
phenomenon – phenomena
stimulus – stimuli
formula – formulae
datum – data
index – indices
bureau – bureaux
Для некоторых из таких заимствований допустимо образование
множественного числа по правилам английской грамматики:
formula – formulas / formulae
focus – focuses / foci
Обычно английская форма используется в повседневной речи и
художественной литературе, а исходная – в научных трудах.
Множественное число в составных существительных
В составных существительных форму множественного числа обычно
принимает только второй элемент:
housewives – домохозяйки
schoolchildren – школьники
В составных существительных с первым элементом man / woman во
множественном числе изменяются обе части:
women-writers – писательницы
gentlemen-farmers – фермеры-джентльмены
В словах  с составляющей -man она изменяется на -men:
policeman – policemen
Если части составного слова пишутся через дефис, то в форму
множественного числа ставится ключевой по смыслу компонент:
man-of-war – men-of-war
mother-in-law – mothers-in-law
hotel-keeper – hotel-keepers
gas-mask – gas-masks
Если в составном слове нет элемента-существительного, то для образования
множественного числа нужно прибавить -s к последнему элементу:
forget-me-nots – незабудки
drop-outs – выпавшие
go-betweens – посредники
Существительные, используемые только в единственном числе
Некоторые английские существительные, например, неисчисляемые,
используются только в форме единственного числа:
gold – золото
silver – серебро
oil – нефть
music – музыка
В этом они могут отличаться от русского языка, где могут иметь форму
множественного числа:
information – информация, сведения
progress – успех, достижения
knowledge – знание, познания
Такие слова,
как dozen (дюжина), score (десяток), couple, pair (пара), stone (мера веса
стоун), head (голова скота) имеют обе формы числа, но, если они
употребляются вместе с конкретным числительным, то остаются в
единственном числе:
four dozen eggs – четыре дюжины яиц
three pair of pants – три пары брюк
Если же они использованы в значении «много», то принимают форму
множественного числа:
scores of people – множество людей
dozens of boxes – дюжины коробок
Слово news, works (завод), barracks и названия некоторых наук на -
ics имеют форму множественного числа, но используются в значении
единственного:
This news is horrible.
Ужасная новость.
Physics studies matter and motion.
Физика изучает материю и движение.
Слова money и hair (кроме значения «волосок») в английском языке, в
отличие от русского, употребляются только в единственном числе:
her soft hair – ее мягкие волосы
this money – эти деньги
Существительные, используемые только во множественном числе
Как и в русском языке, к этой категории относятся многие парные предметы,
некоторые географические названия и другие слова:
scissors – ножницы
scales – весы
spectacles – очки
trousers – брюки, штаны
the Netherlands – Нидерланды
the East Indies – Ост-Индия
customs – таможня
outskirts – окраина
annals – анналы, летописи
и др.
Также сюда можно отнести некоторые слова, которые в русском языке имеют
форму единственного числа. Например:
goods – товар, товары
contents – содержание
clothes – одежда
proceeds – доход, доходы
wages – зарплата
riches – богатство, богатства
Существительное people в значении «люди» имеет значение множественного
лица:
People are so mean here.
Люди здесь такие злые.
Однако в значении «народ» оно может использоваться и в единственном, и в
множественном числе.
UNO helps all peoples of the world.
ООН помогает всем народам мира.

Exercise 1:
A table, a plate, a fox, a room, a lady, a knife, a chair, a bus, a Negro, a match, a
way, a house, a family, a flag, a town, a wolf, a country, a lion, a park, a play.

Exercise 2:
A star, a mountain, a tree, a shilling, a king, the waiter, the queen, a man, the man,
a woman, the woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, the city, a boy, a goose, the watch, a
mouse, a dress, a toy, the sheep, a tooth, a child, the ox, a deer, the life, a tomato.
Exercise 3:
Use these nouns into plural:
star, mountain, cat, dog, animal, map, list, town, river, king, queen, teacher;
toy, day, key, ray, way, boy;
minute, note, rope, eye, tree, name;
hero, potato, tomato, piano, photo, kilo;
boss, dish, lass, advise, page, brush, box, dress;
bath, truth, mouth;
city, floppy, copy, fly, story, country;
wife, life, knife, shelf, wolf, leaf, half;
flower, child, tram, place, beach, man, baby, plan, wish, nest, bus, woman, lady,
match, tie, bird, car, friend, door, schoolboy, piece, chair, cross.

Exercise 4:
Put the sentences into plural:
1. This is a star. 2. This is a boy. 3. This is a baby. 4. That is a plate. 5. That is a
flower. 6. Is this a blackboard? 7. Is this a good man? 8. Is that a ball? 9. This is a
train and that is a plane. 10. The window is open. 11. Is the door closed? 12. The
boy is near the window. 13. That is not a king. 14. This isn’t a high mountain. 15.
This is my cat. 16. This is her child. 17. This woman is a doctor. 18. this man is an
engineer. 19. She is a teacher. 20. The boy is a pupil. 21. This room is very large.
22. This man is a hero. 23. A piano is in the centre of the room. 24. The knife is on
the table.

Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные. Обозначение

количества (much, many, few, little).

К исчисляемым существительным относят те, что поддаются счёту.

Если же требуется определить количество сыпучих веществ, жидкостей или
абстрактных понятий, невозможно подвергнуть их пересчитыванию.
Крупинки, молекулы или эфемерные образы счёту не поддаются. Всё это
измеряют в весе, объёме и других определяющих понятиях.
Можно посчитать Невозможно посчитать
Mother ( мама ) Milk ( молоко )
World ( мир ) Love ( любовь )
Man ( человек, мужчина ) Money ( деньги )
Student ( студент ) Knowledge ( знания )
Drop ( капля ) Water ( вода )
Исчисляемые
Существительные, которые употребляются в единственном и множественном
числе, являются исчисляемыми.
Примеры: мамы, игрушки, деревья, щенки, дома, облака, капли, руки.
Перед существительным в единственном числе ставится артикль, если это
требуется.
a mother – mothers ( мать – матери );
a toy – toys ( игрушка – игрушки );
a tree – trees ( дерево – деревья );
a puppy – puppies (щенок – щенки ).
Неисчисляемые
Существительные, не поддающиеся счёту, делятся на группы.
Абстрактные: happiness (счастье), insolence (высокомерие), friendship
(дружба).
Жидкости: water (вода), milk (молоко), oil (масло), wine (вино), shampoo
(шампунь).
Вещества: powder (пудра), dust (пыль), sand (песок), coal (уголь), soil (почва).
Продукты: salt (соль), sugar (сахар), coffee (кофе), butter (сливочное масло),
soup (суп).
Другие: soap (мыло), baggage (багаж), traffic (дорожное движение), money
(деньги) и т.д.
Exercise 1:
Write 'C for countable, 'U' for uncountable.

Exercise 2:
Divide nouns into two groups
paper – bottle – porridge – happiness - pencil - coffee – girl – work – job – plate –
dog – meat - news – apricot – toothpaste – time - bedroom – money -  magazine –
information – honey - metal – child – yoghurt – rice – spaghetti – water – air –
spoon – mustard - egg – chair – shampoo – raincoat – flower – flour – bread – soap
– toy – food – knowledge – garden – oil – furniture - friend
Countable:
Uncountable:
Exercise 3:
Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U)

1. The children are playing in the garden.   

2. I don't like milk.   
3. I prefer tea.  
4. Scientists say that the environment is threatened by pollution.   
5. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes.  
6. There are a lot of windows in our classroom.    
7. We need some glue to fix this vase.   
8. The waiters in this restaurant are very professional.    
9. My father drinks two big glasses of water every morning.  
10.The bread my mother prepares is delicious.   
11.Drivers must be careful; the road is slippery.   
12.Some policemen are organizing road traffic to avoid any accidents.   
 13.I bought three bottles of mineral water for our picnic.   
14.I'd like some juice please!  
15.Successful candidates will join the camp later this year.  
16.A rise in oil prices is inevitable since there is more and more world demand
for energy.   
17.The exercises on this website are interesting.   
18.Dehydrated babies must drink a lot of water.   
19.Adult illiterates learn through a special government program.   
20. I met some nice people when I was walking along the beach.  

«Many» или «much»

В английском языке есть два варианта слова «много»: many и much.
Первое - употребляется с исчисляемыми.
Второе – с неисчисляемыми существительными.
Чтобы задать вопрос, употребляют расхожие фразы «How many» и «How
much».
How many flowers does Mary grow every spring season? - Сколько цветов
выращивает Мэри по весне?
How much money do you pay for them? - Сколько (денег) ты ей за них
платишь?
К «much» приравниваются выражения типа  «a lot of» и «a great deal of».
A little – little, a few – few
А вот чтобы сказать «немного» или «мало», используют два слова: «few» и
«little».
Без артикля употребляют в том и другом значении с исчисляемыми.
«Few» относится к первым, «little» - ко вторым.
Пример:
  I II Пример
She has a little money.
a few a (то есть, имеются в
Немного
(несколько) little небольшом
количестве, хватает)
He has few friends.
(мало друзей, то есть,
Мало few (мало) little
возможно, не
хватает)
Exercise 1. Choose the right word.
1. There was (little; few) traffic, so the journey didn’t take very long. 2. I’ll be
away for (little; a few) days from tomorrow. 3. Very (little; few) people have heard
this news. 4. He made so (little, few) mistakes that he came top in the exam. 5.
There was (a lot of, many) noise coming from the street. 6. There’s (a little, a few)
hope of finding the lost men now. 7. You speak too (many, much) about it. 8. He
has earned so (many, much) money that he decided to help the poor. 9. Jim always
puts (many, much) salt on his food. 10. Did it cost (many, much) to repair the car?
11. I don’t know (many, much) people in this town. 12. I use the phone (many,
much) in my everyday life. 13. He has got (a lot of, much) financial problems. 14.
She knows (a lot; many) but she still has (a little, a few) to learn. 15. It’s an
interesting town to visit. There (are many; is much) places of interest there. 16.
Can you give me (a little, a few) dollars? 17. I don’t think Jill would be a good
teacher. She’s got (little, few) patience. 18. Have you ever been to Paris? – Yes,
I’ve been there (a little; a few) times.

Exercise 2.Put in many or much.

1. Do you know … students in your college? 2. Do you know … foreign
languages? 3. Ann works much. She has … free time. 4. It takes me … hours only
to read this book. 5. We know … English words now but we learn them. 6. They
don’t speak … . 7. I have … friends and meet them often. 8. The man likes to eat
… . 9. The village is very small. There are only … houses in it. 10. Our lessons
finish at 5 and we have … time in the evening. 11. Englishmen drink … tea. 12.
My brother has … interesting books. 13. He likes to eat … . 14. Does this car cost
… ? 15. They have so … money that they do not know what to do with it. 16. Do
you read … books when you have time? 17. Petrov translates … sentences from
German at his work. 18. The teacher has … problems with this student.

Exercise 3. Put in few or little.

1. Dan gets … money for his work. 2. This boy is not very popular. He has only …
friends at school. 3. Jim always puts … salt in his food. 4. He is OK. He has only
… problems. 5. Only … people expected him to win. 6. We’ve got a (little; few)
time before the train leaves. 7. We’ve got (a little, a few) minutes before the train
leaves. 8. I don’t know much Spanish – only (little; few) words. 9. Can I ask you (a
little; a few) questions? 10. This is a very boring place to live. There (is little; are
few) to do.

Exercise 4. Choose a few or a little.

1. Can you speak German … ? 2. He wanted to tell you … words. 3. They want to
show us … pictures. 4. They saw … places of interest in the city. 5. I know him …
. 6. I can’t tell you the story because I know … of it. 7. I have … minutes to call
him. 8. Engineers had … problems with this project. 9. My little son can say …
words. 10. I’d like to rest … . 11. I am busy but I have … minutes for you. 12. My
little son can read … . 13. We are not very busy and can wait … . 14. I am thirsty
… and I’d like to have some mineral water. 15. We have … days to visit our
parents. 16. Daniela slept … .

Exercise 5. Put in much, many, few or little:

1. They don’t spend … money. 2. Do you know … people? 3. I don’t gout much.
4. … people drive too fast. 5. We must be quick. There’s … time. 6. He isn’t
popular. He has very … friends. 7. She is lucky. She has … problems. 8. Ann is
very busy. She has … free time. 9. Do you take … photographs when you are on
holiday? 10. I’m not busy today. I haven’t got … to do. 11. The museum is very
crowded today. There are too … people there. 12. Does it cost … to repair the car?
13. This town is modern. There are … old buildings in it. 14. The weather is very
dry this autumn. We have … rain. 15. I don’t know … students in this group. 16.
Nick doesn’t know … English words, but he is going to work a lot. 17. This is a
very boring place to live. There’s … to do. 18. She’s got … patience to be a
teacher.

Артикль (неопределенный /определенный). Отсутствие артикля.

В английском языке два артикля — неопределенный (a/an)

и определенный (the). Артикль является признаком существительного и
ставится или непосредственно перед существительным, или перед
определяющим его прилагательным.

СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕННОГО АРТИКЛЯ THE

№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
1 Если говорится о единственном в мире The sun is in the sky. 
предмете Солнце находится на
небе.
2 Когда говорится о предмете (или лице), The teacher is
единственном в данной обстановке in the classroom. 
Учитель в классе. (В
данном классе находится
только один учитель)
3 Когда о данном предмете уже упоминалось "I’ve got a very interesting
в разговоре или повествовании book," says Mike.
"Please show
me the book," says Nick. 
«У меня есть интересная
книга», — говорит
Майк. 
«Покажи мне
пожалуйста эту
книгу», — говорит Ник.
4 С существительным, перед которым стоит We are on the fourth floor. 
порядковое числительное Мы на пятом этаже.
5 С существительным, перед которым He is the best student in
стоит прилагательное в превосходной our group. 
степени Он лучший студент в
нашей группе.
6 Если говорится об определенном (по Is the milk on the table?  
контексту) количестве вещества, Молоко на столе? (т. е.
например tea чай, milk молоко, bread хлеб  именно молоко (в
и т. п. определённой упаковке /
в определённом объёме и
т. д.), подразумеваемое по
контексту, а не просто
молоко как вещество)
7 Перед названиями морей, горных I’m taking a trip
массивов, островов, рек, пустынь, to the mountains next
кораблей, гостиниц, кинотеатров, театров; week. 
перед словами country за На следующей неделе я
городом, sea море, seaside у еду в горы.
моря, mountains горы (и при обобщении) Did you go to the Black
Sea or to the Volga? 
Вы ездили на Черное
море или на Волгу?
8 Перед существительным в единственном The whale is a mammal,
числе, обозначающим целый класс not a fish. 
предметов, людей (т. е. при обобщении) Кит — это
млекопитающее, а не
рыба.
9 После слов one of один (из), some Most of the stories are very
of некоторые (из), many of многие interesting. 
(из), each of каждый (из), most Большинство рассказов
of большинство (из) (часто после очень интересны.
слов allвсе, both of оба) Give me one of the books.
Дайте мне одну из (этих)
книг.
10 Перед названиями четырех сторон света the Northern part of our
country — 
север нашей страны
11 Перед фамилией во множественном числе The Petrovs are at home. 
(при обозначении всех членов семьи) Петровы дома.
СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОГО АРТИКЛЯ A/AN
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
1 При упоминании чего-либо A man came up to a policeman. 
впервые Человек подошел к
полицейскому.
2 При обобщении A baby deer can stand as soon as it
is born. 
Оленята могут стоять на ногах
сразу после рождения.
3 При обозначении Pass me a piece of bread. 
неопределенного количества Передайте мне (немного) хлеба.
конкретного предмета
4 Перед названиями профессий или He is a doctor. 
должностей Он врач.
5 В значении один перед Will you be back in an hour? 
исчисляемыми существительными Вы вернетесь через час?
, обозначающими время
6 Перед исчисляемыми He is quite a young man. 
существительными в Он совсем еще молодой человек.
единственном числе, It is a most interesting book. 
определяемыми Это очень интересная книга.
словами such, quite, rather, most (
в значении очень)
N.B. Артикль an употребляется тогда, когда следующее за ним слово
начинается с гласного звука: an old woman старуха, an honest
man честный человек.

ОТСУТСТВИЕ АРТИКЛЯ
№
СЛУЧАЙ ПРИМЕР
п/п
1 Перед исчисляемыми существительными во My father and my
множественном числе (в тех случаях, когда в uncle are doctors. 
единственном числе следует употребить Мой отец и мой
неопределенный артикль) дядя врачи.
 2 При обобщении (обычно используется Carrots are my
множественное число или favourite vegetable. 
неисчисляемое существительное без артикля) Морковь — мой
любимый овощ.
3 В выражениях с John’s coat 
собственным существительным в пальто Джона
притяжательном падеже
4 Перед существительным в функции guitar lessons 
определения уроки игры на
гитаре
5 Перед названиями континентов, стран, штатов, I’ve been neither to
городов, улиц, озер South Africa nor to
North America.
Я не был ни в
Южной Африке,
ни в Северной
Америке.
6 Перед неисчисляемыми This is important
(абстрактными) существительными information. 
Это важная
информация.
I need advice.
Мне нужен совет.
7 В некоторых You can get there in
сочетаниях существительного с предлогом, time if you go by
когда все сочетание имеет характер наречия. to / train. 
at / from school, university, college; to / in / into / Вы можете
from church; in time; at / from home; by добраться туда
car, bus, bicycle, plane, train, metro, boat etc.; fo вовремя, если
r breakfast и т. д. поедете поездом.
8 Перед именами и фамилиями людей My name is Bond,
James Bond. 
Меня зовут Бонд,
Джеймс Бонд.

Exercise 1:
Put the articles a/an or the  there it is necessary:
1. I’d like … chicken sandwich and … glass of … mineral water.
2. Would you like … banana or … strawberries?
 3. She always has … apple, … toast and … cup of … coffee for … breakfast.
4. The fly is on … ceiling in … kitchen.
5. My mother is … accountant and my father is … lawyer. They work in …
same company in … centre of … our town.
6. How much are … her Italian lessons? – Ten dollars … hour.
7. Where are … dogs? – They are in … garden.
8. … cats like eating … fish.  … cows like eating … grass.  … birds like eating
… insects.
9. My favourite subjects are … chemistry and … biology.
10.There is … parrot in … cage. And there are … pieces of … fruit in it.
11.My granny lives in … small village in … country.
12.Your baby shouldn’t sit in … sun on … hot day.
13.Please open … book.  … exercise is on … page 68.
14.Ann has been looking for … job for … long time.
15.What’s … matter? - I missed … 6 o’clock train.
16.Do you like … vegetables?
17.… mother has got … terrible headache today.
18.There were … tears in … her eyes.
19.She is … very nice woman but her sons are … bad boys.
20.Look at … woman. She is … neighbor I told you about.
Exercise 2:
Put the articles a/an or the there it is necessary:
1. Yesterday I bought … pair of … shoes. Unfortunately … shoes are too tight.
2. We had … dinner in … restaurant … last night. – What is … name of …
restaurant?
3. Tony has two children: … boy and … girl. They are … twins.  … girl is in
… France now.
4. Would you like another piece of … cake? – No, … cake is too fat for me.
5. His office is on … Floor 5. And I live on … tenth floor.
6. Little Mike leaves for … school very early because … school is quite far
from … his home.
7. Lara saw … letter under … door. She read … letter and started crying.
8. Did you enjoy … food at … party … last Friday?
9. Roger is … scientist, he works for … government.
10.We go to … gym twice … week.
Exercise 3:
Put the articles a/an or the  there it is necessary:
1. I come to … work by … bus. Today … bus was a bit late.
2. … Jack is … youngest but … cleverest boy at … school.
3. It rained, so I stayed at … home in … evening. But today … sun is shining
brightly in … sky.
4. On … Monday … kids were tired and they went to … bed very early.
5. My wife is … best woman in … world and I’m … happiest husband!
6. They are having … test on … third of December.
7. What … beautiful painting! … artist is such … talented person.
 8. Robin Hood robbed … rich and helped … poor.
9. David is … old friend of mine. He plays … guitar perfectly. His sister has
been playing … tennis since … age of ten.
10.… Jacksons live in that lovely cottage with … fantastic garden.
11.Sam used … drugs and was sent to … prison in … August. What … shame!
12.… Harrisons are not religious and they never go to … church.
13.He has been in … hospital for … month.
14.… English are very fond of … gardening.
15.I’ve tried to learn … Japanese many times.
16.She is … famous actress and she often appears on … TV.
17.It’s such … original idea! Besides you’ve got … good sense of humour.
18.On … rainy day … castle looks like … prison.

Глаголы «быть», «иметь», «мочь». Оборот «there + be».

Глагол to be в английском языке

Значение глагола to be - "быть, находиться". В отличие от других английских
глаголов, глагол to be спрягается (т.е. изменяется по лицам и числам).
Формы глагола to be
I am я есть (существую)

He / She / It is он, она, оно есть (существует)

We are мы есть (существуем)

You are ты, вы есть (существуете)

Тhey are они есть (существуют)

I am in the room.
Я нахожусь в комнате.
The book is on the table.
Книга лежит на столе.
В данных примерах глагол to be является самостоятельным глаголом. Так
же, как и в русском языке, глагол to be может быть глаголом-связкой в
именном сказуемом (в значении "есть").
В отличие от русского языка, в английском языке глагол-связка никогда не
опускается, поскольку английское предложение имеет строго
фиксированный порядок слов: подлежащее (subject) + сказуемое (verb)
+ дополнение (object)
I am a doctor.
Я врач. (Я есть врач.)
The weather is bad.
Погода плохая.
They are from Paris.
Они из Парижа.
Итак, глагол-связка to be в английском предложении никогда не опускается,
т.к. он входит в именное сказуемое, и его место после подлежащего. На
русский же язык глагол to be в данных случаях не переводится:
I am happy.
Я счастлив.
The book is interesting.
Книга интересная.
He is our teacher.
Он наш учитель.
Глагол to be не требует вспомогательного глагола для образования
вопросительной или отрицательной формы.
Чтобы задать вопрос нужно поставить глагол to be перед подлежащим:
Am I happy?
Я счастлив?
Is the book interesting?
Книга интересная?
Is he our teacher?
Он наш учитель?
Для образования отрицательной формы достаточно поставить отрицательную
частицу not после глагола to be:
I am not happy.
Я не счастлив.
The book is not interesting.
Книга не интересная.
He is not our teacher.
Он не наш учитель.
В разговорной речи отрицательная частица not часто сливается с глаголом to
be, образуя сокращения:
is not = isn't
are not = aren't
They aren't stupid.
Они не глупые.
Также глагол to be может сокращаться, сливаясь с личным местоимением:
I am = I'm
We are = we're
He is = he's
He's at home.
Он дома.

Exercise 1:
Write the correct full form of verb to be.
1 We_
2 It_
3 Harry and Toby _
4 You_
5 He_
6 Jack and I_
7 The car_
8 Mandy_
9 The children _

Exercise 2:
Write the full forms of the negative of to be.
1 It_ beautiful.
2 Jane and Theo_ tall.
3 We _sad.
4 My car _ old.
5 You_ funny.
6 My feet _ big

Exercise 3:
Complete the questions with the words from the box

Example Pat Are you Kim?

Kim Yes, I am.

1. Pat ten?
Kim No, you aren't.
2. Pat ________ your birthday?
Kim Yes, it is.
3. Pat _________Japanese?
Kim No, they aren't.
4. Pat __________ twelve?
Kim No, she isn't.
5. Pat and Tim _______ funny?
Kim Yes, you are.

Глагол to have в английском языке

Как самостоятельный глагол to have в настоящем времени имеет 2 формы:
 have для всех лиц, кроме 3-го лица единственного числа
 has для 3-го лица единственного числа
В прошедшем времени глагол to have имеет форму had, в будущем - shall
have, will have.
Формы глагола to have
настоящее время прошедшее время будущее время
 I have We have
shall have
You have You have had
will have
Hе / She / It has They have
Значение этого глагола - "иметь, владеть, обладать". Часто в разговорной
речи вместо have, has употребляется словосочетание have got, has
got (краткие формы 've got и 's got) с тем же значением, особенно когда речь
идёт о временном владении или только что приобретённом предмете или
предметах:
We've got a nice flat.
У нас хорошая квартира.
Have you got any pets?
У вас есть домашние животные?
В вопросительной форме в британском варианте языка глагол to have часто
стоит перед подлежащим, в американском варианте вопросительная и
отрицательная формы всегда образуются с помощью вспомогательного
глагола do:
Have you two sons? (брит.)
У вас есть два сына?
Do you have a lot of free time? (амер.)
У вас много свободного времени?
Отрицательные предложения строятся с помощью формы глагола to have с
отрицанием not или с отрицательным местоимением no:
I haven't got a pen.
У меня нет ручки.
I have got no problem with that.
У меня нет никаких проблем с этим.
have not = haven't
has not = hasn't
Распространённые сочетания с глаголом to have
to have a lesson (lecture, meeting)
посещать урок (лекцию, собрание)
to have breakfast (lunch, dinner)
завтракать (обедать, ужинать)
to have a rest (swim, wash)
отдохнуть (поплавать, помыться)
to have a drink (cigarette, day off)
выпить (выкурить сигарету, иметь выходной день)

Exercise 1:
Circle the correct form.
1. I've got / 's got a phone.
2. Have got they / Have they got a car?
3. I have got not / haven't got a guitar.
4. Myteachernothasgot/hasnotgotaca~
 5. We haven't got / hasn't got a bike.
6. Tom has got / have got new shoes.
7. Have / Has Tim and Alex got a sister?
8. I not have got / have not got long hair.

Exercise 2:
Put in have to or has to into the gaps
1. They   write a test.
2. She   clean her desk.
3. Ken and Liz   learn English words.
4. Andy   help his brother.
5. We   do our homework.
6. He   write with a pencil.
7. I   feed the hamster.
8. You   take photos.
9. Victoria   read the newspaper.
10. The teacher   send a text message.

Exercise 3:
Choose the right forms have to or has to to complete the following sentences in
English.
1. She________ pass the driving test.
2. I_________ tidy up my room.
3. She_________ feed her dog in the morning.
4. I __________ do my housework at the weekend.
5. Bob and Tom _________ finish their essays.
6. She ________ write with a ball pen.
7. You __________ take a shower in the evening.
8. Chris _________ help his father in the garden.
9. You __________ do your homework.
10. She ___________ read the English magazine.

Глагол Can
Модальный глагол Can, как и почти все модальные глаголы, является
недостаточным глаголом, то есть не имеет всех обычных для глагола форм.
Он используется только в двух формах: can – для употребления в настоящем
времени и could – в прошедшем времени и сослагательном наклонении.
Формы модального глагола Can:
Настоящее время

I can (can’t, cannot) We can (can’t, cannot)

 You can (can’t, cannot) You can (can’t, cannot)

He/She/It can (can’t, cannot) They can (they can’t, cannot)

Заметьте, что в третьем лице единственного числа к Can и другим
недостаточным глаголам не прибавляется окончание –s:
He can write poetry.
Он умеет писать стихи.
Прошедшее время

I could (could not, couldn't) We could (could not, couldn't)

You could (could not, couldn't) You could (could not, couldn't)

He/She/It could (could not, couldn't) They could (could not, couldn't)
Из-за того, что глагол Can не имеет формы будущего времени, для описания
действия в будущем он заменяется на “be able to”:
Soon I will be able to read German books without a dictionary.
Скоро я смогу читать книги на немецком без словаря.
Модальный глагол Can употребляется:
 Для отражения физической или умственной способности, умения что-то
сделать:
I cannot run so fast!
Я не могу бежать так быстро!
Dennis could play piano since he was 13.
Денис умел играть на пианино с 13 лет.
I cannot drive a car.
Я не умею водить машину.
 Для обозначения общей возможности:
He can be anywhere right now.
Он сейчас может быть где угодно.
Теоретической возможности:
You can find any kind of information on the Internet.
В Интернете можно найти любую информацию.
Возможности что-то совершить согласно закону или правилам:
British Parliament can issue laws and form the budget.
Британский парламент может издавать законы и формировать бюджет.
 Для того, чтобы попросить/дать разрешение:
Can I try on that coat?
Можно я примерю то пальто?
You can come in.
Заходите.
 Для запрещения чего-либо (в отрицательной форме cannot / can’t):
You cannot walk on the grass.
Нельзя ходить по газону.
One cannot smoke on gas station.
На заправке курить запрещено.
 При просьбе:
Can I have a glass of water?
Можно мне стакан воды?
Can you wait for me in the hall?
Не подождете меня в холле?
Форма could отражает при этом подчеркнуто вежливый тон:
Could you speak louder, please?
Пожалуйста, не могли бы Вы говорить громче?
 Для выражения сильного недоверия (в отрицательной
форме cannot / can’t):
He cannot be there!
Он не может там быть!
He can’t be so old.
Он не может быть так стар.
He couldn’t be so old!
Он ну никак не может быть настолько стар!
форма could здесь тоже имеет бoльшую выразительность и означает
бoльшую степень недоверия.
 Удивления (в вопросительных предложениях):
Can it be so cold in middle of July here?
Неужели здесь в середине июля так холодно?
Can you have not seen this film?
Неужели ты не видел этот фильм?
 При упреке (в форме could):
You could at least warn me!
Ты мог бы хотя бы предупредить меня!

Exercise 1:
Choose the correct answer (can or can't)
1. I can/can't speak French. I picked it up while I was in France.
2. I can/can't come to the party. I am really busy.
3. We can/can't   hear you. The music is so loud.
4. Where are my keys? I can/can't find them.
5. I  can/can't believe it. We won two million dollars.
6. We  can/can't meet tomorrow if you want.
7. Can/Can't make me a cup of tea, please?
8. He can/can't jump. His leg hurt so much.
9. Illiterate people  can/can't read and write.
10. Fish  can/can't swim

Exercise 2:
Choose the correct combination in the following sentences:
1. '___ you swim'? 'Yes, I ___'
Can/can
Can/can't

2. I'm sorry I ___ help you today, I'm really busy.

Can't
Can 

3. Please ___ you buy some milk on your way home? I ___ leave the house
because I'm looking after the baby.
Can/can't
Can't/can't 

4. I ___ ride a bike but I ___ drive a car.

Can/can't
Can/can

5. I just ___ manage to wake up on time, I'm always late.

can't
can 

6. 'Hello, ___ I help you'? 'Actually, no you ___ this restaurant is awful and we've
been waiting here for half an hour. We're leaving'.
Can't/can 
Can/can't

7. I have a special talent, I ___ touch my nose with my tongue ___ you?
Can't/can
Can/can

8. '___ I go to the bathroom please'? 'Yes, of course you ___.'

Can/can
Can/can't

9. Look! It's right there!___ you see it? It's so obvious!

Can
Can't

10. I've never been able to eat breakfast in the mornings. I ___ talk to anyone
either!
Can't
Can
Exercise 3:

Оборот there + be употребляется в тех случаях, когда говорящий хочет

подчеркнуть факт наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета или явления, а
не место, в котором последний находится.

Оборот переводится словами "есть, имеется, существует".

There are several classifications of these phenomena. Существует несколько

классификаций этих явлений.

Если предложение, содержащее рассматриваемый оборот, заканчивается

обстоятельством места или времени, то перевод следует начинать с этих
местоимений.

There are many students in room 205. В аудитории 205 много студентов.

Глагол be в этом сочетании может функционировать в различных видо-

временных формах:
 There is / are There has been / have been
There was / were Indefinite There had been Perfect
There will be There will have been

Число глагола be определяется по числу первого существительного,

стоящего после этого оборота.

There is a table and two chairs in the room. В комнате стол и два стула.

В вопросительных предложениях there ставится после соответствующей
формы глагола to be.

Are there many students in room 205? How many chairs are there in the room?

Отрицательная форма оборота there + be образуется путём добавления

частицы no после соответствующей формы глагола be.

There are no clouds in the sky. На небе нет облаков.

Exercise 1: Put the words in the correct order to make up sentences.

Underline a subject and a predicate.
1. a table | is | in | my | room | there.
2. many | trees | are | there | in | our | garden.
3. much | was | snow | there | last | winter.
4. a lamp | there | is | on | the | table.
5. a concert | was | there | in | college | our.
6. there are many books in our library.
7. there are only two girls in their group.
8. there is a red pen in my bag.
9. many | his | are | in | mistakes | letter | there.
10. are there | on | apples | the | trees | many.
11. family | there | six | in | children | are | their.
12. big | our | is | a | in | office | there | street.

Exercise 2:Use the verb to be in the correct form and make the sentences
negative.
1. There … four windows in our classroom. 2. There … a sofa, two arm-chairs and
a TV-set in the living-room. 3. There … a fine picture on the wall. 4. There … a lot
of interesting articles in the magazine. 5. There … a new theatre near my house. 6.
There … six lessons yesterday. 7. There … a lot of engineers at our plant last year.
8. There … a piano in her room. 9. There … one girl and fifteen boys in our group.
10. There … so many mistakes in your dictation. 11. There … many historical
monuments in London.12. There … a writing-table near the window and an arm-
chair near it. 13. There … many flowers in their yard. 14. There … a new grammar
rule in lesson 4. 15. There … a lamp on the table. 16. There … three apples and a
pear on the kitchen-table. 17. There … a blackboard and some shelves on the wall.
18. There … no pens in my bag yesterday. 19. There … some mistakes in his
report yesterday. 20. There … no school here in 1920. 21. There … very many
children in the park yesterday.

Exercise 3: Translate the sentences.

1 В нашем городе много старых и красивых зданий. 2 На четырнадцатой
странице есть интересная картинка. 3 В его докладе были некоторые ошибки.
4 В этой статье нет ничего интересного. 5 В Беларуси много красивых рек и
озер. 6 В нашей стране много лесов. 7 В прошлом году было много грибов. 8
Сколько театров в вашем городе? 9 В зоопарке есть редкие животные. 10 В
комнате нет ни одного студента. 11 В нашем городе много школ и
университетов.

Временные формы глагола в действительном залоге.

Активный залог:
Любое наше высказывание представляет собой предложение, которое
включает: подлежащее + сказуемое (действие)
Подлежащее в предложении может выступать субъектом и объектом
действия, в зависимости от этого различают:
Активный (действительный) залог Пассивный (страдательный) залог
Подлежащее = субъект действия, Подлежащее = объект действия,
активное лицо пассивное лицо
Я строю дом Дом строится мной
Вид и время глагола:
В русском языке временные формы глагола представлены 3 временами:
настоящим, прошедшим и будущим. Наглядно это можно представить в виде
трех отрезков на прямой (рис.1), то есть время глагола в русском языке –
понятие одномерное.
Вид глагола определяется по вспомогательному вопросу:
несовершенный - что делать? (рисовать)
совершенный – что сделать? (нарисовать)

<Рисунок 1>
В английском языке количество временных форм активного залога гораздо
больше – 12. Это объясняется тем, что для выражения времени глагола
недостаточно ответить только на вопрос “когда?”, необходимо добавить
вторую характеристику “как?”, которая определяет вид. Таким образом,
английской глагол имеет не просто временную, а видовременную форму и
представляет собой понятие двухмерное. Подобно любой точке в
пространстве, видовременная форма английского глагола складывается из
двух координат: время (когда происходит действие) - Past, Present, Future и
вид (как совершается действие) (рис.2).

<Рисунок 2>

В зависимости от характера совершения действия в английском языке

принято выделять 4 группы времен:
Simple (Indefinite) Tenses – простые неопределенные времена, обозначают
регулярное, часто повторяющееся действие (ФАКТ).
Continuous (Progressive) Tenses – длительные времена, обозначают
протекание действия в момент речи (ПРОЦЕСС). На русский язык всегда
переводятся глаголом несовершенного вида.
Perfect Tenses – завершенные времена, обозначают завершенность
действия к определенному моменту речи (РЕЗУЛЬТАТ). На русский язык
всегда переводятся глаголом совершенного вида.
Perfect-Continuous (Perfect-Progressive) Tenses – завершенно-длительные
времена, обозначают действия, начавшиеся в прошлом и длящиеся на момент
речи уже какое-то время (ДЛИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ и ЗАВЕРШЕННОСТЬ). На
русский язык всегда переводятся глаголом несовершенного вида.
Таким образом, глагол в английском языке может обозначать действие,
совершаемое в каждом из времен (прошедшем, настоящем или будущем) 4-
мя разными способами. Например:
Я делаю уроки каждый день (ФАКТ в настоящем) – на рис.2 точка B
Я делаю уроки сейчас (ПРОЦЕСС в настоящем).
Я делаю уроки вот уже полчаса (ДЛИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ и ЗАВЕРШЕННОСТЬ в
настоящем).
Я уже сделал уроки (РЕЗУЛЬТАТ к настоящему).
Заметьте, что при переводе на русский язык используется глагол в настоящем
времени в сочетании с разными наречиями.
Еще несколько примеров:
Я делаю уроки в данный момент (ПРОЦЕСС в настоящем).
Я делал уроки вчера в 2 часа дня (ПРОЦЕСС в прошедшем).
Я буду делать уроки завтра в полдень (ПРОЦЕСС в будущем).
Сочетание названных 4 групп (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect-Continuous)
в 3-х временах (Past, Present, Future) образуют СИСТЕМУ из 12-ти видо-
временных форм английского глагола в активном залоге (табл.1).
1. Используя рис.2, определите, какая точка имеет следующие координаты:
1. факт в будущем; 2. процесс в настоящем; 3. результат в прошлом; 4.
длительность и завершенность в настоящем; 5. факт в прошлом; 6. процесс в
прошлом; 7. длительность и завершенность в будущем.
2. Дайте название видовременных форм 1-7 из упр.1 на английском языке.
3. Соотнесите видовременные формы А-Г с русским переводом следующих
предложений (задание выполняется со зрительной опорой):

1. Я пишу письма обычно. А. Continuous (процесс)

2. Я пишу письмо сейчас.
3. Я пишу письмо уже
неделю.
4. Я только что написал
письмо.
Б. Perfect (результат)
В. simple (факт)
Г. Perfect continuous (длительность и
завершенность)

4. По характеру совершения действия определите видовременную форму

глагола в следующих предложениях:
1. Катя еще не пришла.
2. Вася изучает английский язык вот уже 10 лет.
3. Мы сейчас внимательно выполняем упражнение.
4. Студенты любят каникулы.

Условные обозначения, используемые в таблице:

V – словарная форма смыслового глагола (инфинитив без частицы to)
 - вспомогательный глагол (изменяемая часть сказуемого, участвует в
образовании вопросительной и отрицательной формы; не переводится на
русский язык; выражает ВРЕМЯ).
V-ing, V-ed, V2, V3 - формы смыслового глагола (неизменяемая часть
сказуемого, выражает ВИД).
yesterday, just и др. – наречия-ориентиры
<Таблица 1>
 <Таблица 2>
После глухих После звонких согласных После t, te, d,
согласных (кроме t) и (кроме d) и гласных de
после sh, ch, ce
V+ed =[ t ] V+ed =[ d] V+ed =[Id]
helped lived visited
asked played created
wished answered needed
danced divided
Запомни! stop – stopped, ad – added, stir - stirred

Exercise 1. Назовите предложенные глагольные формы по-английски;

определите изменяемую и неизменяемую части сказуемого (используйте
условные обозначения табл.1):
1. was doing 2. will learn 3. have finished 4. had been writing 5. will be reading
6. is translating 7. will have returned
Exercise 2. Образуйте формы V2, V3 следующих глаголов:
правильные глаголы (V-ed): to advise, to explain, to report, to invite, to dress
неправильные глаголы: to bring, to get, to know, to put, to speak, to understand.
Прочтите их правильно.
Exercise 3. Определите соответствие глагольных форм и их названий:
1. writes А. Present Perfect-Continuous
2. were sleeping Б. Future Simple
 3. had prepared В. Future Continuous
4. will begin Г. Past Continuous
5. have been Д. Past Perfect
repeating
6. will be doing Е. Present Simple
Exercise 4. Определите, какой английской форме соответствует данный
русский перевод:
1. write А. пишу (сейчас)
2. am writing Б. пишу (уже… с…)
3. have been В. написал (уже)
writing
4. have written Г. пишу (регулярно)
Exercise 5. Соотнесите русские и английские предложения:
1. Она нарисовала картину. А. She has painted the picture.
2. Сейчас Б. She is painting the picture now.
она рисует картину.
3. Она рисует уже час. В. She paints every day.
4. Она рисует каждый день. Г. She has been painting for an hour.

Exercise 6. Use the verb in brackets in the correct tense form: Present, 
Past или Future Simple.
 1.I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock
yesterday. 3. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock tomorrow. 4. I (not to go) to the cinema
every day. 5. I (not to go) to the cinema yesterday. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema
tomorrow. 7. You (to watch) TV every day? 8. You (to watch) TV yesterday? 9.
You (to watch) TV tomorrow? 10. When you (to leave) home for school every
day?  11.   When you (to leave) home for school yesterday?  12. When you (to
leave) home for school tomorrow?  13. My brother (to go) to work every day. He
(to leave) home at a quarter past eight. As the office he (to work) at (to be) near our
house, he (to walk) there. He (not to take) a bus. Yesterday he (riot to go) to work.
Yesterday he (to get) up at nine o'clock. 14. You (to have) a PT lesson yesterday?
— No, I... . 15.  What you (to buy) at the shop yesterday? -I (to buy) a book. 16.
Yesterday my father (not to read) newspapers because he (to be) very busy. He (to
read) newspapers tomorrow.
Exercise 7. Use the verb in brackets in the correct tense form: Present
Continuous, Present Simple, Past Simple или Future Simple.
1. He (to spend) last summer in the country.  2. He (not to spend) last summer in
the country. 3. He (to spend) last summer in the country?  4.  Where he (to spend)
last summer? 5. She (to help) mother yesterday. 6. She (not to help) mother
yesterday. 7. She (to help) mother yesterday? 8. How she (to help) mother
yesterday? 9. Kate (to cook) dinner every day. 10. Kate (to cook) dinner tomorrow.
11. Kate (to cook) dinner now. 12. Kate (to cook) dinner yesterday. 13. I (not to
eat) ice-cream every day. 14. I (not to eat) ice-cream now, 15. I (not to eat) ice-
cream tomorrow. 16. I (not to eat) ice-cream yesterday. 17. You (to go) to school
every day? 18. You (to go) to school now? 19. You (to go) to the south next
summer? 20. You (to go) abroad last summer? 21. What your brother (to do) every
day? 22. What your brother (to do) now? 23. What your brother (to do) tomorrow?
24. What your brother (to do) yesterday? 

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using the verb in Present Perfect with
‘just/already/yet’.
1. Would you like something to eat? – No, Thanks. I…..have just had…..lunch.
(just/have)
2. Do you know where Tracy is? – Yes, I………………….……….……….
………………..her. (just/see)
3. What time is David leaving? – He…………..
………………………………………….. . (already/leave)
4. What’s in the newspaper today? – I don’t know.
I…………………………………………(not/read/yet)
5. Is Ann coming to the cinema with us? – No, she………………………..
…………the film. (already/see)
6. Are your friends here yet? – Yes, they…………………………….….
……………………. . (just/arrive)
7. What does Tim think about your plan? – I………..…………….
………………………… . (not/tell/yet)
8. Can I speak to Joe? – I’m afraid he……………………………..
…………………………. . (just/go out)
9. Shall I phone to reserve a table? – No, I……………………….…………..
…………….. it. (already/do)
10. I heard that Paul was looking for a job. ………………………….…..
……………….. it? (not/find/yet)
11. Is Mary still at the bank? – No, she……………………………………….……..
(already/come back)

Exercise 9. Use the verb in brackets in the correct tense form. (Indefinite,
Continuous Tenses, Present Perfect).
1. I (not to see) her for five days. I wonder where she is. 2. You (to come) to my
place next Sunday? 3. Where your sister (to be)? – She (to do) her homework in
the next room. 4. What you (to do) at 6 o’clock yesterday? 5. The concert just (to
begin). You are late a bit. 6. A.Popov (to invent) his receiver in 1895. 7. Jane (to
show) her teacher the picture she (to draw). 8. Look! Lane (to swim) across the
river! 9. What your sister (to do) now? – She (to learn) the poem in the next room.
10. He (to translate) the whole text by eleven o’clock. 11. Next Monday at this
time he (to take) his exam in English. 12. They (to go) to the south next year. 13.
Helen (to go) to school every day. 14. Don’t ring me up at 4 o’clock. My father
usually (to have) a rest after dinner. 15. When I (to look) out of the window, the
children (to run) in the yard. 16. When mother (to come) home after work, the
children (to watch) TV. 17. When he entered the hall, the students (to listen) a very
interesting lecture in literature. 18. Yesterday Nick (to clean) his car the whole day.
19. I already (to do) my work. 20. Tom already (to tell) me this story.

Exercise 10. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present, Past or Future
Continuous.
1. They (to meet) the delegation at that time tomorrow. 2. I wonder if it (to rain)
now. – The rain has just stopped and the sun (to shine) in the sky. 3. Where were
you at that time yesterday? – I (to clean) the room. 4. They (to pack) their suitcases
tomorrow at 10. 5. When I saw him he (to swim) in the lake. 6. He learnt the poem
by heart while he (to go) by bus. 7. What you (to do) at 2 o’clock yesterday? – I (to
have) dinner. 8. He (to sleep) if you come early. 9. I (to get) ready to my English
lesson now. 10. When I came to him he (to translate) a book. 11. What you (to do)
from 6 till 6.30 yesterday? – I (to drive) a car. 12. Where you (to go) this summer?
– We (to go) to New Zealand. We (to leave) in a week. 13. When Bond came into
the room he felt that somebody (to stand) behind the curtain near the window. 14.
The young man read in a newspaper that Alice is (to get) married another man. 15.
While they (to eat) somebody rang up. 16. While we (to travel) along Europe
father repaired the house. 17. I have to go. – I (to wait) for you. 18. We (to get
ready) to the test during the next week. 19. Yesterday it (to snow) heavily all the
evening. 20. Are you free this evening? – No, I (to go) to a restaurant with my
friends.

Имя прилагательное, наречие; степени сравнения прилагательных и

наречий.
Имя прилагательное (the adjective) – это часть речи, которая обозначает
признак предмета и отвечает на вопрос what? – какой? Например: beautiful
– красивый, interesting – интересный, warm – теплый и т.д. Имена
прилагательные в английском языке, в отличие от русского языка, не
изменяются ни по родам, ни по числам, ни по падежам.
Примеры:My cousin is a fine boy. – Мой двоюродный брат хороший парень.
Nina is a fine friend. – Нина хорошая подруга.
They spend a few fine days at the seaside. – Они проводят
несколько замечательных (хороших) дней на побережье.
По значению прилагательные делятся на качественные и относительные.
Качественные прилагательные имеют степени сравнения и обозначают
признаки, которые отличают предметы:
 по форме: oval – овальный, triangular – треугольный;
 по размеру: small – маленький, large – огромный, tiny – крошечный;
 по свойству: solid – твердый, soft – мягкий;
 по цвету: red – красный, green – зеленый;
 по вкусу: bitter – горький, sour – кислый;
 по весу: light – легкий, heavy – тяжелый;
Относительные прилагательные не имеют степени сравнения и не
употребляются с наречием very – очень. Они обозначают:
 материал из которого сделан предмет: silk – шелковый, glass –
стеклянный, concrete – бетонный;
 место действия: urban – городской, forest – лесной;
 область знаний: historical – исторический, geographical – географический;
 эпоху: prehistoric – доисторический;
Имена прилагательные бывают простые, производные и сложные.
К простым именам прилагательным относятся прилагательные, не
имеющие в своем составе ни префиксов, ни суффиксов: old – старый, tall –
высокий, white – белый и т.д.
К производным именам прилагательным относятся прилагательные,
которые имеют в своем составе суффиксы или префиксы или одновременно и
то и другое: heavy – тяжелый, indifferent – безразличный, uncomfortable –
неудобный и т.д.
Суффиксы и префиксы, употребляющиеся с прилагательными

Суффиксы и Примеры
префиксы

-able, -ible sensible – разумный, breakable – ломкий, countable –

исчисляемый;

-ant, -ent elegant – элегантный, intelligent – образованный;

-al continental – континентальный, national – народный,

educational – образовательный;

-ic historic – исторический, scientific – научный;

-ish foolish – глупый;

-ive attractive – привлекательный, expensive – дорогой;

 Суффиксы и Примеры
префиксы

-ful useful – полезный, awful – ужасный;

-less helpless – беспомощный, careless – беспечный;

-ous famous – знаменитый, dangerous – опасный;

-y rainy – дождливый, healthy – здоровый;

-in indifferent – безразличный, incorporate – соединенный,

объединенный;

-un unhappy – несчастливый, unhelpful – нерадивый,

бесполезный;

К сложным именам прилагательным относятся прилагательные,

образованные из двух слов: bottle-green – темно-зеленый, white-stone –
белокаменный и т.д.
4. В предложении имена прилагательные употребляются в
функции определения или именной части составного сказуемого.
Примеры:The white skirt is here. – Белая юбка находится здесь. (white –
определение)
The skirt is white. – Юбка белая. (white – именная часть составного
сказуемого)
5. Некоторые английские прилагательные употребляются чаще в функции
именной части сказуемого: ill – больной, well – здоровый, sorry –
огорченный, alone – одинокий, afraid – испуганный, alive – живой, asleep –
спящий и т.д.
Примеры:He is quit well. – Он совершенно здоров.
My cousin is ill. – Моя двоюродная сестра больна.
She is not alone. – Она не одинока.
6. Некоторые английские прилагательные, употребляющиеся с глаголом
связкой, соответствуют в русском языке глаголам: to be sorry – жалеть, to be
present – присутствовать, to be absent – отсутствовать, to be ill –
болеть, to be tired – уставать, to be awake – бодрствовать, to be afraid –
бояться, to be late – опаздывать и т.д.

Наречие – это часть речи, обозначающая признак действия.

Иными словами, наречие указывает, как, где, когда или в какой степени что-
либо произошло:
The guests moved hurriedly into the dining room.
Гости поспешно перешли в столовую.
Английские наречия делятся на следующие смысловые группы:
 Наречия места
here – здесь
there – там
where – где
inside – внутри
outside – снаружи
above – наверху
below – внизу
somewhere – где-то, где-нибудь
anywhere – везде, куда-нибудь
nowhere – нигде, никуда
и др.
 Наречия времени
now – сейчас
when – когда
then – тогда, затем
today – сегодня
yesterday – вчера
tomorrow – завтра
before – прежде, раньше
lately – недавно
recently – недавно, в последнее время
once – когда-то, однажды
и др.
 Меры и степени
much – очень
little – мало
very – весьма, очень
too – слишком, очень
so – так, до такой степени
enough – довольно, достаточно
hardly – едва, еле
scarcely – едва, с трудом
nearly – почти
almost – почти, едва не
и др.
 Образа действия
well – хорошо
fast – быстро
quickly – быстро, скоро
slowly – медленно
quietly – спокойно
easily – легко
и др.
 Другие
too – также, тоже
also – тоже, к тому же
either – также, тоже
else – ещё, кроме
only – только, просто
even – даже
и т.д.
Когда используются наречия в английском языке?
Наречия могут давать характеристику некоего действия:
He is running quickly.
Он быстро бежит.
признака:
She is very witty.
Она очень остроумна.
другого наречия:
It’s too late.
Слишком поздно.
или всего предложения:
Honestly, we did a great job.
Честно говорю, мы проделали отличную работу.
Кроме этого, наречия в английском языке могут соединять отдельные
предложения (наречия therefore, then, however, nevertheless, still, yet, besides,
moreover, otherwise, else) или придаточное и главное предложение в составе
сложного (when, where, how, why):
It was very hard to start my own business. I continued nevertheless and never
looked back.
Начать собственное дело было очень сложно. Тем не менее, я продолжил и
никогда не оглядывался назад.
I do not care why you are late again.
Мне все равно, почему ты опять опоздал.
Наречия when, where, why, how могут служить вопросительным словом,
открывающим вопросительное предложение:
Where is that boy?
Где этот мальчишка?
When did you come?
Когда ты пришел?
Вдобавок наречия могут отражать личное отношение говорящего к теме
разговора, в таком случае их называют «наречиями точки зрения» (viewpoint
adverb).
Foolishly, I agreed to help him.
По своей глупости я согласился помочь ему.
Clearly, he is mistaken.
Очевидно, что он ошибается.
Actually, I share your opinion.
В общем-то, я разделяю Вашу точку зрения.
Образование английских наречий
По своей форме английские наречия делятся на несколько групп: простые
(simple), производные (derived), сложные (compound) и составные
(composite).
Простые наречия не делятся на составные части:
soon – скоро
fast – быстро
when – когда
и др.
Производные наречия образованы при помощи суффиксов. Чаще всего это
суффикс -ly, реже встречаются суффиксы -most, -like, -fold, -ward(s), -wise:
nearly – близко
actually – фактически, на самом деле
innermost – сокровенно
warlike – воинственно
twofold – вдвойне
backwards – назад, наоборот
westward – на запад, к западу
likewise – подобно, так же
и др.
Сложные наречия образуются из нескольких корней:
sometimes – иногда, временами
midway – посередине
everywhere – везде, всюду
и др.
Составные наречия представляют собой сочетание служебного и
знаменательного слова:
at length – детально, обстоятельно
in vain – напрасно, тщетно
at least – по крайней мере
и др.
Роль в предложении
Как правило, наречия в предложении играют роль обстоятельства образа
действия, места, времени или степени:
He is talking too loud. (обстоятельство степени)
Он разговаривает слишком громко.
Однако некоторые наречия могут выступать в качестве определения к
существительным:
The road ahead is blocked.
Дорога впереди перекрыта.
The sentence below contains a mistake.
Предложение ниже содержит ошибку.
Exercise 1. Copy out adjectives and adverbs from the text:

Every nation has its own holidays: official or not, religious or not, popular or
less popular. Christmas is the holiday loved by all people. It comes on the 25 th of
December but big cities and small towns change their appearance as early as in
November. Beautiful lights and brightly decorated trees illuminate the streets and
children anxiously wait for the arrival of the most enjoyable holiday. Every year a
huge Christmas tree, the gift of Norwegian people in thanks for Britain’s support
during the Second World War, decorates Trafalgar Square. Christmas is a
traditional family day. On this day many people attend church, open their presents,
eat a Christmas dinner and watch the Queen’s annual Christmas broadcast on TV.
Preparations for Christmas are always pleasant: to buy gifts, to send Christmas
cards, to decorate the Christmas tree with small, brightly coloured lights and small
coloured glass ornaments. In Britain, Christmas is the most important public
holiday of the year. It combines the custom of giving gifts with the tradition of
spending this day with the family.

Adjectives Adverbs

_own_______________________ _early______________________________

___________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________ ___________________________________

Exercise 2. Put in the right word.

1. The driver of the car was ……seriously……… injured. (serious/seriously)

2. The driver of the car had ……………………… injures. (serious/seriously)
3. I think you behaved very ……………………… . (selfish/selfishly)
4. There was a ……………………. Change in the weather. (sudden/suddenly)
5. Rose is ………………………. upset about loosing her job. (terrible/terribly)
6. Everybody at the party was ……………………………. dressed.
(colourful/colourfully)
7. Linda likes wearing ……………………………. clothes. (colourful/colourfully)
8. She fell and hurt herself quite …………………………….. . (bad/badly)

Exercise 3. Complete each sentences using a word from the list. Sometimes
you need the adjective (careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).

careful(ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) financial(ly)

fluent(ly)
happy/happily nervous(ly) perfect(ly) quick(ly)
special(ly)
1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very …quickly………………….. .
2. Tom doesn’t take risks when he’s driving. He’s always ……………………… .
3. Sue works …………………………………. . She never seems to stop.
4. Alice and Stan are very …………………………… married.
5. Monica’s English is very …………………….. although she makes quite a lot of
mistakes.
6. I cooked this meal ……………………… for you, so I hope you like it.
7. Everything was very quiet. There was ……………………………. silence.
8. I tried on shoes and they fitted me …………………………………….. .
9. Do you usually feel ………………………….. before examinations?
10. I’d like to buy a car but it’s ……………………….. impossible for me at the
moment.

В английском языке, так же, как и в русском, прилагательные и наречия

имеют три степени сравнения: положительную, сравнительную и
превосходную.
В английском языке существуют два способа построения степеней
сравнения.
1. Для коротких (состоящих из одного слога) слов:
Положительная Сравнительная Превосходная степень
степень степень
small smaller (the) smallest
(маленький) (меньший) (самый маленький
/наименьший)
large larger (the) largest
(большой) (больший) (самый большой
/наибольший)
Примечания:
с превосходной степенью часто используется определенный артикль;
при построении степеней сравнения в написании:

а) конечная согласная с предшествующей краткой гласной удваивается:

 big => bigger => (the) biggest 
б) если перед конечной -у стоит согласная буква, то -у переходит в-i:
 easy => easier => (the) easiest;
 early => earlier => (the) earliest
в) при прибавлении -er u -est конечная -е опускается: см. выше large;
На произношение особенности написания не влияют.
2. Для длинных (состоящих из двух или более слогов) слов:
Не имеет смысла еще больше удлинять слово, поэтому в английском языке
добавляется другое короткое слово впереди:
 beautiful => красивый – more beautiful => более красивый –  (the) most
beautiful => самый красивый;
 easily => легко – more easily => легче – (the) most easily => легче всего
Для передачи значений менее и меньше всего / наименее используются
соответственно слова less и least:
 beautiful – less beautiful => менее красивый – (the) least beautiful =>
наименее красивый
Примечание:
Иногда односложные слова образуют степени сравнения с помощью more /
less или most / least, и наоборот, слова, состоящие более чем из одного слога,
имеют -ег / -est в конце; это зависит только от звучания – если какая-то
форма воспринимается на слух лучше другой, ее и ставят в предложение:
 crisp – more crisp – (the) most crisp звучит лучше, чем crisp – crisper – (the)
crispest правило в подобных случаях игнорируется.
Формы степеней сравнения некоторых прилагательных и наречий в
английском языке образуются не по правилу: 

Положительная Сравнительная Превосходная степень

степень степень
good (хороший) Better (the) best
well (хорошо) (лучше) (самый лучший/ лучше всего)
bad (плохой) Worse (the) worst
badly (плохо) (хуже) (самый плохой/ хуже всего)
many (много) More (the) most
much (много) (больше / более) (больше всего/ наиболее)
little (мало) less  (the) least
(менее / меньше) (меньше всего/ наименее)
Примечание:
слово little может быть как прилагательным, так и наречием; в данном случае
оно используется только как наречие «мало»; если нужно построить степени
сравнения от прилагательного« маленький», пользуемся словом small (см.
выше).
far(далекий) farther / further (the) farthest(самый далекий)
far(далеко) (более далекий / дальше) (the) furthest
(дальше всего)
 
Положительная степень Сравнительная степень Превосходная степень
old (старый) elder (the) eldest
  (старше) (самый старший)
Примечание:
формы elder / eldest используются чаще, когда говорящий ведет речь о членах
своей семьи:
 My father is elder than my mother. => Мой отец старше матери. This is my
eldest son. => Это мой старший сын.
в большинстве других случаев степени сравнения образуются по способу 1:
 old => older => (the) oldest.
Слово most с неопределенным артиклем (a most) не является степенью
сравнения, а имеет значение очень:
 a most beautiful girl => очень красивая девушка
Слово most может стоять перед существительным или местоимением во
множественном числе (часто с предлогом of) и имеет значение многие /
большинство:
 Most people like this. => Многим это нравится.
 Most of them will not be able to come. => Большинство из них не смогут
прийти.
Определенный артикль сохраняется перед формой превосходной степени
даже, если нет существительного:
 Не is the best. => Он самый лучший.
Для обозначения сравнительной степени используется слово than => чем; при
этом, чтобы избежать повторения одного и того же существительного, часто
ставится слово one в качестве заменителя этого существительного или
притяжательное местоимение в абсолютной форме:
 My car is bigger than their one / theirs. => Мой автомобиль больше, чем их.
 These cigars are stronger than those ones. => Эти сигары крепче, чем те.
Во второй части сравнительных конструкций можно использовать
местоимения как в объектном падеже (разговорный вариант), так и в
именительном падеже (литературный вариант, обычно со вспомогательным
глаголом):
 She reads more than him / he does. => Она читает больше, чем он.
 You are taller than me / I am. => Ты выше ростом, чем я.
 Не came earlier than them / they did. => Он пришел раньше, чем они.
но:
 I know him better than her. (единственно возможные вариант) => Я знаю его
лучше, чем ее.
 I know him better than she does. => Я знаю его лучше, чем она.
При сравнении одинакового качества используется сочетание as ... as =>
такой (же) ... как (и) / так (же) ... как (и):
 She is as beautiful as my mother. => Она такая же красивая, как моя мама. 
При сравнении качества в отрицательной форме чаще используется
сочетание not so ... as => не такой ... как:
 I am not so beautiful as her / she is. => Я не такая красивая, как она. 
При сравнении с многократным эффектом используется сочетание as ... as с
числительными; второе as может опускаться, если другой объект сравнения
не упоминается в ситуации:
 My sister is twice as beautiful (as yours). => Моя сестра в два раза красивее
(твоей).
 His car is about three times as big (as my car). => Его машина раза в три
больше (моей).
Слово half в подобных случаях имеет значение вдвое меньше:
 This liquid is half as strong (as that one). => Эта жидкость вдвое слабее (той).
 I have half as much money (as you have). => У меня в два раза меньше
денег(, чем у тебя}.
Иногда сравнение можно усилить с помощью дополнительных слов, чаще
других для этого используется much (намного):
 much more / less beautiful => намного более/менее красивый;
Русский вариант чем..., тем... переводится на английский язык the +
сравнительная степень... the + сравнительная степень...:
 The sooner you do it the better. => Чем скорее ты сделаешь это, тем лучше.
 The faster you come the more you will get. => Чем быстрее ты приедешь, тем
больше получишь.

Exercise 1. Choose the right variant. Translate the sentences.

1. I got to the place as ………………………….. as I could.
a) faster; b) more fast; c) fast; d) most fast
2. I answered it as …………………………….. as I could.
a) good; b) well; c) more good; d) better
3. You can stay as ………………………………. as you like.
a) long; b) longer; c) longest; d) most long
4. I need the information quickly, so let me know as …………………….. as
possible.
a) sooner; b) more sooner; c) soon; d) soonest
5. I swam as ………………………………. as I could.
a) fast; b) fastest; c) faster; d) most fast
6. This bed is as ………………………….. as that.
a) comfortabler; b) more comfortable; c) most comfortable; d) comfortable.
7. Being a nurse is not as …………………………………. as being a doctor.
a) more interesting; b) least interesting; c) less interesting; d) interesting
8. There is no doubt that Genius lasts ………………………….. than Beauty.
a) longer; b) longest; c) more long; d) long
9. As long as I live, the personality of Dorian Gray will dominate me.
a) longer; b) longest; c) long; d) more longer

Exercise 2. Choose the correct word.

a) 1. This student was the (cleverer/cleverest) boy in the group. 2. Kathleen has a
(nicer/more nice) dress than Maria. 3. Dmitry goes (farther/farthest) than Alex. 4.
Which is (larger/ largest): Belarus or Latvia? 5. As they went on the weather got
(warmer/ more warm) and (warmer/warmest). 6. Now I have (littler/less) free time
than yesterday. 7. The (thicker/thickest) trees in the world grow in Africa. 8. It is
spring. The days become (longer/longest) and the trees (greener/ most green). 9.
This is the (beautifulest/most beautiful) town I have ever seen before. 10. This
museum is (more rich/richer) than that one. 11. Who is the (most attentive/ more
attentive) pupil in the class? 12. This picture is (more beautiful/most beautiful)
than that. 13. Are you (more well/better) now? – Yes, I am. Thank you. 14. There
are (more many/ more) planes at Kennedy airport than at Minsk-2 airport. The first
one is (larger/more large). 15. This book is the (more important/most important)
in the life of the writer. 16. Minsk is (oldest/older) than Moscow.
b) 17. My story is (more funny/funnier) than yours. 18. This was the
(wonderfulest/most wonderful) traveling in my life. 19. Traveling by air is
(farster/farstest) and (more comfortable/most comfortable) than traveling by train.
20. This test of yours is (more good/better) than before. 21. Today he reads
(louder/ most loud) than yesterday. 22. This is the (more beautiful/most beautiful)
music I’ve ever heard. 23. This conference is (more representative/most
representative) than that. 24. He lives in the (more comfortable/most comfortable)
house. 25. Then he was the (most happy/happiest) man in the world. 26. The
corridor in our new flat is (wider/ widest) than it was in the old one. 27. The air
near the sea is (more fresh/fresher) than in a city. 28. His coat is new and hers is
(newer/more new). 29. This lecture is (more important/most important) for us than
that one. 30. This summer is (hotter/hottest) than that in the last year. 31. Dorian
Gray is my (dearer/dearest) friend. 32. It is the (most fast/fastest) way to spread
information. 33. Knowledge is the (more valuable/most valuable) wealth of our
time. 34. Don’t be tempted to use alcohol or other drugs to relieve stress. They
create (more/most) problems than they solve.

Exercise 3. Use the adjectives and adverbs in proper degree of comparison.

a) 1. Going by train is (expensive) than going by car. 2. July is (warm) than June.
3. Let me know if you hear any (far) news. 4. The City is (old) part of London. 5.
The older she gets the (wise) she is. 6. The book you gave me was the (interesting).
7. Spring is (warm) than winter. 8. The Western Dzvina is (long) than the Svislach.
9. Living in the country is (expensive) than in a big city. 10. It’s (cheap) to go by
car than by train. 11. The English language is (difficult) than the Russian language.
12. Nick plays chess (well) than any other boy in the class. 13. I know him (well)
than anybody else. 14. It is not so (hot) today as it was yesterday. 15. Travelling is
becoming (expensive). 16. What is (interesting) film you’ve ever seen? 17. This
music sounds (well) than that. 18. The Chinese language is (difficult) than English.
19. Which building is (high) in your city? 20. This is (difficult) problem I’ve ever
faced with. 21. You are (old) than me. 22. The exam was (easy) than we expected.
23. The first edition of the dictionary was (bad) than the new one. 24. Minsk is
(small) than London. 25. What was the (happy) day of your life? 26. This is (good)
museum in our city. 27. This was the (long) way you could choose. 28. If there
(many) women in politics, the world would by (much) peaceful. 29. Bill is
(talented) than Robert and Raymond is (talented) boy in the class. 30. The garden
looks (good) since you bought it.
b) 31. He is (good) chess player in our country. 32. Last night I went to bed (early)
than usual. 33. She is (talented) girl in our class. 34. I’m afraid the problem is
(complicated) than it seems. 35. Paris is (small) than Tokyo. 36. It was one of the
(nice) rooms in the hotel. 37. We had a great holiday. It was one of (great) holidays
we have ever had. 38. This is her (bad) dress, you know. 39. Europe is (interesting)
for me than America. 40. Her illness was much (serious) than we thought. 41. The
Nile is (long) river in Africa. 42. Winter days are (short) than summer. 43. What
month is (short)? 44. It has become (difficult) to find a job. 45. I think Mike is
(strange) person among my friends. 46. The Pacific Ocean is (large) and (deep)
ocean in the world. 47. She is the (intelligent) students in our group. 48. Your story
was (good) in the class. 49. Ann plays piano (well) than the other girl. 50. As
conversation went on, he became (talkative). 51. She is (good) pupil in our class.
52. He passed his exam (badly) than expected. 53. What month is (warm)? 54. The
USA is (large) than Mexico. 55. Which place of interest is (important) in your
city? 56. Yesterday was the (hot) day of the year. 57. Our college is (large) than
theirs. 58. It was the (bad) holiday in my life. 59. This building is (old) in our city.
60. The days in winter are (short) than in summer.
c) 61. This book is (interesting) than that one. 62. Which of you is (tall)? 63. Ann
plays the piano (good) that the other girls. 64. My flat is (comfortable) than yours.
65. Birmingham is (small) than London. 66. Westminster Abbey is (beautiful)
architectural monument in London. 67. This is (far) hotel in the city. You would
better take a taxi to get there. 68. Leonardo da Vinci is one of (famous) artists. 69.
The British Museum has (good) collection than any other museum in the world.
70. The Amazon is (long) river in the world. 71. The climate in South England is
(warm) than in North England. 72. The Nile is (long) river in Africa. 73. This is
(good) hotel in our city. 74. Canada has (long) border all over the word. 75. Gomel
is (small) than Minsk. 76. This was (happy) day in my life. 77. The Severn is
(long) than the Thames. 78. She is (beautiful) girl I’ve ever met. 79. This was
(interesting) film I’ve ever seen. 80. My new flat is (comfortable) than the old one.
81. Oxford Street is one of (long) streets in London. 82. Industry is (important) in
South England than farming. 83. The old man was (strange) man I have ever met.
84. Kent is (beautiful) county in England. 85. He is (good) chess player in our
country. 86. This is (difficult) problem which I’ve ever faced with. 87. The first
edition of the dictionary was (bad) than the new one. 88. It is not so (hot) today as
it was yesterday. 89. The older she gets, the (wise) she is. 90. I know that the work
I have done is good work, is the (good) work of my life.

Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, указательные, относительные,

неопределенные.
Местоимение – часть речи, которая указывает на лицо, предметы или
количество, но не называет их. Местоимение обычно употребляется в
предложении вместо имени существительного или имени прилагательного, а
иногда вместо числительного и наречия.
Jane studies georgaphy. She likes it. – Джейн изучает географию. Ей это
нравится.
Личные местоимения
Именительный падеж Объектный падеж
I я me мне, меня
you ты you тебе, тебя
he он him его, ему
 she она her её, ей
его, ему, ей,
it оно it
её
we мы us нас, нам
you вы you вас, вам
the
they они их, им
m
Местоимение it обычно заменяет ранее употреблённое существительное в
единственном числе, не обозначающее человека: wind / dog / lake = it (= он /
она / оно).
Местоимение you требует сказуемого в форме множественного числа, каким
способом оно ни передавалось бы на русский язык (ты, вы, Вы).

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with personal pronouns: 1. … is a doctor and … are
engineers. 2. This is … car. 3. Give … the letter. 4. Send … a telegram. 5. Speak to
… , please. 6. Find … pencil. I don’t know where … is. 7. This isn’t my book. …
book is clean. 8. This book is interesting. Read … . 9. … like this film very much.
10. Who is coming? – It’s … . 11. We are going to meet … in the evening. 12. …
sister and … are students. 13. This is a nice picture. Do you like … ? 14. Where is
Helen? – … is in … room. 15. The door is open. Close it, please. 16. This is a
pencil. … is black. 17. The cat is under the table. Take … . 18. The documents are
on the table. Put … into … bag. 19. He is meeting … mother.

Exercise 2. Choose the right word:

1. Write to (she, my, me), please. 2. We meet (our, us, we) friends every week-end.
3. Ann invited (her, she, her) friends to the party. 4. They had dinner with (them,
they, their) neighbours. 5. I went on holiday with two of (my, me, I) friends. 6.
Please, don’t worry about (they, them, their) problems. 7. The box was too heavy
for (I, me, my). 8. This is Tom. Do (you, your, you) know (he, him, his)? 9. I gave
(them, their, they) a key to (we, our, us) house. 10. (Him, His, He) studies well. 11.
I need (you, your, you) and you need (I, me, my). 12. (Us, We, Our) had never met
before. 13. I am not going to do (it, its, it) for (them, their, they). 14. I don’t want
(you, your, you) to pay for (my, I, me). 15. It’s not (you, your, you) fault. 16.
We’ve got a serious problem. Help (our, we, us), please. 17. Does (her, she, her)
feel nervous? 18. (Him, He, His) took money with (him, he, his). 19. Is this (you.
your, yours) book? 20. Last night (her, she, hers) went to an Indonesian restaurant.

Притяжательные местоимения
 Присоединяемая форма Абсолютная форма
мой, моя, моё,
my мой, моя, моё, мои mine
мои
his его his его
her её hers её
its его, её its его, её
наш, наша, наше,
our ours наш
наши
your
your ваш, ваша, ваше, ваши ваш
s
thei their
их их
r s

Exercise 1:
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. The mother cat and __________ kittens napped in the sunshine.
A.His
B. Your
C. Hers
D.Her
2. I like cream cheese on _________ bagels.
A.My
B. Mine
C. Your
D.Our
3. ________ grandfather used to take us fishing.
A.Mine
B. My
C. Our
D.Ours
4. Elaine bought ________ dress at the mall.
A.Yours
B. Mine
C. Her
D. Hers
5. The car lost _________ rear bumper in an accident.
A.It’s
B. Its
C. His
D.Her
6. The horse swished _________ tail to keep flies away.
A.It’s
B. Its
C. Its’
D.The
7. This dessert is ___________ but you can have it.
A.My
B. Mine
C. Yours
D.Delicious
8. Please return _________ money at once.
A.Mine
B. Your
C. My
D.Its
9. ______ car is so dirty I can’t even tell what color it is.
A.Your
B. Yours
C. Hers
D.Ours
10. When the cat saw the dog, it stopped in ______ tracks.
A.My
B. Its
C. His
D.Hers

Exercise 2:
Underline the correct possessive pronouns in the following sentences:
1. Is this (your, yours) coat?
2. You can't have (my, mine) cookie.
3. It is (our, ours) turn.
4. Look at (her, hers) funny hat.
5. That ring has lost (its, it's) shine.
6. This car is (my, mine).
7. Dogs love to play so it is a favorite activity of (their, theirs).
8. Are you sure this is (your, yours)?

Exercise 3:
Rewrite the sentence and replace the noun that is underlined with a possessive
pronoun.
1. Look at the toy's hat.
2. Let's go to Paul's house.
3. That game is my family's.
4. Is that Susan and Ted's house?
5. I want to see Mary's dress.
Указательные местоимения
Единственное число Множественное число
this этот these эти
that тот those те
the тот же
same самый
such такой
Указательные местоимения употребляются, когда говорящий называет
предмет или лицо, указывая на него жестом, взглядом.
Местоимения this и that имеют формы множественного числа,
соответственно these и those.
These dogs are mine.

Exercise 1:
Complete with the right words (that, those, this or these).
1. Waiter, I'm sorry to say it but ________cake you have just served me is awful.
2. I met him two five hours ago ________morning.
3. Look at _________ kids playning in the garden over there; they're so cute.
4. Take one of ________files from that table.
5. He was sitting on  ________ rocking chair he had bought from the flea market.
6. Many parents complain about their children _________ days.
7. Are you leaving __________ weekend?
8. The jeans you have bought today are better than_______ you bought last month.
9. We used to do it differently in____________ days
10. You know the books I am carrying are just fantastic. I think ________books
will keep me company during this summer holiday.

Exercise 2
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. ____________ was such an interesting experience.
A.That
B. These
C. Those
D.Such
2. Are ___________ your shoes?
A.That
B. Them
C. Those
D.This
3. You’ll have to get your own pen. ______________ is mine.
A.That
B. Those
C. Such
D.This
4. There is no end to ___________.
A.Such
B. Those
C. This
D.None
5. Please give me one of ____________.
A.That
B. Those
C. This
D.Such
6. ____________ are nice-looking.
A.This
B. That
C. These
D.Such

Exercise 3:
Complete the sentences with proper demonstrative pronoun.
Example:
This book is yours and _____ is mine. 
This book is yours and that is mine. 
These books are mine and ______ are yours. 
These books are mine and those are yours. 

1. This seat is yours and ________seat is mine. 

2. These are Bob's glasses, not mine.________ glasses are mine. 
3 This is a cupboard and __________is a sideboard. 
4. These cigarettes are shorter than ______________. 
5. Which road shall we take: this one or __________ one? 
6. That towel is dirty. Take _________one. 
7 These tickets are for you and _________are for us. 
8.___________are our models and those are our competitors'. 
9. Give me ____________ball-pen and I'll give you this. 
10. Which line is longer: __________ one or that one? 
11. These are peas and ____________ are beans. 
12 This cup is not yours._________ cup on the shelf is yours. 
13. I want that book on the second shelf, not ___________one. 
14. Those scissors are rather blunt.____________ are sharp. 
15. This is a map of France and ____________is a map of Spain. 
16. Don't take ___________pills. These are better. 
17. This ruler is more accurate than ___________one. 
18. These are my new shoes and ___________are the old ones. 
19. Which scarf is yours: this one or ___________one? 
20. This dictionary is better than __________one.

Относительные местоимения 
К относительным местоимениям в английском языке относятся следующие
местоимения:
who – который, кто
whose – чей, чьё
which – который, кто
that – тот, та, то
Относительные местоимения связывают придаточное предложение с
главным, при этом они отличаются от союзов тем, что являются членами
придаточного предложения:
I know the lecturer who will make today’s report. (“who” служит подлежащим
придаточного предложения)
Я знаю лектора, который сегодня будет делать доклад.
 Who
Относительное местоимение who обозначает людей:
This is the engineer who has designed the new engine.
Вот тот инженер, который создал новый двигатель.
 Whose
Местоимение whose отражает принадлежность одушевленным предметам:
Do you remember the man whose car was stolen yesterday?
Помнишь человека, чью машину вчера угнали?
 Which
Which (который, которого) относится к неодушевленным предметам:
He showed me the museum which was founded 400 years ago.
Он показал мне музей, который был основан 400 лет назад.
 That
Относительное местоимение that может относиться и к одушевленным, и к
неодушевленным предметам:
The musician that won the award is Italian.
Музыкант, который выиграл премию - итальянец.
I like the book that I read today.
Мне нравится книга, которую я прочитал сегодня.

Exercise 1:
Choose one of the following relative pronouns that best completes each
sentence.
who      which      where      when      what
1. Alexander Graham Bell is the man ___________invented the telephone.
2. The subject ___________my son finds most demanding is French.
3. They met in the "Trucador" restaurant, ___________ his wife worked as a
waitress.
4. Astronomy was a subject about _________the professor enjoyed chatting, given
the chance.
5. This was obviously a bad case of bullying, _________ the school takes very
seriously.
6. Prime numbers, ____________ are numbers that can only be divided by
themselves, formed the basis for the code.
7. I don't know __________he did, but his teacher is very angry about it.
8. The world population, __________ currently stands at more than 7 billion, is
expected to rise for the next fifty years at least.
9. Spring is the time ___________you should be planting these seedlings.
10. A man ___________I'd never seen before came and spoke to me and told me
everything would be okay.

Exercise 2:
Put who, which, that or whose in each gap to make one sentence from the two
sentences given.
1. He is a famous architect. His designs won an international award last year. 
He is a famous architect _________designs won an international award last
year. 
2. He is the one. The award should be given to him.
He is the one __________the award should be given to. 
3. This is Mary. She is taking over my job when I leave.
This is Mary, __________ is taking over my job when I leave. 
4. Its the invoice. You sent it to us last week.
It's the invoice ___________you sent us last week. 
5. He is a consultant. I rely on his advice.
He is the consultant ___________advice I rely on. 
6. The photocopier has a two-year guarantee. It cost $2000.
The photocopier, _________ has a two-year guarantee, cost $2000. 
7. The people were stopped at the border. They were all from Eastern Europe.
The people ________were stopped at the border were all from Eastern Europe. 
8. They expect his decision soon. This decision should help us solve the problem.
They expect his decision soon, _________ should help us solve the problem. 
9. The President of the company is visiting us next week. I really admire him.
The President of the company, ________ I really admire, is visiting us next week. 

Неопределенные местоимения
К неопределенным местоимениям в английском языке относятся следующие
местоимения:
some – кое-кто, некоторые
something – кое-что, нечто, что-нибудь
somebody – кто-нибудь, кто-то
someone – кто-нибудь, кто-то
any – какой-нибудь, что-нибудь
anything – что-нибудь, всё, что угодно
anybody – кто-нибудь, всякий, любой
anyone – кто-нибудь, любой
Неопределенные местоимения используются, когда вы не знаете или не
хотите точно назвать некое лицо. Они обозначают неопределенный объект
или объекты.
Английские местоимения, оканчивающиеся на -body и -one, ничем друг от
друга не отличаются:
Somebody is laughing. (Someone is laughing.)
Кто-то смеется.
 Some, Any
Местоимения some и any могут означать количество:
Can I have some juice?
Можно мне чуть-чуть сока?
или качество предметов:
There is some strange man in front of your house.
Перед вашим домом стоит какой-то странный человек.
Any обычно используется в предложениях с явно выраженным отрицанием:
She does not like any of them.
Ей никто из них не нравится.
подразумеваемым отрицанием:
Jenny is so reluctant to get acquainted with any new people.
Дженни так неохотно знакомится с новыми людьми.
и в вопросах:
I need paper for printer. Do you have any?
Мне нужна бумага для принтера. У вас есть?
 Someone, something, somebody
Местоимения someone, somebody и something могут использоваться в
утвердительных предложениях:
Somebody will help us.
Кто-нибудь нам поможет.
а также вопросах, если в них что-либо предлагается:
Do you want something to eat?
Хочешь перекусить?
 Anyone, anything, anybody
Anyone, anything и anybody применяются в отрицательных предложениях:
I did not notice anything unusual.
Я не заметил ничего необычного.
в общих вопросах:
Did anyone help you?
Тебе кто-нибудь помогал?
и условных предложениях:
If anyone calls, say I’m busy.
Если кто-нибудь позвонит, скажи, что я занят.
Также они могут использоваться и в утвердительных, и в отрицательных
предложениях в значении «каждый, любой»:
Anybody can become famous.
Любой может прославиться.
It does not matter how small is your donation, anything will help.
Неважно, насколько маленьким будет ваше пожертвование, любое поможет.
 One
Местоимение one означает всех людей в целом и переводится на русский
язык при помощи неопределенно-личных конструкций. При этом оно имеет
довольно формальную окраску, в повседневной речи вместо него может быть
более уместным употребить you или we:
One must follow all the instructions below.
Необходимо следовать всем нижеприведенным инструкциям.
You must follow my advice.
Ты должен последовать моему совету.
Также местоимение one можно использовать, чтобы избежать повторения
уже упомянутого в контексте существительного:
We have better samples of fabric, this one is rather old.
У нас есть образцы ткани получше, этот (образец) довольно старый.

Exercise 1. Choose the right word.

1. Have you been to (some; any) interesting exhibition lately? 2. (Somebody;
anybody) was making such a noise in the next room that I could hear (something;
anything; nothing) on my TV-set. 3. Is this (you; your; yours) book? – Yes, it’s
(me; my; mine). 4. His composition is much more interesting than (she; her; hers).
5. The boy didn’t want to tell us (something; anything; nothing). 6. (Anybody;
Somebody; Everybody; Nobody) is at home and no one knows where they are.

Exercise 2. Insert some or any. Translate the sentences.

1. I don’t think there is … juice left in the fridge. 2. Have you got … friends here?
3. Go and ask for … paper. I haven’t … in my desk. 4. Will you give me … sugar
if you have … . 5. I have … days for you. 6. I don’t think we’ve got … time left. 7.
He wants … more milk. 8. … children can answer the questions. 9. I didn’t get …
telegrams yesterday. 10. Do you know … foreign languages? 11. You have … rare
trees in your garden. 2. Later we had … coffee. 12. Please take … book you like.
13. There aren’t … matches left. We must buy … . 14. Please, take … chalk. 15. If
you have … news, call me back.

Exercise 3. Choose «some» or «any».

1. I don’t think there is … juice left in the fridge. 2. Have you got … friends here?
3. Go and ask for … paper. I haven’t … in my desk. 4. Will you give me … sugar
if you have … . 5. I have … days for you. 6. I don’t think we’ve got … time left. 7.
He wants … more milk. 8. … children can answer the questions. 9. I didn’t get …
telegrams yesterday. 10. Do you know … foreign languages? 11. You have … rare
trees in your garden. 2. Later we had … coffee. 12. Please take … book you like.
13. There aren’t … matches left. We must buy … . 14. Please, take … chalk. 15. If
you have … news, call me back.

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

1.Экзамен был очень тяжелый, и никто не сдал его. 2. Ты голоден. Хочешь
чего-нибудь съесть? 3. Мне было нечего делать, и я решил присоединиться к
друзьям. 4. Если есть кто-то, кто видел аварию (an accident), свяжитесь
(contact) с полицией. 5. Джеймс Бонд заметил (noticed), что кто-то стоит за
шторой (curtain) у окна.

Exercise 5. Translate from English:

1. The girl could hardly speak. “Would you like something to drink?” – asked
Holmes. 2. At night the girl heard that somebody was whistling (свистел) and
knocking (стучал) behind the wall. 3. After the girl’s visit someone appeared
(появился) at the door and shouted loudly. 4. Watson, look! Do you see anything
there? – Yes, there is something. Oh, it’s a snake (змея).
5. Dr. Watson had come to the high mountain where he hoped (надеялся) to meet
his friend but he could see nobody at the place. 6. Then he saw something white on
a stone. It was Sherlock Holmes’s letter. 7. Quick, let’s go! There’s somebody
coming and I don’t want anyone to see us.

Предлоги движения, направления. Союзы.

Предлоги движения to и from
 
To употребляется для указания пункта назначения.
Например:
“Susan is travelling to Portugal by plane”
Сьюзан отправляется в Португалию самолетом.
From употребляется для указания места или направления, откуда кто-либо
начинает свое движение.
Например:
“Is he leaving from here?”
Он уезжает оттуда?
Предлоги движения into, in и out of
 
Будьте внимательны: между предлогами in и into существует разница, даже
несмотря на то, что они выглядят похожими. In относится к
местоположению, тогда как into означает движение.
Например:
“The strawberries are in the fridge”
Клубника находится в морозилке.
“She was getting out of the car and into the hotel”
Она выходила из машины и заходила в отель.
В предыдущем примере вы заметили предлог out of. Этот предлог также
указывает на движение и используется в случаях, когда кто-то покидает
определенное место.
Например:
“I was coming out of the restaurant when I saw Olivier”
Я выходил из ресторана, когда увидел Оливера.
Предлоги движения on и off
 
On обозначает нахождение кого-либо или чего-либо на поверхности или
объекте, то есть эта поверхность или объект располагается непосредственно
под ним и держит на себе его вес. Off — полная противоположность on.
Выражение «taken off», относящееся к какому-либо предмету, означает, что
данный предмет больше не находится на прежнем месте.
Например:
“Take your shoes off and put them on the floor”
Сними свои туфли и поставь на пол.
Предлоги движения up и down
Up означает движение вверх, то есть от нижней к более верхней позиции,
а down, наоборот, свидетельствует о направлении от верхней точки к
нижней, то есть вниз.
Например:
“Samantha always goes up the stairs and comes down in the lift. This way she is
always fit and healthy!”
Саманта всегда поднимается по лестнице и спускается на лифте. Так она
всегда остается стройной и здоровой.
Предлоги движения over и under
 
Over указывает на положение над чем-либо или выше.
Например:
“Ladies and gentlemen, we are now flying over the Alps”
Дамы и господа. Сейчас мы пролетаем над Альпами.
Under имеет противоположное значение — положение под чем-либо, то есть
уровнем ниже. Соответственно, under указывает на движение вниз.
Например:
“The little boy was hiding under the table”
Мальчик прятался под столом.
Предлоги движения through и across
 
Across означает направление от одной стороны места или границы к другой
(от края до края). На русский язык оба предлога переводятся как «через»,
хотя through указывает на движение от одной стороны к другой в пределах
одной местности. То есть throughупотребляется в значении «по».
Например:
“Every Sunday, we walk across the bridge and through the park”
Каждое воскресение мы переходим через мост и гуляем по парку.
Предлоги движения along, round и past
 
Along — означает движение по направлению к концу чего-либо, например,
дороги. Обычно такая фраза переводится как «идти вдоль
дороги». Round обозначает движение кругом по краю местности, то есть
вокруг определенного места. Наконец, past — мимо, дальше определенного
места. То есть оставляя позади какую-то определенную точку.
Например:
“You will need to drive along this road, round the stadium and past the hospital”
Тебе нужно будет проехать по дороге вокруг стадиона и мимо госпиталя.

Предлоги направления

Предлог Перевод Пример

через (с одной
across стороны на across the road – через дорогу
другую)

along вдоль along the path – вдоль дорожки

round the playground – вокруг

round вокруг
детской площадки

away from the policeman – от

away from от, прочь от
полицейского

back to обратно к back to the shop – обратно в магазин

down вниз по down the hill – вниз по холму

into внутрь, в into the bar – в бар

out of из out of the theatre – из театра

over по, над over the bridge – по мосту

 past мимо past the church – мимо церкви

through /θruː
сквозь, через through the tunnel – сквозь туннель
/

to к to her husband – к своему мужу

towards the mall – по направлению к

towards по направлению к
торговому центру

under под under the tree – под деревом

up вверх up the stairs – вверх по лестнице

Особенности употребления предлогов направления в английском языке

1. To – это наиболее часто используемый предлог направления. Его надо

использовать с каким-то определенным пунктом назначения:

My friend moved to France 2 years ago. – Мой друг переехал во

Францию 2 года назад.
Единственный случай, когда мы не используем to после глагола
движения go, это когда говорим о доме. Запомните навсегда: go home –
идти домой, никак не to home. Легко провести параллель: дома нам
рады, нам не нужны лишние предлоги, чтобы прийти домой.
I go home through the park. – Я иду домой через парк.
2. Предлоги at и in тоже можно использовать с глаголами движения, но
они указывают на определенное место:
He wants to throw this document in the bin. – Он хочет выкинуть этот
документ в корзину.
John invited me to have lunch at his place. – Джон пригласил меня
пообедать к себе домой.
3. На многих сайтах, посвященных английскому, вы можете найти
информацию, что предлоги round и around используются одинаково, без
изменений значения. Но разница небольшая есть, особенно в
британском английском. Если мы говорим he was running around, то
подразумевается, что его движения были беспорядочными, хаотичными.
The teacher doesn’t let children run around at school. – Учитель не
разрешает детям бегать сломя голову по школе.
А когда используют round, то подразумевается более упорядоченное
движение по кругу.
 Usain Bolt runs round the track every morning. – Усейн Болт бегает
кругами по беговому треку каждое утро.

Exercise 1:
Complete the sentences with the right preposition.
through     into     down     to     over     out of    
along
1) I moved _______________ Germany in 1998.
2) The train went _______________ the tunnel.
3) She sailed _______________ the river.
4) He's going _______________ the room.
5) They walked _______________ the bridge.
6) He ran _______________the mountain.
7) The car came _______________ the garage.

Exercise 2:
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions:

1. Doras went ______________ the store, but I don't think she found what she was
looking for because she came back ______________   almost immediately.
2. As Samantha was climbing ______________  the swimming pool, she slipped
and fell back .
3. The post office is just ______________  the street on the left near the museum.
4. Linda had problems climbing back ______________  the tree house because she
had injured her ankle as she was climbing .
5. She didn't have any difficulty pulling  ______________ the parking space, but
as she was backing , she scratched the car parked next to her.
6. Although you can take an elevator______________   the top of the Eiffel
Tower, we decided to walk . I was exhausted by the time we got to the top.
7. When Mrs. George saw the kids playing on the roof she screamed, "You kids
had better come ______________  there, right now!"
8. You can go  ______________ now; Dr. Winslet is ready to see you.
9. Our customer service center will help you solve that problem. Just walk
______________  the hall and take the elevator ______________  the second
floor.
10. Just as Rhea was stepping ______________  the elevator, she realized she was
on the wrong floor, so she quickly jumped back  before the doors closed.
11. I don’t know how I managed to get ____________ this mess.
12. I hope you won’t run ____________ any problems.
13. Go ___________ the bridge and on the other side you will see a park.
14. Go ___________ the park until you come to Church St. on the other side, where
you turn left.
15. He threw himself ____________ the work with great enthusiasm.
16. I took the envelope ____________ my pocket.
17. You'll see the tourist information office ___________ front of you. You can't
miss it.
18. He promised that he would look ____________ the matter.
19. Go ___________ ahead until you come to a petrol station.
20. There are four students at each table. __________ me is my friend Justine.

Союзы
Союз – это служебная часть речи, связывающая части сложного
предложения, отдельные предложения в тексте, а также слова в составе
простого предложения.
Союзы в английском языке отличаются тем, что они не зависят ни от каких
грамматических характеристик соединяемых слов, сами они не изменяются и
не имеют грамматических категорий.
По значению английские союзы делятся на сочинительные и
подчинительные, а по своей форме – на простые, производные, сложные и
составные.
Классификация английских союзов по их строению
Простые
Простыми считаются неразложимые на составные части союзы:
and – и
but – но
if – если
as – как
or – или
и др.
Производные
Производные союзы происходят из других частей речи и имеют в своем
составе суффикс или приставку:
because – потому что
unless – если не
Сложные
В состав сложных союзов входит составляющая -ever или два союза:
however – однако, тем не менее
whereas – тогда как, поскольку
Составные
Составные союзы представляют собой сочетание служебных и
знаменательных частей речи (конкретизаторов):
in case – если
in order to – для того, чтобы
as well as – так же как
и др.
Также к составным относятся двойные союзы, состоящие из двух частей:
neither … nor – ни … ни
both … and – и … и
not so … as – не так … как
и др.
Классификация английских союзов по их функции в предложении
Сочинительные союзы
Сочинительные союзы в английском языке соединяют однородные члены
предложения, а также независимые предложения. При помощи
сочинительных союзов независимые предложения соединяются в одно
сложносочиненное предложение.
The deal was closed on Monday, and on the next day we sent the first shipment of
goods.
Сделку заключили в понедельник, и на следующий день мы отправили
первую партию товаров.
Подчинительные союзы
Подчинительные союзы в английском языке присоединяют придаточные
предложения к главному, от которого зависит придаточное предложение.
Подчинительные союзы входят в состав придаточного предложения, за
исключением некоторых составных союзов, которые входят в состав как
главного, так и придаточного предложения, например, первая часть (not so)
союза not so ... as входит в состав главного предложения, а вторая часть (as) -
в состав придаточного предложения:
The text was not so difficult as I expected.
Текст был не таким трудным, как я ожидал.

Exercise 1:
 Make up compound sentences by using the right coordinating conjunctions in
brackets.
1. His job is very hard, (yet / therefore) his salary is low.
2. I’m sorry I opened your handbook, (however / but) I mistook it for mine.
3. Alex lost his job a year ago, (however / or) he soon managed to find another
one.
4. I know she’s hard to deal with, (and / nevertheless) you ought not to be rude to
her.
5. I’ve been living here for many years, (but / and) I don’t know the place very
well.
6. Her life is very peaceful (or / yet) she is always complaining.
7. We haven’t got much in common, (moreover / but) we get on with each other
fairly well.
8. Тоm is 17 (or / and) he is studying at college.
9. The rent is reasonable, (moreover / but) the location is perfect.
10. My mum dislikes pets, (nevertheless / and) she bought a puppy for us.
11. You can take a horse to water (and / but) you can’t make him drink.
12. She was rushing to the office, (therefore / but) she couldn’t talk to me.
13. A lot of novels are published every year, (therefore / however) very few of
them become bestsellers.
14. I didn’t talk to the Director (or / but) I talked to the Manager.
15. Sam sat down on the bench (but / and) Lucy sat besides him.

Exercise 2:
Make up complex sentences by using the right subordinating conjunction
1. Since / Just as there’s too much work to do, we won’t go on holiday.
2. I’d better take an umbrella in саse /whether it rains.
3. Just keep an eye on the baby while / whereas I cook the supper, will you?
4. Many of the children feel more confident if / though they work in groups.
5. Although / in order that he hasn’t said anything, he seems to be upset about it.
6. You must be careful while / unless you wash this delicate silk blouse.
7. I’d like to find out when / even if the classes begin.
8. By / as long as the time you receive this letter, I’ll have left for Japan.
9. At last, after / as long as he had tried three times, he passed his exam.
10. The manager didn’t offer him the job because / although his appearance was
very untidy.
11. Even if / When there are small children around, it’s better to put breakable
ornaments out of their reach.
12. Unless / Until you hurry, you won’t catch the bus.
13. I couldn’t resist having another slice of cake in case / even though I was
supposed to be losing some weight.
14. Leave the cake in the oven until / because it turns brown.

Exercise 3:
Choose the right conjunction
1. Mark can’t leave his job ... he has found another one. (A as soon as / В until / C
when)
2. My son’s hair got darker ... he got older. (A as / В if / C as long as)
3. I’ll lend you this book ... I have finished reading it. (A unless / В in case  / C
when)
4. … I lived farther from the school than any other pupil, I was often the last to
arrive. (A Although / В Despite /C Since)
5. I stood on a chair ... I could reach the upper shelf. (A because / В so that /C as)

Exercise 4:
Make up sentences using the right conjunction “and – but – or – so – because”
1. The taxi stopped. The passenger got out.
2. The taxi stopped. The passenger stayed in the car.
3. My brother is married. He lives in Italy.
4. My brother is married. My sister is single.
5. It rained yesterday. We stayed at home.
6. I bought a magazine. I haven’t read it yet.
7. They’ve got a nice house. They haven’t got a garden.
8. Mary often goes to the theatre. She loves operas.
9. Are you going to make a cake? Have you already made it?
10. Our neighbors were very poor. They never asked for help.
11. We opened the window. It was too hot inside.
12. The sea was cold. We didn’t go swimming.
13. I was so tired. I went to bed.
14. Tim doesn’t like Moscow. It is very noisy and big.
15. It was a difficult exam. I passed it.
16. They wanted to eat sushi. There wasn’t any Japanese restaurant nearby.
17. Gordon worked hard. She could make a lot of money.
18. Joanna is fond of tennis. She plays really well.
19. To get to town you can take any bus. You can just walk.
20. I needed some help with French. I took private lessons.
Exercise 5:
Put but or so.
1. We were late, … we missed the train.
2. I live in Oxford, … I work in London.
3. The film was too long, … it was quite interesting.
4. He lost his laptop, … he went to the police station.
5. The hotel is very expensive, … only rich people stay there.
Exercise 6:
Choose the right conjunction
1. Some of my friends have found the work … (after – while – before) others are
still unemployed.
2. I agree with the idea, … (since – although – before) I don’t think it’s quite
practical.
3. You should brush your teeth … (after – before – while) have finished your
meal.
4. Let’s go home … (after – before – while) it starts raining.
5. The storm started … (after – before – while) the kids were playing in the yard.
6. Give this book to Sam … (since – when – until) you see him.
7. He has ridden a horse … (since – when – until) he was a little boy.
8. The first jeans were designed for workers, … (since – although – before) today
they are worn all over the world.
9. The sun is quite warm today, … (after – while – before) the air is still chilly.
10. … (Unless – When – While) they help me, I won’t be able to finish the report
on time.
UNIT 2

2.1 Профессиональное самоопределение личности

LEAD IN

Look at the picture. What do all these people do?

There are very many different professions in the world – more than 2000.
They are international and not international, easy and difficult, prestigious and
non-prestigious, low-paid and high-paid.

How do you understand these proverbs? Can you explain them? Let’s discuss.
 No bees, no honey; no work, no money.
 As is the workman, so is the work.
 Не works best who knows his trade. 
 Tastes differ.

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the words and word combinations.

profitable полезная, выгодная

security безопасность
irritating раздражающая
don’t get any satisfaction не получают удовлетворения
profit польза
coincide совпадать
deserve заслуживать
sacrifice жертвовать
for ради
unable to earn  не имеешь возможности заработать
another way out другой выход

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text and discuss these questions:

1.  What difficult question appears before children in choosing a profession?
2.  What do some people choose?
3.  Do they get any satisfaction out of their work?
4.  What do some people sacrifice for their work?
5.  What can a person do if he hasn’t got any satisfaction?
6.  What does author suggest you in her letter? Do you agree with her?

Job for life, job for love.

From early age children like to dream about their future profession. Boys
often want to be soldiers or drivers, girls-singers, dancers or actresses. But growing
older they learn more about other professions, begin to understand the role of
money in life. A difficult question appears: how to find a job that is interesting and
at the same time profitable.
Some people don’t think of this problem much. They choose security – a
job that brings money. They work for the rest of life in the sphere which is boring
and irritating to them. They don’t get any satisfaction out of their work, they
only spend time there. Sometimes these people have problems with
their health and family relations. On the one hand, a person can’t be satisfied if he
has got an interesting job which brings him money only for buying cheap food and
second-hand clothes, paying rent for the flat and any more.
Sometimes people’s interests and profit coincide. We know many persons
from life and literature when professionals get what they deserve. However, there
are many people who live just on bread and water, in a small flat, who sacrifice
their family life and the joys of ordinary people for their work.
It all depends on one’s personality. I think one can find something attractive
in every job. At least if a person hasn’t got any satisfaction from his work, he can
get a hobby. At the same time, if you are unable to earn enough money for life,
you can find another job or another way out.
Looking for a job, for life and love you should only have a desire for it.
Believe in yourself and everything will be OK!

VOCABULARY
Before reading the text study the words and word combinations.

to take time off брать отпуск, делать перерыв в работе

advertisement реклама
window clerk почтовый служащий
sales associate продавец-консультант
awarded назначенный, награждённый
post-office box почтовый ящик
to mail посылать по почте
delivery, to deliver доставка, доставлять
rented, to rent арендованный, арендовать
postmaster почтмейстер; начальник почтового отделения
a jack-of-all-trades мастер на все руки
to purchase покупать
stamp марка
mail package почтовый пакет
issues проблема, спорный вопрос
suspension of service приостановка оказания услуг
an officer in charge (OIC) служащий
oak дуб
vacancy Вакансия
to retire выходить на пенсию
opportunity возможность
to assist помогать
crew команда
downside недостаток
viable жизнеспособный

Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer these questions:

1. Why is it so important to choose your profession?
2. What or who can influence your choice?

Exercise 2. Read the interview of Cindy Mason and say how did Cindy

From Clerk to Postmaster

Interviewer: How did you become interested in working at the Postal Service?

Cindy Mason: Previously, I had worked at a telephone company. I took time off

when I had my two children. Then when they became school age, I decided it was
time to get back to work. There had been an advertisement for postal jobs, and I
took the examination. Once you took the examination, you were put on a list based
on how you scored. When different jobs came up, the list was brought around and
you were given a call to see if you wanted that position.

Interviewer: How did you become a postmaster, and how did you come to work
at the post office in Hinsdale?

Mason: I started working with the Postal Service in 1986, as a window clerk in
Montague, Massachusetts. That was the name of the position at that time—now
they call them sales associates. When a job came up for the postmaster position in
Leverett, Massachusetts, I put in for it, and was awarded that position. In July of
2009, I was appointed a postmaster here in Hinsdale.

Interviewer: How much mail does your post office handle daily?

Mason: The population of Hinsdale is a little over 4,000 people. We have 700

post-office boxes here, and about 500 of them are rented. We probably have about
1,200 deliveries on our routes, and then another 500, so we're right around 2,000
deliveries per day.

Interviewer: What does a postmaster do exactly?

Mason: A postmaster is a jack-of-all-trades. You do everything in the post office:

Delivering the mail, providing customer service to the community. You're to be
sure that all of the mail goes out to the customers in a timely manner.
There are different levels of post offices in the Postal Service. The first post office
I had was a very small one, and I had just one route there and one other employee
besides myself. Because it was a small area, coming to the post office was where
everybody met and got together, and shared all the information. It’s just a real
community place.
Interviewer: Do you feel like the post office is still a social place where people
gather?

Mason: It is. There are people who just visit to purchase stamps or mail
packages and things like that. But some of them come to rent post office boxes.
In this community, we're very close: the town hall is next door, the police station is
across the street, and the community center is on the other side. Between those four
places—we're really a hub in the community. We see a lot of people every day.

Interviewer: Is the Hinsdale post office a very historic one?

Mason: It is. This office is the oldest continuously operating post office in the
United States. This post-office building was built in 1816. It's never been closed,
even when there were issues with the building, or a suspension of service, or
anything. It has been running six days a week since 1816 in this building.

Interviewer: I found this interesting: The Hinsdale office hired its first female
postmaster in 1888. That sounds very early and radical.

Mason: There have only been three female postmasters since then. There have
been two women who served as OIC - which is what we call an officer in charge
—and usually an OIC comes into an office when there's a vacancy, someone has
retired, or gone on to another position. Adelia Barrows, took over the position for
her husband in 1888 when he passed away. Fred Colton later replaced her, because
she didn't want to take the tests that became required to get a job in the post office.
She didn't want to do all that, so she retired after 33 years.

Interviewer: Does this post office get a lot of attention for being the oldest one in
the country?

Mason: We do. People walk in here all the time. It really is quite stark: The whole
lobby is the oak—the old oak—and we have the old combination post office
boxes. A lot of those have been here for a very, very long time.
We have a business in town that brings their customers down to the post office
when they’re in town, and they share the fact that we're the oldest. They're really
history buffs. We have a lot of people that will just stop in and they say, "You're
really the oldest continuously operating post office?" We say, "Yeah, we sure are."

Interviewer: What are the hardest and most rewarding parts about working as a
postmaster?

Mason: The great part is that you meet so many people, and you get the
opportunity to assist a lot of people. I work with a great crew here; we have three
rural routes, and two clerks. We're a small office, but everybody works together.
We're successful in taking care of our customers and taking care of the mail.
Everybody here is proud to work here. I really can't see a downside.

Interviewer: Does it get really crazy around Christmastime when people are

mailing gifts?

Mason: Christmas is a crazy time, but you know what's really great about that?
There are people that you don't see all year long, and they come into the office at
Christmastime because they're mailing their cards. There is a lot of pride in making
sure people get all their packages. Yes, it's busy and crazy. But it's also very
rewarding.

Interviewer: How do you see your job, and the role of the post office as people
change the way they communicate?

Mason: Email has certainly come into play with the Postal Service. People don't
write letters the same way that they used to. However, that doesn't mean that we
don't play a very important role. We will be changing ourselves, and I can’t tell
you what we're going to look like in 10 years. But I see us continuing to be a
delivery service: Because of all the rural areas, we are still going to be very
important for people. I do believe that the Postal Service is going to change, but
it’s still going to be a viable place to work in the future.

Exercise 3. Make up a resume of Cindy’s interview.

Exercise 4. Do you know how to become a postal service worker? How must
be postal worker? Read the text and try to answer these questions.
 How to Become a Postal Service Worker

All postal service worker applicants must pass a written exam. The exam
covers four areas: address cross comparison, forms completion, memory and
coding, and personal characteristics and experience. Jobseekers should contact the
post office or mail processing center where they want to work to find out when
exams are given.
Postal service mail carriers must be at least 18 years old, or 16 years old
with a high school diploma. They must be U.S. citizens or have permanent
resident-alien status. Males must have registered with the Selective Service when
they reached age 18.
When accepted, applicants must undergo a criminal background check and
pass a physical exam and a drug test. Applicants also may be asked to show that
they can lift and handle heavy mail sacks. Mail carriers who drive at work must
have a safe driving record, and applicants must receive a passing grade on a road
test.
Education
Most postal service workers have a high school diploma. All applicants must
have a good command of English.
Training
Newly hired postal service workers receive short-term on-the-job training,
usually lasting less than 1 month. Those who have a mail route may initially work
alongside an experienced carrier.
Important Qualities
Customer-service skills. Postal service workers, particularly clerks,
regularly interact with customers. As a result, they must be courteous and tactful
and provide good client service.
Physical stamina. Postal service workers, particularly mail carriers, must be
able to stand or walk for long periods.
Physical strength. Postal service workers must be able to lift heavy mail
bags and parcels without injuring themselves.

WRITING

Exercise 1. Read the text for the second time and fill out the table.
Postal service worker
Age Exam Education Training Skills
LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Look at the tables. Match the occupations and personal qualities
with their definitions.
Occupations

1. accountant a. makes bread and buns

2. baker b. designs and alters clothes
3. butcher c. makes and sells medicines
4. cashier d. keeps financial records
5. courier e. presents news or TV programs
6. electrician f. takes orders, serves people in
restaurants
7. fisherman g. installs and fixes lights, wiring
etc.
8. housekeeper h. works in the courthouse
9. journalist i. cuts and sells meat
10.lawyer j. works with the cash register in the
store
11.newscaster k. catches fish
12.pharmacist l. delivers different things or orders
13.waitress m. collects, sorts, delivers mail and
sells postal products
14.tailor n. fixes water pipes, toilets, sinks
15.plumber o. writes for magazines and
newspapers
16.postal service clerk p. cleans the house

Personal qualities

1. responsible a. doesn’t tire easily

2. punctual b. comes on time
3. energetic c. does what he\she must do
4. polite d. feels good about himself\herself
5. organized e. clean and tidy, not messy
6. neat f. has good manners
7. confident g. does a good job, never forgets
anything

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. Which jobs are paid well? Name 3 of them

 2. In which jobs you must wear uniform? Name 3 of them
3. Name 3 outdoors jobs
4. Name 3 jobs in the office

What personal qualities are required for each profession? Choose 5 of them

Exercise 3. Read the text. You will find out what do Postal Service Clerks do
and what is their typical work day like. 

Being A Postal Service Clerk: What You Really Do

Postal Service Clerks perform any combination of tasks in a post office, such
as receive letters and parcels; sell postage and revenue stamps, postal cards, and
stamped envelopes; fill out and sell money orders; place mail in pigeon holes of
mail rack or in bags; and examine mail for correct postage.
On a daily basis, Postal Service Clerks keep money drawers in order, and
record and balance daily transactions. They weigh letters and parcels, compute
mailing costs based on type, weight, and destination, and affix correct postage.
1 of the main responsibilities as a postal service clerk is to obtain signatures
from recipients of registered or special delivery mail.
Some may also register, certify, and insure letters and parcels.
In a normal work day, another thing that Postal Service Clerks do is they sell
and collect payment for products such as stamps, prepaid mail envelopes, and
money orders.
In addition to that, they check mail to ensure correct postage and that
packages and letters are in proper condition for mailing..
A typical day for a postal service clerk look like this:
Maintain financial or account records.

Weigh parcels to determine shipping costs.

Calculate shipping costs.

Obtain written authorization to perform activities.

Besides the “typical day” things that Postal Service Clerks do, they provide
customers with assistance in filing claims for mail theft, or lost or damaged mail.
A typical week or month for them might include:
Assist individuals with paperwork.
In a typical work week as a postal service clerk, you can expect to work 40
hours per week.

Exercise 4. Ask the questions to guess your partner’s job.

 What’s my job?

1. Do you work in an office?

2. Do you sit at a desk?
3. Do you spend a lot of time on a computer?
4. Do you have to wear a uniform?
5. Do you need to study at university to get your job?
6. Do you work with people\children\animals?
7. Do you work in the morning\at night\long hours?
8. Do you get many holidays?

PROJECT WORK

Write an essay about your profession.

2.2 Компетенции специалиста

POSTAL HISTORY
LEAD IN

The history of postal service started long before the end of the first century AD.
Modern ways of delivering are differ from the ancient ones. Could you name any
of them?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the words and word combinations.

instance пример; образец

relay post стоянка для почтового транспорта
emperor император
penalty наказание
valuable ценный; полезный
to envy завидовать
occasionally изредка; временами
dispatch отправка; отсылка
wayward сбившийся с пути
thereby таким образом; в связи с этим
mail collection point почтовый пункт
to abuse злоупотреблять
to bring to fruition добиться конкретных результатов
flat rate единый тариф, фиксированная плата
regardless of независимо от
be reluctant быть вынужденным; проявлять нежелание

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text attentively and say which period of postal
development you were impressed by most of all and why.

2000BC: Late Bronze Age

The earliest known instance of «post» is from ancient Egypt. Drawings of ancient
Egyptian writing tools, were found in the tomb of Mereuka at Saqqara, dated
around 2330BC.
500BC - 400AD: The Roman Postal System
When Britain was absorbed into the Roman Empire it was connected to the
imperial postal system known as CURSUS PUBLICUS. This was a network of
messengers and later of relay posts where the same messenger could change his
horses and carry on his journey.
Couriers travelled about 50 miles a day, and much faster in an emergency. Only
the emperor, his officials and friends could use this postal service. The penalty
for anyone else caught using the system was death. Private letters were usually
carried by servants or traders.
Towards the end of the 1st century AD a famous Roman writer called Pliny was
one of the Emperor Trajan's officers who issued the valuable permits which
allowed people to use the Imperial post.
800AD - 1500AD: The Medieval Posts
Our modern state posts in Britain, France and Germany developed from the corps
of couriers kept by kings and princes. Nobles, clerks, scholars and businessmen
envied their efficiency, security and long reach. Occasionally their private mail
was carried by these couriers, but only unofficially. Rulers were reluctant to open
their posts to private correspondence because they suspected this would interfere
with urgent dispatches. In 1505, the Imperial Emperor Maximilian I established a
postal system to cover the Holy Roman Empire.
1500: The Reformation - From King's Post to Post Office
The foundations of a permanent postal system were laid down by Henry VIII
around 1512 when he appointed Sir Brian Tuke his «Master of the Posts» and
began to maintain relays of horses and messengers on important routes. Charles I
opened his posts to the public in 1635 and founded the «Letter Office of England
and Scotland».
Progress was interrupted by the English civil war, but with the restoration in 1660
there were further improvements. Henry Bishop, Charles II's Postmaster General,
timed the progress of mail by using postmarks – his invention. Thereby the Post
office could detect inefficient posting stages and slow or wayward carriers.
1700: Georgian - Ralph Allen and John Palmer
In 1700, postal network was still largely based on the six royal messenger routes.
These were inadequate for business, government and private correspondence.
Many important towns were not directly linked. Instead, mail between them went
via London. As a result delivery times were unnecessarily long, and the postal
system was too dependent on the «London Inland Letter Office».
Ever since the seventeenth century, the post boys who carried the mail were often
slow, dishonest, unreliable and vulnerable to robbery.
In 1784 the Post Office replaced them with fast, efficient, well guarded mail
coaches. John Palmer, a Bath businessman and theatrical manager, initiated the
change by organizing the first experimental run from Bath.
1800: Penny Post and After
By the 1830's the post could be proud of its efficiency, speed and security. Local
delivery networks were growing and mail collection points were increasing, thanks
to the great many local Penny Posts established between 1793 and 1840.
A problem still remained: postage – its great expense and the method of charging.
Postage was charged by distance and the number of sheets in a letter.
Then there was the cost of the Free Frank – the privilege allowing Members of
Parliament to send free mail if it bore their «Frank» – their signature. The Frank
was greatly abused. MP's sold it to businesses and franked the mail of their
supporters and families. The public had to bear the cost of this.
Reform of these abuses was long advocated by businessmen, teachers and
supporters of democracy. Rowland Hill brought many of their wishes to fruition
in1840 with his system of uniform penny postage. Franking was ended, and our
modern system of postage was introduced. Letters were charged by weight at a flat
rate, regardless of distance. Under Hill's system the sender paid: in the past it had
usually been the recipient.
Methods of indicating pre payment had to be found, the most popular and
convenient proved to be the adhesive postage stamp. The first of these was the
famous Penny Black, which officially came in to use on 6th May 1840.
Thomas Moore Musgrave was postmaster of Bath from 1833 until his death in
1854. He was the first person in the world ever to send a stamp.
The postal system was important in the development of modern transportation.
Railroads carried railway post offices. During the 20th century, air mail became
the transport of choice for inter-continental mail. Postmen started to utilize mail
trucks. The handling of mail became increasingly automated.
Modern mail is organized by national and privatized services, which are
reciprocally interconnected by international regulations, organizations and
international agreements. Paper letters and parcels can be sent to almost any
country in the world relatively easily and cheaply. The Internet has made the
process of sending letter-like messages nearly instantaneous.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. Where was the first example of “post mail” found?

2. What is CURSUS PUBLICUS?
3. Who could use CURSUS PUBLICUS?
4. Nobles, clerks, scholars and businessmen couldn’t use the corps of couriers
for their private mails, could they?
5. When were the foundations of a permanent postal system laid down and by
whom?
6. Who was the inventor of the postmark?
7. How can you describe the Middle Ages’ postal system?
8. In 1700 royal messenger routes were adequately used for business,
government and private correspondence, weren’t they?
9. What is Penny Post?
10. Why was the public against the Free Frank?
11. What reforms improved the postal system in 1840?
12. The first postage stamp was the famous Penny Black, wasn’t it?

Exercise 3. Fill in the table according to the facts given in the text:

1st century AD 150 151 1635 1660 170 178 the 1830’s 184 20th
5 2 0 4 0 century
Permission to
use the Imperial
Post

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences according to the text using the words from
the box:
relays, tools, restoration, vulnerable, flat rate, emergency,
transportation, points, carried, signature, reluctant

1. Drawings of ancient Egyptian writing _______ were found in the tomb of

Mereuka at Saqqara, dated around 2330 BC.
2. Couriers travelled about 50 miles a day, and much faster in an _______.
3. Private letters were usually _______ by servants or traders.
4. Rulers were _______ to open their posts to private correspondence.
5. Sir Brian Tuke began to maintain relays of _______ horses and messengers
on important routes.
6. Progress was interrupted by the English civil war, but with the _______ in
1660 there were further improvements.
7. Ever since the seventeenth century, the post boys who carried the mail were
often slow, dishonest, unreliable and _______ to robbery.
8. Local delivery networks were growing and mail collection _______ were
increasing.
9. Then there was the cost of the Free Frank – the privilege allowing Members
of Parliament to send free mail if it bore their «Frank» – their _______.
10. Letters were charged by weight at a _______, regardless of distance.
11. The postal system was important in the development of modern _______.

Exercise 5. Tick true (T) or false (F) for each of the sentences below,
according to the information given.

1. The earliest known instance of «post» is from ancient China.

2. The incentive for anyone else caught using the postal system was death.
3. Rulers were reluctant to close their posts to private correspondence.
4. Charles I opened his posts to the public in 1635 and founded CURSUS
PUBLICUS.
5. Henry Bishop, Charles II's Postmaster General, timed the progress of mail
by using postcards– his invention.
6. Mail between many important towns went via Birmingham.
7. Ever since the seventeenth century, the post boys who carried the mail
were very polite, honest, and unable to robbery.
8. Then there was the cost of the Free Frank – the privilege allowing all
people to send free mail if it bore their «Frank» – their signature.
9. Members of Parliament had to bear the cost of the Free Frank postage.
10. Thomas Moore Musgrave was the first person in the world ever to receive
a stamp.
11. After the reform in 1840 Postage was charged by distance and the number
of sheets in a letter.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Read the text and discuss in group what postal services are
provided by postal system today.
Postal System Today

Postal system is the institution that makes it possible for any person to send a
letter, packet, or parcel to any addressee, in the same country or abroad, in the
expectation that it will be conveyed according to certain established standards of
regularity, speed, and security. The service is paid for in advance by the sender
according to a relatively simple scale of fees based on weight and, in some
countries, on speed of service required. Prepayment is ordinarily made by means of
postage stamps or franking machine impression; payment is not usually required of
the addressee.

Today the governments of many countries use their postal systems to provide a
range of services that often have no direct connection with the traditional function
of exchanging letters. To provide for the collection, transport, and delivery of
letters throughout a country, it has been necessary to establish a network of post
offices extending into the remotest areas. Such a network of offices, staffed by
agents of the state, provides an efficient banking service in areas in which it would
be uneconomic for a commercial or state bank to establish a branch office. Many
governments also pay various social security benefits such as pensions and family
allowances. In some countries post offices also collect certain taxes, normally
through the sale of licenses and revenue or tax stamps. In fact, a wide range of
ancillary services is provided through the postal system.

Exercise 2. Using the information from both texts name the main facts about
the functions and stages of the postal development.

POST OFFICE COUNTER CLERK

LEAD IN
Post office counter clerks usually work behind the counter in branch post offices.
They provide a wide range of postal services to customers, plus other services such
as bill payment, banking services, passport applications and lottery sales. What
other occupations deal with postal service?

VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the words and word combinations.

post office counter clerks оператор почтовой связи

customer service служба работы с покупателями (клиентами)
foreign currency иностранная валюта
savings and investments сбережения и вклады
stock ассортимент товаров
leaflets брошюры
sub post office филиал почтового отделения
helpline служба поддержки
on a rota basis поочередно
a flexitime system скользящий график

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text and write out what skills are necessary to be a good
post office counter clerk:

Work Activities

Post office counter clerks perform a wide range of counter and customer service
duties.
They process traditional post office services such as:
selling stamps;
weighing, measuring and mailing letters and parcels;
sending mail abroad;
sending urgent or valuable mail.

Post office clerks also deal with a range of services including:

bill payments;
foreign currency;
travel insurance;
passport applications;
pensions and benefits;
lottery sales and payments;
premium bonds;
banking services.

Post office counter clerks use a computer system to deal with accounts and sales,
keep records of all transactions, and provide receipts. They also promote financial
services, such as savings and investments, to customers. Some counter clerks do
general administrative work behind the scenes, for example, keeping accounts,
maintaining staff records or looking after stock, such as stamps and stationery.
They might also display promotional materials such as leaflets and posters.
Post office counter clerks might be required to wear a uniform.
Staff who work in sub-post offices are not employees of Post Office Ltd, but work
for self-employed business people called sub-postmasters, or in franchises run by,
for example, large supermarket chains, newsagents and booksellers. Sub-post
offices do not always offer the full range of services that can be found in main
branches, and are sometimes combined with a newsagent, stationer or village shop.
Experienced counter clerks might have the opportunity to work on the post office
helpline. Operators answer enquiries from both customers and sub-
postmasters/mistresses relating to the products and services offered by the Post
Office Ltd.

Personal Qualities and Skills

As a post office counter clerk, you'll need to be:

Able to use numbers and handle cash accurately and confidently.
Polite and helpful when communicating with customers. You will need to
adjust your approach to their different needs.
Able to pay attention to detail and keep your concentration while handling
important documents.
Good at selling and promoting services.
Able to keep accurate records.
Capable of working under minimum supervision and as a member of a team.
Able to work well under pressure at busy times.
Able to learn about all the different services and forms that customers might
ask about.

Pay and Opportunities

The pay rates are approximate, and vary according to location and employer.

Hours of work
Counter clerks usually work 35 or 36 hours, Monday to Friday. They usually work
Saturday mornings on a rota basis. Full-time, part-time, temporary and flexible
working arrangements might be available. A flexitime system is worked in some
post offices. There are opportunities for casual staff for temporary periods,
especially at Christmas. Part-time work on a flexible weekly pattern might also be
available.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

9. What duties do post office clerks deal with?

10.Counter clerks utilize PCs to keep records for their transactions, don’t they?
11.There is no necessity to wear a special uniform for counter clerks, is there?
12.Why are mail clerks who work in sub-post office considered not to be
employees of Post Office Ltd.?
13.What services are proposed by sub-post offices?
14.What are the duties of mail counter clerks who work on the helpline?
15.What do the pay rats depend on?
16.What kinds of working arrangements are available for post office staff?

Exercise 3. Tick true (T) or false (F) for each of the sentences below,
according to the information given.

1. Post office counter clerks make use of different communication devices to work
with bill payments.
2. A lot of promotional materials are displayed by post office clerks.
3. Post officers must wear a special post office tie.
4. Sub-office staff work for Post Office Ltd.
5. Sub-offices propose full range of services.
6. Helpline operators only answer inquiries from the customers.
7. Counter clerks usually have a rota basis shift.
8. There are full time flexible working arrangements at the post office Ltd.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences according to the text using the words from
the box:

Deal with, execute, chances, stress-resistant, respond to, be attentive and

concentrative

1. Post office counter clerks … a wide range of counter and customer service
duties.
2. Some counter clerks … general administrative work behind the scenes, for
example, keeping accounts, maintaining staff records or looking after stock,
such as stamps and stationery.
3. Operators … enquiries from both customers and sub-postmasters/mistresses
relating to the products and services offered by the Post Office Ltd.
4. A post office counter clerk need to be … at busy times.
5. A post office counter clerk able to … and … while handling important
documents.
6. Casual staff have … to work for temporary periods, especially on holidays.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Read the text aloud and say:

1. Which of the duties mentioned in the text are you taught at the Academy of
Communications?
2. Which of the duties mentioned in the text are the most difficult? Why?
3. Would you like to get the position of the Postmaster? Why?
POSTAL WORKERS
Through "rain or snow or sleet or hail," postal workers bring the mail. Have you
heard this before? A postal worker's job is to deliver mail. A postal worker is the
one who works for a post office, such as a mail carrier. A mail carrier, mailman,
mailwoman, postal carrier, postman, post woman, or letter carrier (in American
English), sometimes colloquially known as a postie (in Australia, New Zealand,
Scotland, and other parts of the United Kingdom), is an employee of a post office
or postal service, who delivers mail and parcel post to residences and businesses.
The term "mail carrier" came to be used as a gender-neutral substitute for
"mailman" soon after women began performing the job.
In the United States, the official label for a mail carrier is "letter carrier". The
US Postal Service employs around 584,000 people. The bulk of these work as
service clerks, mail sorters, mail carriers.
Service Clerks sell stamps and postage, help people pick up packages and assist
with other services. Mail Sorters physically sort the mail to go to the correct place.
As automation has become more common, some of these people now operate the
sorting machines. Mail Carriers deliver the mail. In densely populated areas this is
done on foot. In urban areas the carriers often use a mail truck and in rural areas
carriers drive their own vehicles. Most postal workers in the US make between
$36,000 and $43,000 per year.
A postmaster is the head of an individual post office. When a postmaster is
responsible for the entire mail distribution organization (usually sponsored by a
national government), the title of Postmaster General is commonly used.
Responsibilities of a postmaster typically include management of a centralized
mail distribution facility, establishment of letter carrier routes, supervision of letter
carriers and clerks, and enforcement of the organization's rules and procedures.

Exercise 2. Describe the duties of each postal worker mentioned in the text.

PROJECT

Topics for project

1. Postal system in Belarus.

2. Postal system in Great Britain.
3. The history of Penny Post.

Choose one of the topics

11. Collect your main ideas.

12. Collect facts in support of your main points.
13. Present your project in class.

2.3 Самопрезентация. Составление резюме.

LEAD IN
An excellent resume may help you get the job of your dreams and a poor resume
may mean a lost opportunity. Since it is the first pies of information a company
will receive about you, it is critically important that your resume be well-written.
Do you know the difference between the resume and application form?
Have you ever written the resume?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

to highlight выдвигать на первый план,

подчеркивать
diligence усердие, старательность
accomplishment достижение
attribute отличительная черта
literacy грамотность
courtesy правила этикета
to showcase демонстрировать
crucial ключевой, решающий
adept опытный, знающий
to liaise поддерживать связь

READING AND SPEAKING

How to Write a Postal Service Worker Resume

Exercise 1. Read the text and name the main parts of the resume.

A Postal Service Worker resume should clearly demonstrate a candidate’s ability

to effectively process and handle mail. A winning Postal Service Worker resume
should highlight the candidate’s excellent skills and strong attention to detail.
Postal Service Workers should be able to check names and numbers with
diligence, accuracy, and speed. The resume should also highlight the candidate’s
knowledge of mailing procedures and ability to provide optimal customer service.

Profile Summary Example

Highlight your biggest accomplishments and attributes here. Remember to use as

many powerful action verbs and job specific information as you can. Postal
Service Workers should have excellent literacy and courtesy skills. Highlighting
your key attributes that effectively showcase your qualifications and
accomplishments for this position is crucial.
Experienced and professional Postal Service Worker with over six years of
experience in busy and high volume environments. Customer service focused and
highly proficient with postal technologies and protocols. Friendly, organized, and
adept in service solutions. Excellent knowledge of postal distribution methods,
services, and rates. Paying a strong attention to detail, excellent literacy skills,
and the ability to process mail quickly and efficiently. Committed to customer
satisfaction and the protection of privacy and integrity.

Employment History Example Sentences

List all positions relevant to a Postal Service Worker position. Remember to use
powerful action verbs and mention job specific accomplishments that prove you
are an excellent candidate.
 
 Greeted customers and provided them with quality service and assistance.
 Informed and guided customers during their mailing selections.
 Assisted customers with various expedited delivery services.
 Managed a team consisting of 8 Postal Service Workers.
 Assisted in the hiring and training of new Postal Service Workers.
 Handled all inquiries, concerns, and complaints with professionalism and
patience.

Education Section Example

List all degrees and certifications here. Any honors or distinctions should be noted
here as well. If you hold a degree higher than a Bachelors Degree, you may leave
out your High School.
 
2016-2019 the Belorussian State Academy of Communications, Minsk
2014-2016 the Belorussian State Academy of Communications, Vitebsk branch
2015 Computer courses (certificate)

Skills Section Example

An outstanding Postal Service Worker resume, such as this example, will include a
number of impressive skills that your employer or client is looking for in a
candidate. In order to be considered a strong candidate you must present yourself
as a physically fit and motivated individual with the ability to work in fast-paced
environments. Be sure to include job specific skills.
 
 Mailing Rules and Regulations
 Excellent Customer Service Skills
 Advanced Literacy Skills
 Wonderful Work Ethic
  Strong Organizational Skills

Exercise 2. Match the words in column A with the synonyms in column B.

A B
ability method
to highlight competent
accuracy critical
procedure experience
literate conciderate
courtesy to employ
crucial honesty
proficiency good manners
attentive to carry
integrity to manage
to hire to feature
to deliver exactness
to handle skill

Exercise 3. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and phrases.

 Обрабатывать почтовую корреспонденцию;

 Способность предоставить;
 Глаголы действия;
 Основные отличительные черты;
 Большой объем работы;
 Тариф;
 Удовлетворять потребностям потребителей;
 Приветствовать (кого-либо);
 Предоставить что-либо;
 Руководить командой;
 Жалоба;
 Искать кого-либо (для работы);
 Представить себя;
 Работать в быстром темпе.

ACTIVITY

Exercise 1. Study the example of the Post Office Counter Clerk Resume to
write your own one.

Post Office Counter Clerk Resume Sample

Kate Gomonova
22 Kirov Street, apt. 34

Vitebsk, 210001, Belarus

Phone: +375296743987

Email: kategomonova@gmail.com

Professional Summary

Organized and experienced post office counter clerk who always stays up-to-date
with the latest changes to the postal service and rates. Excels in manning a busy
post office service desk as well as helping clients to find the perfect service to meet
their unique needs and delivering mail to different post office boxes. Especially
adept at handling customer inquiries.

Professional Qualifications

Diploma in Postal communication:

Organization of mail services and sales at postal enterprises/ the Belarussian State
Academy of Communications, Vitebsk branch, Belarus/

Key Skills

 Experienced in liaising with customers and postal service workers.

 Very knowledgeable about different postal services and rates.
 Good understanding of different postal distribution methods.
 Outstanding customer service skills.
 Strong communication skills.

Work Experience

Post Office Counter Clerk at Vitebsk General Post Office, Vitebsk | 2014-Present
Day

 Helped customers to determine the best postal service to meet their needs as
well as the optimum postal rates for their budget.
 Answering questions from customers in a calm and patient manner.
 Helped customers to select the best packaging to use to wrap their items for
delivery to different destinations throughout the UK.

Post Office Counter Clerk | Local Post Office, Orsha – September 2010 | March
2014

 Handled all types of counter business for customers dealing with the United
Kingdom Postal Service.
  Distributed mail to various post office boxes in the office.
 Dealt with questions and inquiries from customers and helped them to find
the services that they needed for different situations.

References

References are available on request.

2.4 Подготовка к собеседованию о приеме на работу

Postal Service Clerk Interview

LEAD IN

One of the most difficult problems is deciding what to do about occupation. If you
have already chosen it the next step is the interview. In this unit, we explore some
of the most common interview questions asked during a postal service clerk
interview along with some great answers to help you get the job.

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

employer наниматель, работодатель

employee служащий, работающий по найму
to employ предоставлять работу, нанимать
to look for искать
confidence уверенность
trustworthiness надежность
accuracy скрупулезность
specifics особенности, подробности
position должность
to find a position найти место работы
to apply for обращаться за работой
icebreaker приём, снимающий напряжение (в
общении)
to put smb. at ease раскрепощать
to hire приглашать на работу, нанимать на
работу
to assume принимать на себя
applicants претенденты
to increase увеличить
salary зарплата
to downsize сокращать штат сотрудников
to fire увольнять
strength достоинство, сильная сторона
job работа, труд
occupation занятие, дело, профессия

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the following information to have some notions (ideas) about
frequently asked questions during the interview.

Postal Service Clerk Interview Questions and Answer Tips

11. What should the qualities of a postal service clerk be?

Answer tips:
First, one must understand the methods required to succeed in this position.
Secondly, indicate that the job will be your #1 priority.
Third, indicate that you understand the importance of working as a team.

Remember that regardless of position, accuracy is listed time and again as one of
the number one things an employer looks for. Beyond this, staples such as:
 good communication
 confidence
 trustworthiness
 good command of computer
 tolerance
are always great qualities to mention.

Answer sample:

I consider that postal service clerk should be responsible, tactful and self-
organized. As for me, self-organization is one of my strongest points. I am
experienced computer user, speak English and French a little.

12. What experience do you have when it comes to discussing our recently
posted a POSTAL SERVICE CLERK position?

Answer tips:

Speak about specifics that relate to the position you are applying for. If you do not
have much experience in the job you are applying for, plan for this question ahead
of time and ensure you can provide some relatable examples based on what
you have done.
Answer sample:

I’ve been doing something to keep myself busy since I was 19. I worked as a mail
carrier and now I am at the position of a junior service clerk for a year. I like
what I do. I’ve read your advertisement I’d like to apply for the position of postal
clerk position at your post office.

3. Tell me about yourself

This is by far one of the most frequently asked questions in any job interview.
Your interviewer will use this as an icebreaker, ideally to put you at ease and get
you speaking openly and honestly.

Answer tips:

While you definitely want to be prepared for this question, you certainly don’t
want to make your answer sound memorized. Keep in mind, while this question
may sound like an invitation to share your life story, you can be assured your
interviewer has very little interest in hearing about everything you’ve ever done.
The person giving the interview has a job to do as well – respect their time. Unless
you are asked about something specific, focus on your education, your work
history, relatable hobbies and outside interests, as well as your current situation.
Be sure to start chronologically and tell a linear story.

4. We’ve got a ton of great candidates. Why should we hire you?

You shouldn’t assume the skills of other applicants. Focus on your own strengths,
and if the interviewer hasn’t given you an opportunity to mention that quality
about yourself, now would be the time.
This answers below are wrong:
 “I really need a job right now”
 “I need the money”
 “Your office is really close to my house”
 “I’ve always been interested in what you do”

All of these answers demonstrate a benefit to you. While every employer assumes

that these sorts of things play in on some level, these are not the reasons they are
going to hire you.
In summation, clearly illustrate what in specific has made you a good employee,
and how you envision yourself contributing to and benefiting the company.

5. How did you find out about our company and what do you know about us?
This can be a great way to stand out from other applicants and demonstrate
initiative. Almost every company will have a website, Facebook page, Instagram
account, or some sort of digital footprint. Spend a bit of time doing some online
research:
 If they have a website, check out their “About us”.
 What sorts of things does this company care about?
 Has the company been in the news recently or have they won any awards?
 From the employment agency.

6. Why are you leaving your last job?

While many individuals will be looking to a new job as a means of increasing their
salary, “not being paid well enough at your last job” is not something you want to
mention to your interviewer.
If your current employer is downsizing, be honest about it, remain positive, but
keep it brief. If your employer fired you or let you go for cause, be prepared to
give a brief – but honest – reply. Staying positive is key here.

7. What are your strengths?

Remember to illustrate strengths that will benefit the employer and are relative to

the position. For example:
1. being a problem solver
2. being a motivator
3. being a natural leader
4. the ability to perform under pressure
5. a positive attitude
6. loyalty
Present your strengths with confidence – this is not the time to be modest.

8. What are your salary expectations?

An interviewee will start talking salary before they’ve had an opportunity to

illustrate their skills. Do some research into your industry to establish base rates of
pay but keep in mind – your employer is hiring you for what they believe you are
worth, and how much benefit they feel you will provide.
If you wish to avoid the question entirely, respond by saying that “money isn’t a
key factor” and your primary goal is to advance in your career.

Exercise 2. Rank the questions of exercise 1 from the most important (1) to the
least important (8). Which questions would you add?

Exercise 3. Which questions could you already answer?

Exercise 4. Study the following extra 8 bonus tips for knocking it out of the park.
Discuss with your partner which extra tip is useful for you. Give a short
summery of them.
1. Background Research
As indicated above, research on the company you’re applying for is critically
important. Arm yourself with knowledge on the products, services, and types of
customers this company deals with. You may even want to let them know who you
feel their competition is! Beyond trying to make yourself look good, researching
the culture of the company can provide great insights into whether or not you and
your potential employer are aligned.
2. Practice makes perfect
To be certain, interviews do not always follow the same format and each
interviewer will have his or her own style. That said, there are certain questions
you can expect to be asked in almost any interview for any position. By
understanding and practicing responses for these “oldies but goodies”, you can
show up to each interview that much more confident.
3. Have some examples ready
While many candidates tell their interviewer that they posses certain desirable
qualities, the proof as they say, is in the pudding. Spend some time in advance of
your interview coming up with concrete examples of prior work achievements and
how they demonstrate a desired ability. Be prepared for the recruiter’s questions
and to anticipate them based on job position requirements. Instead of simply
saying “I am well organized”, trying attaching an example or strategy. “I am a well
organized person - here is an example of a project I spear-headed where
organization was clutch”. Looking for the slam dunk? Finish your response with
“Did that help answer your question?”.
4. Dressing for Success
First impressions can make or break so many things in society, and your
interviewer’s impression of you is no exception. Whether anyone is willing to
admit to it or not, the reality is you will be judged from the moment you arrive at
the door. This is where some of the aforementioned research comes into play.
What is the culture of the company like? Are they a highly formal suit-and-tie
affair, or a casual silicon valley “hipster” organization? If you under-dress, you can
appear to be too relaxed, and someone who does not appear to be taking this
position seriously. However, overdressing can be perceived as over compensation.
When in doubt, dress sharp, in classic business casual.
5. Play it cool
Assuming you have done some practice, you are ready to play it cool - as well you
should. Make sure you’ve planned out your route well in advance, and provided
ample extra time for unexpected traffic and parking issues. You should smile when
greeted, and keep in mind that your interviewer may be just as nervous as you.
During the interview, speak clearly and deliberately. Your body language is also
important; don’t slouch back in your chair or appear “hunched over” in a defensive
position. Sit tall, proud, and confident.
6. Be honest
Some candidates think using elaborate techniques to “talk around” difficult
questions keeps them in the power position. A much better approach is honesty. If
you are asked a question and simply don’t believe you have well developed skills
in that area, don’t be afraid to let the interviewer know, rather than answering with
unrelated and tangential examples. Try taking control in these situations by saying
something like “While I don’t have experience in that particular area, I feel my
experience in this area may be beneficial”.
7. Don’t be afraid to close the deal
Once the interview is over, the likelihood is both you and the interviewer have a
good idea of where one another stand. As you stand up post interview and engage
in a final handshake, be upfront. Confidence here can go a long way. If you believe
you nailed the interview, be bold: “I’m going to be straight with you - I think that
went really well and I think I’d be a great asset here. Where do I stand as of
now?”. Alternatively, if you don’t think it went well…you probably have your
answer already.
8. Be sure to ask questions
Try and prepare 2 or 3 really great questions that imply you’ve done some
homework in advance of the interview. You can really impress your interviewer by
asking practical questions regarding specifics about the company as well as the
role itself.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Look at the following examples of strengths (skills and

responsibilities) and personality traits and find the ones that apply to you.

Strengths Personality traits

Meeting people I am very… …is one of my strong points
Operating machines
Persuading people organized Accuracy
Selling attentive Integrity
Helping people committed Cooperation
Speaking industrious Self-Control
Sorting mail diligent Adaptability
Driving punctual Punctuality
Organizing tactful Responsibility
Making decisions responsible Tolerance
Explaining smth to disciplined Tact
customers
Filling in forms

WRITING
Exercise 1. You are currently looking for a job. This form will help you
organize your personal and professional experience. Read the following form
and complete it with your personal information.
 SKILL INVENTORY FORM

HIGH SCHOOL
YEAR GRADUATED
SPECIALIZATION
CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA
ACQUIRED
COLLEGE
YEAR GRADUATED
SPECIALIZATION
DEGREE ACQUIRED
OTHER COURSES
CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA
ACQUIRED

ACTIVITY

Exercise 1. Work in pairs and act out the dialogue between a Post Office
employer and an applicant using the information from this unit.

UNIT 5 ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ СФЕРЫ ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ

Corporative body of the organization

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words.

availability доступность
stationary post office стационарное почтовое отделение
mobile post office мобильное почтовое отделение
mandatory requirements обязательные требования
replenish пополнять
burden бремя
cash desk касса
inquiry terminal справочный терминал
 READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

RUE «Belpost»

The postal service industry itself is an integral part of the industrial and social
infrastructure of the Republic of Belarus and operates on its territory to meet the needs of
individuals and legal entities and government bodies in postal services. In accordance with
the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Postal Communication", the Republican Unitary
Enterprise of Postal Communication "Belpost" ensures uninterrupted work on the provision
of services to the population throughout the country.

RUE “Belpost” (Republican unitary enterprise of postal communication "Belpost") -

modern, technically equipped enterprise of Belarus for the provision of postal services. Its
motto is “Speed. Reliability. Availability". Behind these three words is strict observance of
all standards for receiving, processing, sending and delivering mail, uninterrupted operation
of equipment and transport, the introduction and use of new technologies. The company was
founded in September 1995. Since May 13, 1947, the Republic of Belarus is a member of the
Universal Postal Union.

The Belarusian postal service uses in its work modern information technologies and is
actively working to improve and develop the services provided. Quality customer service is
one of the priorities of the RUE “Belpost”. RUE “Belpost” includes 6 regional branches and
the production of "Minsk Post", a branch of "Special Communication Center" and motor
transport production, 91 postal communication centers, 3,258 objects of postal
communication, including 2,840 stationary post offices, 194 post offices and 224 mobile
post offices. In the Republican Association "Belpochta" there are 31,5 thousand employees:
5,5 thousand executives, 2 thousand specialists, 24,0 thousand workers, including 11,7
thousand postmen. The special communication center provides special communication
services in the territory of the Republic of Belarus with state administration bodies, law
enforcement agencies, enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership.

Postal services are the reception, processing, transportation, delivery (handing) to the
recipients of written correspondence, parcels, postal money orders, expedited mail, receiving
subscriptions and delivery of printed media, payment of pensions and benefits. One of the
priorities of the RUE “Belpost” is the development of non-cash payments using bank
payment cards for the population to pay for various types of services and goods.

The use of bank payment cards of national and international payment systems
represented on the territory of the Republic of Belarus allows customers to make non-cash
payments for all services, replenish card accounts, receive cash, view information about the
available funds in the account.

In order to reduce the burden on operating cash desks of post offices of RUE
“Belpost”, measures are being taken to popularize self-service devices, such as setting of
payment and inquiry terminals (PST) and devices for sending registered letters SmartPOST,
by means of which customers pay for services in a self-service mode.

RUE “Belpost” is constantly working to expand the list of services.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What is the motto of RUE “Belpost”?

2. When did the Republic of Belarus become a member of the Universal Postal
Union?
3. How many regional branches does RUE “Belpost” include?
4. What is a corporate body of RUE “Belpost?
5. What postal services are offered by RUE “Belpost?

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. The Republican Unitary Enterprise of Postal Communication "Belpost" ensures …

throughout the country.
2. The company was founded … .
3. Postal services are … .
4. One of the priorities of the RUE “Belpost” is … .
5. In order to reduce the burden on operating cash desks of post offices of RUE
“Belpost”, measures are being taken to … .

Exercise 4. What do the following numbers refer to?

24 2,840 194 224 91 31,5 5,5 11,7 3,258

Customer care
LEAD IN

 Are postal workers of your local postal office always polite?

 Would you like this service to become better?

Exercise 1. Study the new words and read the text.

compliance соблюдение
smooth гладкий; плавный
profitability рентабельность
signboard вывеска
adhere придерживаться
courtesy учтивость
technical break технический перерыв

The main objectives of the post offices in satisfying customer’s needs are:

- meeting the needs of users in postal services;

- quality and cultural services to individuals and legal entities;

- compliance with the established terms of processing , sending and delivery of
mail;

- ensuring a clear and smooth operation of means of communication;

- improving the efficiency and profitability of the post office.

At an entrance to post office, and also in places of a stop of mobile post offices
there have to be signs with indication of their names and an operating mode, and
also mailboxes. The texts of the signboards are in one of the official languages or
both.

The work of the operator is to fulfill the wishes of the client, taking into account
the maximum profit for the company and to provide the necessary service.

Each worker, working with the client, must adhere to the basic principles of
courtesy and ethics, and remember that the user has the right to respect for
himself, to receive information, to his opinion, to freedom of choice and refusal of
the service.

At the address of the client the worker in the course of performance of the job
duties shall:

- to meet the user friendly, welcome with a smile;

- to listen and hear the client;

- to show interest and readiness for the solution of problems;

- to be able to convince the user of advantages of the provided services;

- to remember that with the client it is impossible to argue, it is impossible to make

fun of him;

- to observe the mode of work with clients and to warn about the beginning of a
technical break.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What are the main objectives of the post offices in satisfying customer’s
needs?
 2. Where are the informational signboards placed?
3. What should the operator take care about when he works with a client?
4. What are the rights of a customer?
5. Speak about the principles of a good customer service.

Exercise 3. Read the dialogue with your partner and say if the postal clerk
was polite.

Postal Clerk: Can I help you?

Customer: Yes. I’d like to send this package to Toronto, Canada.
Postal Clerk: How would you like to send it?
Customer: How much will it be by airmail?
Postal Clerk: Let me weigh it and check. (a minute later) It’ll be $18.50.
Customer: How long will it take to get there?
Postal Clerk: It should take about four or five business days.
Customer: Okay, I’ll send it by air.
Postal Clerk: Please fill out this customs declaration form. The postage
includes $100 insurance. Would you like to buy any extra insurance?
Customer: No thanks. That’s enough.
Postal Clerk: You forgot to put your return address on the parcel.
Customer: Oh, thanks. I’ll do that now.
Postal Clerk: Is there anything else you’d like?
Customer: Yes. I’d like to buy a package of 25 stamps.
Postal Clerk: Okay. Here you are. The total bill for the parcel and the stamps
is $28.50.
Customer: Okay. Here you go.
Postal Clerk: Thank you. Here’s your receipt. Your tracking number is on the
receipt.
Customer: Thanks. Oh, by the way. Where is the mail slot? I have some
stamped letters to mail.
Postal Clerk: Just below the counter. Have a nice day.

Exercise 4. Work with your partner. Make a dialogue substituting the

different expressions below.

Can I help you?

May I help you?
How can I help you?
I’d like to send this package.
I’d like to send this parcel.
I want to mail this letter.
How would you like to send it?
How do you want to mail it?
How much will it be by airmail?
by parcel post?
by ground transportation?
by special delivery?
by express delivery?
by registered mail?
by overnight delivery?
by priority service?
Let me weigh it and check.
Let me see.
Let’s see.
I’ll check.
It’ll be $18.50.
That will be $18.50.
That will cost $18.50.
That comes to $18.50.
It should take about four or five days.
It will probably take about four or five days.
It will be delivered in about four or five days.
Is there anything else you’d like?
Would you like anything else?
Can I get you anything else?
Is there anything else I can do for you?
You forgot to put your return address on the parcel.
You forgot to write the zip code.
You forgot to include the postal code.
Yes, I’d like to buy a package of stamps.
I’d like to purchase a money order.
I want a change of address form.
I’d like to have my mail held for two weeks.
I’d like to send a registered letter.
I’d like to buy some packing boxes, string and tape.
Here you are.
Here it is.
Here they are.
Here you go.
Where is the mail slot?
Can you tell me where the mail box is?
Just below the counter.
Right outside the door.
 Who is the boss?

VOCABULARY

boss босс
chairman председатель
chief шеф
director директор
executive должностное лицо
head глава
headmaster старший мастер
headmistress директриса
manager менеджер
president президент
principal главный
subordinate подчиненный

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Read the definitions and try to say in one word using the focus
vocabulary.

1. a master, a person who controls or gives orders to others

2. a member of a group who manages the affairs of a business company
3. a person charged with administrative work
4. the chief officer of a corporation, company
5. a person presiding at a meeting
6. a person who controls a business, a hotel, etc.
7. someone in the position of command
8. a person highest in authority, the head or leader
9. junior in rank or position
UNIT 6 ИСТОРИЯ ПОЧТЫ. ОБЪЕКТЫ ПОЧТОВОЙ СВЯЗИ

History of the postal system

LEAD IN

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

 How did people communicate at the distance many centuries ago?

 What facts from the history of the postal system do you know?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

schedule график
dispatch отправка
courier services курьерская служба
guilds гильдии профсоюзов
printing press печатный станок
demand потребность, спрос
sprang up возникать
crisscross пересекать
costly дорогостоящий
deliver доставить
delivery доставка
mounted couriers конные курьеры
handle обрабатывать
messenger посыльный
in reference to в отношении
spy on шпионить за
fixed postal rates фиксированные почтовые тарифы
profits доходы
sole power единственная сила

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

THE BEGINNING OF PUBLIC POSTAL SYSTEMS

During the 1300’s, the growth of international commerce led merchants

and trading companies to establish their own courier services. Universities,
religious groups, and guilds (organizations of skilled workers) also maintained a
postal service for their members. However, service was slow, expensive, and
unreliable.

The invention of the printing press and the growth of education and
learning during the 1400’s increased the demand for postal systems. Delivering
mail became a profitable business, and private postal services sprang up in many
areas. By the 1500’s, such systems crisscrossed Europe. The Taxis family of
Vienna organized one of the most famous private systems. By the early 1600’s,
their service employed about 20,000 couriers and covered most of central Europe.
Generally, however, service remained costly and slow. In addition, deliveries were
made only along major transportation routes.

The rise of strong national governments in Europe in the late 1400’s and
the 1500’s led to the establishment of official postal services. In 1477, King Louis
XI of France created a postal system of mounted couriers with regular schedules.

In the late 1400’s, King Edward IV of England set up a system of posts

(stations) where fresh horses were kept for the messengers who carried his
dispatches. Later, the word «post» gradually came to be used in reference to the
whole business of handling mail.

In about 1516, King Henry VIII of England appointed Sir Brian Tuke as
Master of the Posts, mainly to ensure that the royal mail was delivered speedily
and safely. Sir Brian planned four roads from London. The 110-kilometre road
from London to Dover was the best of these roads.

During the early 1600’s, the growing popularity of official postal systems
and the profits earned by private couriers led many European governments to
establish public postal systems. In addition, many governments wished to use the
postal system to spy on their citizens for evidence of disloyalty to the state. In
1627, the French government established post offices in major cities and fixed
postal rates. In 1635, the English government established a public postal system
between England and Scotland.

Many countries passed laws giving the government the sole power to
provide postal delivery. However, private postal services continued to operate in
these countries, mostly along routes not covered by government postal systems.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What did the growth of international commerce lead to during the 1300’s?
2. What organizations maintained a postal system?
3. Was the postal service reliable?
4. What was the situation during the 1400’s?
 5. How did private systems develop by the early 1600’s?
6. What did King Henry VIII of England do to ensure that the royal mail was
delivered speedily and safely?
7. What led many European government to establish public postal systems
during early 1600’s?
8. What laws did many countries pass?

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. However, the service was ... .

2. The invention of the printing press and the growth ... .
3. Delivering mail became a profitable business, and ... .
4. By the early 1600’s, their service employed ... .
5. Later, the word «post» came to be used ... .
6. In 1627, the French government established post offices ... .
7. However, private postal services continued to operate ... .
8. Many governments wished to use the postal system … .

Exercise 4. Find in the text English equivalents.

1. рост международной торговли.

2. учредить свои собственные почтовые службы.
3. почта была медленной, дорогой и ненадежной.
4. увеличить спрос.
5. прибыльное дело.
6. распространиться по Европе.
7. конный курьер.
8. доставлять почту быстро и надежно.
9. доходы, заработанные частными курьерами.
10.определить почтовые тарифы.

Exercise 5. Read the text again and make notes. Tell your partners about your
text.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Translate the words and the word combinations. Choose one of
them in each group to make.

1. a dispatch box, a dispatcher, a dispatch station;

2. a carriage way, a carrier, a carrier-pigeon;
3. expend, an expense, expensive;
4. govern, government, governor;
5. employ, an employee, an employer;
6. grower, a grown-up, a growth.

Exercise 2. Fill the text with the following words from the box.

flight delivering letters airmail service telegraph service back

journey to send a letter to take the letter

The first regular airmail service

Do you know that the first regular … began in 1837-before the time of
airplanes?
New Zealander who kept pigeons trained them to fly from Great Barrier
Island to Auckland. The … took just an hour. Earlier it had taken about two days
… by a boat. As there was no … there, people asked him to use pigeons for … . A
regular “pigeon post” began. The letters were fixed to a bird’s leg.
It cost sixpence … from the Island to Auckland and a shilling for the …
-because it was more difficult to train birds to fly to the Island.

ACTIVITY

 Why couldn’t people live without postal services? In small groups speak
about the reasons of establishing regular postal system.

PROJECT
  Do the project: «Postal communication in ancient times».

Post Offices and postal services

LEAD IN
 Where can you post a letter, receive parcels, buy stamps, postcards and
envelopes?
 Who delivers letters in your area?
 When did you last use postal services?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

General Post-Office Главный почтамт

convey передавать
printed matter печатный материал
stamping чеканка
parcel binding привязка посылки
conveyer конвейер
hoist подъемник
full-service branch филиал с полным спектром услуг
pay a visit посещать
letter-box, pillar-box, post-box почтовый ящик
express mail срочное письмо
fill out заполнить
Parcel Post почтово-посылочная служба
Book Post бандероль
insure страховать
hand вручать
weigh взвешивать
postal order денежный почтовый перевод
cash обналичивать деньги
cash on delivery наложенный платеж
printed form бланк
addressee адресат
postage почтовые расходы
Poste Restante/ General Delivery до востребования
ordinary letter простое письмо
a registered letter заказное письмо
declared value объявленная ценность
in person лично
sign for подписать для
trace отслеживать
urgent telegram срочная телеграмма
delay задержка
legibly разборчиво
illegible handwriting неразборчивый почерк
Postmaster почтмейстер

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

The Post Office

 The Post Offices convey and deliver periodicals, letters, printed matter,
parcels and money orders for private citizens, establishments, offices and
organizations. Railway, motor and air transport is widely used for carrying mail.
Letters and periodicals are delivered daily by the Post Offices to the home in urban
and rural areas. The technical equipment of the communication services is
constantly improving. Stamping, parcel binding and letter sorting machines,
conveyers, hoists, electric cars, etc. are used in the Post Offices.

Every city has a General Post Office and several full-service branch Post
Offices. Post Offices are not open at all hours of the day and in many countries
they are always closed on Sundays and on public holidays.

The Post Office has many duties. If we pay a visit to our local Post Office,
we can see a number of windows with a notice in big letters showing the
operations handled. The first one is marked "Parcel Post", the next one is "Money
Orders." Then there’s one marked "Poste Restante" (A. E. - "General Delivery").
Going down the line you’ll see: "Stamps", "Postcards". "Stamped Envelopes",
"Registered Letters". Also you’ll find a board with the postal rates. Then
somewhere near the entrance you’ll see a notice giving the hours of delivery.

The window marked "Parcel Post" handles all parcels or packages. Don’t
forget to insure your parcel if you’ve got something really valuable in it.

If you want to send printed matter (newspapers, magazines or books), you’ll

have to go to the window marked "Book Post".

The "Post Restante" window keeps mail until called for. The Post Office
maintains this service for those who prefer to pick up their mail in person.

When sending a letter of particular value you should have it registered (with
or without declared value). The advantage of this service is that registered letters
are not left with the ordinary mail in the letter-box, but delivered personally (the
addressee has to sign for them). The sender is given a receipt at the post-office, so
he can always trace the letter. If you want your letter to be delivered by special
messenger without any delay, you mark it "Special Delivery".

The "Money Orders" window needs almost no explanation. You may send
money orders by mail or by telegram. The important thing when making out a
money order is to write legibly. Illegible handwriting leads to delays in delivery.
And whatever you do, don't lose the receipt.

If you are not sure whether the person still resides at the particular address,
you add on your envelope: "(Postmaster) Please Forward." The Post Office will
send the letter to the new address, since your addressee has most probably left the
Post Office his new address with a request to forward his mail.

There are three types of telegram service: ordinary, urgent, express.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What are the functions of the post-office?

2. What are the ways of transporting mail?
3. What are the post-office windows?
4. Why is it advisable to have a parcel insured if it contains something
valuable?
5. What happens to a letter marked “Poste Restante”?
6. Where do you go to send printed matter?
7. When is it preferable to send your letter registered?
8. In what case do you mark your letter “Special Delivery”?
9. What service is used when you are not sure that the person still resides at
the particular address?
10. What types of telegrams do you know?

Exercise 3. Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1. Different ways … transportation are widely used … carrying mail.

2. Post Offices close … a certain time every day.
3. At every Post Office you can find a board … the postal rates.
4. Never forget to ensure your parcel if you’ve got something valuable … it.
5. The sender is given a receipt … the Post Office, so he can always trace …
the letter.
6. You may send money orders … main or … telegram.
7. There are three types … telegram service.
8. If you are not sure whether the person still resides … the particular
address, you add … your envelope: “Please Forward”.

Exercise 4. Explain in English the meaning of the following words and word-
combinations.
 Post Office, money order, stamped envelope, parcel, post card, registered
letter, periodicals, to insure a parcel, to send a letter, address.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Guess the meaning of the words and word combinations in the box
looking at the picture. Translate them.
 1. letter 11.stamp 22.stamp/postage
2. postcard 12.sheet of stamps 23.postmark
3. aerogramme 13.roll of stamps 24.mail slot
4. package/parcel 14.book of stamps 25.window
5. first class 15.money order 26.postal worker/postal
6. air mail 16.change-of-address clerk
7. parcel post form 27.scale
8. book rate/third 17.selective service 28.stamp machine
class registration form 29.mail truck
9. registered mail 18.envelope 30.mailbox
10.express 19.address 31.letter carrier/mail
mail/overnight 20.zip code carrier
mail 21.return address 32.mail bag

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences, paying special attention to the

italicized words and phrases.

1. When I want to post a letter, I must put it in an envelope properly

addressed, affix a stamp and drop it into a letter-box.
2. In towns it is usual for letters to be collected and delivered several times a
day.
3. To write a letter we need a note-paper, an envelope, a pen and a stamp.
4. One can send ordinary, urgent and express telegrams with reply pre-paid.
5. Registered letters are delivered personally.
6. When you want to post a letter you must fold it up, put it into an envelope,
write on it the address and stick a stamp in the corner.
7. In England, if one wants to send small sums by post, he must buy a postal
order form, fill it in and send it an ordinary letter to the payee.
8. In England letter-boxes are often called pillar-boxes. They are red and
stand near at the edge of the pavement.

Exercise 3. Read out the beginning of the question and try to find how it
ends. Then, ask each other these questions. Work with a partner. Take turns
to say the phrases and give the answers.
1) Do you like a) you want to send a registered letter?
2) Who do you usually get b) for a registered letter?
3) Who do you c) writing letters?
4) Do you have to pay extra d) the form?
 5) When do you send
6) Do you have to go to the
Post Office if
7) Can you just drop
8) Could you help me to fill out
9) What are you going to buy
e) letters form?
f) a registered letter
g) write to?
h) the letters by air mail?
i) at the Post Office?

Exercise 4. Translate the words and word combinations in brackets into

English:
1. I want 50 (марок для почтовых отправлений первого класса) for
Europe.
2. Can I (отправить это письмо заказным) at your window?
3. Please give me 20 (марок авиапочты) for the USA.
4. (Заполните эту форму) if you want to send this letter by registered mail.
5. The addressee (расписывается) a receipt when he (получает) a
registered letter or (пакет).
6. You forgot to put your (обратный адрес) on the parcel.
7. (Уведомление о вручении) is your proof that the letter (было
доставлено).
8. I’d like to send this package to London. How much will it cost by
(экспресс-доставка)?
9. (Общая стоимость/счет) for (открытки) and the stamps is $18.
10.You forgot to write (индекс) on the envelope.

Exercise 5. Complete the dialogue below with the appropriate expressions:

Boris: Give me 100 ______ stamps, please.

Postal Clerk: Here you are. That will be 25 dollars. Anything else?
Boris: Yes, I want 20 _______ for Europe.
Postal Clerk: Okay. Your total _______ is 34 dollars.
Boris: May I have _______?
Postal Clerk: Of course (gives Boris a receipt).
Boris: I also need airmail _______.
Postal Clerk: All right, sir.
Boris: One more question. I want _______. Can I do it at your window?
Postal Clerk: No. Go to the second window on your right.
Boris: (at registry window).I want _______ by registered mail.
Postal Clerk: You have _______ this form. Do you want ______?
Boris: What is a return receipt?
 Postal Clerk: _______ when he receives a registered letter or a package. This
receipt ______ by the Post Office. A return receipt is _______ was delivered.
Boris: Okay. I would like to have a return receipt.
Postal Clerk: Then you have to fill _______. Come back to this window as
soon as you have filled out the forms.

ACTIVITY

 Make the dialogue «At the post office» with your partner.

LISTENING

Exercise 1. Before watching the video «How to use Post Office self service
kiosk» study the following word combinations.

self service machine – устройство для самообслуживания

touchscreen – сенсорный экран

keypad - клавиатура

padded envelope – набитый конверт

stick the label – наклеить ярлык

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qstfv7em0n8

(видео скачано)
Exercise 2. Watch the video and put the actions in the right order. In the
order they appear in the text.

1. Enter zip code.

2. Touch the screen.
3. Select the type of destination address.
4. Stick the label on the package.
5. Enter the address.
6. Your package is ready to be mailed.
7. Choose the selection: mail a letter/ a package.
8. Insert your credit card and make payment.
9. Place the package on the scale.
10.Wait for a check.

ACTIVITY

Exercise 1. Describe your local Post Office:

 How many postal windows are there?
 What postal services are presented?
 Are the postal workers friendly?

UNIT 7 ОСНОВНЫЕ ЭТИЧЕСКИЕ НОРМЫ В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОМ

ОБЩЕНИИ С ИНОСТРАННЫМИ
КЛИЕНТАМИ/ПАРТНЕРАМИ

Basic Ethical Standards in Professional Communication with Foreign

Clients/Partners

Customer Service Skills (part 1)

LEAD IN
 Look through the text and express the main idea of it in 3 - 5 sentences. Pay
attention to the following new words and word combinations.

customer service skills навыки качественного сервиса

train-wreck ввиду некомпетентности
to let people down подводить, разочаровывать
to master овладевать
support employee работник, сотрудник

There are certain customer service skills that every employee must master if they are
working with customers. Without them, you run the risk of finding your
business in an embarrassing customer service train-wreck, or you’ll simply lose
customers as your service continues to let people down. Luckily, there are a
few universal skills that every support member can master. That will
profoundly improve their conversations with customers.

Below we’ll cover the 16 most-needed skills to master this incredibly important
position.

 Can you remember the situation when a postal clerk let you down? Where
was it? When?
VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

to reach out обращаться

to be frustrated расстраиваться
slothful нерадивый
to be stumped быть озадаченным
to figure out выделять
feedback обратная связь
athand под рукой, рассматриваемый
вопрос
to be cautious быть осторожным
to relay clearly четко, ясно передавать
forward-facing смотрящий вперед,
дальновидный
backorder предварительный заказ
to affect влиять
abrupt резкий
barnacle прилипала
in an efficient manner эффективный, рациональный
to go above and beyond делать возможное и невозможное
behavioral psychology поведенческая психология
to misread неправильно истолковывать
subtle clues тонкие намёки, наводящие вопросы
cheery persona жизнерадостный человек (имидж)
READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

Patience

Not only is patience important to customers, who often reach out to support when
they are confused and frustrated, but it’s also important to the business at
large: service every single time. Yet patience shouldn’t be used as an
excuse for slothful service either!

Derek Sivers ( founder and former president of CD Baby) explained his view on

“slower” service as being an interaction where the time spent with the
customer was used to better understand their problems and needs from the
company.

If you deal with customers on a daily basis, be sure to stay patient when they come to
you stumped and frustrated, but also be sure to take the time to truly figure
out what they want — they’d rather get competent service than be rushed
out the door!

Attentiveness

The ability to really listen to customers is so crucial for providing great service for a
number of reasons.

Not only is it important to pay attention to individual customer interactions (watching

the language/terms that they use to describe their problems), but it’s also
important to be mindful and attentive to the feedback that you receive at
large.
Clear communication skills

Make sure you’re getting to the problem at hand quickly; customers don’t need your
life story or to hear about how your day is going.

More importantly, you need to be cautious about how some of your communication
habits translate to customers, and it’s best to be cautious whenever you find
yourself questioning a situation.

When it comes to important points that you need to relay clearly to customers, keep it
simple and leave nothing to doubt.

Knowledge of the Product

The best forward-facing employees in your company will work on having

a deep knowledge of how your product works. Without knowing your
product from front -to -back, you won’t know how to help customers when
they run into problems.

Ability to use positive language

Your ability to make minor changes in your conversational patterns can truly go a
long way in creating happy customers.

Language is a very important part of persuasion, and people (especially customers)

create perceptions about you and your company based on the language that
you use.
 Acting skills

Sometimes you’re going to come across people that you’ll never be able to make
happy.

Situations outside of your control (they had a terrible day, or they are just a natural-
born complainer) will sometimes creep into your usual support routine, and
you’ll be greeted with those “barnacle” customers that seem to want
nothing else but to pull you down.

Every great customer service must have those basic acting skills necessary to
maintain their usual cheery persona.

Time management skills

You should spend more time with customers, the bottom line is that there is a limit,
and you need to be concerned with getting customers what they want in an
efficient manner.

The trick here is that this should also be applied when you simply cannot help a
customer. If you don’t know the solution to a problem, the best kind of
support is to get a customer over to someone who does.

Don’t waste time trying to go above and beyond for a customer in an area where you
will just end up wasting both of your time!

Ability to ‘read’ customers

When you see a customer face-to-face and hear a customer’s voice you must always
remember some basic principles of behavioral psychology and be able to
“read” the customer’s current emotional state.

This is an important part of the personalization process as well, because it takes

knowing your customers to create a personal experience for them.

This skill is essential because you don’t want to misread a customer and end up
losing him due to confusion and miscommunication.
Look and listen for subtle clues about their current mood, patience level, personality,
etc., and you’ll go far in keeping your customer interactions positive.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What are certain customer service skills that every worker must master if
he is working with clients?
2. Why is patience of great importance both for clients and postal workers?
3. What are the advantages of great and “slower” service?
4. What is especially important in the work with clients?
5. What should your behavior be when you need to relay important points to
clients?
6. What is it necessary to know to help clients when they run into problems?
7. What is a very important part of persuasion?
8. What’s the role of “positive” language both for employees and clients?
9. What basic acting skills must every great customer service possess? 
10. How should a postal worker solve a problem if he simply cannot help a
client?
11. How do you understand the title “Ability to ‘read’ clients”?
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. Derek Sivers explained his view on “slower” service….

2. Not only is it important to pay attention to individual client interactions...
3. More importantly, you need to be cautious about…
4. Without knowing your job from front-to-back…
5. Language is a very important part of persuasion…
6. Every customer service worker must have those …
7. You should spend more time with clients, the bottom line is…
8. Don’t waste time trying to…
9. When you see a client face-to-face and hear a client’s voice…
10. Keeping in mind some basic principles of behavioral psychology and
ability to “read” the client’s current emotional state is an important part
of…
11. To know clients and to create a personal experience for them is essential,
because… .
Exercise 4. Find the equivalents of the following Russian words and word
combinations in the text and read the sentences where they are used.

ситуации за пределами вашего контроля; самое главное; врождённый

жалобщик; смущён и расстроен; нерадивое обслуживание; броситься к
 дверям; ключевой; быть осторожным; навыки общения; дальновидный
сотрудник; создавать впечатление; оказывать воздействие;
концентрироваться на негативе; трата времени с обеих сторон;
поддерживать имидж весёлого и жизнерадостного человека; основные
принципы поведенческой психологии; неправильно понять клиента

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Discuss in pairs or small groups.

time management skills

clear communication skills in fruitful customer service

patience

attentiveness

ability to “read” clients

The role of
ability to use positive language

Exercise 2. Match the words and word combinations on the left with their
definitions on the right.

Patience the action of paying close attention

to something
Attentiveness achieving maximum productivity
with minimum wasted effort or
expense
Skill the ability to do something well,
expertise difficult work
Customer the ability to see, hear something
through the senses
 Communication the action or process of persuading
somebody to do or believe
something
Employee assistance to somebody, especially
financial
Complainer exchanging of information by
speaking or writing
Persuasion a person employed for wages or
salary
Frustration a person that complains
to somebody of something
Perception a person who buys goods or
services from a shop or business
Efficient the feeling of being upset as a
result of being unable to change or
achieve something
Support the capacity to tolerate problems

Exercise 3. Fill in the sentences with the following words from the box.

Patience face-to-face basic acting skills particular product stumped and

frustrated positive language come across minor changes
support essential 

1. Small changes that employ “……..” can greatly affect how the
customer hears your response...
2. Every great customer service must have those necessary ……to maintain
their usual cheery persona.
3. Your ability to make …….. in your conversational patterns can truly go a
long way in creating happy customers.
4. ……is also important to the business at large: great service beats fast
service every single time.
5. If you deal with customers on a daily basis, be sure to stay patient when
they come to you …….
6. When you see a customer…….. and hear a customer’s voice you must
always remember some basic principles of behavioral psychology.
7. If you don’t know the solution to a problem, the best kind of ….. is to get a
customer over to someone who does.
8. This skill is …… because you don’t want to misread a customer and end
up losing him due to confusion and miscommunication.
9. A customer contacts you with an interest in a ………, but that product
happens to be backordered until next month.
10. Sometimes you’re going to …….. people that you’ll never be able to make
happy.

WRITING

Exercise1. Put all kinds of questions to the following sentences.

1. Every employee who works with clients must master certain customer service
skills.

2. Minor changes in your conversational patterns can easily improve the mood of a

client.

3. Attentiveness will profoundly improve the conversations with clients.

Exercise 2. Use the following words and word combinations in your own
sentences.

to be frustrated, to be cautious, to figure out, to relay clearly, support

employee, to let down, feedback, in an efficient manner, cheery personal

ACTIVITY

 Make up a dialogue between a postal worker and a “barnacle” client

and act it out.
 Make up and dramatize the dialogue between a postal worker and an
irritated client. You go above and beyond to please him.

Customer Service Skills (part 2)

LEAD IN
VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

a calming presence успокаивающее воздействие

to keep cool сохранять хладнокровие
goal-oriented целенаправленный
approach подход
to list включать в список
on a case-to-case basis на индивидуальной основе
“go-to” fixes решения, исправления
to handle справляться
Chief Executive Officer директор компании
curiosity любопытство, интерес
persuasion убеждение
to convince убеждать
tenacity упорство, настойчивость
ten-fold в десять раз
closing ability умение закончить разговор
empathy сопереживание
to get left behind оставаться позади, отставать

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

A calming presence

There are a lot of metaphors for this type of personality: “keeps their cool,” “stays
cool under pressure,” and so on, but it all represents the same thing: the
ability some people have to stay calm and even influence others when
things get troublesome. The best customer service employees know that
they can’t let a heated customer force them to lose their cool; in fact it is
their job to try to be the “rock” for a customer who thinks the world is
falling down due to their current problem.

Goal-oriented approach

This may seem like a strange thing to list as a customer service skill, but I assure you
it’s vitally important. That’s because it leaves employees without goals.
They must have plenty of freedom to handle customers on a case-to-case
basis, but also leave them priority solutions and “go-to” fixes for common
problems.

Ability to handle surprises

Sometimes the customer support world is going to throw you a puzzle. Let’s say, for
instance, you want to come up with a quick system for when you come
across a customer who has a product problem you’ve never seen before ...
 Who? One thing you can decide is who you should address when you don’t
know what to do. The Chief Executive Officer might be able to help you,
but you can’t go to him with every single question! Define a logical chain
for yourself to use.
 How? Another thing you can decide is that when it comes time to get someone
else involved, how are you going to contact them.

Persuasion skills

Experienced customer service workers know that to truly take your customer service
skills to the next level, you need to have some mastery of persuasion so
you can convince clients to keep your interactions positive and leave the
post office in a good mood even if there’s something wrong.

Tenacity

Call it what you want, but a great work and a willingness to do what needs to be done
is a key skill when providing the kind of service that people talk about.

The memorable customer service stories out there were created by a single employee

who refused to just do the “status quo” when it came to helping someone
out.

Remembering that your customers are people too, and knowing that putting in the
extra effort will come back to you ten-fold should be your driving
motivation to never “cheat” your customers with lazy service.

Closing ability

Being able to close with a customer means being able to end the conversation with
confirmed satisfaction (or as close to it as you can achieve) and with the
customer feeling that everything has been taken care of (or will be).

Your willingness to do this shows the customer two very important things:

 That you care about getting it right

 That you're willing to keep going until you get it right

When you get a customer to, “Yes, I’m all set!” is when you know the conversation
is over.
 Empathy

Perhaps empathy — the ability to understand and share the feelings of another — is
more of a character trait than a skill.

That’s because even when you can’t tell the customer exactly what they want to hear,
a dose of care, concern and understanding will go a long way. Support and
ability to empathize with a customer can often make all the difference.

Willingness to learn

Everybody knows that those who don’t seek to improve what they do, whether it’s
building products, marketing businesses, or helping customers, will get left
behind by the people willing to improve their skills.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What does the expression “to keep cool” mean? Why is it so important for
an employee to keep cool?
2. Why doesn’t employees unlimited power to “WOW” clients give any
positive results?
3. What puzzle is the customer support world sometimes going to throw you?
4. What quality should you possess to truly take your customer service skills
to the next level?
5. What is a key skill when providing the kind of service that people talk
about?
6. What should your driving motivation to never “cheat” your clients with
lazy service be?
7. What two very important things are necessary to end the conversation with
confirmed satisfaction?
8. What is empathy?
9. What happens to those who don’t seek to improve what they do?

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. Those who don’t seek to improve what they do…. .

2. You need to have some mastery of persuasion to…. .
3. For being able to end the conversation with confirmed satisfaction…. .
4. Each employee should remember that clients are people too, and…. .
5. When you come across a client who has a problem you’ve never seen
before, you must decide two things: …. and …. .
6. Employees must have plenty of freedom to handle clients…. .
7. The best customer service employees know that…. .
8. A great work and a willingness to do what needs to be done is…. .

Exercise 4. Find the equivalents of the following Russian words and word
combinations in the text and read the sentences where they are used.

справляться, целенаправленный, желание учиться, отставать от,

движущий мотив (основная мотивация), сблизиться с покупателем,
ключевой навык, неограниченная власть, сочувствовать покупателю
(клиенту), оставить всё как есть, делиться чувствами, поразить
клиентов, всё в порядке, влиять на, черта характера, владеть
мастерством убеждения.

LANGUAGEPRACTICE

Exercise 1. Discuss the following statements in pairs or small groups.

keeping cool in fruitful customer service

The role of
goal- oriented approach
ability to handle surprises
persuasion skills in fruitful customer service
tenacity in fruitful customer service
empathy in fruitful customer service
willingness to learn in fruitful customer service

.
Exercise 2. Match the words and word combinations on the left with their
definitions on the right.
 Empathy to persuade smb to smth
Tenacity anxiety, worry, responsibility, duty
Persuasion a strong desire to to know or to learn
smth
To handle surprises ability to understand and share feelings
Approach the action or process of persuading smb
Curiosity the quality of being able to grip smth
firmly
Lazy service to manage (a situation or problem)
To convince protection of someone or smth,
carefulness
Concern unwilling to serve
Current a way of considering or doing smth
Care belonging to the present time

WRITING

Exercise 1. Fill in the sentences from the text with the following words and word
combinations from the box.

“Yes, I’m all set!” willingness “WOW” driving motivation

heated mastery of persuasion  trait throw satisfaction vitally

1. Knowing that putting in the extra effort will come back to you ten-fold
should be your .… .… to never “cheat” your clients with lazy service.
2. To truly take your customer service skills to the next level, you need to
have some .… of …. .
3. A great work and a .… to do what needs to be done is a key skill when
providing the kind of service that people talk about.
4. The best customer service employees know that they can’t let a .… client
force them to lose their cool.
5. When you get a client to .… is when you know the conversation is over.
6. Many customer service experts show how giving employees unlimited
power to …. clients doesn’t always give any positive results.
7. Being able to close with a client means being able to end the conversation
with confirmed …. .
8. Empathy — the ability to understand and share the feelings of another — is
more of a character …. than a skill.
9. Sometimes the customer support world is going to …. you a puzzle.
 Exercise 2. Put all kinds of questions to the following sentences.

1. The best customer service employees know that they can’t let a heated
customer force them to lose their cool.

2. Empathy means the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.

3. To take your customer service skills to the next level, you need to have some
mastery of persuasion.

4. Each employee should care about his clients.

Exercise 3. Use the following words and word combinations in your own
sentences.

To convince, to provide the kind of service, tenacity, to keep cool, case-to-case basis,
to stay cool, to be in a good mood, to emphasize, to share feelings,

ACTIVITY

 Look at the picture and make up short dialogues on the following

topics:

Make up and dramatize the dialogue between a postal worker and a heated
customer who tries to force you to lose your cool.
 UNIT 8 ДЕЛОВАЯ ПЕРЕПИСКА, ВЕДЕНИЕ ДЕЛОВОГО
/ТЕЛЕФОННОГО РАЗГОВОРА.

BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE

LEAD IN

Answer the questions:

Peter Drucker, the father of the science of office management, says, “As soon
as you take one step up the career ladder your effectiveness depends on your
ability to communicate your thoughts in writing and in speaking.”
How do you understand this statement? Do you agree with it?
Exercise 1. Look at these two letters. Compare them. Is a business letter
different from an ordinary letter? In what way?
Complete this list:
- business letter is formal;
- it has a standard format, ...
VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
order-letter письмо-заказ, письмо-поручение
letter of inquiry письменный запрос
claim (complaint) letter письмо-жалоба
cover letter сопроводительное письмо
social letter благотворительное письмо
impact влияние
failure неудача, провал
communications tool связующий инструмент
formal официальный
subconsciously  подсознательно
antiquated  отживший, вышедший из употребления
confidence доверие
put oneself in somebody's shoes войти в положение; поставить себя на чье-
либо место
flattering лестный, придающий привлекательность
alienate заставлять отвернуться
transitions  связующие элементы
concise выразительный 
stuffy скучный, старомодный
as per согласно
request просьба, требование
herewith настоящим (сообщается и т. п.); при сём
 (прилагается)
inside address исходящий адрес
greeting, salutation приветствие
body of the letter основная часть письма
complimentary close выражение вежливости, которым
заканчивается письмо
letterhead  шапка на фирменном бланке
courtesy title титул
legibly разборчиво, чётко
proof-read вычитывать корректуру
neat чёткий, ясный, точный
etiquette этикет, нормы
block format блочный формат, формат блока данных
conscientious добросовестный, честный
anticipate ожидать, предвидеть
threatening грозящий, угрожающий
minor незначительный, несущественный

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

Business letters concern us in our daily living, especially those of us who

live abroad and deal with foreigners. People write business letters in many
situations: finalizing contracts, booking a seat in an airplane, reserving hotel
accommodation, booking theatre tickets, writing order-letters, letters of inquiry,
claim (complaint) letters, cover letters, etc.
A business letter, like a friendly or social letter, should make a favorable
impression. The way you write a letter and the etiquette you employ may have a
significant impact on your success or failure in business.
It is important to remember that a business letter is an official document. Of
course, there are many other communications between people and companies, for
instance telephone conversations, meetings and presentations. Still, a business
letter is the most powerful communications tool for providing structured and
considered information in a formal way.
When you send a business letter you create an image of you and your
company in the reader's mind. When a reader scans a document he subconsciously
builds a picture of the writer. The writer can project the image of a conscientious,
energetic professional, or the image of a bored bureaucrat marking time with an
antiquated company. Write positively and with confidence. Try to put yourself
in the reader's shoes and to anticipate the reader's reaction to your comments.
Don't be manipulative. Threatening, begging, flattering, and making extravagant
promises are manipulative and are usually ineffective. In fact, they may alienate
the reader.
 Keep the letter to one page. Business people are busy and do not appreciate
unnecessarily long letters. Most business letters are less than one A4 page long.
Try to organize your letter logically, making smooth transitions between
sentences and paragraphs. It should be clear and concise, with short sentences and
simple words. Use personal pronouns and active voice. Avoid me, I, we, us in the
beginning of the letter. Avoid also formal and stuffy expressions (like "thanking
you in advance", "as per", “be advised”, "in compliance with your request" or
“enclosed herewith”), and don't use technical terms unknown for your
communicator.
When writing a business letter, you should follow the format of a standard
business letter. The typical business letter usually consists of about six essential
parts: the heading (and the date), the inside address, the salutation or greeting,
the body of the letter, the complimentary close, and the signature.
The heading of the letter contains the full address of the sender. Most
companies have letterhead with this information already imprinted. The inside
address coincides with the address that appears on the envelope and contains the
name, title and address of person to whom you are writing. The salutation adds a
personal touch to your letter and should be consistent with the whole tone. Include
the addressee's name and courtesy title along with the greeting. The body of the
letter is where you write the purpose of the letter. The complimentary close should
be relevant to the tone of the letter and the salutation. And, your signature should
be hand written legibly below the complimentary close.
Don't ever forget to proof-read your letter. Check the spelling, particularly
the name of the person and company. Minor errors in spelling, punctuation, and
grammar hurt your credibility. Make sure that your letters look neat and tidy on
the page. Sloppy appearance will detract from even a well-written letter.
The best writers strive to write in a style that is so clear that their message
cannot be misunderstood. Clarity should be the primary goal of your business
writing style.

Exercise 2. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words:

касаться, бронировать (номер, билет), запрос, провал, инструмент,

добросовестный, уверенность, предвидеть, льстить, сжатый, избегать,
фирменный бланк, совпадать, вежливость, ошибка, неряшливый,
стремиться, ясность.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions:

1. What should you remember when you write a business letter?

2. Why are business letters less than one A4 page long?

3. What essential parts does the typical business letter consist of?
4. What does each part contain?

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. What are the reasons of writing business letters? Choose the most
appropriate:
to inform readers of specific information, to ask about health, to apologize to
someone ,to create proposals for clients, make an arrangement, tell about birthday
party, request a price list, thank someone for a advice, or apply for a job, to
express thanks to someone or a group, to formalize decisions to someone or a
group, to claim if  mail is lost, damaged, delayed or arrived with some of the
contents missing.
Exercise 2. Use the list of word choices to answer the following questions.
salutation date complimentary closing
signature inside address return address
writers typed name body

5. _______________ is the place for the writer to handwrite their name.

6. The recipients name, company name, and address are called the
_______________.
7. The purpose of the letter is included in the _______________.
8. Yours truly, is an example of a _______________.
9. The last line in a business letter is the _______________.
10. The _____________ is when the letter is written.
11. The _______________ is the address of the letter writer.
12. Dear Mr. Johnson is a _______________.
Exercise 3. Label each part of the business letter by writing the word on the blank
line

Exercise 4. Match the vocabulary below to the items above. The vocabulary
may match more than one item.
 Exercise 4. Match the parts of the letter with their names

a. Robert Stivenson 1. main paragraph

Baisy Clifford Inc       
3400 Chelsey Road
Houston, TX 78451
b. Faithfully yours,  2. salutation
c. R.Stivenson   3. closing
Export-Import Manager salutation
d. We have seen your advertisement in the Business Weekly 4. sender’s
Journal, and we shall appreciate it if you send us more detailed address
description of your cameras. We would also like to know the
discounts that you provide. 
e. Dear Sirs: 5. receiver’s
address
f. We are looking forward to hearing your reply.  6. introductory
paragraph
g. Stenley Brothers Inc 7. date
6539, 71th Street            
Los Angeles, LA 84733
h. Our company specializes in distributing cameras in Italy. For 8. closing
your information we may add that our company was paragraph
established five years ago. If your goods meet our
requirements, and we receive a favourable offer, we will be
able to represent your cameras in Eatsern Europe. 
i. 15 March 2015 9. Signature
(sender’s
information)

Exercise 5. Compose the letter below placing its parts in the proper order

           1 Daniel Hatchette

Chemistry Department 

        2  
  We write to inform you that we developed a new device at our University
(Loughborough) that can identify tiny amounts of explosive particles – invisible to
the naked eye. It could provide the solution to better protecting the travelling public
 from acts of terrorism.  

         3   We would be grateful to receive a prompt reply.

          4     Created by Professor John Tyrer from the University’s Wolfson School of
Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, along with colleagues from the
Department of Chemistry, the device is currently undergoing field trials at a number
of undisclosed locations across the country.

          5     Dear Dr Smith,

            6    If you think our work is worth being spoken about, we would like to ask you to
give us a chance to present it. We would appreciate your attention to our research.

          7     In the recent issue of Chemical Review we have found information on the
scientific conference New Discoveries in Science to be held in Swansea. We are
looking forward to reporting our new discovery and discussing it with the scientific
public.

8   
                13 May 2014  

         9    Chemistry Department

Loughborough University

Epinal Way, Loughborough

Leicestershire LE11 3TU

Telephone: +44 (0)1509 223 522

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/

  
         Swansea University
10           
Singleton Park

Swansea

SA2 8PP

Wales

Exercise 6. In the following letter, select the item that is more formal using
the vocabulary of formal and informal letter:

Formal and informal vocabulary in writing letters.

FORMAL INFORMAL
 Beginning ▪Dear Sir/Madam / Dear Mr/Ms Brown ▪Dear Mark/Laura
Ending ▪Yours faithfully / Yours sincerely ▪Best/kind regards

Reason for ▪I am writing ▪This is a short note 

writing -with regard to … -to thank you 
-to request -to apologise 
-to enquire about … -to mention
-to inform you that… ▪I thought you might like to
-in response to … know that …

Recalling facts ▪As you may recall, we recently discussed the ▪As you know, we talked
possibility of … about…
▪As you know, our company is interested in … ▪You probably remember our
recent conversation about ...

What you ▪In order to develop this idea ▪If you agree, we could …
propose ▪To allow us to take the matter further, may I ▪It might be a good idea to
suggest that.. …
▪To enable us to move forward on this, we would ▪What I suggest is …
like to propose … ▪One /another possibility
▪I/we/our firm would be pleased to … would be to …

Further contact ▪Please do not hesitate to contact us if you ▪Feel free to contact me at
require further details / more information. any time for more details.
▪We would be happy to provide more detailed ▪Let me know how you feel
information. about my suggestion.

Signing off ▪We would be pleased to have an opportunity to ▪We could discuss this over
work with your firm. lunch one day.
▪I look forward to hearing from you. ▪Hope to hear from you
soon.

Dear Ms Denton,
1 (Thanks/ Thank you) for your letter of 24 May. As I am sure you
will2 (understand/appreciate), I am 3 (most upset/very sorry) to 4 (hear/learn) that
you 5(were unable to/could not) locate my suitcase.
As I 6 (said/pointed out) in my original letter, the suitcase contained 7 (a lot
of/many)documents that I 8 (need/require) for my 9 (work/job).
I have 10 (been obliged/had) to 11 (contact/get in touch with) my publishers
to 12 (get hold of/obtain) copies of documents that your airline 13 (lost/mislaid).
14 (Naturally/Of course), I will 15 (complete/fill in) the Claim Form, but I 16 (find
it difficult/it is not easy) to 17 (estimate/guess) the value of the documents.
18 (About/Approximately) half of them are irreplaceable. I 19 (hope/ trust) that in
the meantime you 20 (are still looking/continue to look) for my case.
21 (Should you find it/If you find it), please contact me 22 (straight
away/immediately).
I 23 (look/am looking) forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,

James Burke
Company Manager

WRITING

Exercise 2. Look at the pictures, choose and write sentences appropriate a

formal business letter:

A. I am writing to confirm our deal. We are happy to do business with you.

B. I am writing in reference to the parcel you sent us. I am afraid to say that the
goods have been damaged in transit. Could you please send a replacement?
C. I am writing to confirm the date of our moving day. We will moving into a new
office on the 15th of next month.
D. I am writing to complain about the delivery last week. It appears one box fell
off the truck. I would like to know how you will compensate us for this loss.
E. I am writing to let you know about our upcoming sale. We will be having an
end of season clearance sale. Everything will be 50% off the usual prices.
F. I’m writing to request the payment of an outstanding bill. Could you please
forward payment of $564.72 before the end of the month.
G. I am sorry to inform you that you failed the entrance exam for our institution.
You are welcome to reapply next year.
H. I am writing to thank you for the pleasant and successful meeting we attended
last week at your office. Thank you for the wonderful hospitality shown to our
staff.
I. I am happy to inform you that your loan has been approved. We look forward
to doing business with you in the future.
Exercise 3. In pairs, choose one of the following situations.
Situation 1: You are Head of Human Resources at a Post office. You have been in
touch with Streamline Club about courses in foreign languages for some of your
staff. You have now received information about the courses but need to change
some of the details. With a partner, think of what kind of changes you might need
to make (for example, the number of people taking the courses). Write a short
business the letter with your partner. Put every part of the letter in the right
position.

Situation 2: You are organising a conference for Postmasters from all over the
country. You have already booked the hotel where the conference will be held and
the Postmasters will stay, and have just received a letter of confirmation. However,
you need to make some changes to the arrangements. With a partner, think of what
kind of changes you might need to make (for example, the number of hotel rooms
you need). Write a short business letter with your partner. Put every part of
the letter in the right position.

BUSINESS CALL

LEAD IN
Exercise 1: Work in groups. Look at the photos and discuss these questions:

o What’s happening in each picture?

o Do you like making phone calls?
o Why do people in the pictures need to make a phone call?
o Is it difficult to speak on the phone in a foreign language?

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1: Read the phone conversation below and choose the correct answer
for each question.

Mrs. Johnson: Hello, this is Mrs. Johnson. I’d like to speak to Mr. Brown.
Secretary: I’m afraid he is not available just now. Is there anything I could do for
you?

Mrs. Johnson: I’m calling because I want a copy of the report of the project we’ve
been working for a year and a half.

Secretary: What project are you talking about? Our company is involved in many
projects.

Mrs. Johnson: It’s the project ENGLISH FOR THE WORLD OF WORK.

Secretary: Could you give me some more details?

Mrs. Johnson: It’s a project which came into being at the British Council initiative.
19 schools have been involved in this project.

Secretary: Oh, I know a lot of things about it. A lot of employees in our company
are involved in this project. But I’m afraid that only Mr. Brown can help you in
this respect.

Mrs. Johnson: Could you ask him to call me back, please? My number is: 0044
0268 214590.

Secretary: I’ll ask him to call you back as soon as he’s free.

Mrs. Johnson: Thank you very much for your help.

Secretary: No problem. Goodbye

A.1. What is the name of the project which is mentioned in the phone
conversation?

a. “Free fighters”
b. “British Council”
c. “English for the World of Work”
2. How long have Mrs. Johnson and Mr. Brown been working together on this
project?

a. 10 years
b. a month
c. a year and a half
3. Where is Mrs. Johnson?
a. we do not know because it is not mentioned in the dialogue
b. in her office
c. in the street
B. Decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).

a. The company Mr. Brown works for is involved only in the project “English
for the World of Work”.
b. None of the employees have been involved in the project “English for the
World of Work”.
c. Mrs. Johnson wants a report of the project “English for the World of Work”
from Mr. Brown.
Exercise 2: Work in pairs. Follow this flowchart to practice making a phone
call. To simulate the situation of a telephone conversation, you and your
partner must sit back-to-back:

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1: Taking messages

Pair work: Student A prepares to make a call. Student B receives the call.
 Student B has to write down the message.

Exercise 2: Work in pairs

The person you are talking to on the phone has another copy of this price list. Both
of you have been inattentive and spilt some coffee on the price lists. You have to
write them again because you have to hand them in to your boss. Get the missing
information by asking questions like these:

STUDENT A:

Could you tell me how much item number 985 costs

in dollars?
Code no. Description Prices in: Delivery

€ $

529 blue envelope 1.50 1.00 1 week

731 parcel box 27x31 cm 2.50 2.00 10 days

985 parcel box 60x70 cm 5.75 5.25 1 months

982 postage stamp block 4.65 4.15 3 weeks

758 post card 1.00 0.50 4 days

673 wrapping paper 15.20 19.15 2 months

Exercise 4: Complete the telephone conversation between a delivery man and his
customer.
ACTIVITY

It is not always easy to understand people over the phone. Here are some tips to
help you when making phone call in English.

Exercise 1: Read these sentences and then answer the questions:

1. The other person can’t see what a nice person you are, so make sure you sound
POLITE and AGREEABLE.
2. Don’t rely on your memory: make notes during a call and rewrite these notes
immediately afterwards as a record of the call.
3. Don’t try to be funny- you may be misunderstood.
4. Don’t interrupt the other person: let them finish what they want to say.
5. The other person hasn’t got all day, so make sure your call is BRIEF.
6. The other person may not understand you easily, so try to speak slowly and
CLEARLY.

 Which do you think are the three most important tips? List them in the
order of importance ( 1- the most important, 2- important, 3- not so
important )
 Which of the tips do you agree with? Why?
 Which of the pieces of advice do you follow when making or receiving a phone
call in English?
Exercise 2: Work in pairs. Choose one of the following situations. Make a
dialogue. Follow the rules of business telephone call and use the tips.

Situation 1: You are calling the post office because your parcel wasn’t delivered
in time.

Situation 2: You are calling the post office because you want to rent a mailbox.

UNIT 9 ГЕОГРАФИЯ. КАЛЕНДАРЬ. ВРЕМЯ

Numbers

LEAD IN

 Can you count in English?

Study the numbers.

Exercise 1. Say in English.

15 почтальонов

67 почтовых ящиков

381 телефонных справочников

1233 адреса

4648 посылок

52199 конвертов

102344 писем

2276889 пакетов

Exercise 2. Read the text aloud, pay attention to the pronunciation of the
numbers in bold.

Postal systems worldwide

Nearly all industrial countries and some developing countries have efficient
postal systems. In the United Kingdom, for example, there are about 1,500 main
post offices. British postal workers deliver to more than 23.5 million addresses,
and handle more than 14 billion letters and small packets, and 200 million parcels
every year. In Australia, there are about 4,800 post offices, which handle about 3
billion postal articles each year. New Zealand has about 1,300 post offices, with
handle about 700 million items a year. There are about 140,000 post offices in
India. The Philippines has more than 2,000 post offices.

What’s the time?

LEAD IN

 Do you know how to ask and answer the time in English?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Study the rule of the time measurement.

 

Asking the time

Here are some phrases you can use when you want to know the time:

 What's the time?

 What time is it?
 Have you got the right time?
 What time do you make it?

Telling the time

To tell someone what the time is, we can say "The time is..." or, more usually,
"It's...". Here is a typical dialogue:

What's the time,

Question: please?

Answer: It's three o'clock.

 LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Fill in the chart.

What time is it using

Time in words
numbers
Six o’clock in the evening 6:00pm
quarter to seven in the morning  
twenty five past one in the afternoon  
quarter past ten in the evening  
midnight  
midday  
quarter past ten in the morning  
half past twelve in the afternoon  
quarter past nine in the evening  
quarter to seven in the morning  
twenty past seven in the morning  
quarter past eight in the evening  
quarter to six in the evening  
half past nine in the morning  
ten past six in the evening  
nineteen minutes past three in the afternoon  
ten to two in the afternoon  
nineteen minutes to three in the afternoon

Exercise 2. Write the time using numbers.

Exercise 3. Practice asking and telling the time. Work with your partner.
Make short dialogues.

Writing the Date

LEAD IN

 When is your birthday?

 What day of the week is it today?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Here are four seasons of the year. Study them in English.
Exercise 2. Here are the names of the months in English.

Months

Number Name Abbreviations

1 January Jan J

2 February Feb F
 Months

Number Name Abbreviations

3 March Mar M

4 April Apr A

5 May May M

6 June Jun J

7 July Jul J

8 August Aug A

9 September Sep S

10 October Oct O

11 November Nov N

12 December Dec D

Exercise 3. Study the days of the week In English.

Days of the week Abbreviations

Monday Mon
Tuesday Tue

Wednesday Wed

Thursday Thu

Friday Fr

Saturday Sat

Sunday Sun

Remember:

In English, months and days of the week are correctly written with an initial
capital: January, Monday…

To say the date the ordinal numbers are used.

Days of the month

1st first 11th eleventh

21st twenty-first

2nd second 12th twelfth

22nd twenty-second

3rd third 13th thirteenth

23rd twenty-third
4th fourth 14th fourteenth
24th twenty-fourth

5th fifth 15th fifteenth

25th twenty-fifth

6th sixth 16th sixteenth

26th twenty-sixth

7th seventh 17th seventeenth

27th twenty-seventh

8th eighth 18th eighteenth

28th twenty-eighth

9th ninth 19th nineteenth

29th twenty-ninth

10th tenth 20th twentieth

30th thirtieth

31st thirty-first

There are several different ways to write the date in English. They vary from
formal to informal, and there are differences between British and American
English. The following table shows some typical formats.

format British: day-month-year American: month-day-year

A the Fourteenth of March, 2016 March the Fourteenth, 2016

B 14th March 2016 March 14th, 2016

 format British: day-month-year American: month-day-year

C 14 March 2016 March 14, 2016

D 14/3/2016 3/14/2016

E 14/3/16 3/14/16

F 14/03/16 03/14/16

Note: which format to use is a question of formality, politeness and personal

choice. Generally, the longer formats, such as B or C, are more polite (since they
show more respect for the reader). Shorter formats, such as D or E, are used in less
formal situations, for example a memo, a letter between friends or an impersonal
business letter. Format F is rather official and is typically seen on an invoice or an
official or technical document. Format A is extremely formal and mainly used on
printed items, for example a wedding invitation. The numerical formats may use a
full stop (.) or hyphen (-) instead of a slash (/), for example: 14.3.2016 or 03-14-16

Note that another format exists which writes the date numerically in the order
Year-Month-Day, for example: 2016/03/14. This is rare in British or American
English and used mainly in very official or technical documents.

The years before 2000 are said in the following way:

o 1989 – nineteen eighty nine,

o 1978 – nineteen seventy eight.
o 1400 – fourteen hundred

The years after 2000 are said in different ways:

o 2016 – twenty sixteen, two thousand sixteen.

o 2009 – twenty o-nine, two thousand nine.
o 2000 – two thousand.

Prepositions of time

Study the table comparing the uses of prepositions in, on, at.

in on at
Months: in January / in
April
Seasons: in spring / in
winter
Years: in 1984 / in 2015
Centuries: in the 20th
century
Times of day: in the
morning / in the evening
Longer periods of time:
in the past / in the 1990s /
in the holidays
Days of the week: on Clock times: at 7.30 a.m.
Monday / at 5 o’clock
Festivals: at Christmas /
Days + parts of days: on
at Easter
Tuesday afternoon / on Exceptions: at night / at
Saturday mornings the weekend
Dates: on November
22nd
Special days: on my
birthday / on New Year’s
Eve

Study other prepositions of time.

Before До, перед

After После
Past За, после
From С (какого-то времени)
Till, by, to До, к (какому-то времени)
For В течение
Since С, начиная с…
During Во время
Over За (определенный период времени)
In Через (какое-то время)

Study the examples. Read and translate the sentences.

1. Before sending the telegram Mary checked the address.

2. After reading the letter M. Smith got angry.
3. The postal worker was sorting the mail from 2 till 3p.m.
4. This work will be completed by the end of the week.
5. He was waken up past the middle of the night.
 6. Monitoring tests were carried out for 3 months.
7. I have worked there since 2008.
8. I will come during the week.
9. Have you anything written over the last couple of days?
10. Parcels will be delivered in seven working days.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Say and write the dates in English. Use both ways British and
American.

06.01.1978                                   01.06.1453
17.02.1955                                   12.08.1690
05.03.1797                                   02.11.1564
22.04.1915                                   03.10.1986
15.12.1367                                   23.04.1998

Exercise 2. Say in English.

1. Сегодня 2-е сентября.

2. Отправка груза будет 12-го октября.
3. Посылка прибыла 5 января.

4. Он приезжает в Москву 28-го.

5. К 15 февраля должно быть всё готово.

6. Письмо придет 27-го апреля.
7. Вчера было 30 мая.

8. Я приехал в Лондон 2-го ноября.

9. Телеграф начнет работать с 15-го июня.
10. Отделение почты было закрыто 8 марта.

Exercise 3. Use in, on, at.

 1.  ___ten o'clock, ___ 2.15
2. ___ Monday, ___ Tuesday
3. ___Monday morning, ___Tuesday afternoon
4. ___the weekend, ___ weekends
5. ___ Christmas, ___ Easter
6. ___ January, ___ February
7. ___ 1st May, ___ 7th June
8. ___ 1930, ___ 1992, ___ 2001
9. ___ the summer, ___ the winter

Exercise 4. Say in English.

на семь недель, за неделю, через час, за последние три месяца, во время

войны, в ходе работы, до работы, после работы, с двух часов, до четырех
часов, к трем часам, с 1980-го года, в 1945 году, в августе, в четыре часа, в
понедельник, первого мая, утром, в полдень, ночью, в десять минут
восьмого.

Countries, their capitals and residents

Capital
Country Transcription Страна Transcription Столица
city
 Sukhum(
Abkhazia [æb'kɑːzɪə] Абхазия [ su'huːm(ɪ) ] Сухум
i)

Afghanis Афганист
[æfˌɡænɪˈstɑːn] Kabul [ ˈkɑːbʊl ] Кабул
tan ан

Albania [ ælˈbeɪniə ] Албания Tirana [ tɪˈrɑːnə ] Тирана

Algeria [ælˈdʒɪəriə ] Алжир Algiers [ ælˈdʒɪəz ] Алжир

[ˈbweɪnos
Argentin Buenos Буэнос-
[ɑːdʒənˈtiːn] Аргентина ˈeriz] 
a Aires Айрес
[ˌbwenəs'aɪrɪz ]

Armenia [ ɑːˈmiːniə ] Армения Yerevan [ˌjerɪˈvɑːn ] Ереван

Australia [ ɒˈstreɪliə ] Австралия Canberra [ ˈkænbərə ] Канберра

Austria [ ˈɒstriə ] Австрия Vienna [ vɪˈenə ] Вена

Azerbaija [ɑːzərbaɪ Азербайд

Baku [ ˈbækuː ] Баку
n ˈdʒɑːn ] жан

Багамские
Bahamas [ bəˈhɑːməz ] Nassau [ ˈnæsɒ ] Нассау
о-ва

Bahrain [ bɑːˈreɪn ] Бахрейн Manama [ ˈmænəmə ] Манама

Banglade Бангладе
[ ˌbæŋɡləˈdeʃ ] Dacca [ ˈdækə ] Дакка
sh ш

Belarus [ belə'rus ] Беларусь Minsk [ mɪnsk ] Минск

Belgium [ ˈbeldʒəm ] Бельгия Brussels [ ˈbrʌsəlz ] Брюссель

Bermuda [ bəˈmjuːdə Бермудск Hamilto Гамильто

[ ˈhæmɪltən ]
Islands ˈaɪləndz ] ие о-ва n н

Bolivia [ bəˈlɪvɪə ] Боливия La Paz [ lɑː ˈpɑːz ] Ла-Пас

Brazil [ brəˈzɪl ] Бразилия Brasilia [ brəˈzɪlɪə ] Бразилиа

Bulgaria [ bʌlˈɡeərɪə ] Болгария Sofia [ ˈsəʊfɪə ] София

Bujumbu [ buːdʒəm Бужумбур

Burundi [ bʊˈrʊndi ] Бурунди
ra ˈbʊrə ] а

Cambodi Pnompe
[ kæmˈbəʊdɪə ] Камбоджа [ 'nɒm 'pen ] Пномпень
a nh

Cameroo
[ ˌkæməˈruːn ] Камерун Yaounde [ ͵jɑ:u:nʹdeı ] Яунде
n

Canada [ ˈkænədə ] Канада Ottawa [ ˈɒtəwə ] Оттава

Chile [ ˈtʃɪli ] Чили Santiago [ ˌsæntɪˈɑːɡəʊ ] Сантьяго

Beijing / [ ˌbeiˈdʒɪŋ /
China [ ˈtʃaɪnə ] Китай Пекин
Peking ˌpiːˈkɪŋ ]

Colombi
[ kəˈlɒmbɪə ] Колумбия Bogota [ ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː ] Богота
a

Brazzavi Браззавил
Congo [ ˈkɒŋɡəʊ ] Конго [ ˈbræzəˌvɪl ]
lle ь

Costa Коста-
[ ˈkɒstə ˈriːkə ] San Jose [ san ˌhoˈzeɪ ] Сан-Хосе
Rica Рика

Cuba [ ˈkjuːbə ] Куба Havana [ həˈvænə ] Гавана

Cyprus [ ˈsaɪprəs ] Кипр Nicosia [ nɪkəˈsiːə ] Никосия

Czech
[tʃek rɪˈpʌblɪk ] Чехия Prague [ prɑːɡ ] Прага
Republic

Denmark [ ˈdenmɑːk ] Дания Copenha [kəʊpənˈheɪɡən Копенгаге

 gen ] н

Доминика
Dominic Santo
[ dəˈmɪnɪkən rɪ нская [ˈsæntəʊ do Санто-
an Doming
ˈpʌblɪk ] Республик ˈmɪŋɡəʊ ] Доминго
Republic o
а

Ecuador [ ˈekwədɔː ] Эквадор Quito [ ˈkiːtəʊ ] Кито

Egypt [ ˈiːdʒɪpt ] Египет Cairo [ ˈkaɪrəʊ ] Каир

Сан-
El [ˌel ˈniːnjəʊ San
Сальвадор [san ˈsælvədɔː ] Сальвадо
Salvador ˈsælvədɔː] Salvador
р

Estonia [ eˈstəʊniə ] Эстония Tallinn ['tælɪn ][ ˈtalɪn] Таллинн

Addis Аддис-
Ethiopia [ ˌiːθɪˈəʊpɪə ] Эфиопия [ ˌædɪs'æbəbə ]
Ababa Абеба

Финлянди Хельсинк
Finland [ ˈfɪnlənd ] Helsinki [ ˈhelsɪŋki ]
я и

France [ frɑːns ] Франция Paris [ ˈpærɪs ] Париж

Georgia [ ˈdʒɔːdʒə ] Грузия Tbilisi [ ˌtəbɪˈliːsi ] Тбилиси

Germany [ ˈdʒɜːməni ] Германия Berlin [ bɜːˈlɪn ] Берлин

Ghana [ ˈɡɑːnə ] Гана Accra [ əˈkrɑː ] Аккра

Gibraltar [ dʒɪˈbrɔːltə Гибралта

Gibraltar [ dʒɪˈbrɔːltə ] Гибралтар
Town taʊn ] р

Great [ˈɡreɪt ˈbrɪtən ]  Великобр London [ ˈlʌndən ] Лондон

Britain / [ juːˈnaɪtɪd итания /
United ˈkɪŋdəm ] Соединен
Kingdom ное
королевст
 во

Greece [ ɡrɪs ] Греция Athens [ ˈæθɪnz ] Афины

Guatemal Guatema [ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə

[ɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə ] Гватемала Гватемала
a la City ˈsɪti ]

Guinea [ ˈɡɪni ] Гвинея Conakry [ ˈkɒnəkri ] Конакри

Port-au- Порт-о-
Haiti [ ˈheɪti ] Гаити [ ˌpɔːtəʊˈprɪns ]
Prince Пренс

Honolul
Hawaii [ həˈwaɪiː ] Гавайи [ ˌhɑːnəˈluːluː ] Гонолулу
u

Teguciga Тегусигал
Honduras [ hɒnˈdjʊərəs ] Гондурас [teɡuːsiˈɡælpə ]
lpa ьпа

Hong Hong
[ hʊŋ kʰʊŋ ] Гонконг [ ˌhɒŋ 'kɒŋ ] Гонконг
Kong Kong

Hungary [ ˈhʌŋɡr̩i ] Венгрия Budapest [ ˈbjuːdəpest ] Будапешт

Reykjavi Рейкьяви
Iceland [ ˈaɪslənd ] Исландия [ ˈreɪkjəvɪk ]
k к

New Нью-
India [ ˈɪndɪə ] Индия [ njuː ˈdeli ]
Delhi Дели

Индонези
Indonesia [ ˌɪndəˈniːzɪə ] Jakarta [ dʒəˈkɑːtə ] Джакарта
я

[ ɪˈrɑːn ] [ aɪ
Iran Иран Tehran [ ˌteˈrɑːn ] Тегеран
ˈræn ]

[ ɪˈrɑːk ] [ ɪˈræk
Iraq ]  Ирак Baghdad [ ˌbæɡˈdæd ] Багдад
[ aɪˈræk ]
Ireland [ ˈaɪələnd ] Ирландия Dublin [ ˈdʌblɪn ] Дублин

Jerusale Иерусали
Israel [ ˈɪzreɪl ] Израиль [ dʒəˈruːsələm ]
m м

Italy [ ˈɪtəli ] Италия Rome [ rəʊm ] Рим

Берег
Ivory
[ ˈaɪvəri kəʊst ] Слоновой Abidjan [ ˌæbiː'ʤɑːn ] Абиджан
Coast
Кости

Jamaica [ dʒəˈmeɪkə ] Ямайка Kingston [ ˈkɪŋstən ] Кингстон

Japan [ dʒəˈpæn ] Япония Tokyo [ ˈtəʊkjəʊ ] Токио

Kazakhst [ ˌkɑːzak [ æstæ'nɑː ] 

Казахстан Astana Астана
an ˈstɑːn ] [ əˈstɑːnə ]

Kenya [ ˈkenjə ] Кения Nairobi [ naɪˈrəʊbi ] Найроби

Kuwait
Kuwait [ kʊˈweɪt ] Кувейт [ kʊˈweɪt ˈsɪti ] Кувейт
City

Kyrgyzst
[ ˈkɪrɡəˌstæn ] Киргизия Bishkek [ bɪʃ'kek ] Бишкек
an

Latvia [ ˈlætviə ] Латвия Riga [ ˈriːɡə ] Рига

Lebanon [ ˈlebənən ] Ливан Beirut [ ˌbeɪˈruːt ] Бейрут

Monrovi
Liberia [ laɪˈbɪərɪə ] Либерия [ ˌmɑːnˈroviə ] Монровия
a

Libya [ ˈlɪbɪə ] Ливия Tripoli [ ˈtrɪpəli ] Триполи

Lithuania [ ˌlɪθəˈweɪniə ] Литва Vilnius [ ˈvɪlniəs ] Вильнюс

Luxembu Люксембу Luxemb Люксемб
[ ˈlʌksəmbɜːɡ ] [ ˈlʌksəmbɜːɡ ]
rg рг urg ург

Madagas Мадагаска Antanan [ˌantəˌnanə Антанана

[ˌmædəˈɡæskə]
car р arivo ˈriːvəʊ] риву

Lilongw
Malawi [ məˈlɑːwi ] Малави [ lɪˈlɒŋweɪ ] Лилонгве
e

Kuala [ ˈkwɑːlə ˌləm Куала-

Malaysia [ məˈleɪzɪə ] Малайзия
Lumpur ˈpʊr ] Лумпур

(Ла-)Валл
Malta [ ˈmɔːltə ] Мальта Valletta [ və'letə ]
етта

Mexico [ ˈmeksɪkəʊ
Mexico [ ˈmeksɪkəʊ ] Мексика Мехико
City ˈsɪti ]

Chisinau
[ ˌkɪʃɪ'nəu ] 
Moldova [ ˌmolˈdovə ] Молдавия (Kishine Кишинев
['kɪʃɪnɔf ]
v)

Monaco- Монако-
Monaco [ ˈmɒnəkəʊ ] Монако [ 'mɔnəkəu vɪl ]
Ville Вилль

Ulan Улан-
Mongolia [ mɒŋˈɡəʊlɪə ] Монголия [ ʊ'lɑːn 'bɑːtɔː ]
Bator Батор

Morocco [ məˈrɒkəʊ ] Марокко Rabat [ rabat ] Рабат

Kathman
Nepal [ nɪ'pɔːl ] Непал [ ˌkatmanˈduː ] Катманду
du

Netherla Нидерлан
[ ˈneðələndz ]  Amsterd Амстерда
nds / ды / [ ˈæmstədæm ]
[ ˈhɒlənd ] am м
Holland Голландия
New Новая Wellingt Веллингт
[ ˌnjuː'ziːlənd ] [ ˈwelɪŋtən ]
Zeland Зеландия on он

Nicaragu
[ ˌnɪkəˈræɡjʊə ] Никарагуа Managua [ məˈnɑːɡwə ] Манагуа
a

Nigeria [ naɪˈdʒɪərɪə ] Нигерия Lagos [ ˈleɪɡɒs ] Лагос

North Северная Pyongya

[ nɔːθ kəˈrɪə ] [ ˌpjɒŋˈjæŋ ] Пхеньян
Korea Корея ng

Norway [ ˈnɔːweɪ ] Норвегия Oslo [ ˈɒzləʊ ] Осло

Oman [ əʊˈmɑːn ] Оман Muscat [ ˈmʌskæt ] Мускат

Islamaba Исламаба
Pakistan [ ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːn ] Пакистан [ ˌɪsˈlæməbæd ]
d д

Panama [ ˈpænəmɑː Панама-

Panama [ ˈpænəmɑː ] Панама
City ˈsɪti ] Сити

Papua Папуа —
[ˈpæpjʊə njuː Port Порт-
New Новая [ ˌpɔːtˈmɔːzbi ]
ˈɡɪni] Moresby Морсби
Guinea Гвинея

Asuncio
Paraguay [ ˈpærəɡwaɪ ] Парагвай [ əˈsənʃən ] Асунсьон
n

Peru [ pəˈruː ] Перу Lima [ ˈliːmə ] Лима

Philippin Филиппин
[ ˈfɪlɪpiːnz ] Manila [ məˈnɪlə ] Манила
es ы

Poland [ ˈpəʊlənd ] Польша Warsaw [ ˈwɔːsɔː ] Варшава

Португали
Portugal [ ˈpɔːtʃʊɡəl ] Lisbon [ ˈlɪzbən ] Лиссабон
я

Puerto [ˈpwerˌtəʊ Пуэрто- San Juan [ san tɕyɛn ] Сан-Хуан

Rico ˈriːkəʊ ] Рико

Buchares
Romania [ rəˈmeɪnɪə ] Румыния [ ˈbjuːkəˌrest ] Бухарест
t

Russia [ ˈrʌʃə ] Россия Moscow [ ˈmɒskəʊ ] Москва

Rwanda [ rʊˈændə ] Руанда Kigali [ kiˈɡɑːli ] Кигали

Saudi Саудовска
[saudi əˈreɪbiə ] Riyadh [ riˈæd ] Эр-Рияд
Arabia я Аравия

Senegal [ ˌsenɪˈɡɔːl ] Сенегал Dakar [ ˈdækə ] Дакар

Sierra Сьерра- Freetow

[ sɪˈeərə leone ] [ ˈfriːˌtɑːwn ] Фритаун
Leone Леоне n

Singapor Singapor [ ˌsɪŋəˈpɔː

[ ˌsɪŋəˈpɔː ] Сингапур Сингапур
e e City ˈsɪti ]

Bratislav Братислав
Slovakia [ sˌloˈvɑːkiə ] Словакия [ ˌbrætɪˈslɑːvə ]
a а

Ljubljan
Slovenia [ sˌloˈviːniə ] Словения [ ˌljuːblɪˈɑːnə ] Любляна
a

South Южная
[ saʊθ ˈæfrɪkə ] Pretoria [ prɪˈtɔːrɪə ] Претория
Africa Африка

South Южная
[ saʊθ kəˈrɪə ] Seoul [ səʊl ] Сеул
Korea Корея

South [ saʊθ ˌɑː Южная Tskhinva Цхинвал(

[ tskɪnˈvɑːl(i) ]
Ossetia ˈseʃjə ] Осетия l(i) и)

Spain [ speɪn ] Испания Madrid [ məˈdrɪd ] Мадрид

Sri Шри-
[ ˈʃriː ˈlæŋkə ] Colombo [ kəˈlɒmbəʊ ] Коломбо
Lanka Ланка

Khartou
Sudan [ suːˈdɑːn ] Судан [ ˌkɑːˈtuːm ] Хартум
m

Stockhol Стокголь
Sweden [ ˈswiːdən ] Швеция [ ˈstɒkhəʊm ]
m м

Switzerla Швейцари
[ ˈswɪtsələnd ] Berne [ ˈbɜːn ] Берн
nd я

Damascu
Syria [ ˈsɪrɪə ] Сирия [ dəˈmæskəs ] Дамаск
s

Taiwan [ taɪˈwɑːn ] Тайвань Taipei [ ˌtaɪˈpeɪ ] Тайбэй

Tajikista [ ˌtɑːˈdʒiːkə Таджикис Dushanb

[ duː'ʃænbə ] Душанбе
n ˌstæn ] тан e

Thailand [ ˈtaɪlænd ] Таиланд Bangkok [ ˌbæŋˈkɒk ] Бангкок

Togo [ ˈtəʊɡəʊ ] Того Lome [ 'ləumeɪ ] Ломе

Tunisia [ tjuːˈnɪzɪə ] Тунис Tunis [ ˈtjuːnɪs ] Тунис

Turkey [ ˈtɜːki ] Турция Ankara [ 'æŋkərə ] Анкара

Turkmen [ˌtərkˈmenə Туркмени Ashgaba

[ ˌɑːʃgɑː'bɑːt ] Ашхабад
istan ˌstæn ] стан t

Uganda [ juːˈɡændə ] Уганда Kampala [ kəmˈpɑːlə ] Кампала

Kyiv [ ˈkɪjɪf ]
Ukraine [ juːˈkreɪn ] Украина Киев
(Kiev) [ ˈkiːef ]

United [ juːˈnaɪtɪd Объедине Abu [ ˈæbuː ˈdɑːbi ] Абу-Даби

Arab ˈærəb  нные Dhabi
Emirates ˈɛmɪrᵻts ] Арабские
 Эмираты

United [ juːˈnaɪtɪd
States of steɪts əv  Washing Вашингто
США [ ˈwɒʃɪŋtən ]
America əˈmerɪkə /  ton н
/ USA ˌju:ˌesˈeɪ ]

Montevi [ ˌmɒntɪvɪ Монтевид

Uruguay [ ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ ] Уругвай
deo ˈdeɪəʊ ] ео

Uzbekist [ uːzˈbekə Узбекиста

Tashkent [ ˌtæʃˈkent ] Ташкент
an ˌstæn ] н

Venezuel
[ ˌvenɪˈzweɪlə ] Венесуэла Caracas [ kəˈrækəs ] Каракас
a

Yemen [ ˈjemən ] Йемен Sana'a [ sə'nɑː ] Сана

Zaire [ zɑːˈɪə ] Заир Kinshasa [ kɪnˈʃɑːsə ] Киншаса

Zambia [ ˈzæmbɪə ] Замбия Lusaka [ luːˈsɑːkə ] Лусака

Zimbabw
[ zɪmˈbɑːbwi ] Зимбабве Harare [ həˈrɑːi ] Хараре
e

Formation of nationalities by suffixation

Exercise 1. Study the table. There are different suffixes used in derivation of
nationalities.

-IAN Argentina – Argentinian

Egypt – Egyptian
Norway – Norwegian
Ukraine – Ukrainian
 Brazil – Brazilian

Russia – Russian
Australia – Australian
Indonesia – Indonesian

-AN Korea – Korean

Venezuela – Venezuelan
Chile – Chilean
Mexico – Mexican

-ESE China – Chinese

Vietnam – Vietnamese
Japan – Japanese
Lebanon – Lebanese
Sudan – Sudanese
Taiwan – Taiwanese
Portugal - Portuguese

-ISH Britain – British

Scotland – Scottish
Ireland – Irish
Wales – Welsh
Poland – Polish
Turkey – Turkish

-I Iraq – Iraqi
Pakistan – Pakistani
Thailand – Thai
Kuwait - Kuwaiti

special France – French

Greece – Greek
forms
Switzerland – Swiss
 the Netherlands – Dutch

Exercise 2. Read the names of the counties and their residents. Determine the
suffixes used in the names of the residents.

Resident of the
Country Transcription
country

Abkhazia Abkhazian [ æbkˈ(h)ɑːziən ]

Afghanistan Afghan [ ˈæfɡæn ]

Albania Albanian [ ælˈbeɪniən ]

Algeria Algerian [ ælˈdʒɪəriən ]

Argentina Argentinian [ ˌɑːdʒənˈtɪniən ]

Armenia Armenian [ ɑːˈmiːniən ]

Australia Australian [ ɒˈstreɪliən ]

Austria Austrian [ ˈɒstriən ]

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani(an) [ ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːni æn ]

Bahamas Bahamian [ bəˈhɑːmɪən ]

Belarus Belarussian [[ belə'rusɪən ]

Belgium Belgian [ ˈbeldʒən ]

Bermuda Islands Bermudian [ bəˈmjuːdɪən]

Bolivia Bolivian [ bəˈlɪvɪən ]

Brazil Brazilian [ brəˈzɪlɪən ]

Bulgaria Bulgarian [ bʌlˈɡeərɪən ]

Cambodia Cambodian [ kæmˈbəʊdɪən ]

Cameroon Cameroon [ ˌkæməˈruːn ]

Canada Canadian [ kəˈneɪdɪən ]

Chile Chilean [ ˈtʃɪlɪən ]

China Chinese [ tʃaɪˈniːz ]

Colombia Colombian [ kəˈlɒmbɪən ]

Congo Congolese [ ˌkɒŋɡəˈliːz ]

Costa Rica Costa Rican [ ˈkɒstə ˈriːkən ]

Cuba Cuban [ ˈkjuːbən ]

Cyprus Cypriot [ ˈsɪprɪət ]

Czech Republic Czech [ tʃek ]

Denmark Dane [ deɪn ]

Dominican Republic Dominican [ dəˈmɪnɪkən ]

Ecuador Ecuadorian [ ˌekwəˈdɔːrɪən ]

Egypt Egyptian [ ɪˈdʒɪpʃən ]

El Salvador Salvadoran [ ˈsælvəˌdɔːən ]

Estonia Estonian [ eˈstəʊniən ]

Ethiopia Ethiopean [ ˌiːθɪˈəʊpɪən ]

Finland Finn [ fɪn ]

France Frenchman [ ˈfrentʃmən ]

Georgia Georgian [ ˈdʒɔːdʒjən ]

Germany German [ ˈdʒɜːmən ]

Ghana Ghanaian [ ɡɑːˈneɪən ]

Gibraltar Gibraltarian [ ˌdʒɪbrɔːlˈteərɪən ]

Great Britain / United

British / Briton [ ˈbrɪtɪʃ / ˈbrɪtən ]
Kingdom

Greece Greek [ ɡriːk ]

Guatemala Guatemalan [ ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlən ]

Guinea Guinean [ ˈɡɪnɪən ]

Haiti Haitian [ ˈheɪʃən ]

Hawaii Hawaiian [ həˌwaɪən ˈʃɜːt ]

Honduras Honduran [ hɒnˈdjʊərən ]

Hungary Hungarian [ ˌhʌŋˈɡeərɪən ]

Iceland Icelander [ ˈaɪsləndə ]

India Indian [ ˈɪndɪən ]

Indonesia Indonesian [ ˌɪndəˈniːzɪən ]

Iran Iranian [ ɪˈreɪnɪən ]

Iraq Iraqi [ ɪˈrɑːki ]

Ireland Irish(man) [ ˈaɪrɪʃ mæn ]

Israel Israeli [ ɪzˈreɪli ]

Italy Italian [ ɪˈtæljən ]

Jamaica Jamaican [ dʒəˈmeɪkən ]

Japan Japanese [ ˌdʒæpəˈniːz ]

Kazakhstan Kazakh [ ˈkæzæk ]

Kenya Kenyan [ ˈkenjən ]

Kuwait Kuwaiti [ kʊˈweɪti ]

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz [ ˈkɪrɡiz ]

Latvia Latvian [ ˈlætviən ]

Lebanon Lebanese [ ˌlebəˈniːz ]

Liberia Liberian [ laɪˈbɪərɪən ]

Libya Libian [ lɪˈbɪən ]

Lithuania Lithuanian [ ˌlɪθəˈweɪniən ]

Luxemburg Luxemburger [ ˈlʌksəmbɜːɡə ]

Madagascar Madagascan [ ˌmædəˈɡæskən ]

Malaysia Malayaian [ məˈleɪzɪən ]

Malta Maltese [ mɔːlˈtiːz ]

Mexico Mexican [ ˈmeksɪkən ]

Moldova Moldovan [ ˌmoldoˈvɑːn ]

Monaco Monegasque [ ˌmɒnəˈɡæsk ]

Mongolia Mongol [ ˈmɒŋɡəl ]

Morocco Moroccan [ məˈrɒkən ]

Nepal Nepali [ nɪˈpɔːli ]

Netherlander/ [ ˈneðələndə ]
Netherlands / Holland
Hollander [ ˈhɒləndə ]

New Zeland New Zelander [nju’ðiləndə ]

Nicaragua Nicaraguan [ ˌnɪkəˈræɡjʊən ]

Nigeria Nigerian [ naɪˈdʒɪərɪən ]

North Korea North Korean [ nɔːθ kəˈrɪən ]

Norway Norwegian [ nɔːˈwiːdʒən ]

Oman Omani [ əʊˈmɑːni ]

Pakistan Pakistani [ ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːni ]

Panama Panamanian [ ˌpænəˈmeɪnɪən ]

Papua New Guinea Papuan [ ˈpæpjʊən ]

Paraguay Paraguayan [ ˌpærəˈɡwaɪən ]

Peru Peruvian [ pəˈrʊvɪən ]

Poland Pole [ pəʊl ]

Portugal Portuguese [ ˌpɔːtʃʊˈɡiːz ]

Puerto Rico Puerto Rican [ ˈpwerˌtəʊ ˈriːkən ]

Romania Romanian [ rəˈmeɪnɪən ]

Russia Russian [ ˈrʌʃən ]

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian [ saudi əˈreɪbiən ]

Senegal Senegalese [ ˌsenɪɡəˈliːz ]

Singapore Singaporean [ ˌsɪŋəˈpɔːrɪən ]

Slovakia Slovak [ ˈsləʊvæk ]

Slovenia Slovene [ sˌloˈviːn ]

South Africa South African [ saʊθ ˈæfrɪkən ]

South Korea South Korean [ saʊθ kəˈrɪən ]

South Ossetia South Ossetian [ saʊθ ˌɑːˈseʃjən ]

Spain Spaniard [ ˈspænɪəd ]

Sudan Sudanese [ ˌsuːdəˈniːz ]

Sweden Swede [ swiːd ]

Switzerland Swiss [ swɪs ]

Syria Syrian [ ˈsɪrɪən ]

Taiwan Taiwanese [ ˌtaɪwəˈniːz ]

Tajikistan Tajik [ ˈtɑːdʒɪk ]

 Thailand Thai / Thailander [ taɪ ]

Tunisia Tunisian [ tjuːˈnɪzɪən ]

Turkey Turk [ tɜːk ]

Turkmenistan Turkman [ ˈtɜːkmən ]

Uganda Ugandan [ juːˈɡændən ]

Ukraine Ukrainian [ juːˈkreɪniən ]

United States of
American [ əˈmerɪkən ]
America / USA

Uruguay Uruguayan [ ˌjʊərəˈɡwaɪən ]

Uzbekistan Uzbek [ ˈuːzbek ]

Venezuela Venezuelan [ ˌvenɪˈzweɪlən ]

Yemen Yemenite [ ˈjemənaɪt ]

Exercise 3. Say the nationality.

Example:
I am from Russia - I am Russian
1.You are from England;
2. Marty is from America;
3. My friends are from Spain;
4. We are from France;
5. She is from Japan;
6. I'm from Italy;
7. My mother is from Australia;
8. Marcos is from Brazil;
9. That waiter is from Mexico;

Exercise 4. Say in English.

1. Италия / Он из Италии. / Он итальянец.

2. Испания / Он из Испании. / Он испанец.
3. Англия / Он из Англии. / Он англичанин.
4. Германия / Он из Германии. / Он немец.
5. Франция / Он из Франции. / Он француз.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions.

1. Where are you from?

2. What is your nationality?
3. What language do you speak?
4. What is the official language in your country?
5. What is the capital of your country?

Exercise 5. Ask the questions.

Example:
_____________? - Yes, she is from Germany.
Is she from Germany? - Yes, she is from Germany.
1. _____________? - Yes, I'm from the USA.
2. _____________? - Yes, they are from Italy.
3. _____________? - Yes, he is British.
4. _____________? - Yes, she is from Germany.
5. _____________? - We are from China.
6. _____________? - No, they aren't from England, they are from Scotland.
7. _____________? - No, the operator isn't Brazilian, he is Spanish.
8. _____________? - She is from Austria.
9. _____________? - Yes, I'm Italian.
10. _____________? - No, the parcels aren't from Poland.
 Postal codes. Telephone codes

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Study the new words.

identifier идентификатор, обозначение

recipient получатель
inherit наследовать
approximate приблизительный
assign назначить

READING

Exercise 1. Read the text.

A postal code is a local post office identifier that delivers mail to a specific
recipient. There are no international postal codes (postal codes of countries).

Each country has its own postal code system.

At the same time, postal services of some countries use a system of postal codes
of neighboring, larger countries - for example, Monaco is included in the postal
code system of France. Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan
use postal codes inherited from the Soviet Union.

In other countries, there are no postal codes at all. These countries include, in
particular, Ghana. In others, there are postal codes, but they are rarely used - for
example, in Israel people often do not know their postcode, and letters are
delivered quickly and clearly.
 To search for a real postal code at a specific address in any country in the world
where postal codes are used, there is a site lookup.addressdoctor.com. But the
information there is very approximate, so it is better to use the postal code search
service on the website of the postal service of the destination country.

As for telephone codes, each country has its own assigned telephone code. There
is a site countrycode.org to find the telephone code of a country.

What are the stages of realization? To call from Belarus abroad:

 First, find the country code that you want to call.

 Dial the international code: 8+ tone + 10
  Dial the country code without waiting. For example 34 for Spain or 44 for
England …
 Then dial the phone number of your correspondent.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What is a postal code?

2. Why do some countries use a system of postal codes of other countries?
3. What postal codes are used in Belarus?
4. Do all countries of the world use postal codes as identifiers for delivery?
5. What are the ways to define a postal code and a telephone code of a country?
6. What are the stages of calling from Belarus abroad?

UNIT 10 МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ПОЧТОВЫЕ ОТПРАВЛЕНИЯ

International Mailing

LEAD IN

 Did you send any letters, parcels and other postal articles abroad? If
yes, where and whom to?
VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

mailing services почтовые услуги

a postal article почтовое отправление

time-constraints сроки

a full range of services полный набор услуг

a postage rate тариф почтовой оплаты

to settle up рассчитаться

outbound исходящий

to dispatch отправлять, отсылать

a recipient получатель

to sign подписывать

ensured letter гарантированное письмо

destination место назначения

certificate of merit сертификат качества

bar-coded label штрих-код

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

 WHAT ARE YOU MAILING?

Several mailing services are available to suit your every need depending on the type

of postal article itself (whether fragile/valuable/heavy, etc) and time-constraints, if

any, for a postal article to reach its final destination. Therefore, it is important to

identify what postal service is most appropriate for you, before sending your mail,

to benefit from the full range of services available and to make sure that you apply

the correct postage rate. If in doubt, check the applicable postage rates online. You

should be aware, that if a postal article carries insufficient postage, the addressee will

be obliged to settle up to double the shortfall in postage.

ORDINARY MAIL
LOCAL

All local mail posted before 19.00 between Monday and Friday and 15.00 on
Saturdays will be processed on the same day and delivered on the following
working day.

INTERNATIONAL

Outbound international mail that is posted before 19.00 between Monday and
Friday and before 15.00 on Saturday is collected, processed and dispatched to
its destination (loaded on aircraft) on the following working day to any EU country
and following three working days for all other countries.

REGISTERED MAIL

If you need proof that a postal article has been delivered, whether locally or overseas,
you would need to use the Registered Mail Service, which requires the signature of
the recipient upon delivery of the postal article.
You would need to call at any post office during retail opening hours and request this
service. Counter staff will stick a bar-coded label containing a unique registration
mail number (for example, RR 123456789 MT) on your postal article. A copy of the
same bar-coded label is attached on a “Registered Mail Card‟ and handed over to
you, after being date-stamped. Keep this card just in case you would need to make an
enquiry on the registered item or should you need to prove that you have purchased
the service.
If when posting a local registered postal article, you did not ask for an AR card, and
later realize that you do need to know when your item was delivered and who signed
for it, you can always ask for “Proof of Delivery”. At an additional charge, the
postal service provider will give you a copy of the recipient’s signature, as well as an
official letter stating the date of delivery.
Written messages and business papers are sent in international ordinary and
registered letters.

Articles and copies of documents certified by notary (securities, diplomas,

passports, driving licenses, pension and litigation files, public bonds, shares,
lottery tickets, certifications of vital records, certificates of merit, picture
postcards, etc.) which are of certain value for the user are sent in international
ensured letters.

Exercise 1. Look at the table. Describe the types of postal items and
services.

Delivery charge for international letters (from January 1, 2015)

Delivery charge (regardless of

user categories), Rbl

Types of postal items and VAT

No VAT*
services included

By
By road By air By air
road

Letters:

Ordinary with weight of:

Up to 20 g 26,50 30,00 31,27 35,40

From 21 g to 100 g 54,00 69,00 67,32 81,42

From 101 g to 250 g 107,00 144,00 126,2 169,92

6

From 251 g to 500 g 205,00 272,50 241,9 321,55

 0

From 501 g to 1000 g 354,00 532,00 417,7 527,76

2

From 1001 g to 2000 g 655,00 1053,00 772,9 1242,5

0 4

Registered:

Payment for weight is

collected as for an ordinary
letter according to the means
of conveyance (either by road
or by air)

Payment for registered – - 77,00 - 90,86

regardless of weight and
means of conveyance for the
whole item

Ensured :

Payment for weight is collected

as for an ordinary letter
according to the means of
conveyance (by road or by air)

Payment for registered – - 90,86

regardless of weight and means
of conveyance for the whole
item

Payment for ensured – for every - 0,04

whole or fractional rouble of
appraised value
No VAT if payment for service is attested by stamps.
Exercise 2.Say what do the following figures relate to?

30.00, 54.00, 69.00, 77.00, 90.86, 107.00, 144.00, 205.00, 272.50, 321.55,
354.00, 532.00, 655.00, 772.90

Exercise 3. Find updated information concerning delivery charge for

international letters and make a new table:

Delivery charge (regardless of user

categories), Rbl

Types of postal VAT

No VAT*
items and services included

By
By road By air By air
road

Letters:

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences according to the text.

9. At an additional charge, you will be given....

10.You can always ask for “Proof of Delivery” …
11.All local mail will be processed on the same day and delivered on the
following working day if…
12. If no return address is provided...
13.It is very important to identify what postal service....
14.If you are not sure, check....
15.A lot of mailing services are available....
16.A postal clerk sticks a bar-coded label ….

Exercise 5. Find in the text the equivalents of the following Russian words and

word combinations.
вынужден рассчитаться, доставка, откладывать, обратный адрес, обеспечивать,

удваивать, адресат, вручать почту, исходящая почта, дополнительная оплата,

услуга, наклеивать, ярлык кода штриховой маркировки, почтовые расходы

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What should you do before sending your mail?

2. What should you be aware of?

3. When has all local mail to be posted in order to be delivered on the following

working day?

4. What is about the outbound international mail?

5. What would you have to use for the proof that your postal article has been

delivered?

6. In what way is the outbound international mail dispatched to its destination?

7. In what country is the outbound international mail dispatched on the following

day?

8. In what cases can you ask for “Proof of Delivery”?

9. What will the postal service provider give you at an additional charge?

10. Is it important to identify what postal service is most appropriate for you? Why?

11. What kinds of ordinary mail do you know?

12. What is the difference between them?

13. What kind of mail do you need for proof that a postal article has been delivered,

whether locally or overseas?

Exercise 2.Try to guess the words and expressions which fit the following
definitions and make sentences with them.

1. ‘a man who carries letters’

2. ‘payment for postal services’

3. ‘envelope with a printed postage stamp’

4. ‘printed paper with spaces to be filled in’

5. ‘the person to whom the letter is addressed’

6. ‘government system of collecting, carrying and delivering letters and parcels’

7. ‘letter sent by special post, paying an extra charge and getting a receipt for
insurance’

8. ‘receive the money sent by post or telegraph’

9. ‘special stamps that do not need moistening to make them sticky’

10. ‘to call mail back before it is delivered’

 11. ‘a card which gives proof of delivery’

12. ‘(formal) to put the letter at a Post Office’

13. ‘a street container for collecting outgoing mail’

Exercise 3. Match the words and word combinations on the left with their
definitions on the right.

postal outlet showing the weight of a postage

book post a branch of the GPO (General Post Office)

stamped envelope a postal service providing special low rates for

books
destination lett a letter sent by special post; paying an extra

ext charge and getting a receipt for insurance

express delivery a person or thing that receives or is awarded
something
letter balance-scales delivery by special postal messenger

registered letter Thi a thing or things wrapped and tied up for

delivering by post, etc.
parcel price demanded for extra services
special charge the kind of delivery when the receiver signs
recorded delivery worthiness or excellence
envelope envelope with a printed postage stamp

(syn. prepaid envelope) on it

bar-coded wrappers or covering, esp. made of paper

for a letter
recipient the place to which someone or something is
going or being sent
a certificate of merit a group of printed bars to be scanned
WRITING

Exercise 1. Fill in the sentences with the following words from the box.

final destination
pillar-box
stamp
letter-box
envelope
postman

signature
sending your mail
mail
address

1. Another word for the post is the….

2. Each letter or postcard must have a ….
3. The man who delivers letters is the…..
4. Putting your name at the end of a letter is called….
5. The location you put down on the envelope is the….
6. Before mailing the letter you must put it into an….
7. Then you drop the letter into a ….
8. The place where the postman delivers your private mail is the….
9. A postal mail is always delivered to its…. ….
10. For …. …. …. you have to pay a visit to the post office.

Exercise 2. Use the following words and word combinations in your own
sentences.
to identify, postal service , addressee, delivery, available, to delay, international mail,
local mail, signature of the recipient, local registered postal article

ACTIVITY

 Describe the procedure of sending a letter by registered mail.

 The role of postal services in our life.
 In small groups do the project: « Ordinary mailing a letter and
registered mailing a letter».
 Parcel Post
LEAD IN

 Have you ever sent/received a parcel? Where to/from?

 What do you like more: to send parcels or receive them? Why?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

to wrap properly завернуть (упаковать) как следует,

должным образом
postal operator почтовый оператор
main / head post office главный почтамт
to affix прикреплять
ballpoint шариковая ручка
fragile хрупкий, ломкий
air mail /air letter / aerogram
тонкая почтовая бумага для авиапочты,
складывающая в конверт /
радиограмма; письмо, отправленное
авиапочтой
 tape лента, плёнка
roll of stamps рулон марок
to declare указывать, заявлять
to send a package collect  отправить посылку наложенным
платежом
book—rate /third class почтовая служба доставки бандеролей
to send by book rate посылать бандеролью
express mail / overnight mail срочное письмо, экспресс почта;
ночная почта
to purchase покупать, приобретать
first class mail почтовое отправление первого класса
custom-made box коробка, изготовленная на заказ

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

Posting a Parcel

When you are posting a parcel, make sure that all items are properly wrapped. Soft
items, like small items of clothing, can be mailed in padded envelopes. When solid or
breakable items are purchased in custom-made boxes, you can just wrap the box in
thick brown paper and then tie it securely with strong string. You can also use tape to
secure the edges and corners of the box but tape should never be used to cover the
whole surface area of a parcel because doing that would increase the chances of the
parcel being damaged or tampered with.
If the item you wish to post does not have its own box, an alternative should be found
closest in size to the item being mailed.
Fill any extra space in the box with crushed newspapers, straw or polystyrene to
prevent the item from moving around whilst in transit and possibly getting damaged.
Make sure you write the addressee and mailing address, as well as your sender
details, clearly on the parcel, preferably in block capitals, using a ballpoint or felt
pen. If the package is fragile, make sure you clearly mark it as such and also point it
out to the counter staff when mailing the item.
You will need to fill up certificates and documents as may be required by the law of
the receiving country or as otherwise directed by the postal operator. In all
instances, you must give a detailed description, which must be clearly visible, of the
item/s you are mailing.
You should also affix a CN 22 form (customs declaration form) on postal articles
not exceeding the value of approximately €337.
In order to avoid any complications for the release of the postal article in the
receiving country, you must fill in all the information requested in the form CN22
and must always declare the correct value of the article because the ultimate
responsibility for the contents and value of the article remains yours.
You should indicate your preferences in instances of non-delivery on the form
supplied. If mailing-back is requested, remember that you will have to pay for it.

Exercise 1. Look through the text and find the sentences where the words from
the vocabulary are used, read them and translate.

Exercise 2. Read the text attentively and then from the statements given below
choose four which are taken from the text above.

1. The raw material of the postal services, always a single object that demands
individual treatment, is something sent by one person (or entity) to another
who may be anywhere in the world.
2. You will need to fill up certificates and documents as may be required by the
law of the receiving country or as otherwise directed by the postal operator.
3. Letters and parcels in all shapes and sizes are subject only to the limits of
weight and dimension prescribed by postal legislation.
4. If postal services are to be efficient and economical, these items must be mass-
processed, as far as it is possible.
5. When solid or breakable items are purchased in custom-made boxes, you can
just wrap the box in thick brown paper and then tie it securely with strong
string.
6. Thus, the basic function of postal organization is to convert the individual item
as rapidly as possible into something that can be handled on a bulk basis,
ensuring, however, that it finally regains its individual status.
7. When you are posting a parcel, make sure that all items are properly wrapped.
8. You should also affix a CN 22 form (customs declaration form) on postal
articles not exceeding the value of approximately €337.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Put all kinds of questions to the following sentences.
1. It’s necessary to write the mailing address and the sender details in block capitals
on the parcel.
2. Extra space in the box must be filled with crushed newspapers, straw or
polystyrene.
3. A sender fills up certificates and documents as may be required by the law of the
receiving country.
4. A sender must fill in all the information requested in the form CN22 (customs
declaration form).

Exercise 2. Insert the words from the vocabulary.

tape fragile felt pen box affix

counter staff declare parcel solid ballpoint

1. … boxes can be wrapped in thick brown paper.

2. You can use … to secure the edges and corners of the box.
3. Аny extra space in the …must be filled with crushed newspapers, straw or
polystyrene.
4. The mailing address, as well as the sender details must be written clearly on ...in
block capitals with a …or… .
5. A … will help you to fill up certificates and documents as may be required by the
law of the receiving country.
6. A sender should … a CN 22 form (customs declaration form) on postal articles.
7. A sender must always … the correct value of the article.

8. If the package is …, point it out to the counter staff when mailing the item.

Exercise 3. Read the following dialogues in roles. Make up the dialogues in

analogy.

 Good morning. I would like to send this parcel to China, please. How much
does it cost?
 Well, we have to know its weight first. Can you put the parcel on the scales,
please? So, it weighs 3 kg. Is there anything fragile inside?
 Oh yes. I’m sending a bottle of perfume to my aunt. So I need some special
wrapping paper for that, please.
 OK. No problem, sir. Please, write down the address on the package legibly.
And would you like to insure the parcel?
 I would rather not. There is nothing valuable in it. So how much is the
postage?
 That`s 40 dollars for the stamps and for our wrapping and packing services all
 together.
 Do you accept credit cards?
 Yes, of course.

ACTIVITY

 Discuss in small groups:

- sending a parcel, filling up certificates and documents,
- receiving a parcel, conversation with a postal clerk
 Explain the difference between the following words and word
combinations. Consult the dictionary if necessary.
insufficient postage - sufficient postage; packet – parcel; ordinary mail – registered
mail; local – international; to send mail – to receive mail.

UNIT 11 АДРЕСАЦИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ПОЧТОВЫХ

ОТПРАВЛЕНИЙ

International Mail Addressing

LEAD IN

 Have you ever written the address in a foreign language yourself while
posting a letter to your foreign friend? If no, who helped you?
 Did your foreign friend come across any difficulties writing your
address?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
 to capitalize использовать
to require требовать, нуждаться
to ensure обеспечивать, удостовериться
undeliverable letter недоставленное письмо
certification of vital records запись актов гражданского состояния
state indicia государственные знаки
transit time срок доставки
notary нотариус
sequence последовательность
certain value определённая ценность
driving license водительские права
enhance legibility улучшать разборчивость
certificate of merit сертификат качества
the locality name населенный пункт
for consistency для соответствия

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

SENDING MAIL

HOW TO ADDRESS LETTERS and PARCELS

In order to ensure that your mail gets delivered promptly and correctly, it is
important to address and stamp the envelope or parcel accurately.
Write the address, parallel to the longest side of the envelope. Start to write on the
left hand side of the envelope, following this sequence :
1st line: Name of addressee
2nd line: House/flat name and/or number + Street/Square name
3rd line: Town/City
4th line: Postcode
5th line: Country name 9
 Types of International correspondence

Written messages and business papers are sent in international ordinary and

registered letters.

Articles and copies of documents certified by notary (securities, diplomas, passports,

driving licenses, pension and lottery tickets, certifications of vital records,

certificates of merit, picture postcards, state indicia, etc.) which are of certain value

for the user are sent in international ensured letters.

How to Address an Envelope with International Mail

Air mail is a longer transit time, so taking care to address the envelope properly will
reduce delays or undeliverable letters. An international post will need to be processed
by the sender's country and the recipient's national postal service. The format for
processing an international envelope is slightly different from the format for domestic
mail. Include your return address in the same international format in case the receiving
country has problems processing the mail. Printed (instead of cursive) writing enhances
legibility.
 Start with the full name of the recipient and his company as the first line of the
address. Positioning the first line slightly above the center of the envelope to give
yourself enough room for the complete address. This example uses "Mr. Alfred Smith"
for the person's name and "Acme PLC" as the company name. PLC stands for Public
Limited Company.

As the second line the building name is required unless there is a street address. Some
locations only have a building name and not a street address. This example uses "Acme
House" as the building name. If present, the number and street name is required on the
next line. This example uses "3 High Street" as the street address.

On the next line, the locality name is required only to distinguish a similar road name
in the same area. This example uses "Hedle End" as the locality name. The next line
requires the town or city and post code in capital letters. English convention is to put the
post code on the final line. However, since the envelope is coming from the United
States, the convention is to include the code on the same line as the city name,
capitalized. This example uses "SOUTHAMPTON SO31 4NG." The final line requires
the name of the country, capitalized for consistency, in this case, "ENGLAND."

Exercise 2. Supply the Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
transit time, to address the envelope, delays, undeliverable letters, an international

post to process the mail, to be of certain value, legibility, the convention, delivered

promptly and correctly

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

1. What are the general recommendations for addressing an envelope with

international mail?

2. What is written on the first line of the address?.

3. What should a sender write on the last line of the address?

4. On which line should the locality name be written?

5. In what kind of letters are written messages and business papers sent?

6. Is it important to address and stamp the envelope or parcel accurately or not?

Why?

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Comment on the statements based on the text you’ve read. While
doing the task, you should, first, say which of the statements are true,
which are partly true and which are false, and then give the correct
variant.

1. Postal outlets meet the customers’ needs for a variety of services.

2. At the Post Office one can only receive mail and send it off.

3. With the arrival of e-mail the volume of mail delivered has declined sharply.

4. At the Post Office you buy stamps, postcards, note-paper and envelopes, stamped
envelopes, postal orders and different forms.

5. There is no need to moisten stamps when you stick it on a prepaid envelope.

6. Prepaid envelopes are costly and inconvenient.

7. Addressing the letter correctly ensures quick delivery.

8. With the advanced letter sorting technology it does not matter whether the address
format is structured consistently or not.
 9. Postcode is the first item in the address.

10. The address lines should be parallel to the bottom of the envelope and each line
should start at the same point on the right hand side.

11. The sender’s address is placed in the top left corner of the envelope.

12. There is no way the customer can withdraw his mail.

13. There are no ways to ensure safe delivery.

14. There are few benefits of Registered Post.

15. The delivery confirmation card is signed by the addressee or a nominated person
on their behalf and returned by post to the sender.

16. There is no confirmation on the domestic person-to-person delivery.

17. A custom’s declaration is completed when sending documentation.

Exercise 2. Ask the partner for some detailed information.

- how to have mail delivered promptly and correctly;

- the proper way to write an address on an envelope;

- mailing of articles and copies of documents certified by notary;

- the format for processing an international envelope

Exercise 3. Act out the dialogue with another student explaining how to send a
letter of particular value (on the basis of the information given below).

When sending a letter of particular value you should have it registered (with or without

declared value).The advantage of this service is that required letters are not left with the

ordinary mail in a letter box, delivered personally (the addressee has to sign them). The

sender is given a receipt at the post-office so he can always trace a letter. Of course, there

will be a special charge.

Exercise 4. Complete the General Addressing Tips with given words: the
bottom, inks, the postcode, amount, on the left, should be underlined,
corner

It is important that the zones on the envelope, indicated below, are observed at all
times.

 Use the correct postcode – don’t guess it if you don’t know it. …. should be the
last item in the address.

 Use clear print – Print clearly using dark ink, preferably black on white. Red,
yellow or orange ….should be avoided.

 Keep the address straight – the address lines should be parallel to …. of the
envelope

 Don’t indent or stagger address lines – each line of the address should start at
the same point …. hand side

 Space words correctly – leave one or two character spaces between the place
name or post office of delivery and the State or Territory abbreviation, and
the same …. of space between the State or Territory abbreviation and the
postcode.

 Don’t underline anything – no words in the address …..

  Include a return address – place the sender’s address in the top left …. or on the
back side of the envelope.

WRITING

Exercise 1. Fill the text with the following words from the box.

an international envelope postal service the post code

ordinary and registered transit the envelope or parcel
the full name of the recipient in capital letters

1. The format for processing … is slightly different from the format for domestic
mail.
2. The recipient's national …. …. and the sender's country should be written on the
envelope in an international post.
3. An international post will need to be processed….
4. It is important to address and stamp …accurately.
5. Air mail is a longer …time, so taking care to address the envelope properly will
reduce delays or undeliverable letters.
6. English convention is to put …on the final line.
7. Start with …and his company as the first line of the address. As the second line the
building name is required unless there is a street address.
8. The next line requires the town or city and post code….

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with suitable words.

1. If you write the address properly, it will…

2. The full name of the recipient and his company must be…

3. Business papers and written messages are sent…

4. Unless there is a street address a building name …

5. The locality name is required only to distinguish…

6. To put the post code on the final line is…

7. The name of the country is needed for…

Exercise 3.Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Отправления заказных писем, мелких пакетов, бандеролей проводятся

либо на почтамте, либо в почтовых отделениях.

2. На первой строке конверта обычно указывается полное имя получателя.

3. При любом почтовом отправлении название страны должно указываться

отправителем на последней строке.

4. Авиапочта - очень удобный вид доставки, особенно если письмо нужно

отправить в отдаленный пункт.

5. По почте можно отправить не только письмо, но и денежный перевод.

6. В Британии адрес отправителя обычно пишут внизу, а адрес получателя

следует писать разборчиво в центре.

7. При заполнении адреса на конверте нельзя пользоваться курсивом.

8. В случае утраты заказного письма страховое возмещение может

составлять до 100$.

ACTIVITY

 Make a short presentation on the topic: « Sending a greeting card to

your friend/relative »

LEAD IN

Telegrams
 Have you ever used a post office for sending telegrams/registered letters?
 Have you ever received poste restante letters? If yes, what were they about?
 How often do you use electronic telegrams?
 What is more convenient: to send a telegram at the post office or to use
electronic mail?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

ordinary telegram простая телеграмма

omission пропуск, пробел
urgent telegram срочная телеграмма
a reply-paid telegram телеграмма с оплаченным

ответом
greeting telegram поздравительная телеграмма
telegram form бланк
to fill in a form заполнить бланк
the word cable телеграмма внутри страны
long-distance telephone call междугородний телефонный

звонок
query вопрос
wire телеграмма

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

Telegrams
Telegrams used to be the usual means of communication in certain types of business
and life. Today post offices are equipped with telex machines and with direct
telephone lines to foreign countries and the importance of the telegram in such areas
has been greatly reduced. Nevertheless, not every firm or a person can be reached
by telex, and long-distance telephone calls are very expensive, so telegrams are still
of very great importance in most branches of life. In Britain, and in most other
English-speaking countries, the word cable is often used for a telegram sent out of
the country, whereas the term wire normally refers to an inland telegram. Both words
can be used as nouns, verbs and adjectives: 'We have received your wire (cable)'
'You cabled (wired) us last week' —'You have not confirmed your cable (wire)
reply'. Telegrams are used for urgent messages, but speed must be paid for, and a
good deal of skill is necessary if great expense is to be avoided. The cost depends on
two factors: the distance the telegram has to travel, and the number of words it
contains. It is of the greatest importance to make sure the telegram is clear, and
economy often has to be sacrificed in the interests of clarity. The omission of, say, a
preposition will save a few pence, but it may in certain cases result in uncertainty,
and there will obviously be no saving of either time or money if the receivers have to
telegraph back to find out what the message really means. One of the characteristics
of telegrams in English is that prepositions are usually left out and particles often
convey the meaning of verbs. Similarly, pronouns, conjunctions and auxiliaries can
be omitted provided this does not interfere with the meaning of the message.
Punctuation is limited to the words 'stop' and 'query': the former is inserted at the end
of a statement, the latter after a question.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions.
1. What may the post assistant be concerned with?
2. Where are telex machines and direct telephone lines installed?
3. Why are telegrams still of very great importance?
4. What is limited to the words 'stop' and 'query'?
5. What is one of characteristics of telegrams in English?
6. What is the role of omission of prepositions?
7. Which calls are the most expensive ones?

Exercise 3. Read the full text of the messages and pay attention to the way how
they were converted into the telegrams.
a) A. Bill Marsden told Ron Howells to send Foster a telegram, asking him to tell them
what he was doing in Hong Kong, and to inform them of the details of his future
arrangements. Here is the full text of the message that Howells wanted to send:

«It is important that we have information on your activities. Could you send us
urgently details of your present activities and your future arrangements? The
information we have received so far is not adequate. We hope everything is going
well. »

Ron Howells

When he sent the telegram, it looked like this: Important we have more
information. Send full details of all your present activities and future
arrangements. Information received so far not adequate. Hope all ok. Howells

Notice that Howells has shortened the message, leaving out all “unimportant”
words. The message still makes sense.

в) In telegrams you can very often leave out:

pronouns: “I left London yesterday” can become Left London yesterday;

the verb “to be”: “Sadrina is in London “ can become Sadrina in London;

prepositions: “I’m arriving in Singapore on Monday” can become Arriving

Singapore Monday. But always make sure that the message is clear:

Sadrina is coming to London on Wednesday. I’m going to Hong Kong on

Thursday.

This cannot be shortened to:

Sadrina is coming London Wednesday. Going Hong Kong Thursday,

because this looks as if Sadrina is going to Hong Kong.

с) Here are some more examples.

Original message:

Can you send me ₤100 as soon as possible? I am staying in Bali until Thursday,
then going to the Sea view Hotel in Hong Kong.

Telegram:

Send ₤100 soonest; staying Bali till Thursday, then going to Sea view Hotel
Hong Kong.
(soonest means “as soon as possible”. It is only used in telegrams).

d) Telegram:

Arrived Singapore yesterday. Visited Sadrina offices. Sadrina in Manila.

Send further instructions.

The original message was:

I arrived in Singapore yesterday. I have visited the Sadrina offices, but Sadrina is
in Manila. Can you send me further instructions?

Exercise 4. Work out the full message from the following telegrams.

1. Returned Manila Sunday.

2. Need further details. Send to Tourist Hotel soonest.

3. Broken leg. Unable to travel two weeks. Please send ₤500 medical fees.
Inform wife. Returned May 29.

Exercise 5. Match the words and word combinations on the left with their
definitions on the right.

A post assistant may also be a properly qualified person.

A post clerk must be to make sure the telegram is clear.

Telegrams used to be called to help a client in writing a telegram.

It is of the greatest importance usual means of communication in certain

types of business and life.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Act out the dialogues taking the roles of a postal clerk and a client.
Make up the dialogues in analogy.

a) C. - Could you tell me how much this parcel to Germany is?

P.C. - I’ll have to check. Is there anything else?

C. – Yes. Half a dozen envelopes and a roll of twenty-five cent stamps. I also need a
large registered envelope.

P.C. – That’ll be $9.95 in all.

C. – Thank you. Here it is. Could you give me a 2 p. piece in the change, please. I
want to make a phone call.

b) T: I’d like to send this letter by registered mail.

P.C: Then you have to fill in this form.

T: OK, here you are.

P.C: Do you want a return receipt?

T: What is a return receipt?

P.C: This receipt is returned to you as a proof that your letter was delivered to your
addressee.

T: Well, of course, I’d like to have a return receipt.

P.C: Then fill in this additional postcard which would return to you after your
addressee gets the letter.

T: OK, thank you.

WRITING

Exercise 1.Give the definitions of the following words and expressions according
to the example:

telegram

written; piece of information; you; send; to another person; by telegraph.

e.g. A telegram is a written piece of information that you send to another person
by telegraph.

appointment

an arrangement; a meeting; an agreed time; place; a particular purpose.

meeting

an event; people; to meet; to discuss; to decide things.

 writing of letters

the activity; skill; writing letters; someone; an organization; a company.

replies

something; written; said; a way of answer; to invitations.

meeting

an event; people; to meet; to discuss; to decide things.

writing of letters

the activity; skill; writing letters; someone; an organization; a company.

replies

something; written; said; a way of answer; to invitations.

Exercise 2. Write down questions to the given answers.

1.Yes, telegrams are used for urgent messages.

2. With telex machines and with direct telephone lines to foreign countries.
3.In Britain, and in most other English-speaking countries.
4.Yes, long-distance telephone calls are very expensive.
5.Similarly, pronouns, conjunctions and auxiliaries.
6.Punctuation is.

ACTIVITY

Exercise 1. Act out the dialogues taking the roles of David Foster and a postal
clerk. Make up the dialogues in analogy.

a)

 Foster: Good afternoon.

 Clerk: Good afternoon, sir.

 Foster: I’d like to send this telegram to London.

 Clerk: Oh, yes. Sure. I’ll have to have a look at it first. That’s three dollars,
sir.

 Foster: Well, how long does it take the telegram to get to London?

 Clerk: It’s about three or four hours.

 Foster: Three or four hours?

 Clerk: Yes.

 Foster: Could I send it Express?

 Clerk: Yes, of course you can. But you’ll have to pay another three dollars.

 Foster: That’s fine.

b)

 Traveller: Good afternoon.

 Clerk: Good afternoon, sir.

 Traveller: I’d like to send this letter to Hong Kong, please. Could I send it by
Registered Mail?

 Clerk: Of course, sir. Please fill in this form, giving your name, address and
content of the letter.

 Traveller: Yes. The content is rather valuable.

 Clerk: You’ll have to pay an extra charge. Now, the rates are seventy pence
for a hundred pounds of insurance cover and one pound for two hundred
and fifty pounds of insurance cover.

 Traveller: That’s all right. How much do I have to pay altogether, then?

 Clerk: Let’s see. That’s twenty-six pence for the airmail letter, plus sixty
pence for the registration, plus a pound for the extra cover, which makes
₤1.86 altogether.

 Traveller: There you are.

 Clerk: Thank you very much. And here’s your receipt.

 Exercise 2. Look at the picture and think of short stories about your visit
to the post-office for sending a letter/a registered letter/a telegram/a
parcel.

UNIT 12 УСЛУГИ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ СВЯЗИ, РАДИОСВЯЗИ, ТЕЛЕ-

И РАДИОВЕЩАНИЯ (ИНТЕРНЕТ, ТЕЛЕФОНИЯ, ТЕЛЕГРАФИЯ)

Telephony. Operators of Communication of RB.

International Telephone Calls

LEAD IN

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

 What are telephones used for?

 Who do you usually phone and why?
 Do you think telephones are still popular with many people?
 Do you know the telephone number of a local post office?
 What operators work on the territory of the Republic of Belarus?
 Which of them is the biggest one?
VOCABULARY
 Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

assign выделять
take effect вступать в силу
serf the Internet сидеть в интернете дополнительные
value-added services услуги

Beltelecom

Beltelecom was founded on July 3, 1995. On 5 December 1994, the

Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the International
Telecommunication Union assigned a new international telephone code to the
Republic of Belarus +375. The code had taken effect from 16 April 1995.

Mission of Beltelecom - bringing people together, giving the freedom to

communicate and obtain information.

The company’s brand portfolio consists of the brand Beltelecom, that

represents voice communication, data transmission, hosting and other services as
well as the brands byfly (high-speed Internet access) and ZALA (interactive
television).

 Byfly makes it possible

 to surf the Internet and make telephone calls at the same time;
 high data rate enabling comfortable work with large volumes of
information, including multimedia files;
 anytime access to the Internet without the need to re-establish a
connection every day;
 a wide variety of operating modes with and without traffic accounting.
Thanks to ZALA you can choose packages of TV channels, group them,
connect to value-added services and so on.

Beltelecom provides a complex of different services for all categories of users.

Subscribers using telephone, Internet access and interactive TV services can

reduce their costs by purchasing these services in packages.
 Beltelecom provides various ways of telephone connections: local, long
distance and international.

Speak about

- the history of Beltelecom foundation

- the mission of Beltelecom
- the possibilities of Byfly 

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

Joint Limited Liability общество с ограниченной

ответсвенностью
launch запускать
rural settlements сельская местность
comprise включать
licence лицензия
to implement воплощать в жизнь
cellular сотовый
to render предоставлять
to put into запускать
to enable давать возможность
data transfer speed скорость передачи данных
READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

MTS – Belarus (GSM, 3G standards)

Communication is one of the most important components of people's

relations. In September 2001, Russian Company Mobile TeleSystems( MTS ) won
an international tender conducted by Belarus Communications Ministry for
providing GSM communications services in Belarus. To implement the project,
a Joint Limited Liability Russian-Belarus Company was established — LLC
Mobile TeleSystems.

Mobile TeleSystems Joint Limited Liability Company (MTS LLC) in

Belarus was launched in 2002 by the Belarusian company Beltelecom and Russian
Company MTS

MTS is the first GSM cellular operator in Belarus to operate in GSM-

900 and GSM-1800 standards. The company has completed the coverage of the
territory of Belarus.

MTS started out in Belarus with the slogan ‘Two Nations — One
Communication’. The residents of Russia and Belarus have always been
traditionally close in friendship and business. MTS helps them to communicate
more easily with one another.

The development of the cellular mobile telecommunication networks is aimed at

the further coverage of the rural settlements, including agrarian towns, as well as at
the improvement of the quality of such service rendering in the cities and along the
international transport passages,

MTS Belarus today has about 4 million subscribers, its network covers
more than 80% of the country's territory inhabited by 93% of the population. MTS
network comprises 2,700 base stations and 27,000 transmitters.

VELCOM (trademark Privet) (GSM, 3G standards)

8.7 million subscribers use mobile communication in Belarus. There are

8,300 base mobile stations in the country. People use one of three operators of
mobile communication by standard GSM («МТS», «Velcom», «Life:)».
 Global star system in Belarus was put into commercial service in 2001.

Velcom, the first satellite cellular communications mobile operator in

Belarus, is an official representative of Globalstar in our country.

Nowadays Velcom network covers the whole territory of Belarus. Velcom is

offering services such as sale of Globalstar phones, making contracts with
subscribers, technical and user support for Globalstar customers.

BeST- Life:) (GSM 900/1800, 3G standards)

BeST- (Belarusian Satellite Telecommunications Network) is the third

(after Velcom and MTS) national GSM services provider of Belarus. BeST was
founded in 2004. In 2005 it received a licence to provide GSM 900/1800 services.
Commercial services of BeST were launched in 2006. By the end of 2017 the
amount of Life:) users had reached 1 million.

Life:) is a market leader in implementing innovative services. It provides

data transfer speed 5 times higher than GPRS. It enables the subscribers to access
Internet with the help of laptops anywhere in the zone of life:) GSM coverage. It
offers new and simple ways of paying for mobile services!

Life:) has wide roaming coverage — through 430 operators in 170 countries
of the world.

To provide its subscribers with high quality services Life:) has already
opened exclusive Life:) shops and service centers.

Exercise 2. Find the equivalents of the following Russian words and word
combinations in the text and read the sentences where they are used.

Мобильный оператор сотовой связи, абонент, сельская местность,

устанавливать контакты, агрогородок, официальный представитель, центр
обслуживания, коммерческая услуга, выиграть международный тендер,
легче общаться, нацеливать на дальнейший охват, количество
пользователей, обеспечивать передачу данных.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

 1. Who was an international tender conducted by Belarus Communications
Ministry for providing GSM communications services in Belarus won by?
2. What slogan did MTS start out in Belarus with?
3. What is the development of the cellular mobile telecommunication networks
aimed at?
4. What is the total number of subscribers who use mobile communication in
Belarus?
5. What services does Velcom offer?
6. Is BeST the third (after Velcom and MTS) or the fourth national GSM
services provider of Belarus?
7. What was opened to provide Life:) subscribers with high quality services?

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. Mobile TeleSystems Joint Limited Liability Company (MTS LLC) in Belarus

was launched in 2002 by……..
2. MTS helps the residents of Russia and Belarus…..…..
3. Today MTS Belarus has about 4 million subscribers, its network covers more
than 80% of the ………..
4. Velcom, the first satellite cellular communications mobile operator in
Belarus………..
5. Velcom is offering services such as sale of Global star phones, making
contracts with………….
6. Life:) is a market leader in………
7. To provide its subscribers with high quality services………

Exercise 5. Match the information in the table with the appropriate

operators and use it in the sentences of your own.

MTS 430 operators in 170 countries

of the world
VELCOM 4 million subscribers, 2,700 base
stations and 27,000 transmitters
BeST- Life:) 8.7 million subscribers, 8,300 base
mobile stations

Which operator do you trust most of all and why?

How do you appreciate these operators?

LANGUAGE PRACTICE
 Exercise 1. Match the words and word combinations on list A. with their
definitions on list B.

A) Communication, innovative, network subscriber, support, cellular,

coverage, licence, to implement, slogan, satellite, telecommunication

B) An arrangement of intersecting horizontal and vertical lines, a person who

has arranged to receive or access a service, the area that can be covered by a
specified volume, a short and striking phrase used in advertising, new methods or
ideas, communication over a distance by cable (telegraph, telephone), the
telephone that can be used anywhere you go, to put into effect, exchanging of
information by speaking, (writing or using some other medium), an artificial body
placed in orbit round the earth or another planet, give assistance to, a permit from
an authority to own or use something

Exercise 2. Discuss the following question in pairs or small groups.

The advantages of using MTS, the first GSM cellular operator and Velcom, the first
satellite cellular communications mobile operator in Belarus.
WRITING

Exercise 1. Put all kinds of questions to the following sentences.

1. Life:) is a market leader in implementing innovative services.

2. MTS helps the residents of Russia and Belarus to communicate more easily
with one another.
3. Velcom is the first satellite cellular communications mobile operator in Belarus.

Exercise 2. Put down the sentences using the following word combinations.

The cellular mobile telecommunication network, to offer services, to implement

the project, to complete the coverage, to be launched, to access Internet.

ACTIVITY

 Do the project: «You are making an international telephone call».

 Do the project: «You are consulting a satellite cellular communications
mobile operator».

Telegraphy. Sending and receiving telegrams and fax messages

LEAD IN

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

 Why is telegraph still used now?

 What can you say about modern telegraph services in your country?
VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

electrical pulse электрический импульс

wire провод
switch переключатель
clockwork-operated cylinder заводной цилиндр
discard отбрасывать
duplex дуплекс
quadruplex квадруплекс
multiplex мультиплекс
wireless беспроводной
teleprinting system система телепечати
facsimile факсимиле
satellite спутник
circuit схема
broadcast широковещательный
reamplification повторная амплификация
carrier current несущий ток
link ссылка
band группа
mast мачта
curvature кривизна
line-of-sight поле зрения
direct-dial прямой набор
punched card перфокарта
perforated tape перфорированная лента

READING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

 Telegraph

1. Introduction

Telegraph is a system of communication employing electrical apparatus to

transmit and receive signals in accordance with a code of electrical pulses.
Originally the term telegraphy referred to any form of communication over long
distances in which messages were transmitted by signs or sounds.

2. The Morse Telegraph

The first electrical instruments for telegraphic transmission were invented in

the United States by the American inventor Samuel F. B. Morse in 1837 and in
Britain the same year by the British physicist Sir Charles Wheatstone in
collaboration with the British engineer Sir William F. Cooke Morse used a simple
code in which messages were transmitted by electric pulses passing over a single
wire. Morse's apparatus, which sent the first public telegram in 1844, resembled a
simple electric switch. It allowed current to pass for a prescribed length of time
and then shut it off, all at the pressure of a finger. The original Morse receiver had
an electro-magnetically controlled pencil that made marks on paper tape moving
over a clockwork-operated cylinder. The marks varied with the duration of the
electric current passing through the wires of the electric magnet and took the
written form of dots and dashes. While experimenting with his instrument, Morse
found that signals could be transmitted successfully for only about 32 km (20 mi).
Beyond that distance the signals grew too weak to be recorded. Morse and his
associates therefore developed a relay apparatus that could be attached to the
telegraph line 32 km from the signal station to repeat signals automatically and
send them an additional 32 km. The relay consisted of a switch operated by an
electromagnet. An impulse entering the coil of the magnet caused an armature to
rotate and close an independent circuit actuated by a battery. This action sent a
fresh pulse of current into the line, and this pulse in turn activated successive
relays until the receiver was reached. A few years after Morse developed his
receiving instrument and demonstrated it successfully, telegraph operators
discovered that it was possible to distinguish dots and dashes by sound alone, and
the Morse recording apparatus was therefore discarded.

Because telegraphy was too expensive for widespread use, several means of
sending some messages simultaneously over a single line were developed in
duplex telegraphy, the earliest advance of this kind, one message can be
transmitted simultaneously in each direction between two stations. In quadruplex
telegraphy, invented in 1874 by the American engineer Thomas Edison, two
messages were transmitted in each direction simultaneously. In 1915 multiplex
telegraphy came into use, permitting the transmission of eight or more messages
simultaneously Because of this and the development of teleprinting machines
during the mid-1920s, the Morse manual telegraph system of code and key was
gradually discontinued for commercial use and replaced by automatic wire and
wireless radio-wave methods of transmission.

3. Automatic Telegraph Systems

There are two basic systems of modern telegraphic communication, the

teleprinting system (teletype), which is still in use, and the facsimile reproduction
system, which became obsolete in the 1980s

A Teleprinting. In teleprinting, the message is received in the form of typed

words on a paper form. In this system each letter of the alphabet is represented by
one of 31 combinations of five equal-interval electronic impulses, with the
sequence of used and unused intervals determining the letter. The start-stop
printing code uses seven pulses for each character, the first pulse indicating the
beginning and the seventh pulse the end of the letter. The transmitter or
teletypewriter consists of a typewriter like keyboard and may or may not record the
message on tape before it is transmitted. The receiver is basically like a typewriter
without a keyboard that prints the message on a tape or a paper form. Most
machines in the start-stop system are both transmitters and receivers. News
organizations were among the major users of the teletype and similar
communications systems. By the early 1990s, however, press associations and
broadcast media transmitted both text and pictures electronically via satellite.

B Facsimile. Reproduction Facsimile telegraph systems, which send and

receive images and text, have been rendered largely obsolete by facsimile
transmission, commonly referred to as fax.

4. Telegraph Carrier Media

The electrical impulses that make up telegraph messages may be carried

through wire circuits or may be broadcast as radio waves.

When Morse invented the telegraph, the only way that a message could be
carried from one point to another was by wire* strung directly from the
transmitting device to the receiver, regardless of the distance The wire could carry
only one message at a time, and reamplification and signal correction devices had
to be set up at regular points along the line. By utilizing carrier currents, which are
alternating currents of a number of different frequencies, a single pair of wires can
simultaneously transmit hundreds of messages, for each frequency represents a
transmission channel. The various channels are combined at the sending station
into the carrier current transmitted by the telegraph wires. At the receiving end
the carrier current is passed through electrical filters, each of which transmits only
a particular frequency to an appropriate receiving device. Thus, a great number of
individual channels may be obtained with only one electrical circuit.

5. Microwave Transmission

The use of microwave radio transmission for long-distance telegraphic

communication all over the world grew to be of major importance after World War
II ended in 1945 The first commercial microwave radio link in telegraphy began
operation between Philadelphia and New York City in 1947 It was followed in
1948 by a three-way network linking New York City, Washington, DC and
Pittsburgh. The system then spread rapidly across the United States through the use
of microwave relay antenna towers.

Microwave telegraphy is capable of carrying vocal, printed, graphic,

photographic, and video communication almost instantaneously and in large
quantities. It operates in the 4000-megahertz range of the commercial
communications band. In this range, 40 voice bands are available in either
direction, providing about 800 telegraph channels. The radio signals originating at
the broadcast source are relayed to their destination by a series of parabolic
reflector antennas mounted at the top of tall masts. In order to overcome
weakening of the signal by distance and the curvature of the earth, these
microwave relay antennas are placed at line-of-sight intervals about 48 km (about
30 mi) apart. For intercontinental communication, artificial geosynchronous
satellites are used as relay antennas for voice, data, graphic, and video signals
between ground-based stations.

6. Modern Telegraph Services

In the 1950s and 1960s a variety of public and private telegraphic services
became available from various carriers.

A Telex. In 1958 a system of direct-dial teleprinter exchange, called Telex,

was introduced, and within ten years it had more than 25,000 subscribers. The
Telex system enabled subscribers to send messages and data directly to other
subscribers in North America and, through the facilities of international carriers, in
many other parts of the world. In some areas Telex subscribers could also send
messages to non-subscribers by dialing special communications centers that
delivered the messages as telegrams.
 B Broadband Exchange Service. This service, introduced in 1964, provided
subscribers with a choice of high-quality radio channels for the rapid transmission
of data in various forms, for facsimile and other record communications, and for
voice communication. Improvements to the system made it possible to achieve
high-speed transmission—up to 5000 characters per second—between computers
and business machines.

C Private Wire Systems. These services used for high-speed exchange of

data, are leased by businesses or government agencies that have branches in many
parts of the world. They operate through digital computer centers by means of
punched cards, perforated tape, and magnetic tape. The largest and most
advanced of these systems is the Automatic Digital Data Network (AUTODIN),
which serves the U.S. Department of Defense. The Advanced Record System
(ARS) serves the General Services Administration of the federal government.
Other private wire systems serve large brokerage firms and banks.

D Computer Centers. In response to the needs of subscribers for a variety of

communication and information services, "computer-library" centers have been
established to provide exchange of data and collection of information of every
possible type. The computer centers are available to subscribers through the Telex
system and through normal telephone lines.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. Who invented the first electrical instruments for telegraphic transmission?

2. How were messages transmitted? 3. How did the original Morse receiver work?
4. What do you know about duplex, quandruplex and multiplex telegraphy? 5.
What are the basic systems of modern telegraphic communication? 6. How may
the electrical impulses be carried? 7. When did the commercial microwave radio
begin operation in telegraphy? 8. How does microwave telegraphy work? 9. When
was microwave transmission established? 10. What can you say about the Telex
system"? 11. What did Broadband Exchange service provide subscribers with? 12.
What were private wire systems used for? 13. Why were computer centers
established?
 Exercise 3. Choose the best answer.

1. The word telegraph refers to ...

a) radio-relay system, b) system of communication; c) pulse-modulation

system; d) control system.

2. Duplex telegraphy implies that...

a) four messages can be transmitted simultaneously in each direction

between 2 stations, b) three messages can be transmitted simultaneously in each
direction between 2 stations; c) two messages can be transmitted simultaneously in
each direction between 2 stations; d) one message can be transmitted
simultaneously in each direction between 2 stations.

3. The word receiver defines .

a) equipment that converts signals; b) equipment that receives signals; c)

equipment that creates signals; d) equipment that generates and sends electro-
magnetic impulses.

4. To transmit messages implies that one should ...

a) send information to smb.: b) deliver messages; c) send a letter to smb.; d)

dial smb.'s number

5. Telegraphic communication consists of...

a) two basic systems the teleprinting system (teletype) and the facsimile; b)
teletypewriter switching system; c) television relay system; d) time-division
multiplex system.

6. The word transmitter refers to...

a) equipment that transforms signals; b) equipment that reflects signals: c)

equipment that sends out signals; d) equipment that modulates signals.

7. The word communication means ...

a) the process by which people exchange information; b) data collection; c)

the process of making a telephone call; d) the process of mastering new
technologies

8. The best explanation of Telex might be ...

 a) a triplex system: b) a system of sending messages from one place to
another: c) a system of direct-dial teleprinter exchange d) an optical
communication system.

9. Microwave telegraphy deals with...

a) scanning process; b) carrying vocal, printed, graphic, photographic and

video communication almost instantaneously; c) developing process; d)
lithography process.

10. The best explanation of the Broadband Exchange Service might be a)

service which provides subscribers with a choice of high-quality radio

channels for the rapid transmission of data in various forms; b) long distance
service: c) broadcasting service; d) public radio communication system.

11. The word teleprinting means that…

a) the message is received in the form of symbols; b) the message is received

in the form of codes; c) the message is received in the form of typed words on a
paper form; d) the message is received in the form of digits.

12. The best definition of the Facsimile telegraph systems might be ...

a) systems which disseminate information from public information supplies

into home or office; b) paging systems; c) systems which display still frames of
information from a remote data base on a home TV set screen; d) systems which
send and receive images and texts.

Exercise 4. Use the right verb from those given below to complete the
text:

to lease, to send, to deliver, to relay, to operate, to make up, to receive, to

print, to record, to set up, to mount

1. In teleprinting the message is ... in the form of typed words on a paper

form 2. The teleprinter may ... the message on tape. 3 The receiver is basically a
typewriter without a keyboard that... the message on a tape or a paper form. 4.
Signal correction devices had to be ... at regular points along the line. 5. Facsimile
telegraph systems ... and ... images and text. 6. The electrical impulses ... telegraph
messages 7. Microwave telegraphy ... in the 4000 - megahertz range of the
commercial communication band. 8. The radio signals are ... to their destination by
parabolic reflector antennas. 9. Parabolic reflector antennas are ... at the top of tall
masts. 10. In some areas Telex subscribers ... messages to non-subscribers by
dialing special communication centers that... the messages as telegrams. 11.
Private wire systems are ... by business agencies that have branches in many parts
of the world.

Exercise 5. Are the following statements True of False?

1. The first electrical instruments for telegraphic transmission were invented

in Russia. 2. Morse's apparatus, which sent the first public telegram in 1844,
resembled a simple electric switch. 3. In quadruplex telegraphy, invented in 1874
by the American engineer Thomas Edison, four messages were transmitted in each
direction simultaneously. 4. The first commercial microwave radio link in
telegraphy began operation between Philadelphia and New York City in 1947. 5.
In 1958 a system of direct dial teleprinter exchange, called Telex, was introduced.

Exercise 6. Express the main idea of each part/paragraph of the text in

one sentence.

ACTIVITY

 Speak about the advantages and disadvantages of using telegraph.

 Make presentations (Pneumatic telegraph/ Optic telegraph)

Television and radio broadcast

LEAD IN

1.  Are radio and TV widely used in today’s world?

2.  What role do radio and TV play in people’s lives?
VOCABULARY

Study the following words and word combinations.

accompanying sound звуковое сопровождение

internal electronic circuit внутренняя электронная схема
decoding декодирование, расшифровка
tuner тюнер (род телевизионного приёмника,
предназначенный для приёма телевизионного
сигнала в различных форматах)
broadband широкополосный доступ
disseminate распространять
technological convergence технологическая конвергенция (cлияние)
surveillance наблюдение
feature особенность, характерная черта
designated channels определенные каналы

READING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

Television broadcast

Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving

moving images that can be monochrome (black-and-white) or colored with or
without accompanying sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a
television set, television programming or television transmission.

The etymology of the word has a mixed Latin and Greek origin meaning "far
sight". Commercially available since the late 1920s the television set has become
commonplace in homes, businesses and institution particularly as a vehicle for
advertising a source of entertainment and news. Since the 1970s the availability of
video cassettes, laserdiscs, DVDs and now Blu-ray Discs have resulted in the
television set frequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast
material. In recent years Internet television has seen the rise of television available
via the Internet. Although other forms such as closed-circuit television (CCTV)
are in use. The most common usage of the medium is for broadcast television
which was modeled on the existing radio broadcasting systems developed in the
1920s and uses high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the
television signal to individual TV receivers.

The broadcast television system is typically disseminated via radio

transmissions on designated channels in the 54–890 MHz frequency band.
Signals are now often transmitted with stereo or surround sound in many countries.
Until the 2000s broadcast TV programs were generally transmitted as an analog
television signal but by 2012 many countries are planning to move to digital TV.

A standard television set comprises multiple internal electronic circuits

including those for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display
device which lacks a tuner is properly called a video monitor rather than a
television. A television system may use different technical standards such as digital
television (DTV) and high-definition television (HDTV). Television systems are
also used for surveillance, industrial process control and guiding of weapons in
places where direct observation is difficult or dangerous.

In 2012 the development of broadband enabled the integration of the Internet

and Web 2.0 features into modern television sets and set-top boxes as well as the
technological convergence between computers and television. Such TVs are
called smart TV's or "connected TV" which is the biggest current innovation in
consumer electronics.

Exercise 2. Find Russian equivalents for the following words and learn them.

1. monochrome

2. consumer electronics

3. high-powered radio-frequency

4. designated channel
5. visual display

6. to broadcast

7. receiving

8. high-definition television (HDTV)

9. direct observation

a) телевидение высокого разрешения

b) прием
c) монохромный (черно-белый)
d) мощная радиочастота

e) непосредственное наблюдение

f) определенный канал

g) бытовая электроника

h) вещать

i) визуальный дисплей

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences.

1. … specifically to a television set television programming or television

transmission.

2. Commercially available since the late 1920s the television… .

3. … the existing radio broadcasting systems developed in the 1920s and uses….

4. Until the 2000s broadcast TV programs were generally transmitted…

5. … used for surveillance, industrial process control and guiding of weapons in

places where direct observation is difficult or dangerous.

6. A standard television set …multiple internal electronic circuits including those

…broadcast signals.
Exercise 4. Define the sentences as true or false according to the text.

1. Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images that

can be only monochrome (black-and-white) without accompanying sound.

2. Commercially available since the late 1940s the television set has become
commonplace in homes, businesses and institutions particularly as a vehicle for
advertising a source of entertainment and news.

3. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is properly called a radio monitor
rather than a television.

4. Signals are now often transmitted with stereo or surround sound in one country.

5. Until the 1990s broadcast TV programs were generally transmitted as an analog

television signal but by 2020 many countries are planning to move to digital TV.

6. In 2012 the development of broadband enabled the integration of the internet

and Web 2.0 features into modern television sets and set-top boxes as well as the
technological convergence between radio and television.

Exercise 5. Translate the following abbreviations.

DVDs, HDTV, CCTV, DTV.

Exercise 6. Form nouns from the following verbs.

To use, to design, to transmit, to consume, to record, to produce, to communicate,

to move, to inform, to develop, to invest, to transact, to invent.

READING
Exercise 1. Before reading say:

 if you listen to the radio and how often

 nowadays could people live without radio

Radio in Our Life

Radio is a great invention. A.S. Popov, a well-known Russian researcher,

constructed the first radio receiver in the end of the 19th century. Popov’s
experiments had shown that wireless communication was possible. His device has
been perfected since then and gave the birth to development of a number of new
technologies in communication. Today, radio takes many forms, including wireless
networks and mobile communications of all types, as well as radio broadcasting.
Different kinds of devices are being designed and produced. They possess a wide
range of possibilities. Radio is very important for people. People use radio as a
way of communication. In all countries radio is the main means of warning of all
kinds of disasters. It helps to organize evacuation of people if necessary. In some
cases, when the telephone is not available we may use radio communication.
Today radio communication is unlimited. It is used in different scientific and
practical fields. For example, space flights would be impossible without radio.
Radio is an important media. We may know news over the radio very quickly.
Many people use the radio as a source of information in the fields of science,
culture, art, and so on. Sometimes we listen to the radio for fun. It is very pleasant
to listen to some beautiful music or a funny story when you are going by bus, by
car or by train.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. When was the first radio receiver invented?

2. What forms does radio take today?
3. Why is radio very important for people?
4. How is radio used in practical fields?
5. Why do people listen to the radio?

ACTIVITY

 Speak about the role of television and radio in people’s lives

 The Internet and the mail service
VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words.

impact влияние, воздействие

to leaf through листать
shift сдвиг
tangible осязаемый
to stay in instant touch with оставаться на связи с
shrink сокращаться
proliferation распространение
allied союзный, схожий
meanwhile между тем
insurance страхование
scan сканировать
a fee плата

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

The eclipse of "snail mail" in the age of instant electronic communication has
been predicted at least as often as the coming of the paperless office. Is the Internet
hurting the mails, or helping? It's doing both. The harmful side of the Internet's
impact is obvious but statistically less important than many would guess. People
naturally write fewer letters when they can send e-mail messages. To leaf through
a box of old paper correspondence is to know what has been lost in this shift: the
pretty stamps, the varying look and feel of handwritten and typed correspondence,
the tangible object that was once in the sender's hands. To stay in instant touch
with parents, children and colleagues around the world are to know what's been
gained. But even before e-mail, personal letters had shrunk to a tiny share of the
flow. Personal mail had long ago been reduced to a minimum with the
proliferation of telephone services in the last 50 years.

Personal letters of all sorts, called "household to household" correspondence,

account for less than 1 percent of the 100 billion pieces of first-class mail that the
Postal Service handles each year. Most of that personal mail consists of greeting
cards, invitations, announcements and other mail with "emotional content," a
category that is generally holding its own.

The same higher-income households that rely the most on e-mail correspondence
also send and receive the most letters. Whatever shrinkage e-mail has caused in
personal correspondence, it is not likely to do much more.

The Internet and allied technologies, meanwhile, are increasing the volume of old-
fashioned mail in three ways.

The first: Postal Service fulfillment of transactions made on the Internet. About
two million prescriptions a day are delivered by first-class mail.

The second force also involves finance. Many studies conclude that people are
more and more willing to make payments online, but that they strongly prefer to
receive the original bills on paper, by mail.

Mail to households from credit card companies has risen about 10 percent a year.
In turn, banks, telecommunication companies, insurance companies and
investment houses send more mail.

Third: the increasing sophistication of the Postal Service's own technology. The
Postal Service has now installed similar scanning equipment, and in principle it
can bar-code and scan every envelope or postcard and know where it is at any
time. In reality, it does this mainly for a fee, for businesses that want to know their
material has reached the right audience at the right time, for instance, the Thursday
before a weekend sale at a local store.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. Why do people send fewer written letters?

2. Why is written mail called “snail mail”?
3. What had been reduced to a minimum with the proliferation of telephone
services in the last 50 years?
4. What does most of the personal written mail consist of?
5. How are the Internet and allied technologies increasing the volume of old-
fashioned mail? What are three ways of this increasing?

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences according to the text.

 1. The eclipse of "snail mail" in the age of instant electronic communication …
at least as often as the coming of the paperless office.
2. … with parents, children and colleagues around the world is to know what's
been gained.
3. But even before e-mail, personal letters had shrunk to … .
4. About two million prescriptions a day … by first-class mail.
5. Many studies conclude that people are more and more willing to … online.

LISTENING

Exercise 1. Before watching the video «Internet of postal things» study

the words and word combinations.

to notify - уведомлять
adjustment - регулировка
utility bill – счет за коммунальные платежи
dashboard – панель управления

Exercise 2. Watch the video «Internet of postal things» and answer the
questions.

1. How are the recipients notified that their packages are out for delivery?
2. How do the smart mailboxes work?
3. What additional services can the connected carrier provide?
4. Where does the carrier mobile device forward information about the
day’s collection?
5. In what ways can this real-time management improve postal services?

ACTIVITY

 Speak about the role of the Internet in postal communication

 Sending and receiving e-mails
LEAD IN
 How often do you send electronic mails?
 Do you find this way of mailing more comfortable?
VOCABULARY
margin line новая строка
comma запятая
reply ответить
delete удалить
CC (carbon copy) вторичные получатели писем
attachment вложение (прикрепленный файл)
link ссылка

Exercise 1. Study how to issue an e-mail in a proper way.

Exercise 2. Read the email below.

Reply | Reply to all | Forward | Delete

From: Samir
To: Sales Team
CC: Hatem Trabelsi; Patricia Bartlett
Subject: RE: Meeting next week
Attachments: New proposal.rtf (376KB)

Hello Sales Team,

I’ve got an idea for next week – see the attached file. I’d like to hear what you
think about my suggestion.
I think Hatem and Patricia may be interested, so I’ve copied them in too. Let’s talk
more at the meeting next week.

Regards, Samir

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the right word.

attachment delete send open СС link

1. You can … an email to one or more people.

2. When you get an email, you must … it before you can read it.

3. With your email, you can include an … (like a photo or document).

4. If you do not want to keep an old email, you can … it.

5. You can include a … to a website in your email.

6. If you are sending someone an email, and you want your manager to see it as
well, you can … your manager.

Exercise 2. Complete the e-mails with the words from the box.

attachment delete link

 Hello everybody,
I must apologise. I gave you the wrong dates for this year’s conference in my
email this morning. So please ___ that email as soon as you can. I will send
you the correct dates soon. 
Sorry again for the problem,
 Simon
 Dear Mr Prabang,
As we agreed, I am sending the contract as an ___. It is a PDF file.
Please let me know if you have any queries.
Yours,
Andrew Mortimer
 Hi Angela,
Here’s a ___ to something I saw today:
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/ielts-interview-skills/dont-get-over-
emotional.
Watch it if you can – it’s really useful!
Hans

WRITING

Write an e-mail to a customer. Use the recommendations from exercise 1

(picture) to issue a correct e-mail. Here are some ideas to help you.

 Prevent the client about a change of an address, postal code…

 Remind the customer about the package arrived…
 Notify a customer about fine payment…
Unit 13 ВСЕМИРНЫЙ ПОЧТОВЫЙ СОЮЗ

POSTAL SERVICES REGULATION

LEAD IN

Look at this picture. What does this logo signify? What do these people hold
in their hands? Are they all from one country?
Read the text and answer the question: What does the UPU logo symbolize?

The UPU emblem is full of historic significance, and takes its inspiration
from the Universal Postal Union monument erected at the beginning of the 20th
century in Berne, Switzerland.

The bronze and granite statue commemorating the Union’s founding in 1874
was unveiled on 4 October 1909. It is the work of the French sculptor, René De
Saint-Marceaux, a member of the Paris Académie des Beaux-Arts. He was
commissioned to produce the work following an international competition
organized by the Swiss Government on the theme: “Around the world”.

De Saint-Marceaux’s sculpture embodies the UPU’s truly universal mission,

depicting five messengers who symbolize the five continents as they pass letters
round the globe.

The monument’s symbolic representation was gradually accepted as the

UPU’s distinctive emblem. The logo appeared for the first time on the cover of the
UPU’s flagship magazine Union Postale in 1951, and was then used on envelopes
and official documents. The UPU’s Executive Council adopted it as the Union’s
official logo in 1967.

Today's digital age of the internet and mobile communication millions of letters
and parcels continue to crisscross the globe every day of every year. Have you ever
thought who or what organization regulates it? Try to expand the abbreviation in
the picture.
VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.

postal administration почтовая администрация

postal service почтовые услуги
The Universal Postal Union Всемирный Почтовый Союз

customer клиент
intelpost service услуги международной электронной
почты
electronic transmission электронная передача

delivery доставка
postal operations почтовые операции
primary существенный, основной
postage почтовые расходы, марка
mailing supply почтовые запасы
investigation of postal crime расследование почтового криминала

umbrella term основной, ключевой термин

Exercise 2.

A. Put the sentences into the Russian language using the vocabulary:

1. The first international postal congress was held by 22 countries in 1874 in Bern,
Switzerland. 2. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) was established in 1874 by the
Treaty of Bern. 3. Each postal administration offers its customers a basic
INTELPOST service. 4. The permanent headquarters of the Universal Postal
Union is in Bern. 5. The UPU also maintains relations with other non-UN
organizations such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International
Organization for Migration and the World Customs Organization (WCO).

B. Match the words and expressions in English with their Russian

equivalents:

a. according to an international set of 1. В соответствии с международным

rules сводом правил
b. diplomatic documents
c. international conventions
d. establish relationships
e. specialized mailing services
f. provide postal services
g. offer an INTELPOST service
h. The Universal Postal Union
2. международные конвенции
3. Всемирный Почтовый Союз
4. дипломатические документы
5. устанавливать взаимоотношения
6. оказывать почтовые услуги
7. предлагать услуги международной
электронной почты
8. специализированные почтовые
услуги

READING AND SPEAKING

Exercise 1. Read the text to do the exercises below.

Postal Administration is an umbrella term used to collectively characterize

all the functional entities within a country that participate in the regulation and
operation of domestic and international postal services. The term is widely used in
diplomatic documents and international conventions and treaties that establish
relationships between countries involving in postal services.
The Universal Postal Union (UPU) established in 1874 by the Treaty of Bern
and is now a specialized agency in the United Nations, is the international
organization that coordinates postal operations between member nations. Each
UPU member nation agrees to operate its Postal Administration according to a
common, international set of rules for international postal services. Within the
UPU conventions the term Postal Administration is used to identify a country that
provides international postal services.
The postal administrations of contiguous countries, or countries able to
correspond directly with each other without availing themselves of the services of
a third administration, determine by common consent, the conditions of the
conveyance of mails which they exchange across the frontier or from one frontier
to the other.
Each postal administration offers its customers a basic INTELPOST service.
This service consists of the electronic transmission of messages or documents
(whether in physical or abstract form) and their physical delivery.
There are essentially two primary functions of Postal Administrations:
1) Postal Regulation - Postal regulation involves the establishment of postal
policies, postal rates, postal services offered, budgeting for and financing postal
operations.
2) Postal Operations - Postal operations involve the execution of domestic and
international postal services to include the receipt, transportation and delivery of
authorized classes of mail, specialized mailing services, the operation of postal
facilities, the sale of postage, philatelic materials and mailing supplies, postal
security, and the investigation of postal crime.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What is Postal Administration?

2. Where is the term «Postal Administration» used?
3. What documents regulate relationships between countries involving in postal
services?
4. When was the UPU established?
5. Is the UPU an international or local organization?
6. What is INTELPOST service?
What are the functions of Postal Administration?

Exercise 3. Tick true (T) or false (F) for each of the sentences below,
according to the text:
1. Postal Administration is an umbrella term used to collectively characterize all
the functional entities within a country that participate in the regulation and
operation of domestic postal services.
2. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) was established in 1864.
3. Each UPU member nation disagrees to operate its Postal Administration
according to a common, international set of rules for international postal services.
4. Each postal administration offers its customers a basic INTELPOST service.
5. There are essentially three primary functions of Postal Administrations.
6. INTELPOST service consists of the electronic receiving and transmission of
messages or documents.
7. Postal Operations involve the establishment of postal policies, postal rates,
postal services offered, budgeting for and financing postal operations.
8. The term (Postal Administration) isn’t used in diplomatic documents and
international conventions and treaties.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Getting information

Work in pairs. In the text you have some more information about UPU.
You don’t have the same information. Ask and answer the questions.

POSTAL UNION, UNIVERSAL

Student A Student B
Postal Union, Universal (UPU), is … Postal Union, Universal (UPU), is a specialized
(What…?). It promotes international agency of the United Nations that sets rules for
cooperation in organizing and improving postal the free flow of mail between countries. It
services. The UPU provides technical promotes (What…?).
assistance to its approximately

What the UPU is?
It promotes international
cooperation in organizing and
improving postal services.
Part 1
Student A
Postal Union, Universal (UPU), is …
(What…?). It promotes international
cooperation in organizing and improving
postal services. The UPU provides technical
assistance to its approximately (How
many…?) member countries, which
constitute a single postal territory for
exchanging mail.
The UPU operates under an
international agreement called the Universal
Postal Convention. The convention lists
(What…?).Under the convention, member
countries set postal charges within specified
limits. If a country’s postal service receives a
greater number of mail items than it sends, it
collects the cost of handling this excess mail
from the sender country. Separate agreements
(What…?) govern.
Part 2
UPU is a specialized agency of
the United Nations that sets
rules for the free flow of mail
between countries.
What does the UPU
promote?
Student B
Postal Union, Universal (UPU), is a
specialized agency of the United Nations that
sets rules for the free flow of mail between
countries. It promotes (What…?). The UPU
provides technical assistance to its
approximately 192 member countries, which
constitute a single postal territory for
exchanging mail.
The UPU operates (Under what…?).
The convention lists postal rates and uniform
procedures for handling first– class mail,
including letters, postcards, and small packets.
Under the convention, member countries set
postal charges within specified limits. … (Why
does the country’s postal service….?) collect
the cost of handling. Separate agreements
govern other services, such as parcel post,
newspaper and magazine subscriptions, insured
letters and boxes, and money orders.
 Student C Student D
The Universal Postal Congress is the (What…?) is the main legislative
main legislative body of the UPU. It usually body of the UPU. It usually meets every five
(How often… and where?) meets. years in a member country to review and
amend the convention.
The Executive Council is a permanent The Executive Council is a permanent
body that handles UPU affairs between body that handles UPU affairs between
congresses. It consists of 40 members, elected congresses. It consists (Of how many…?)
on the basis of geographical representation. members, elected on the basis of geographical
The International Bureau is the UPU’s representation. The International Bureau is the
permanent secretariat. UPU’s permanent secretariat.
The first international postal congress was held The first international postal congress was held
by 22 countries in (When and where…?). The by 22 countries in 1874 in Bern, Switzerland.
first postal convention went into effect in 1875. (What…?) went into effect in 1875. The UPU
The UPU received (What…?) in 1878 at the received its present name in 1878 at the second
second postal congress. The UPU became a postal congress. The UPU became a
specialized agency of the United Nations in specialized agency of the United Nations in …
1947. The permanent headquarters of the (When …?). The permanent headquarters of
Universal Postal Union is in Bern. the Universal Postal Union is (Where...?).

Exercise 2. Give English equivalents using the words from the text.

1. Международное сотрудничество.
2. Устанавливать правила.
4. Улучшать почтовые услуги.
5. Обмен почтой.
6. Почтовый тариф.
7. Почтово-посылочная служба.
8. Заказное письмо (посылка).
9. Денежные переводы.
10. Подписка на газеты и журналы.
11. Всемирная почтовая конвенция.
12. Вступать в силу.

Exercise 3.Complete the sentences using the information from exercise 1:

1. UPU promotes … postal services.

2. UPU operates under ... called the Universal Postal ….

3. The convention lists postal rates and uniform procedures for handling ….

4. Separate agreements regulate ... .

5. ... went into effect in 1875.

6. ... is in Bern.

WRITING

Exercise 2. A. Do you know why we celebrate the World Post Day on 9

October? Why this day is called red-letter day? Write your answers.

B. Find in the text sentences with verbs in Passive Voice. Underline them.
Translate these sentences.

Red-letter day for Posts

World Post Day is celebrated each year
on 9 October. The event was declared by
the 1969 Universal Postal Congress in
Tokyo as a means to mark the
anniversary of the Universal Postal
Union’s (UPU) creation in 1874.
The purpose of World Post Day is to
bring awareness to the Post’s role in the
everyday lives of people and businesses, as well as its contribution to global social
and economic development.
As a result, the UPU’s member countries are encouraged to organize their own
national activities to celebrate the event, including everything from the
introduction or promotion of new postal products and services, to the organization
of open days at post offices, mail centres and postal museums. For countries
participating in the UPU International Letter-Writing Competition, national
winners are often honoured on 9 October.

Exercise 3. Write a greeting card to your colleagues as in the example and

using the expressions given:

Best wishes of further success in your work.

I congratulate with...
It gives me a great pleasure to congratulate you on…
I congratulate and wish all the best!
With all my heart I wish you…
I congratulate on this great event!
I wish you success/ happiness / joy / best of everything,
Honored your achievements ... etc.

Delighted to hear ... On this joyous day I wish you…

Were very pleased to hear ... On the occasion of… I wish you…

Heartiest congratulations Please, accept my best/warmest/most

heartfelt/heartiest/sincerest wishes!
Your outstanding achievement ...
It’s time to celebrate!

Dear colleagues!

Accept my sincere congratulations on the World Post Day!

On the 9th of October together with the postal employees throughout the
world Globex Post celebrates their professional day.
On the occasion of World Post Day I would like to wish you all best luck in
your service. Your responsibility towards your job and your loyalty to your
profession helps people all over the world to maintain and to strengthen
their relations, to receive the expected and important postal items on time.
You too can be a messenger Good Day I wish you Happy
of good news, Have a Happy Postal Day Full of warmth and
Postal Day! sun!

Exercise 4. Have you heard about the International Letter-Writing

Competition for Young People before? Read the text and write why this
competition is so important for young people?

Millions of young people all over the

world, up to age 15, have participated
in the annual International Letter-
Writing Competition for Young
People at the national and international
levels since its launch in 1971.
The competition is an excellent way of
encouraging literacy in children and
young people. It develops their skills
in composition and the ability to
express their thoughts clearly. The
contest also makes them aware of the important role postal services play in our
world

How does it work?

Each year, the UPU International Bureau announces a theme. Participating

countries then organize the competition at the national level with support from its
Post and often with the support of education authorities. All entries must be
submitted through the national Post. Each country chooses a national winner and
submits this entry to the international round, held by the UPU. An international
jury, chosen by the UPU International Bureau, judges the letters and selects the
winners and entries worthy of a special mention.
Exercise 5: Write a letter. Imagine you are a participant of the annual
International Letter-Writing Competition for Young People. First look at the
example:

20 March 2017

Antonio Guterres

UN Secretary General

Dear Secretary General,

My name is [E], I am [age] years old and I live in [City], [Country]. Just like any other
young girl, I dream of the perfect wedding, with a dazzling white dress and the perfect gentleman by my
side, of an unending buffet and throwing my bouquet, and of two wedding rings that are more beautiful
than diamonds. I dream of the perfect wedding, but it’s only a dream as I have all the time in the world
before I get married, and for that I am happy! It is just a dream for me, but for others it is a horrific
reality. Every day it becomes a reality for poor young girls who cannot defend themselves. Each year,
more than 15 million girls aged 15 and under are forced to marry men three times their age.

No doubt you have understood, Mr Secretary General, that today I would like to talk to you
about child marriage.

Child marriage is the act of marrying a child who has neither legally nor emotionally reached
marriageable age. Child marriage is the result of deep-rooted traditions, poverty, ignorance, early
pregnancy or a lack of law. Underdeveloped and poor countries are often the most affected, and the
victims are usually girls aged 15 and under. They are married to build strategic alliances and partnerships
with other families. They are married because of tradition, which leaves their parents with no choice in
the matter. They are married because they are seen as a burden and another mouth for their parents to
feed. They are married because...because...because...

The solution, the only solution to child marriage, is education. Education allows the children
of today, who will be the adults of tomorrow, to understand that age-old traditions which instruct them to
marry off their daughters are unfair, and that poverty is no excuse, especially when the men are far too
old for them. But education is not possible without means, without money. Underdeveloped countries are
often poor, lacking the means to build good education facilities and recruit qualified teachers. They settle
for low-performing schools. Aid to underdeveloped countries must, therefore, be increased, so these
countries can make up lost ground in terms of both their educators and their infrastructure. But for now,
these countries must be encouraged to strengthen their laws against child marriage. When families end up
in court for having married their child too young, they are often released without charge as they can bribe
the judge or police officer. Not to mention how the legal system can often be much too lenient in these
types of cases. And ironically, although it was a lack of money that drove them to marry off their
daughter in the first place, parents then have to find the money to bribe the legal authorities. They are
trapped in a vicious circle and only you, Mr Secretary General, have the power to help them break free
today.

Mr Secretary General, I hope that my small contribution will help you as you plan your work
for the years to come, and that you manage to end once and for all the inhumane and outdated practice
that is child marriage.

Kind regards,

[E]

The theme selected for the 2019 competition is: “Write a letter for your hero”
Letters up to 800 words in typing format from all participants should be sent
through their Headmasters to the Ministry of Education and Culture. Deadline the
28th February 2019. 
ACTIVITY

ROLEPLAY

Exercise 1. You are going to interview Bishar Abdirahman Hussein the Director
General of the UPU. In the text you some information about him.Work in groups
to prepare the questions. First look at the interview questions.

Interview questions

Tell me about yourself.

What motivates you?

How do you evaluate success?

What has been the greatest disappointment in your life?

What are you passionate about?

If you could relive the last 10 years of your life, what would you do differently?

If the people who know you were asked why you should be hired, what would they
say? 

What do you find are the most difficult decisions to make?

What is your greatest weakness?

What is your greatest strength?

Describe a typical work week.

Do you take work home with you?

How many hours do you normally work?

How would you describe the pace at which you work?

Do you prefer to work independently or on a team?

Give some examples of teamwork.

What type of work environment do you prefer?

What can you say about organization where you work?

When you are ready, one half of the group will be the interviewers, and other half
will be Bishar Abdirahman Hussein.

Conduct the interview. Begin by saying, “ Mr Hussein, it’s very kind of you to
agree to this interview. I wonder if I could ask you a few questions. First …”
 The Director General of the UPU

Bishar Abdirahman Hussein was first elected Director General of the UPU International Bureau
on 10 October 2012 during the 25th Universal Postal Congress in Doha, receiving a second
mandate during the 26th Congress in Istanbul.

Bishar Hussein has a vast experience of UPU matters and postal issues in general. He chaired the
UPU Council of Administration for the 2008-2012 cycle, having been designated by the
Government of Kenya to chair the 24th UPU Congress, held in Geneva in 2008.

In September 2010, he successfully chaired the UPU Strategy Conference held in Nairobi. The
conference provided a forum for discussion of important global issues affecting the postal sector
and paved the way for the development of the Doha Postal Strategy.

Bishar Hussein began his postal career with the Kenya Posts & Telecommunications
Corporation, which he joined in 1984 as a management trainee. He rose through the ranks and
became the first postmaster general of the Postal Corporation of Kenya in 1999. He led the postal
entity from a loss-making to a profitable and self-sustaining postal enterprise.

In 2002, he was appointed ambassador of Kenya to the United Arab Emirates, covering the Gulf
Region, for a six-year period.

He holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree (Honours) in political science and sociology from the
University of Nairobi. Throughout his 28 years of public service, Bishar Hussein has attended
many courses and seminars in postal management, human resources, finance, administration and
diplomacy.

PROJECT

Topics for project

 Director General of the UPU past, present and future

 The Post: Delivering good to the world
 UPU offers for development
 The future of the UPU
1. Choose one of the topics.
2. Collect your main ideas.
3. Collect facts in support of your main points.
4. Present your project in class.