Samartlis Jurnali: Ivane Javaxisvilis Saxelobis Tbilisis Saxelmwifo Universiteti Iuridiuli Fakulteti

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

iuridiuli fakulteti
samarTlis Jurnali
#2, 2012
UDC (uak) 34(051.2)
s-216
mTavari redaqtori
besarion zoiZe (prof., Tsu)
saredaqcio kolegia:
levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)

giorgi daviTaSvili (prof., Tsu)
avTandil demetraSvili (prof., Tsu)
mzia lekveiSvili (prof., Tsu)
guram naWyebia (prof., Tsu)
Tevdore niniZe (prof., Tsu)
nugzar surgulaZe (prof., Tsu)
lado Wanturia (prof., Tsu)
giorgi xubua (prof., Tsu)
laSa bregvaZe (T. wereTlis sax.
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
institutis direqtori)
irakli burduli (prof., Tsu)
paata turava (prof., Tsu)
gunter toibneri (prof.,
frankfurtis universiteti)
lourens fridmani (prof.,
stenfordis universiteti)
bernd Sunemani (prof.,
miunxenis universiteti)
peter heberle (prof.,
bairoiTis universiteti)
© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2013
ISSN 1987-7668
Sinaarsi
elza CaCaniZe
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis ciliswameba ................................................ 5
lela janaSvili
àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~ da èrovnebaTa eri~ ...................................................................... 15
lana canava
regionalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis forma ..................... 32
Tamar gvaramaZe
sanqciebi sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis .............................................................50
sergi jorbenaZe
saqarTvelos prezidentis gankarguleba, rogorc piradi saidumloebis
Semcveli monacemi .............................................................................................................................71
jaba usenaSvili
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis realizaciis problema sasamarTlos
kontrols daqvemdebarebuli operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis warmoebisas .........82
koba yaliCava
saqarTvelos garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis srulyofis strategiuli
aspeqtebi ............................................................................................................................................109
giorgi maxarobliSvili
M&A-is konstruqciuli efeqti saaqcio sazogadoebaze ................................................... 120
ana xaraiSvili
amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebaTa samarTlebrivi statusi
sistem-SedarebiT konteqstSi .....................................................................................................155
ana ramiSvili
korporaciuloba, rogorc qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis sistemis
ganmsazRvreli elementi...............................................................................................................173
daviT maisuraZe
hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebis sistemur-SedarebiTi analizi ................................... 194
kaxa falavandiSvili
uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis warmoSobis transformacia qarTul samarTalSi ................ 210
zaqaria SveliZe
SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulireba qarTuli kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT ............................................................................................................................................235
guram naWyebia
obieqturi Seracxvis problema sisxlis samarTalSi .......................................................... 268
qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi
danaSaulis Cadenis adgilis problemisaTvis mediis sisxlis samarTalSi ...................278
irine xerxeuliZe
arasrulwlovanTa danaSauli da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi iuvenaluri
iusticiis sistemebSi .....................................................................................................................286
gustav radbruxi
kanonieri umarTloba da zekanonuri samarTali .................................................................. 317
andrea boroni
muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistema ....................................................... 326
besarion zoiZe
profesor lado Wanturias Rvawli civilisturi azris ganviTarebaSi ...................343
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis .............................................................................. 350

elza CaCaniZe*
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis ciliswameba
1. Sesavali
qurdoba erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli danaSauli iyo. rogorc vaxtang bato-

niSvili aRniSnavs, es danaSauli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva: `qurdoba, diaR, bev-
ri rigis aris da mravalferi aris, da TviTeulad yvelas calke dawera ar iqneboda,
grZlad movidoda. qurdoba yvela swori ar aris~ (vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTali,
150-e muxli).1 imis gamo, rom samarTlis Zegli kazuistur sistemazea agebuli, yvela
SemTxvevis CamoTvlas, rogorc vxedavT, kanonmdebeli SeuZleblad Tvlis. am mraval-
gvarobis gamo yvelanairi qurdoba `swori~ ar aris.2 qurdobis araerTgvarovnebaze
miTiTeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom sxvadasxva saxis qurdobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobac gan-
sxvavebuli unda yofiliyo. vaxtang batoniSvili calke gamoyofs sami saxis qurdobas
(m. 151 – saxlis gaqurdva, rodesac col-qmari saxlSi imyofeboda, m. 152 – laSqrobisas
Cadenili qurdoba da m. 153 – qalisTvis samkaulebis Sexsna).3 am qurdobebis garda sxva
saxis qurdobisaTvis Svideulis gadaxdas awesebs. aseve qurdobis calke saxeebad unda
CaiTvalos saydris gatexa, jvarisa da xatis damtvreva, xelmwifis salaros gatexva,
ris Sesaxebac vaxtang batoniSvili aRniSnavs, rom aseTi saxis qurdobebs igi ar exeba:
`saydris gatexisa, jvrisa da xatis damtvrevisa, £elmwifis salaros gatexisa Cven ara-
feri gviTquams ra, rogorc £elmwifesa da kaTalikozsa eprianebodesT, isre gardaa£-
devinon.4 moyvanili norma miuTiTebs, rom kanonmdebeli gansxvavebul pasuxismgeblo-
bas awesebs da erTmaneTisgan gamoyofs saxelmwifos, eklesiis qonebis qurdobas kerZo
pirTa qonebis qurdobisagan. es niSnavs, rom Tu kerZo pirTa winaaRmdeg Cadenil qur-
dobaTa umetesoba kerZo deliqtTa kategorias miekuTvneba, saxelmwifos da eklesiis
qonebis qurdobis yvela SemTxveva sajaro deliqtad unda CavTvaloT. am SemTxvevaSic
deliqtis saxes gansazRvravs ara qmedeba TavisTavad aRebuli, aramed dazaralebuli
mxare. sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebSi calke gamoiyofa mekobreoba,5
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori, doqtoranti.
1
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuli, teqsti
gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963, 519.
2
swori Tanasworis mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari. ix. CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusuli
leqsikoni, meore gamocema, sastambod moamzada da winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb.,
1984, 1204.
3
4
iqve, 520.
5
mekobreoba – krexa, akleba, Zarcva. ix. CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, me-
ore gamocema, sastambod moamzada da winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984, 699;
mekobre – mtacebeli. ix. orbeliani s. s., leqsikoni qarTuli I. avtografuli nusxebis
5
samarTlis Jurnali #2, 2012
romlis mimarT dawesebuli sasjelis mixedviT erT-erT mZime danaSauls miekuTvne-

boda.
am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaule-
bis ciliswameba rogorc deliqti; arsebobda Tu ara Zvel qarTul samarTlis ZeglebSi
normebi, romlebic uSualod qurdobis an mekobreobis ciliswamebisaTvis awesebs pa-
suxismgeblobas; xolo Tu aseTi arsebobda, ra sanqciebi iyo gaTvliswinebuli da ra
saxis deliqtebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT isini. aseve, qurdobis mravalgvarobidan ga-
momdinare, Tu SeimCneva gansxvavebuli pasuxismgebloba qurdobis ciliswamebasTan
dakavSirebiT?
2. sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis ciliswameba,

rogorc deliqti
saxelmwifo danaSaulebTan erTad daviT batoniSvili qurdobis ciliswamebasac

mZime `saqmed~ miiCnevs. `ganmarteba 3 – mZimed saqmed6 Seiracxebisa, odes swamos visT¢sme
crud orguleba¡ mefis, anu wignisa, anu qurdobisa, anu cixeTa gancemisa, anu mterTa
Tana aqus miwer-mowera¡ da eseviTari~.7 Tu qurdobis ciliswamebas kanonmdebeli mZi-
me `saqmed~ miiCnevs, es gvafiqrebinebs, rom aseTi qmedeba dausjeli ar unda yofiliyo.
zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari qurdobis mravalgvarobis Sesaxeb. sainteresoa, ra saxis
qurdobis ciliswamebas gulisxmobs daviT batoniSvili, exeba es mxolod saxelmwifo
da eklesiis qurdobis ciliswamebas, Tu yvela saxis qurdoba igulisxmeba. moyvanil
normaSi qurdobasTan erTad mxolod saxelmwifo danaSaulebis ciliswamebaa moxseni-
ebuli, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom roca kanonmdebeli qurdobis dawamebaze saubrobs, am
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba saxelmwifo da eklesiis qonebis qurdobis dawameba hqondes mxed-
velobaSi. am argumentis sasargeblod erTi garemoebac metyvelebs: vaxtan batoniSvi-
lis samarTlis wignis155-e muxliT8 gansazRvrulia gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba
saxelmwifo da eklesiis qonebis qurdobisaTvis, rac mianiSnebs, rom am saxis qurdobebi
saxelmwifo danaSauladaa gamocxadebuli. Tu am mosazrebas mivyvebiT, maSin gasakviri
ar unda iyos, Tu ratom Tvlis daviT batoniSvili qurdobis dawamebas mZime danaSau-
lad. magram es mxolod varaudia, ris damtkicebac SesaZlebeli iqneba im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu moiZebneba normebi an sasamarTlo ganCinebebi, romlebic gansxvavebul pasuxismgeb-
lobas aweseben saxelmwifo da eklesiis qonebis qurdobisaTvis.
aRbuRas samarTlis 86-e muxlis pirveli nawili amkrZalav normas warmoadgens, sa-
dac sanqcia ar aris miTiTiebuli. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba STabeWdileba dagvrCes, rom
qurdobis dawameba ar isjeboda. aRbuRas samarTali – `[naparavis dawamebisa asre iqnas]
mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo i. abu-
laZem, Tb., 1991, 461.
6
saqme – moqmedeba, zmnoba, gardasvla visime, saqcieli. ix. CubinaSvili d., qarTul-
rusuli leqsikoni, meore gamocema, sastambod moamzada da winasityvaoba daurTo
a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984, 1131.
7
samarTali batoniSvili daviTisa, teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. fur-
celaZem, Tb., 1964, 154.
8
6
e. CaCaniZe, sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis ciliswameba
– 86. Tu kacman naparavi rame daswamos kacsa, dasturi ara icodes, avsa, uwesos iqs da nu
surs~.9 dasturi dajerebuls, darwmunebuls niSnavs.10 am muxlis mTlianobaSi ganxilvi-
sas Semdegi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba: pirvel nawilSi kanonmdebeli saubrobs bralis
wayenebaze, roca pirs sakmarisi safuZveli ar aqvs amisTvis. SesaZloa aq igulisxmeba
iseTi SemTxveva, roca piri keTilsindisierad cdeba sxvisi braleulobis Sesaxeb. aseTi
saxis qurdobis dawameba dasjadi ar iyo. amas gvafiqrebinebs normaSi sanqciis ararse-
boba da mxolod imis miTiTeba, rom aseTi qmedeba ùweso~11 saqcielia da pirma ar unda
Caidinos. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu piri ar daujerebs dawamebulis fics da arc mow-
meebs da mainc gaagrZelebs braldebas, misi qmedeba ukve dasjadi xdeboda. aRbuRas
samarTali – `[naparavis dawamebisa asre iqnas] – 86. magram Tu arc fici daujeros da
arca mowames uyuros, gasajos da wamouRos, da ubanTa zeda gaaqiqos, da merme sxva-
gan gamoCndes igi war£domili, mas kacs igi waRebuli misces, da raca daewamos, egzomi
erTi sxva Tavisi misces, amad rome udasturod daswama da ubralo gaawbila.12 ganqiqe-
ba ganmartebulia, rogorc didad gawbileba, gamoWeneba, Sercxvena, upatiod xseneba.13
rogorc normidan Cans, pirs pasuxismgebloba ekisreba usabuTod piris braldebisaT-
vis da ùbralo~ kacis `gawbilebisaTvis~. gawbileba Sercxvenas gulisxmobda.14 amdenad,
udanaSalo pirisTvis danaSaulis Cadenis dawameba mis Seuraxcyofas niSnavda. es norma
imis dasadastureblad gamodgeba, rom qurdobis ciliswameba pativisa da Rirsebis wi-
naaRmdeg mimarTul deliqts warmoadgenda. danaSaulis dabralebas adgili aqvs moyva-
nili muxlis rogorc pirvel nawilSi, ise meore nawilSi. maT Soris danaSaulis Cadenis
dawamebis formebia gansxvavebuli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tu dawameba imaSi gamoixateba,
rom bralmdebels sakmarisi safuZveli ar aqvs braldebisaTvis, meore SemTxvevaSi dam-
wamebeli yuradRebas ar aqcevs arsebul mtkicebulebebs da mainc swamebs qurdobis Ca-
denas, amave dros amas akeTebs saxalxod,15 e. i. aRbuRas samarTliT, qurdobis ciliswa-
mebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba rom dakisreboda pirs, dasaxelebuli ori faqtori unda
arsebuliyo. rac Seexeba deliqtis subieqtur mxares, normis mixedviT, ver vityviT,
rom pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis kanonmdebeli yuradRebas aqcevdes qmedebis
9
10
orbeliani s.s., leqsikoni qarTuli I, avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokv-
leva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo i. abulaZem, Tb., 1991, 202, 212.
11
uweso – ujero, uTavbolo, uxamsi, uSesabamo, urigo. ix. CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusu-
li leqsikoni, meore gamocema, sastambod moamzada da winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem,
Tb., 1984, 1287, 1290.
12
13
qarTuli leqsikoni, Sedgenili sulxan-saba orbelianisagan, gamocemuli raf. d. eri-
sTavis redaqtorobiT da aleqsandre episkoposis safasiTa, Tbilisi, arsen kalandaZis
da amx. stamba. 1884, 50; abulaZe i., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tb., 1973.
73; CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni. meore gamocema. sastambod moamzada da
winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984, 220.
14
CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, meore gamocema, sastambod moamzada da wi-
nasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984, 299.
15
ubani Sukas quCas niSnavda. ix. CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, meore gamo-
cema, sastambod moamzada da winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984, 1236.
7
ganzrax Cadenas. pirvel nawilSi aSkarad ikveTeba, rom piri araganzrax cdeba da uda-
naSaulo pirs abralebs danaSaulis Cadenas. rogorc aRvniSneT, kanonmdebeli aseT
qmedebas marTlzomierad ar Tvlis, magram igi dasjadi mainc ar aris. meore nawiliT,
qurdobis dawamebisaTvis pasuximgeblobis dakisreba gvafiqrebinebs, rom es qmede-
ba ganzrax unda yofiliyo Cadenili. magram normaSi ar ikveTeba, rom pirs Secnobili
hqonda udanaSaulo piris ciliswameba. imis miTiTeba, rom cilismwamebelma ar dauje-
ra dawamebulis fics da mowmeebs, ar niSnavs, rom mas gacnobierebuli hqonda udanaSau-
lo piris ciliswameba. SesaZloa piri darwmunebuli yofiliyo mainc Tavisi braldebis
simarTleSi. vfiqrobT, pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZveli ara ganzraxvis arse-
bobaa, aramed is garemoeba, rom pirs unda gaeTvaliswinebina arsebuli mtkicebulebe-
bi (fici, mowmeTa Cvenebebi).
dasaxelebul muxls exeba n. urbnelic: àrsebiTi Tviseba am bralisa [naparavis
dawameba] isaa, roca kacma namdvilad ar icis naparavis saqme da sxvas-ki swamebs – napa-
ravi Sena gaqvso. aseTi dawameba sityvieria, mxolod àvi da uwesoa~ da gadasaxadi ar
uweria. meore dawameba ufro mZime iyo, sityviT da saqmiT hmoqmedobda. rasakvirvelia,
dawamebuls SeeZlo Tavi emarTla, ficisa da mowmisaTvis miemarTa. magram damwamebel-
sac neba hqonda Tavisi ar daeSala, `gaesaja, wamoeRo (viTomda naparavi) da ubanTa zeda
gaeqiqa~ ubralod dawamebuli. Tu Semdeg naparavi sxvagan aRmoCndeboda, maSin wanaRe-
bic daubrunos da `raca daewamos, egzomi erTi sxva, amad rom udasturod daswama da
ubralo gaawbilao~.16 rogorc vxedavT, n. urbneli am muxlis pirvel da meore nawils
Soris gansxvavebas akeTebs imis mixedviT, rom pirveli dawameba mxolod sityvieria da
aseTi saxis ciliswamebisaTvis sasjeli ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, xolo meore dawameba
xdeba rogorc sityvierad, ise moqmedebiT (naparavis wamoReba). mecnieris ganmartebi-
danac Cans, rom ganzraxvas arc meore SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili. aqcenti gakeTebulia
ufro im garemoebaze, rom sityvier qmedebas `saqmiT moqmedeba~ emateba. magram, Cveni
azriT, pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis mTavari safuZveli ufro is garemoebaa, rom mtki-
cebulebebi dawamebulis sasargeblod metyvelebs da aRniSnul garemoebas cilismwa-
mebeli ar iTvaliswinebs.
aRbuRas samarTlis 86-e muxlis msgavsi normaa vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis
wignis 159-e muxli: `kacman rom kacs qurdoba Tu sxva ra ginda ra Sewamos, stanjos, bev-
ri ram upatiuri Sehkadros, daaficos, merme is saqme sxvagan gamoCndes da damficebel-
man Tu ram iqidam gamoitanos, naxevari imisia, vinc ificavs, da garjis saupatioc unda
mosces daficebulsa. iqidam kidec vera gamoitanos ra, garjis saupatio maSinac unda
mosces, bWeTagan gasinjviT, rogorc £amdes~.17 moyvanil muxlSi pirdapiri miTiTebaa
qurdobis dawamebis Sesaxeb. magram ismeba kiTxva: moicavs Tu ara es muxli sxva dana-
Saulebis ciliswamebas, radgan qurdobis Semdeg aRniSnulia `Tu sxva ra ginda ra Se-
wamos~. am SemTxvevaSi ori varaudis gamoTqma SeiZleba. pirveli, rom vaxtang batoniS-
vils mxedvelobaSi hqonda qurdobis saxeebis mravalgvaroba da meore – rom igulis-
xmeba sxva saxis danaSaulebic. ufro pirveli varudis sasargeblod unda gadavixaroT,
radgan ìqidam gamoitanos~, `ver gamoitanos~ miuTiTebs, rom sakuTrebazea saubari.
16
urbneli n., aTabagni beqa da aRbuRa da maTi samarTali, tfilisi, stamba litografia
mexxievisa da poletaevisa, 1890, 359-360.
17
8
amave dros dasaxelebuli muxli moTavsebulia TavSi `kari qurdobisa da samarTali

misi~, romlis normebi sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebs moicavs. iseve
rogorc aRbuRas samarTalSi, am SemTxvevaSic SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mxolod dawameba,
Tu is `msubuqi formiT~ iyo gamoxatuli, deliqts ar wamoadgenda, radgan aseTi for-
mis dawamebas kanonmdebeli saerTod ar ixseniebs. pasuximgeblobas iwvevda iseTi ci-
liswameba, Tu mas axlda `tanjva~,18 `bevri upatiurobis kadreba~,19 daficeba. aRniSnul
muxlSic ar ikveTeba, rom am SemTxvevaSi pirs udanaSaulo adamianis ciliswameba aqvs
gaTviTcnobierebuli. aqcenti aqac gakeTebulia dawamebis formaze, rom mas Tan unda
axldes cildawamebulis gawvaleba, upatiobis kadreba, daficeba.
aRniSnul muxls exeba g. nadareiSvilic: ùpatiobad iTvleboda, cxadia, Tu vinme
vinmes qurdobas an sxva danaSaulis Cadenas Seswamebda ise, rom saqmis namdvili viTa-
reba ar ecodineboda. socialur praqtikaSi iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac udanaSaulo ka-
cisaTvis daubralebiaT danaSaulis Cadena da am ukanasknels Tavi ficiT umarTlebia.
aseTi viTarebis gamosaxatavad vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis wignis 159-e muxli
ùpatiuris Sekadrebas~ xmarobs~.20
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela danaSaulebis mimarT, savaraudod, ase-
Ti midgoma ar arsebobda. mekobreobisaTvis umkacresi sasjeli iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
mekobre ganmartebulia rogorc mtacebeli, avazaki,21 xolo mekobreoba – krexa, akle-
ba, Zarcva.22 Tu ganmartebas daveyrdnobiT, mekobreobisas qonebis aSkara mitaceba xde-
boda. aRniSnul sakiTxs exeba bagrat kurapalatis samarTali (beqa-aRbuRas samarTali,
113 muxli): `Tu eklesia¡ mekobreTa gatexon patronisa ukiTxavad da ese daswamon, Sen
icodio, patronman mis mekobrisaman ucodneloba ficos ocdaoTxisa kaciTa da daeje-
rebis. mekobre £elTa misces, ra¡ ginda uyon, nu daemdurebis. alafica ukleblad Seq-
cion, gina maT gamoiRon~.23am SemTxvevaSi cilismwameblad gvevlineba ara dazaralebu-
li mxare, aramed Tavad damnaSaveebi. fici am muxlSic figurirebs, magram zemoT moyva-
nili normebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac fici ar iyo sakmarisi safuZveli dazaralebuli
mxarisaTvis, rom braldebaze uari eTqva, am SemTxvevaSi batonis mxridan moficarTa
moyvana sakmaris mtkicebulebas warmoadgenda misi udanaSaulobis dasadastureblad.
18
tanjva – wvalebas niSnavs am SemTxvevaSi. ix. CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni,
meore gamocema, sastambod moamzada da winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984, 1215.
19
upatiuri – pativ axdili, uSesabamo, ukadrisi. upatiod, upatiurad – pativis axdiT,
umarTebulod. upatioba, upatioeba, upatiureba – pativis axda, biabruoeba. ix. CubinaS-
vili d., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, meore gamocema, sastambod moamzada da winasity-
vaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984, 1264.
20
nadareiSvili g., adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis dacva qarTuli feodaluri samarTlis
Zeglebisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis masalebis mixedviT, Jurnali àlmanaxi~, 2000, 14,
67.
21
leva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo i. abulaZem, Tb., 1991, 461; CubinaS-
vaoba daurTo a. SaniZem. Tb., 1984, 699.
22
CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni. meore gamocema. sastambod moamzada da wi-
23
9
amrigad, qurdobis dawameba deliqtad iTvleboda, Tumca pasuxismgeblobis da-

kisrebisaTvis, rogorc Cans, ciliswamebis formas eqceoda yuradReba. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu piri mtkicebulbebis gareSe adanaSaulebda sxvas qurdobis CadenaSi, aseTi qmedeba
deliqtad ar iTvleboda. qmedeba dasjadi xdeboda, Tu braldeba aSkarad usafuZvlo
iyo, roca cilismwamebeli, arsebuli mtkicebulebebisa da mowmeTa Cvenebebis sawina-
aRmdegod, mainc qurdobis Cadenas swamebda pirs, amave dros sajarod saxels utexda.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qurdoba mravalgvari SeiZleboda yofiliyo. miuxedavad imi-
sa, ra saxis qurdobas swamebdnen pirs, aRniSnuli sakiTxi pasuxismgeblobis formaze
gavlenas ar axdenda, mTavari iyo mxolod dawamebis gamoxatvis formebi. gansxvavebu-
li mdgomareoba unda arsebuliyo mekobreobis dawamebasTan dakavSirebiT. SeiZleba
gamovTqvaT varaudi (bagrat kurapalatis samarTalis 113-e muxlis Tanaxmad), rom me-
kobreobis ciliswameba, ra formiTac ar unda yofiliyo gamoxatuli, qmedeba mainc de-
liqtad CaiTvleboda. SesaZloa, es imiT aixsnas, rom Tavad mekobreoba erT-erT mZime
danaSaulad iTvleboda.
3. sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis ciliswamebisaTvis

gaTvaliswinebuli sasjelebi
damnaSavisaTvis Sefardebuli qonebrivi sanqciebidan saxelmwifos wili rom

ekuTvnoda, amis magaliTad mohyavT vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis wignis 154-e mux-
li:24 `Tu monaparavi glexisa aris, erTiorad glexs miecemis da sxva sa£elmwifo aris~.25
magram rogor unda gadawyvetiliyo sakiTxi qurdobis ciliswamebasTan dakavSirebiT.
bagrat kurapalatis samarTliT (beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis 113-e muxli), mekobre-
obaSi Tanamonawileobis ciliswamebisas mekobre, romelic amave dros cilismwamebe-
lic iyo, dazaralebuls xelT gadaecemoda: `mekobre £elTa misces, ra¡ ginda uyon, nu
daemdurebis. alafica ukleblad Seaqcion, gina maT gamoiRon~.26 xelT micema Zarcvis
dabralebisas gasakviri ar aris. aseTi saxis sanqcia ciliswamebis sxva SemTxvevaSic
gvxvdeba, magaliTad mTxrobliT mkvlelobis dawamebisas.27 xelT micemisas damnaSave
sruliad uuflebo mdgomareobaSi vardeboda.28 amas adasturebs normis Semdegi sity-
vebi: `ra¡ ginda uyon, nu daemdurebis~.29 amis garda, mekobres àlafica30 ukleblad Se-
24
vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoridan, I, Tb., 1946, 60.
25
26
iqve, 466.
27
vaxtan batoniSvilis samarTlis wigni 38-e muxli, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vax-
tang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuli, teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daur-
To prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963, 491.
28
doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tb., 1953, 250-251.
29
30
alafi – safeneli da WurWeli. ix. orbeliani s.s., leqsikoni qarTuli I, avtografuli
nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo
i. abulaZem, Tb., 1991, 104; alafi – (spars) naSovari brZolis dros. ix. CubinaSvili d.,
qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, meore gamocema, sastambod moamzada da winasityvaoba
daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984, 19.
10
aqcion,31 gina maT gamoiRon~.32 ra Tqma unda, mekobreobisaTvis damnaSaves damoukidebe-

li sasjeli daekisreboda, rac am muxlSi ar aris miTiTebuli, albaT imitom, rom es
norma uSualod ciliswamebas exeba.
qurdobis cilismwamebels unda daebrunebina is, rac cildawamebulisagan mii-
Ro da amas garda (aRbuRas samarTali – `[naparavis dawamebisa asre iqnas] 86.) da raca
daewamos, egzomi erTi sxva Tavisi misces, amad rome udasturod daswama da ubralo
gaawbila~.33 normaSi gamoyenebuli sasjeli SeiZleba qonebriv sanqciebs mivakuTvnoT,
radgan `wamoRebuli~-Si SeiZleba igulisxmebodes is, rasac materialuri Rirebuleba
gaaCnia. savaraudod, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli iqneboda gadasax-
delis raodenoba. igi damokidebuli unda yofiliyo im nivTis fasze, risi qurdobac
daswames pirs, radgan qurdobis SemTxvevaSi gadasaxdeli Svideuli ganisazRvreboda
naqurdali nivTis mixedviT. aRbuRas samarTlis am muxlis mixedviT, SeiZleba vTqvaT,
rom qurdobis ciliswameba kerZosamarTlebriv deliqts warmoadgenda, sajaro ele-
menti am SemTxvevaSi saerTod ar ikveTeba.
vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis 159-e muxlSic qurdobis ciliswamebisas qoneb-
rivi sanqciaa gamoyenebuli: `damficebelman Tu ram iqidam gamoitanos, naxevari imisia,
vinc ificavs, da garjis saupatioc unda mosces daficebulsa. iqidam kidec vera gamoi-
tanos ra, garjis saupatio maSinac unda mosces, bWeTagan gasinjviT, rogorc £amdes~.34
garja – TavdadebiT Sromas, Tavis tkenas, Sewuxebas niSnavda.35 saupatio upatiobisaT-
vis dadgenili qonebrivi sasjeli iyo, romelic pirs dazaralebulis sasargeblod un-
da gadaexada. xolo saupatios gadaxda unda momxdariyo `daficebulis~ sasargeblod.
am SemTxvevaSi ismis kiTxva, vin iyo `daficebuli~. savaraudod, es cildawamebuli pi-
ria, romelsac Tavis marTleba qurdobis braldebis gamo ficiT mouxda. am normaSi ori
saxis sanqciaa gamoyenebuli, radgan ori saxis qmedebaa ganxiluli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
`damficebels~ `raime gamoaqvs~36 da meore SemTxvevaSi `Tu ver gamoitana~. Tumca isic
gasarkvevia, ras unda niSnavdes normaSi miTiTeba imisa, `Tu raime iqidam gamoitanos,~
an ìqidam kidec ver gamoitanos ra~. radgan raimes gamotanazea saubari, es `raime~ ma-
terialuri Rirebulebis unda iyos. zogadad qurdobis Cadenisas qurds naqurdalis
Svideuli unda aenazRaurebina. SesaZloa, roca qurdobis dawamebazea saubari, kanon-
mdebeli amaxvilebs yuradRebas im garemoebaze, moaxerxa Tu ara man cildawamebuli-
sagan am Svideulis miReba. Sesabamisad, mis mimarT sasjelis gansazRvra damokidebu-
li iyo aRniSnul garemoebaze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, vinc ificebda, misTvis unda mieca
aRebuli Svideulis naxevari da amave dros `garjis saupatioc~ unda gadaexada. meore
SemTxvevaSi ki mxolod `garjis saupatios~ ixdida. cilismwamebels fuladi sazRauris
31
Seqceva – Sevabruneb, movabruneb, ukan mivscem. ix. CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusuli
leqsikoni, meore gamocema, sastambod moamzada da winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb.,
1984, 1184.
32
33
iqve, 459.
34
iqve, 521.
35
36
vaxtan batoniSvilis 159-e muxlSi naxsenebi `Tu ram iqidam gamoitanos~ Sinaarsobrivad
igive unda iyos, rac aRbuRas samarTlis 86-e muxlSi naxsenebi `wamouRos~.
11
gadaxda uwevs, romlis naxevari ekuTvnis cildawamebulas,37 magram meore naxevarTan

dakavSirebiT ki raime miTiTeba ar aris, rac safuZvels gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom qo-
nebrivi saxdelis meore nawili saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda. amas garda, rogorc aRvniSneT
cilismwamebels saupatioc unda gadaexada cildawamebulisaTvis, im pirisaTvis, vi-
sac ficis dadeba mouwia. rac Seexeba `garjis saupatio~-s mniSvnelobas, zogadad sau-
patio, rogorc aRvniSne, upatiobisaTvis dadgenil qonebriv sazRaurs warmoadgenda.
garja ganmartebulia rogorc mousveneblobiT Sroma, Tavis tkena, Sewuxeba.38 Sesaba-
misad, `garjis saupatio~ unda niSnavdes qonebriv sazRaurs, romelic pirs eZleoda im
`SewuxebisaTvis~, rom mas mouwia ficis dadeba. radgan saupatios odenoba ar aris mi-
TiTebuli, savaraudod, is unda yofiliyo damokidebuli cildawamebulis socialur
statusze.
Zvel qarTul samarTalSi sasjelis saxes Zalian xSirad gansazRvravda danaSau-
lis subieqti. amis magaliTia g. nadareiSvilis mier moyvanili 1789 wlis erTi ganCine-
ba, romlis mixedviT, ter-movsesa da ter-sarqisa Ciodnen, rom ter-araqelam eklesi-
is qoneba miiTvisao. saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobdnen axpatis arqiepiskoposi daviT,
amilaxvari luarsabi da mdivani simon, sxva sapatio saero da sasuliero pirebi. ter-
sarqisam ter-araqelas xelsaxocebis moparva daabrala. sasamarTlom es ciliswamebad
miiCnia da ter-sarqisa dasaja. `cilismwamebeli jer galaxes da Semdeg mRvdlobidanac
gadaayenes~. magram mcire xnis Semdeg gairkva, rom ter-sarqisa marTali iyo. ter-araqe-
lasagan gayiduli saeklesio nivTebi myidvelma eklesias daubruna. xelaxla imsjela
sasamarTlom da daadgina: `ravdensac Jams mRdelobisagan ganyenebuli es ter-sarqi-
sa iyo, imden xans es ter-araqela gadayenebul iqnas mRdlobisagan~. garda amisa, ter
-araqelas ter-sarqisisaTvis unda gadaexada `galaxvis saupatio~.39 Cven am ganCinebis
pirveli nawili gvainteresebs, radgan mis safuZvelze SegviZlia vimsjeloT, rogor
SeiZleboda dasjiliyo sasuliero piri ciliswamebisaTvis. zemoT moyvanil SemTxve-
vebisagan gansxvavebiT, mRvdlisaTvis cema miusjiaT. rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniS-
navs, `garkveuli msubuqi danaSaulebisaTvis sasjelad cema iyo miRebuli. cemis iara-
Rad an joxs, an Tasmas, an maTraxsa iyenebdnen xolme. viTarca umartivesi saSualeba,
amave dros erTi uZvelesTaganic iyo. es sasjeli gamoiyeneboda saero marTlmsaju-
lebaSi, aseve samonastro da sakorporacioSic (SuSanikis wameba, giorgi mTawmideli)~.40
ganCinebaSi ar aris dakonkretebuli mRvdlis cema am SemTxvevaSi ramdeni dartymiT
ganisazRvra.
37
nadareiSvili g., adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis dacva qarTuli feodaluri samarT-
lis Zeglebisa da sasamarTlo praqtiki masalebis mixedviT, Jurnali àlmanaxi~, 2000,
14, 67.
38
leva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo i. abulaZem, Tb., 1991, 149; CubinaS-
vaoba daurTo a. SaniZem, Tb., 1984, 261.
39
nadareiSvili g., adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis dacva qarTuli feodaluri samarTlis
Zeglebisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis masalebis mixedviT, Jurnali àlmanaxi~, 2000, 14,
63.
40
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. VII, Tb., 1984, 361.
12
rac Seexeba sasjelis meore saxes, mRvdlobidan gadayenebas, rac sasamarTlos

gamouyenebia, is cilismwameblis statusidan gamomdinareobs da, ra Tqma unda, sxva
SemTxvevebSi ver iqneboda gamoyenebuli.
amrigad, sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis ciliswamebisas gamoye-
nebuli sasjelebi pirobiTad SegviZlia or jgufad davyoT: sajaro sasjelebi: cema,
gansazRvruli saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeva (mRvdlobidan gadayeneba), zogierT
SemTxvevaSi aseve qonebrivi sanqcia da kerZo saxis sasjelebi: xelT gadacema, saupa-
tio, qonebrivi sazRauri. cemis da gansazRvruli saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmevis ga-
moyeneba damokidebuli iyo cilismwameblis statusze. xelT micema da qonebrivi san-
qciebis gamoyenebas ki gansazRvravda, sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ra danaSaulis
dawamebas eqneboda adgili, aseve nivTis Rirebuleba, ris qurdobasac swamebdnen pirs.
4. daskvna
Zveli qarTuli samarTali kazuistur sistemazea agebuli. qurdobis ciliswame-

basTan dakavSirebiT yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom am danaSaulis da-
wamebis yvela SemTxveva Zvel qarTul samarTalSi deliqtad ar iTvleboda. ase vTqvaT,
qurdobis dawamebis `martivi~ forma, rac gulisxmobda mtkicebulebis gareSe piris-
Tvis qurdobis Cadenis dabralebas, ar isjeboda, Tumca kanonmdebeli aseT qmedebas
ar miesalmeboda. qurdobis dawameba dasjadi xdeboda, Tu piri mowmeebisa da mtkice-
bulebebis sapirispirod ganagrZobda qurdobis Cadenis braldebas, ùpatiurobas~41
hkadrebda dawamebuls da saxels utexda. magram gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba sa-
kiTxi, roca saqme exeboda mekobreobis dawamebas. am SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba da-
mokidebuli ar iyo dawamebis formaze da, rogorc Cans, nebismier SemTxvevaSi mekob-
reobis dawameba deliqtad iTvleboda. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvreli iyo is
garemoeba, rom mekobreoba Zvel qarTul samarTalSi erT-erT mZime danaSaulad iT-
vleboda da Sesabamisad mkacradac isjeboda. amitom nebismieri formiT ganxorciele-
bul ciliswamebas sasjeli mosdevda. amdenad, samarTlis ZeglebSi arsebuli normebis
safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaule-
bis ciliswameba dasjad qmedebad iTvleboda.
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa ciliswamebisas gamoyenebuli sas-
jelebis ganxilvis mixedviT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sasjelis saxis gamoyeneba damoki-
debuli iyo im garemoebaze, konkretulad ra danaSaulis Cadenas swamebdnen pirs da
aseve cilismwameblis pirovnebaze. meore faqtori aseve gavlenas axdenda deliqtis
saxeze. cilismwameblis mimarT mxolod sajaro xasiaTis sasjelebia gamoyenebuli, ro-
ca damnaSave sasuliero piria. rac Seexeba kerZo pirTa mier Cadenil ciliswamebas, am
SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad kerZosamarTlebriv sasjelebs iyenebdnen. `xelT micema~, sas-
jelis simZimis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnad gansxavdeba qonebrivi sanqciebisagan. am
garemoebas Semdegi axsna SeiZleba moeZebnos. xelT micemas kanonmdebeli iyenebs me-
41
upatio, upatiuri – pativ axdili, uSesabamo, ukadrisi. upatiod, upatiurad – pativis
axdiT, umarTebulod. upatioba, upatioeba, upatiureba – pativis axda, biabruoeba. ix.
13
kobreobis dawamebisas, xolo qonebriv sanqciebs awesebs qurdobis dawamebisas. am Sem-

TxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia dawamebuli danaSaulis simZime.
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis ciliswamebisaTvis dawesebuli
sasjelebis mixedviT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi Tu aseTi saxis ci-
liswameba pirobiTad sajaro deliqtebs unda mivakuTvnoT, sxva SemTxvevaSi imave sa-
xis qmedebebi kerZosamarTlebrivi xasiaTisaa. TiTqos winaaRmdegobrivia mocemuli
daskvna, magram zemo naTqvamis safuZvels gvaZlevs samarTlebriv normebSi da sasamar-
Tlo ganCinebaSi gamoyenebuli sasjelebi. sakiTxis gansxvavebulad gadawyveta dakav-
Sirebuli iyo cilismwameblis statusze. sasuliero pirTa mimarT sajaro sasjelebi
gamoiyeneboda, xolo kerZo pirebTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, ZiriTadad
kerZosamarTlebriv sanqciebs mimarTavdnen. gansazRvruli garemoebebis arsebobisas
cilismwameblis mier gadaxdili qonebriv saxdelidan naxevari, savaraudod, saxelmwi-
fos ekuTvnoda (vaxtang batoniSvilis 159-e muxli), Sesabamisad, aseT SemTxvevaSi qme-
deba aseve sajaro deliqtebs unda mivakuTvnoT.
qurdobis mravalgvaroba gansxvavebul sasjelTa dawesebas ar iwvevda. gansxva-
veba SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod qonebrivi sazRauris raodenobaSi, radgan igi pirda-
pir iyo damokidebuli nivTis Rirebulebaze. qurdobisaTvis zogadad iyenebdnen niv-
Tis Rirebulebis Svidmag anazRaurebas.42 vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis wignis 159-e
muxlSi,43 sadac saubaria qurdobis ciliswamebaze, damnaSaves unda gadaexada im qone-
bis mixedviT, rac man ìqidam gamoitana~. `gamoitana~-Si, savaraudod, igulisxmeba is,
rac man usafuZvlo braldebuli pirisagan miiRo manamde. es ki gansazRvruli iqneboda
im nivTis Rirebulebis mixedviT, romlis qurdobasac abralebda.
42
vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTali, m. 154, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtang VI-is
samarTlis wignTa krebuli, teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof.
i. doliZem, Tb., 1963, 519.
43
iqve, 521.
14
lela janaSvili*
àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~ da èrovnebaTa eri~

(istoriuli wanamZRvrebi da perspeqtivebi)
1. Sesavali
saxelmwifos rTuli forma da decentralizaciis procesi ufro da ufro mniS-

vnelovani xdeba Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmSi. rogorc federalizms, ise regi-
onalizms, aqvs demokratiis ideis gansakuTrebuli SegrZneba. samarTlebrivi wesrigi
formalurad esadageba demokratiul konfiguracias im doziT, rom samarTlebri-
vi normis adresatebi monawileoben normatiul warmoebaSi (es aris is, rasac kelze-
ni uwodebs àvtonomias~).1 regionaluri teritoriuli mowyobis àvtonomiaTa saxel-
mwifos~ modeli, rac `sakuTaria~ espaneTisaTvis, swored amis naTeli dadasturebaa.
Tumca, dRemde aqtualuria kiTxva àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~ es aris ganusazRvreli,
dausrulebeli Tu naTlad Camoyalibebuli modeli.
espaneTi Tanamedrove evropis ukanaskneli saxelmwifoa, sadac avtokratiuli
reJimi arsebobda xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi da igi gauqmda bunebrivi gziT, gene-
ral frankos sikvdilis Semdeg. erovnul politikaSi faSisturi reJimi ara mxolod ar
aRiarebda espaneTis xalxTa erovnul Taviseburebebs, aramed eswrafoda maTi niveli-
rebisaken. demokratiul procesTa ganxorcielebis pirveli etapi dasrulda 1978 wlis
konstituciis miRebiT, romlis Tanaxmad, espaneTi Camoyalibda decentralizebul sa-
xelmwifod. qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis mier erovnul da istoriul regionTa samarTleb-
rivi aRiareba iyo mniSvnelovani siaxle. aRniSnulma sakiTxma iuridiul mecnierebaSi
ufro gaamyara mosazreba saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis regionaluri formis
Sesaxeb. upirveles yovlisa, espanel mecnierTa msjelobis sagani gaxda konstituciiT
popularizebuli da iuridiul literaturaSi damkvidrebuli termini – avtonomiebis
qveyana (El Estado de las Autonomías). avtonomiis espanuri forma ar SeiZleba gaigivdes arc
martivi centralizaciis formasTan da arc federaluri saxelmwifos formis elemen-
tebTan. centralizebuli saxelmwifos regionebisagan gansxvavebiT, espanuri avtono-
miuri erTeulebis Zalaufleba emyareba ara mxolod TviTorganizebas administraciis
doneze, aramed iTvaliswinebs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da garkveulwilad sasa-
marTlo xelisuflebasac. isini federaluri saxelmwifos subieqtebisagan imiT gan-
sxvavdebian, rom am ukanasknelTa Zalaufleba konstituciursamarTlebriv xasiaTs
atarebs, avtonomiebi ki mas centraluri xelisuflebisagan iReben.
1978 wlis konstituciiT, regionalizmi gamocxadda qveynis ZiriTad mimarTule-
bad. Tumca, espaneTis demokratiuli saxelmwifos ocdaaTwlianma arsebobam aCvena,
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori, samarTlis doqtori.

1
Sabater J. A., Constitucionalismo y Derecho Constitucional – materiales para una introducción, Tirant lo
Blanch, Valencia, 1996, <http://www.uned.es/dpto-derecho-politico/VII._Asensi%20bis.pdf>
15
rom kvlav mwvave problemebad rCeba regionTa da erovnebaTa avtonomia erTiani erov-
nuli saxelmwifos wiaRSi. aRniSnuli problemebi ki imdenad Rrmaa, rom maTma mougva-
reblobam SeiZleba espanuri saxelmwifos kraxi gamoiwvios.
winamdebare statiis mizania, warmovaCinoT saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis
SedarebiT axali tipis – àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifos~ – specifikuri samarTlebrivi bu-
neba.
2. espanuri regionalizmis Taviseburebani – istoriuli wanamZRvrebi
espanuri regionalizmis specifikuri xasiaTi, upirveles yovlisa, aisaxa qveynis

teritoriuli mowyobis axal tipSi àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~.
espanuri regionalizmi ganixileba, rogorc qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri wes-
rigi, romelsac, miuxedavad imisa, rom hqonda mravalsaukunovani gamocdileba, kon-
kretul realur formas mxolod 1978 wlis konstituciiT miaRwia.
espaneTis konstituciiT garantirebuli àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~ eqsperte-
bis mier Sefasebulia, rogorc kargi praqtikuli `gamosavali~ arsebul problemaTa
fonze, Tumca, dRes arsebuli Rrma krizisi am debulebas erTgvarad eWvis qveS ayenebs.
aRniSnuls ki garkveulwilad ganapirobebs regionaluri politikis istoriuli wanam-
ZRvrebi.
espaneTis saxelmwifos formirebis rTulma procesma ganicada xangrZlivi evo-
lucia da rodesac sakiTxi exeba espaneTis konstituciur kanonmdeblobaSi asaxul re-
gionalur problemebs, Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos im mraval konstituciaTa ar-
sebobis faqti, romlebic moqmedebdnen espaneTSi ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi2 – 1812,
1834, 1845, 1869, 1876, 1931 da 1978 wlebSi.
espaneTi, rogorc regionaluri saxelmwifo, moicavs sam periods: 1. XIX saukunis
II naxevari – espanuri regionalizmis sawyisi faza. 2. II respublika (rodesac regiona-
lizmma miiRo lagaluri xasiaTi) da frankizmi. 3. qveynis decentralizaciis faza.
regionaluri moZraobis aRmavlobad miCneulia XIX saukunis II naxevari da miuxe-
davad imisa, rom regionalizmi yovelTvis iyo espaneTis istoriis fundamenturi ele-
menti, konkretul formas man mxolod 1931 wlis konstituciiT, II respublikis dros
miaRwia.
1931 wlis 14 aprils espaneTi gamocxadda respublikad. damTavrda burbonTa
monarqiis restavraciis periodi, romelic grZeldeboda TiTqmis naxevari saukune.
Camoyalibda axali tipis respublika, romlis drosac Catarda mravali socialur-e-
konomikuri reforma. mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda 1931 wlis 9 dekembris kon-
stituciis miReba, romelic Seecada, gadaewyvita arsebuli problemebi religiur, re-
gionalur da socialur sferoebSi.
gansakuTrebul polemikas iwvevda sakiTxi regionalizmis Sesaxeb. saukuneebis
manZilze espaneTSi saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis formis Sesaxeb arsebu-
li problemebi, romelic uerTdeboda regionTa Taviseburebebis aRiarebisa da erov-
nuli erTianobis problemas, nel-nela, magram uaryofiTad moqmedebda centralizmze
2
Lataillade C.I, Rodríguez Z.T., Constitucionalismo histórico de España, Editorial Universitas S.A., Madrid,
1995, 11.
16
l. janaSvili, àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~ da èrovnebaTa eri~
da ufro aRrmavebda separatizms,3 Tumca,konstituciuri da administraciul-samar-

Tlebrivi cnebis konturebi regionma pirvelad SeiZina. regioni ganisazRvreboda, ro-
gorc eris istoriuli nawili, romelic yalibdeba geografiuli, istoriuli da soci-
aluri maxasiaTeblebisagan.4 axali konstituciis avtorebs ar surdaT ganesazRvraT
saxelmwifo arc federaluri, arc unitaruli saxiT, radganac im droisaTvis orive
forma kriziss ganicdida. maT surdaT miegnoT axali modelisaTvis. konstituciis
pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, èspaneTi aris mSromelTa demokratiuli respublika, ro-
melic dafuZnebulia Tavisuflebasa da samarTlianobaze. yvela organos Zalaufle-
ba damyarebulia xalxze da gamomdinareobs misgan. respublika warmoadgens erTian,
integrirebul saxelmwifos, romelSic SeTavsebulia municipalitetTa da regionTa
avtonomia~. rodesac sakiTxi exeboda saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis gan-
sazRvras, aRniSnul muxlze apelireba garkveul dabneulobas iwvevda. zogierTi av-
tori miiCnevda, rom aseT gansazRvrebas hqonda garkveuli bundovani Sinaarsi, radgan
konstitucia saubrobda Sesustebuli federalizmis pirobebSi TiToeuli regionis
politikur-administraciul statusze.5
konstituciis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu erTi an ramdenime mosazRvre provincia,
istoriuli, kulturuli da ekonomikuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, gadawyvet-
da espaneTis farglebSi Camoeyalibebina avtonomiuri regioni, rogorc politikur-
administraciuli gaerTianeba, konstituciis me-12 muxlis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswine-
biT, unda warmoedgina sakuTari statuti. unda aRiniSnos am debulebis mniSvnelovani
siaxle. espaneTis konstitucionalizmis istoriaSi provinciebs pirvelad miecaT Se-
saZlebloba, gaerTianebuliyvnen da SeeqmnaT avtonomiuri dajgufeba, romlis samar-
Tlebrivi safuZveli gamyarebuli iqneboda statutiT.
amdenad, 1931 wlis konstituciiT espaneTSi daiwyo avtonomizaciis procesi,
termini – àvtonomiuri regioni~ ki, rogorc konstituciuri termini, pirvelad dam-
kvidrda.
ZiriTadi kanonis me-13 muxlis Tanaxmad, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daiSveboda
avtonomiur gaerTianebaTa federacia. me-14-16 muxlebi ki Seicavda avtonomiebsa da
centralur saxelmwifos Soris kompetenciaTa ganawilebis sakiTxebs. avtonomiur re-
gionTa kompetenciebi ganisazRvreboda agreTve statutebiT.
konstituciam mkacrad akrZala avtonomiuri regionebisaTvis damoukidebeli
iniciativis ufleba, daemyarebina urTierTobebi sxva qveynebTan. saxelmwifos eqsklu-
ziuri uflebaa kanonis meSveobiT avtonomiur erTeulebze garkveuli sakanonmdeblo
funqciebis gadacema, magram amiT darRveuli ar unda yofiliyo respublikasa da adgi-
lobriv erTeuls Soris interesTa harmonia. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Sefasebas axdenda
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. konstitucia iTvaliswinebda avtonomiidan gasvlis Se-
saZleblobasac. 22-e muxlis Tanaxmad, nebismier provincias, romelic gaerTianebuli
iyo avtonomiaSi, SeeZlo daetovebina igi da pirdapir daqvemdebareboda centralur
3
Merino Merchant J. F., Rejimen Histoicos Españoles, Editorial Tecnos, S.A., Madrid, 1988, 195.
4
xubua g., federalizmi, rogoc normatiuli principi da politikuri wesrigi, Tb., 2000,
60.
5
Barachina J. E., Las Comunidades Autónomas: su ordenamiento Jurídico, primera Edición, Barcelona, “Pro-
mociones Publicaciones Universitarias~, 1987, 127.
17
xelisuflebas. konstituciis moqmedebis xanmokle droSi politikuri avtonomia ga-

naxorcieles kataloniam, galisiam da baskeTma.
amdenad, 1931 wlis ZiriTadi kanonis Tanaxmad, espaneTi, teritoriuli mowyobis
mixedviT, ganisazRvra, rogorc regionalur-integrirebuli saxelmwifo. Tumca, de-
mokratiulma regionalurma ideebma marcxi ganicada 1936-1939 wlebSi ganviTarebuli
samoqalaqo omis Sedegad. 1937 wlis dekretiT anulirebul iqna konstituciis moqme-
deba da, raRa Tqma unda, kataloniisa da baskeTis statutebic. daiwyo Zlieri centra-
lizebuli politikis ganxorcielebis procesi, romlis mTavari da amasTan Zalze mkac-
ri principi iyo centralur administraciaze ierarqiuli daqvemdebarebis principi.6
1967 wlis 10 ianvris saxelmwifos organuli kanonis Tanaxmad (frankos reJimis
dros miRebul iqna 7 organuli kanoni), aRiarebul iqna municipalitetebi da provin-
ciebi (VIII Tavi exeboda adgilobriv administracias). provincia gansazRvruli iyo, ro-
gorc saxelmwifo administraciis teritoriuli danayofi, rogorc municipalitetTa
gaerTianeba (454.2.), rogorc adgilobrivi administaciis erTaderTi teritoriuli
erTeuli. rac Seexeba erovnul problemas, frankos diqtaturis 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi
katalonielTa, galisielTa da baskTa mier erovnuli grZnobebis gamoxatva iTvleboda
rogorc mZime danaSauli erTiani espaneli xalxis mimarT da mkacrad idevneboda. erov-
nul politikaSi faSisturi reJimi ar aRiarebda espaneTis xalxTa erovnul Tavisebu-
rebebs. centralizaciam miaRwia ukidures sazRvrebs. erovnuli problema gamocxadda
ararsebulad, magram faSizmi uunaro aRmoCnda CaexSo erovnul umciresobaTa ltol-
va avtonomiisaken. yovelive aman garkveulwilad xelic ki Seuwyo mis gaZlierebas.
XIX–XX saukuneebis espaneTis konstitucionalizmis istoria udavod tovebda
qaosur STabeWdilebas. progresul konstituciaTa moqmedebis periodebi metad xan-
mokle iyo (kadisis konstitucia moqmedebda 1812 -1814, 1820-1823 da 1836-1837 wlebSi;
1837 wlis konstitucia 1837-1843 wlebSi; 1869 wlis ZiriTadi kanoni 1869-1874 wlebSi,
1931 wlis konstitucia ki 1931-1939 wlebSi). 1808-1976 wlebis konstituciebi ar iZleva
amomwurav informacias espaneTis teritoriuli struqturis problematikis Sesaxeb
ara imitom, rom problema ar arsebobda, aramed xdeboda aRniSnuli sakiTxis ignori-
reba.7
3. 1978 wlis konstitucia
espaneTis 1978 wlis konstitucias xSirad uwodeben qveyanaSi politikuri situ-

aciis Secvlis Sedegs, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxda frankistuli diqtaturidan de-
mokratiaze gadasvla.
frankizmis gamarjveba sisxlian da xangrZliv samoqalaqo omSi (1936-1939) gaxda
diqtaturis damyarebis safuZveli. daiwyo konstituciur saxelmwifosTan brZola:
gauqmda politikuri Tavisuflebebi, likvidirebul iqna profkavSirebi, ar moqmedeb-
da xelisuflebis danawilebis principi da a.S.
general frankos sikvdilis Semdeg (1975 wlis 20 noemberi), 1975 wlis 22 noembers,
xuan karlos I gamocxadda espaneTis mefed. adolfo suaresis mTavrobam daiwyo poli-
6
Esteban J., De la Dictadura a la Democracia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 1977, 92.
7
iqve, 34.
18
tikuri reformebis gatareba. politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa protestis miuxedavad, Se-

saZlebeli gaxda demokratiul procesTa legalizeba.8
gardamavali periodis pirveli mniSvnelovani movlena iyo politikuri refor-
mebis Sesaxeb kanoni, romelic 1976 wlis oqtomberSi miRebul iqna frankos droindeli
mTavrobisa da 15 dekembris referendumiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoni iyo Zalze mcire moculobis, man daafuZna metad
mniSvnelovani novatoruli ideebi, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxda demokratiuli pro-
cesebis ganxorcieleba, kerZod:
a) kortesis sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis gansazRvra da misi organizeba or pa-
latad (deputatTa kongresi da senati);
b) saxelmwifos ZiriTad safuZvlad demokratiisa da saxalxo suverenitetis ga-
mocxadeba;
g) momavali demokratiuli arCevnebis organizeba;
d) konstituciuri reformis meqanizmis Camoyalibeba;
e) mefis prerogativis gansazRvra Semdeg sferoebSi: mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris
daniSvna kongresis umravlesobis TanxmobiT, kortesis vadamde daSla axali sakanon-
mdeblo arCevnebis mowveviT; sakonstitucio xasiaTis referendumis daniSvna da a.S
1977 wlis pirveli Tveebidan iwyeba partiebisa da profkavSirebis legalizacia,
romlebmac ukanasknel wlebSi gamoiCines namdvili tolerantoba.9 procesma kulmi-
nacias miaRwia komunisturi partiis registraciisas, 1977 wlis wminda kviras. amave
dros, mTavrobam moaxdina nacionaluri moZraobisa da frankistuli profkavSirebis
likvidacia.
frankistuli politikuri principebis uaryofis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda kon-
gresisa da senatis arCevnebis Catareba, romelic ganxorcielda politikuri refor-
mebis kanonisa da 1977 wlis 18 martis #20 samefo dekretis Tanaxmad.
arCevnebi kortesis orive palataSi Catarda 1977 wlis 15 ivniss. Sedegebma aCvena,
rom aSkarad gamoixata xalxis neba demokratiuli sistemis sasargeblod, imavdrou-
lad, mowonebul iqna mTavrobis reformatoruli kursi. kongresis arCevnebSi mniSvne-
lovani gamarjveba moipova demokratiuli centris kavSirma (UCD), Tumca, igi ar war-
moadgenda absolutur umravlesobas da mas ar SeeZlo damoukideblad gadawyvetile-
bis miReba.
dRis wesrigSi dadga axali konstituciis miRebis sakiTxi. gardamavali periodi
Sevida konstituciuri samarTalwesrigis gamyarebis fazaSi.
1977 wlis 22 dekembers dasrulda muSaoba pirvel redaqciaze, romelic gamoq-
veynda kortesis oficialur biuletenSi 1978 wlis 15 ianvars. mraval cvlilebaTa
da damatebaTa Setanis Semdeg, 1978 wlis 17 aprils, teqsti ukve gamoqveynda, rogorc
konstituciis kanonproeqti.
sakonstitucio komisias muSaoba uxdeboda mZime politikuri dapirispirebis
fonze. maT winaSe idga amocana, SeemuSavebinaT iseTi kanonproeqti, romelic garkve-
ulwilad daakmayofilebda TiToeul politikur Zalas. agreTve, aucilebeli iyo qve-
8
Esteban J., De la Dictadura a la Democracia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 1977, 33.
9
Llorente R., Reyes F., Blanco Canales M.R., Legislación Política Española, centro de Estudios Constituciona-
les, Madrid, 1980, 67.
19
moT moyvanili Semdegi faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba: ekonomikuri krizisi (umuSevarTa

ricxvis ganuwyveteli zrda, energetikuli krizisi, inflacia); erovnuli da regiona-
luri moZraobis aRmavloba, romelic gaxda winaavtonomiuri reJimis Camoyalibebis
sawyisi; provinciuli samarTlebrivi reJimis pirobebSi kataloniis generalitetis
formireba; SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mxridan mniSvnelovani zewola; samoqalaqo ZalTa
gaerTianeba gadatrialebis mowyobis mizniT; aRniSnuls Tan erTvoda terorizmis sa-
SiSroeba ETA-sa da GRAPO-s mxridan.
gardamavali periodis erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos re-
gionalizmis aRmavloba qveynis mTel teritoriaze. winasakonstitucio debatebi mim-
dinareobda Semdegi lozungiT: `regionalizmi – arsebuli demokratiis axali for-
mula~.10 konstituciis kanonproeqtis SemuSavebis dros regionalizmis politikurma
moZraobam miiRo legaluri xasiaTi.11
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili regionaluri problemebis asaxva qvey-
nis ZiriTad kanonSi gardauvali iyo. aRniSnuli gaxda winasakonstitucio debatebis
mTavari sakiTxi. qveynis regionalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT gamoikveTa ori problema:
1. centristebis aSkara ukmayofileba decentralizaciis politikis winaaRmdeg; 2. re-
gionalizmis ganmtkicebis sakanonmdeblo baza.12
mkvlevarTa azriT, im drois demokratizaciis udides monapovrad SeiZleba CaiT-
valos SeTanxmeba qveynis decentralizaciis Sesaxeb. amis dadasturebaa konstituciis
me-2 muxli da VIII Tavi. me-2 muxlis ZiriTadi debulebebi – espaneli eris erTianoba
da masSi integrirebul erovnebaTa da regionTa avtonomiis uflebis ganxorcieleba –
pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxebTan. VIII Tavis 137-e muxlis
mixedviT, saxelmwifos teritoriul-organizaciuli struqtura aerTianebs munici-
palitetebs, provinciebsa da avtonomiur gaerTianebebs.
ZiriTadi kanonis 137-e muxli SeiZleba CaiTvalos qveynis decentralizaciis
gvirgvinad, radgan, mravalsaukunovani centralizmis fonze, aRniSnuli saxiT qveynis
teritoriuli mowyoba TiTqmis gauTanabrda federalurs.13
espaneTis konstituciis proeqti moiwona sakonstitucio komisiam 1978 wlis 20
ivniss, xolo kongresis plenumma – 21 ivliss. Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo proceduris
Semdeg teqsti ganixileboda senatSi, romelmac igi miiRo 5 oqtombers, Tumca, garkve-
uli cvlilebebiT. saWiro iyo deputatTa da senatorTa Sereuli komisiis Seqmna, raTa
SemuSavebuliyo erTiani teqsti, romelic waredgineboda orive palatas. aRniSnuli
teqsti sabolood Camoyalibda 25 oqtombers da aprobirebul iqna orive palatis mier
1978 wlis 31 oqtombers.
konstitucia sabolood miRebul iqna espaneTis mosaxleobis mier 1978 wlis 6
dekembers, referendumis gziT. winaaRmdeg xma misca: axalma Zalebma (Fuerza nueva), es-
panurma falangam (Falanga Española) da komunistTa revoluciurma ligam. Tavi Seikaves:
10
Belmonte J., La Constitución, cit. Doctor Trujillo G., Editorial Prensa Española, Madrid, 1978, 353.
11
Alonso de Antonio J. A., El Estado Autonomico y el principio de solidaridad como colaboración legislativa,
Cortes Generals, Madrid, 1997, 86.
12
Belmonte J., La Constitución, cit. Doctor Trujillo G., Editorial prensa Espanola, Madrid, 1978, 351.
13
Cotarelo R., Maldonado J., Ramon P., España, Tecnos, Madrid, 1991, 57.
20
baskeTis nacionalisturma partiam (Partido Nacionalista Vasco) da kataloniis nacionalis-

turma ligam (Ezquerra Republicana de Catalunya).
kortesis winaSe, orive palatis gaerTianebul sesiaze, 1978 wlis 27 dekembers
konstitucias xeli moawera mefem da espaneTSi arsebul sxvadasxva enebze gamoqveynda
qveynis oficialur biuletenSi 1978 wlis 29 dekembers, ris Semdegac Sevida ZalaSi.
zedmetia saubari imaze, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba hqonda espaneTisaTvis Ta-
namedrove, demokratiuli konstituciis miRebas. Tumca, man ver gadawyvita ramdenime
mniSvnelovani politikuri sakiTxi, romelic kvlav cxare debatebis sagania.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom 1978 wlis konstitucia
aRiarebulia, rogorc konsensusis Sedegi, raTa gadaWriliyo espaneTis konstitucio-
nalizmis mniSvnelovani politikuri problemebi.14
1978 wlis qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni SeiZleba Sefasdes Semdegi sityvebiT: espane-
Tis konstituciam ar ganaxorciela mniSvnelovani novacia konstituciur doqtrinaSi
da igi ver CaiTvleba espanuri konstituciuri samarTlis istoriaSi sawyis wertilad,
arc Seqmnis originalurobiT da arc debulebebiT, rogorc es iyo 1812 da 1931 wlebis
konstituciebis SemTxvevaSi. ra Tqma unda, es ar warmoadgenda konstituciis Seqmnis
mizans da arc mis avtorebs hqondaT aRniSnuli ganzraxva. mizani iyo erTi – konsti-
tucia, rogorc konsensusis Sedegi, misaRebi unda yofiliyo parlamentisa da sazoga-
doebis farTo wreebisaTvis. 1978 wlis ZiriTadi kanonis Tavisebureba gaxlavT is, rom
masSi iyo mcdeloba, gadawyvetiliyo espanur konstituciur sistemaSi arsebuli prin-
cipuli problemebi.15
espaneTis modernizebis dagvianeba gamowveuli iyo XIX-XX saukuneebSi ganviTare-
buli movlenebiT. axali konstituciis winaSe idga mniSvnelovani amocana – gaTvalis-
winebuli unda yofiliyo wina gamocdilebebi. aucilebeli iyo iseTi teqstis miReba,
romelic ar iqneboda mxolod erTi partiis. masSi aRiarebuli unda yofiliyo demok-
ratiuli principebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, maTi dacvis ga-
rantiebi, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvna, sxvadasxva regionTa da erovnebaTa Ta-
nacxovreba espaneTis wiaRSi, xelisuflebis danawileba, qveynis centralizacia, Tum-
ca, aseve gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo centraluri saxelmwifoebrivi ideolo-
gia – regionalizaciis maqsimaluri zRvari erTiani espanuri saxelmwifos farglebSi
da toritoriuli erTeulebis kompetenciaTa maRali xarisxi.
konstituciis SemuSavebis procesSi orpalatianobis sakiTxi davis sagani gax-
da. sabolood miRweul iqna konsensusi: orpalatianobis metad Sesustebuli forma.
konstituciis Tanaxmad, espaneTis generaluri kortesi warmoadgens espanel xalxs da
Sedgeba ori palatisagan – deputatTa kongresisa da senatisagan. 69-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
senati teritoriuli warmomadgenlobis palataa. TiToeul provinciaSi airCeva 4 se-
natori sayovelTao, Tanaswori, pirdapiri da faruli kenWisyriT, TiToeul kunZulze
an kunZulTa jgufze, romelTac aqvT TavianTi organo – kabildo an kunZulTa sabWo –
irCeven senatorebs Semdegi odenobiT: sami senatori kanariis kunZulebidan, malior-
kidan da tenerifedan, erTi senatori TiToeuli kunZulidan an kunZulTa jgufebidan
– ibisa, fermentera, menorka, fuerteventura, gomeraiero, lansarote da las palma-
14
Molas I., Derecho Constitucional, I-a edicion 1998, Reimpresion, Editorial Tecnos, Madrid, 2001, 14.
15
Belmonte J., La Constitución, cit. Doctor Trujillo G., Editorial prensa Española, Madrid, 1978, 349.
21
dan. seuta da melilia irCevs or senators. amasTan, avtonomiuri gaerTianebebi niSnavs

damatebiT erT senators mis teritoriaze mcxovreb TiToeul milion mosaxleze. se-
natorTa daniSvna xorcieldeba sakanonmdeblo asambleis an avtonomiuri gaerTiane-
bis umaRlesi kolegialuri organos mier. senatis formirebis proporciuli sistema
qmnis garkveul araproporciulobas. kerZod, provinciebs, romlis SemadgenlobaSic
Sedian milioniani qalaqebi (madridi da barselona), senatSi imdenime warmomadgeneli
hyavT, ramdenic mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv yvelaze patara provincias.
espanur senats ganixilaven institucionaluri asimetriis WrilSi, sadac adgili
aqvs erovnuli da regionaluri teritoriebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobas.
espaneTis senati, faqtobrivad, asaxavs kongresis politikur Semadgenlobas; sa-
kanonmdeblo procesSi senatis roli arsebiTad Semoifargleba kanonproeqtebSi mxo-
lod teqnikuri xasiaTis koreqtivebis Setanis an kanonproeqtis ganxilvis vadis ga-
dadebis uflebamosilebiT. senatis Tanxmoba aucilebelia avtonomiur gaerTianebebs
Soris xelSekrulebebis dadebisas. Tumca, miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb unda ec-
nobos deputatTa kongress (senatis reglamentis 137-139-e muxlebi). avtorebi, rom-
lebic mxars uWeren qveynis rogorc regionalizacias, ise federalizacias, miiCneven,
rom erT-erTi umTavresi sakiTxi senatis teritoriuli warmomadgenlobiTi palatis
reformaa, rac xels Seuwyobs avtonomiur gaerTianebaTa ufro aqtiur monawileobas
centraluri xelisuflebis nebis CamoyalibebaSi. Tavisi Sekvecili uflebebiT ukma-
yofilo espaneTis senati energiulad cdilobs funqciebis gafarToebas. espaneTis
orpalatiani sistema SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc absoluturad Tanaswori da ara-
balansirebuli modeli. senatis, rogorc regionebis interesebis reprezentaciis
qmediT organod Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac espaneTi
gardaiqmneba federaciul saxelmwifod.16
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romlis gadawyvetasac Seecada qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni,
iyo erovnuli problema. sakonstitucio komisiaSi mimdinareobda cxare debatebi es-
paneli eris erTianobisa da erovnebaTa da regionTa avtonomiis uflebis sakiTxebze.
espaneTis konstituciisa da saxelmwifos funqcionirebis fundamentur principad mi-
iCneven qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis meore muxls, romlis Tanaxmad, konstitucia damyare-
bulia espaneli eris uryev erTianobaze, erTian saxelmwifoze, romelic ganuyofelia
yvela espanelisaTvis. amasTan, aRiarebuli da garantirebulia erovnebaTa da regi-
onTa avtonomiis ufleba da maT Soris sruli Tanasworoba.17 mocemuli muxli espanel
mecnierTa da politikosTa mkacri diskusiis sagania. sakiTxi dResac aqtualuria.
winasakonstitucio debatebis dros socialisturi partiis pozicia iyo Semde-
gi: èspaneTi, rogorc eri, arsebobda mocemul konstituciamde didi xniT adre. amde-
nad, erTaderTi, rac SeiZleba gakeTdes, aris Sesabamisi iuridiuli safuZvlis moZeb-
na, magram amasTan, teqnikuri mxare SesabamisobaSi unda modiodes realobasTan. Cveni
udidesi survilia, 1978 wlis konstituciam gaiTvaliswinos mimdinare samarTlebri-
vi aqtualoba. Cveni Sesworeba JRers Semdegnairad: konstitucia afuZnebs da iZleva
espaneli eris erTianobis garantias, erovnebaTa da regionTa avtonomiis uflebas da
16
86.
17
Peces-Barba G., Constitución Española de 1978, Un estudio de Derecho y Política, Tecnos, Madrid, 1995,
30.
22
solidarobas maT Soris. konstituciuri samarTlis kuTxiT, aRniSnuli warmoadgens

swor formas. konstitucia efuZneba Sekrebil faqtebs. am SemTxvevaSi ki faqti aris
erTi – espaneli eris mravalsaukunovani arseboba~.18
mecnierTa erTi jgufi miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli muxli iyo mravalsaukunovani
problemis gasaRebi da misi gadawyvetis optimaluri varianti, vinaidan masSi mocemu-
lia sakiTxis mowesrigebis sami perspeqtiva:19 pirvel yovlisa, espaneli eris gamocx-
adeba umaRles gaerTianebad myari erTianobis garantiiT. aseve, erTiani espanuri sa-
xelmwifos wiaRSi sxva gaerTianebebis arseboba, romlebic diferencirebul iqnen ro-
gorc erovnebebi da regionebi. da mesame – Tanasworoba yvela regionsa da erovnebas
Soris, raTa garantirebuli yofiliyo espaneTis erTianobis umaRlesi idea, aRmof-
xvriliyo disbalansi ganviTarebul da naklebad ganviTarebul zonebs Soris.
me-2 muxlTan mimarTebaSi pirveli kiTxva, romelsac svamen mecnierebi, Semdegia:
ras gulisxmobs, ras moicavs cneba – èspaneli eri~ (Nación Española). konstituciis 1-li
muxlis Tanaxmad, espaneTi gansazRvrulia, rogorc politikuri erTianoba. erovnuli
suvereniteti ekuTvnis espanel xalxs, romlidanac gamomdinareobs saxelmwifo xeli-
sufleba. espaneli xalxi gvevlineba erovnuli nebis gamomxatvelad.
meore muxlTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi moicavs urTierTsawinaaR-
mdego debulebebs. erTi mxriv, igi acxadebs espaneli eris erTaderTobas, xolo, meo-
re mxriv, saubrobs qveynis mravalerovnulobaze. aRniSnulze pasuxi SeiZleba mogvces
konstituciis teqstis detalurma analizma:
a) konstituciiT aRiarebulia mxolod erTi eris arseboba;
b) erovnebebi da regionebi eris Semadgeneli nawilebia;
g) erovnuli erTianoba gamomdinareobs konstituciidan;
d) erovnebaTa da regionTa uflebamosileba warmoebulia: konstitucia, erTi
mxriv, icnobs erovnul suverenitets, meore mxriv, damfuZnebel xelisuflebas,
romelic ekuTvnis saxelmwifos. erovnebebi da regionebi, konstituciis VIII Ta-
vis Tanaxmad, floben TviTmmarTvelobas, rasac axorcieleben Sesabamis statut-
Ta meSveobiT, Tumca, es ukanasknelni miiRebian generaluri kortesis mier orga-
nuli kanonis gamocemis gziT;
e) konstitucia icnobs mxolod espanur moqalaqeobas.
amdenad, Tu erovnebebi arian eris Semadgeneli elementebi da isini ar floben
damfuZnebel xelisuflebas, suverenitets da a.S. ismis kiTxva, ra aris is zRvari, rome-
lic arsebobs erovnebebsa da regionebs Soris. upirveles yovlisa, es aris geografi-
uli, istoriuli, ekonomikuri Taviseburebani, ena da a.S. amasTan, erovnebebi moicaven
regionis cnebasac, magram ufro Rrma TviTmyofadobiT.
espaneli eri gansazRvrulia, rogorc erovnebaTa eri (Nación de Naciones), rogorc
saerTo politikuri marTlwesrigis qveS espaneli xalxis erTianobis samarTlebrivi
gamoxatuleba.20
18
Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados, num.66, 1978, sesión num. 5 de la Comisión de Asuntos
Constitucionales y Libertades Públicas, pp. 2304-2306, Constitución Español, Trabajos parlamentarios, cit.
Vol.II, 846-848
19
Peces-Barba G., Constitución Española de 1978, Un estudio de Derecho y Política, Tecnos, Madrid, 1995,
35.
20
Molas I., Derecho Constitucional, la edición 1998, Reimpresión, Editorial Tecnos, Madrid, 2001, 35.
23
eri (Nación), erovnuloba (Nacionalismo) da erovnulobis principi (Principio de las Na-

cionalidades) – aris politikuri terminebi, romelTa arsi did polemikas iwvevs. cneba
èris~ gansazRvris Sesaxeb Camoyalibebul TeoriaTa sami jgufidan romels akmayofi-
lebs espaneli eri?21
1. obieqturi Teoria (romelTa Soris gamoyofen rasizmis Teorias); 2. subieqturi
Teoria, romelic gulisxmobda TiToeuli pirovnebis nebas xalxis Camosayalibeblad,
TiToeuli adamianis survils, yofiliyo am erTianobis subieqti; 3. Sereuli Teoria,
romelic moicavda rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi elementebis Serwymas. kerZod:
eri – es aris adamianTa bunebrivi gaerTianeba, romlebic teritoriulma erTianobam,
warmoSobam, Taviseburebebma, enam miiyvana cxovrebiseul da socialur erTianobamde.
alfonso palensias leqsikonis mixedviT (XV saukune) gansazRvrulia sityva eris
(Nación) etimologiuri fesvebi: àdamianebma, romlebmac ician, sad arian dabadebuli
da ar movidnen sxva adgilebidan~. XVIII saukuneSi aRniSnulma cnebam miiRo Rrma poli-
tikuri Sinaarsi, rac gulisxmobda erovnul suverenitets, erovnul damoukideblo-
bas da damfuZnebel xelisuflebas. magram XIX saukunis espaneTis Svidi konstitucia
ar Seicavda arc erovnulobisa da arc regionis cnebas. gamonaklisi iyo mxolod 1873
wlis federaluri konstitucia, romelic kanonier ZalaSi ar Sesula (1-li muxlis Ta-
naxmad, espanel ers Seadgenda 17 saxelmwifo, kubisa da puerto-rikos CaTvliT).
Tanamedrove msoflioSi eri aris istoriuli koncefcia. pretenzia imisa, rom
idea èspaneli eris~ Taobaze arsebobda Sua saukuneebidan, usafuZvloa. agreTve,
arasworia saxelmwifosa da eris cnebaTa identifikacia. erovnuli saxelmwifo (El
Estado Nacional) ar aris saxelmwifos ukanaskneli SesaZlo forma, radgan dRes gvxvdeba
mravalerovnuli politikuri institutebi da vxedavT mraval saxelmwifoTa warmo-
Sobas. mravalerovnuloba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva erovnul gaerTianebaTa arsebobas,
rodesac saxelmwifo xels ar uSlis maT gadaqcevas umaRles gaerTianebad. espane-
Tis SemTxvevaSi, umaRles gaerTianebad gvevlineba – erovnebaTa eri, SeiZleba iTqvas,
erovnebaTa da regionTa eri, romelic gansxvavebulia, magram integrirebuli. Tumca,
sxvadasxva erovnebaTa da regionTa arseboba espaneTis umaRles gaerTianebaSi xels
uwyobs separatizms. espaneTi, rogorc erovnebaTa da regionTa saxelmwifo, SeiZleba
iyos mxolod erTi saxelmwifo, magram konstituciiT garantirebuli avtonomiaTa sa-
xelmwifo.22
espanur realobaSi erovnebaTa erTianobas mivyavarT eris cnebamde. xolo imis
gasarkvevad, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWebaT TviT sityva erovnebebs, arsebobs erTaderTi
gamosavali, mivmarToT leqsikons. magram espanuri enis akademiis mier gamocemul leq-
sikonSi ar moiZebna pasuxi dasmul kiTxvaze. igi moicavs tradiciul ganmartebas: eris
Semadgeneli individebisa da xalxis damaxasiaTebel garemoebaTa erTianoba.23
ormocwlianma avtoritarulma reJimma erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Camoa-
yaliba sruli uwesrigoba. 1978 wlis konstituciam, arasrul, nawilobriv gadmocemul
21
Gonzales Navarro F., España, Nación de Naciones, el modelo federalismo, EUSNA editorial Universidad de
Navarra, S.A., Pamplona, 1993, 49.
22
Peces-Barba G., La Constitución Española de 1978, con la colaboración de Lluis Preito Sanchos, Un estudio
de Derecho y Politica, Tecnos, Madrid, 1995, 34.
23
Eduardo Barrachina J., Las Comunidades Autónomas: Su ordenamiento Juridico, I Promociones Publica-
siones Univesritarias, Barcelona, 1987, 171.
24
debulebaTa fonze, ganixila problemis erTi mxare – integraciis mcdeloba. Tumca,

sakiTxis irgvliv Camoyalibda ori dapirispirebuli ideologia: pirveli ideologiis
mimdevrebi, memarjveneebi, emxrobodnen tradiciuli espanuri nacionalizmis Teori-
as. maTi lozungi iyo – ar arsebobs ufro meti erovnuloba, vidre espanuri da amiT
uaryofil iqna erovnulobis termini. meore, memarcxeneTa seqtori, gamodioda cneba
erovnulobis araswori, araobiqturi gagebis winaaRmdeg. maTi ideologiis mixedviT,
erovnuloba aris TiToeuli avtonomiuri gaerTianebis TviTgamorkvevis SesaZleb-
loba, raTa gardaiqmnen damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad. maTi azriT, espanur naciona-
lizms ar gaaCnia arc istoriuli sayrdeni, arc mecnieruli safuZveli.24
espaneTis 1978 wlis konstituciam espaneli xalxi da espaneli eri gamoacxada si-
nonimebad, radgan pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, erovnuli suvereniteti gamomdinareobs
espaneli xalxisagan. miuxedavad amisa, espaneli eri ar aris ubralod xalxi an xalxis
xalxi, aramed, rogorc konstituciis me-2 muxlSia gansazRvruli – espaneTi aris erov-
nebaTa eri.25
konstituciam Tavi aarida aSkara zRvaris gavlebas ersa da erovnebebs Soris.
amasTan, ar daazusta, Tu ra kriteriumiT unda ewodos regions erovnuli. konstitu-
ciis pirveli damatebiTi debuleba saubrobs erovnuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb: `kon-
stitucia icavs da pativs scems adre arsebul erovnul teritoriaTa istoriul uf-
lebebs.~ aRniSnuli gulisxmobs katalonias, baskeTsa da galisias, romlebsac konsti-
tuciis miRebamde mieniWaT zemoaRniSnuli statusi da romlebsac gaaCniaT sakuTari
ena. Tumca, ZiriTadi kanoniT ar aris ganmartebuli, sakmarisia Tu ara erovnulobis
dasadgenad mxolod lingvisturi gansxvavebis aRiareba. magaliTad, valensiis avtono-
miuri gaerTianebis statutis me-7 muxlis Sesabamisad, gaerTianebis oficialur enas,
kastiliurTan erTad warmoadgens valensiuri (El Valenciano).26 baleariis kunZulebis
avtonomiuri gaerTianebis parlamentis mier 1986 wlis 29 aprils miRebul iqna kanoni
3/86 lingvisturi mowesrigebis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad, XIII saukunidan kataloniuri
ena baleariis kunZulebis avtonomiuri gaerTianebis sakuTari enaa. orive SemTxvevaSi
gaerTianebas moixsenieben, rogorc regionalurs da ara rogorc erovnuls.27 avtono-
miur terminTa leqsikonis Tanaxmad, erovnulad iwodeba is teritoriebi, romlebmac
referendumis gziT miiRes avtonomiis statutebi (meore gardamavali debuleba). maT
agreTve uwodeben istoriul erovnebebs an istoriul avtonomiur gaerTianebebs (ka-
talonia, baskeTi da galisia).28
1978 wlis 19 agvistos senatSi, konstituciis kanonproeqtis ganxilvisas, cxare
debatebi mimdinareobda konstituciis me-2 muxlSi mocemuli terminebis èrovnebebi-
sa~ da `regionebis~ Sesaxeb. deputatma andres moletma aRniSnuls gaukeTa Semdegi ko-
mentari: `konstitucia dafuZnebulia pluralizmze, xalxTa Soris Tanasworuflebia-
24
Gonzales Navarro F., España, Nación de Naciones, el modelo federalismo, EUSNA editorial Universidad de
25
iqve, 98.
26
valensiuri enis Sesaxeb lingvistebs Soris mimdinareobs mwvave dava. erTni miiCneven,
rom valensiuri ena sxva araferia, Tu ara kataloniuri enis dialeqti, xolo meoreni
amtkiceben mis damoukidebel xasiaTs.
27
Segado F., El sistema Constitucional Española, Dikinson, Madrid, 1991, 195.
28
Diccionario de terminos autonomicos, Ministerio de Administraciones Publicas, M.A.P. Madrid, 1993.
25
nobaze, erovnebaTa da regionTa avtonomiisa da am ukanasknelTa TviTgamorkvevis uf-

lebaze. batono senatorebo, Tavs nu vityuebT. aq ar aris uryevi erTianoba. es ar aris
erTiani samSoblo da arc samSoblos uryevi erTianoba. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes
isic, rom espanuri saxelmwifos politikuri realoba ufro mdidari da ufro sainte-
resoa, vidre yvelaferi is, rasac vixilavT. espanuri saxelmwifo, mogvwons Tu ar mog-
vwons, aris mravalerovnuli da espaneTTan Tanacxovrobs erovnuli da regionaluri
gaerTianebebi. Tumca, maT gaaCniaT TviTmmarTvelobis survilis sxvadasxva xarisxi.
SegiZliaT es aRiaroT, an ar aRiaroT. es igivea, rom konstituciam gviTxras, mze ar
amodis diliT, an ar Cadis saRamos. xolo rac Seexeba TviTgamorkvevas, igi ar niSnavs
aucileblad separatizms. TviTgamorkveva es aris ufleba, airCio Seni momavali~.
senatorma fernandez miranda i heviam me-2 muxlSi mocemuli terminis èrovnu-
lobis~ Sesaxeb aRniSna: `sityva erovnuloba Cveni akademiis leqsikonSi ganmartebu-
lia, rogorc xalxis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba da eris Semadgeneli individebi.
igi ar SeiZleba moxseniebuli iyos, rogorc eris sinonimi~.
1978 wlis ZiriTadi kanonis me-2 muxli espanuri saxelmwifos ZiriTadi sayrde-
nia29, radgan masSi Tavmoyrilia saxelmwifos funqcionirebis umniSvnelovanesi prin-
cipebi:
1. espaneTi, rogorc realuri Tanasworoba
2. eris ganuyofeli erTianoba
3. espaneli eri, rogorc konstituciis damfuZnebeli
4. aRniSnuli muxliT aRiarebulia erovnebaTa da regionTa avtonomiis ufleba
5. espaneTi, rogorc àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~, rogorc pluraluri realo-
ba, radganac espaneli eri integrirebulia erovnebebiTa da regionebiT. un-
da aRiniSnos, rom igi ar aris homogenuri erTianoba an xalxis xalxi, aramed
erovnebaTa eri.30
amdenad, me-2 muxli aRiarebs espaneTSi erovnebaTa da regionTa arsebobas, Tum-
ca, ar azustebs gansxvavebas maT Soris, xolo cneba espaneli eri gansazRvrulia ro-
gorc èrovnebaTa eri~ – politikuri marTlwesrigis qveS espaneli xalxis erTianobis
samarTlebrivi gamoxatva, romelic integrirebulia sxvadasxva erovnebebiT da regi-
onebiT da romelTac SeuZliaT politikuri avtonomiis uflebis gamoyeneba, Tu gaaC-
niaT aRniSnulis survili.31 xalxis jgufi, rogorc avtonomiis subieqti, gulisxmobs
adamianTa iseT erTobas:
a) romelic cxovrobs mocemuli saxelmwifos mkafiod SemosazRvrul geografi-
ul arealSi;
b) romelic raodenobrivad ufro mcirea, vidre saxelmwifos danarCeni mosaxle-
oba;
g) romlis wevrebi arian mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi (maTi avtonomia uz-
runvelyofili unda iyos am saxelmwifos farglebSi)
29
Peces-Barba G., La Constitución Española de 1978, con la colaboración de Lluis preito Sanchos, Un estudio
de Derecho y Politica, Tecnos, Madrid, 1995, 14.
30
Rodrigez Zapata J., Teoria y practica del Derecho Constitucional, Editorial tecnos, S.A., Madrid, 1996, 99.
31
Gonzalez Navarro F., España, Nacion de Naciones, el modelo federalismo, EUSNA Editorial Universidad de
26
d) romlis wevrebi danarCeni moqalaqeebisagan gansxvavdebian eTnikuri, enobrivi

an kulturuli niSniT;
e) romlis wevrebsac surT TavianTi gansakuTrebulobisa da individualurobis
SenarCuneba.32
avtonomiis, konkretulad ki àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifos~ Sinaarsi yovelTvis
unda Seesabamebodes, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos suverenitetis dacvis legitimur in-
teress da, meore mxriv, umciresobis mier Tavisi identurobis dacvis moTxovnebs.33
ZiriTadi normis Tanaxmad, yvela espaneli flobs espanur erovnulobas, radgan Se-
adgens espaneli eris nawils. espanuri erovnulobis Tanaxmad, espaneTis saxelmwifos
farglebSi inarCuneben erovnul da regionalur damoukideblobas. espanel erze mi-
kuTvneba niSnavs espanuri erovnulobis flobas, rogorc kavSirs individsa da mTels,
e.i. ersa da saxelmwifos Soris.34
espanuri politikuri gaerTianebis wevrebi arian espanelebi, e.i. erovnebiT espa-
nelebi, Tumca, SeuZliaT flobdnen sxva erovnul statussac. baskeTis qveynis avto-
nomiuri gaerTianebis statutis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, baski xalxi an euskal-he-
ria, rogorc Tavisi erovnulobis gamoxatva, TviTmmarTvelobis gansaxorcieleblad
ayalibebs avtonomiur gaerTianebas. valensiis avtonomiuri gaerTianebis statutis
pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, valensieli xalxi (El Pueblo Valenciano), istoriulad organi-
zebuli, rogorc valensiis samefo – afuZnebs avtonomiur gaerTianebas espaneli eris
ganuyofeli erTianobis farglebSi. eqstremaduris avtonomiuri gaerTianebis statu-
tis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, eqstremadura, rogorc istoriul-regionaluri TviT-
myofadobis gamoxatva, espaneli eris ganuyofeli erTianobis farglebSi, afuZnebs av-
tonomiur gaerTianebas. baleariis kunZulebis avtonomiuri gaerTianebis statutis
preambula da pirveli muxlebi saubrobs baleariis xalxis Sesaxeb (El Pueblo de las Islas
Baleares) da a.S.
3.1. ratom àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~?
1978 wlis ZiriTadi kanoni pirdapir ar gansazRvravs saxelmwifos teritoriu-

li organizaciis formas, Tumca, aSkaraa, rom moZebnil iqna regionaluri saxelmwifos
Sualeduri modeli. konstituciam moaxdina avtonomiis integracia demokratiul in-
stitutebTan – eris erTianobis ideisa da regionTa da erovnebaTa avtonomiis ufle-
bis konstituciuri principis Sesabamisad.
1978 wlis konstituciiT dadgenili qveynis teritoriuli organizaciis forma
mecnierTa mier aRqmul iqna sxvadasxvanairad (vidre sakiTxs sabolood gadawyvetda
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo) – pluraluri saxelmwifo (tiero galvani), avtonomiuri
saxelmwifo (sanCes agesta), regionaluri saxelmwifo (gregorio peses barba), unita-
32
Heintze H.J., Wege zur Verwirklichung des Selbstbestimmungsrechts der Völker innerhalb bestehender Staa-
ten, S 36. ix. xubua g., federalizmi, rogoc normatiuli principi da politikuri wesrigi,
Tb., 2000, 97.
33
iqve, 97.
34
Gonzaliz Navarro F., España, Nacion de Naciones, el modelo federalismo, EUSNA Editorial Universidad de
27
rul-federaluri (arinio), unitarul-regionaluri (fernando rodrigesi), naxevrad

federaluri, naxevrad centralizebuli, naxevrad regionaluri (munios maCado), fe-
deralur-regionaluri (fernando truxilio), avtonomiuri saxelmwifo federaluri
niuansebiT (simon tobalina), integrirebuli saxelmwifo (rodriges de minioni), asi-
metriuli federaluri saxelmwifo (jordi sole tura, gonsales ensinari), avtonomi-
aTa saxelmwifo (klavelo arevalo).
azrTa mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba, espanuri saxel-
mwifos teritoriuli mowyobis formad –~avtonomiaTa saxelmwifos~ gansazRvris Se-
saxeb, romelic warmoadgens regionaluri saxelmwifos evoluciis Sedegs.35
winasakonstitucio debatebSi gansakuTrebuli msjelobis sagani gaxda konsti-
tuciis 145-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac, yovlad dauSvebeli iyo avtonomiur gaerTi-
anebaTa federacia. problema, romelic aRniSnuli muxliTaa gadmocemuli, es ar aris
federaluri saxelmwifos problema, saubaria mxolod muxlis teqnikur gaumarTaoba-
ze, radgan konstituciis me-2 da 137-e muxlebi gulisxmoben erovnebaTa da regionTa
solidarobas da amasTan, qveynis decentralizacias. amdenad, ar aris gamoricxuli,
federaluri mowyoba iyos qveynis momavali.36
sakiTxi sabolood ganmarta sakonstitucio sasamarTlom. 6/1982 wlis 4 noembris
gadawyvetilebiT da espanur saxelmwifos uwoda àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~ (El Estado
de las Autonomías).
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, àvtonomiaTa saxelmwi-
fo~ aris qveynis Sesabamisi modeli, upirveles yovlisa, im TvalsazrisiT, rom moxdes
saTanado TanamSromloba saxelmwifosa da avtonomiur gaerTianebis administraciaTa
Soris. aRniSnuli xels Seuwyobs samarTliani gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. TanamSrom-
loba aucilebelia avtonomiaTa saxelmwifos ukeTesi funcionirebisaTvis. àvtono-
miaTa saxelmwifo~ es aris saxelmwifos tipi, romelsac, miuxedavad mravali gadauWre-
li problemisa, aqvs ganviTarebisa da progresis pretenzia.37
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier dadgenil iqna – àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifos~
garantiebi – àvtonomiis~ cnebis Camoyalibeba da avtonomiis sazRvrebis dadgena. 2
Tebervlis 4/1981 gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, àvtonomia udavod aris suverenitets
daqvemdebarebuli limitirebuli xelisufleba, magram misi principi ar SeiZleba ga-
gebul iqnes, rogorc unitaruli realoba~.
4. politikuri mdgomareoba
konstituciuri harmonia dairRva 2006 wels, rodesac kataloniis avtonomiuri

gaerTianebis statutis modificirebis Sedegad katalonia gansazRvrul iqna, rogorc
eri. pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, `katalonia, rogorc eri, axorcielebs TviTmmarTvelo-
bas konstituciisa da aRniSnuli statutis farglebSi, romelic warmoadgens ZiriTad
institucionalur normas~. kataloniis statutis aRniSnulma suliskveTebam espanel
35
Rajoy M., Los Problemas de la Organización Territorial del Estado, AA.VV. Organización Territorial del Es-
tado, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 1993, 42.
36
Diario de Sesiones del Congreso, núm. 88, 1978. Sesión número 20 de la comisión de asuntos Constitucionales
y Libertades Públicas, 3262-3263, Constitución Española, trabajos parlamentarios, cit., vol II, 1536-1537.
37
STS 64/1982 de 4 de noviembre, 174.
28
eqspertTa da politikosTa mkacri kritika gamoiwvia. eqspertTa erTi nawili miiCnev-

da, rom xom ar iyo es gza espanuri konstituciuri samarTalwesrigis axali doqtrini-
saken.38 2010 wels espaneTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daasrula espaneTis kongre-
sis saxalxo partiis deputaciis sakonstitucio sarCelis ganxilva kataloniis sta-
tutis im debulebebis winaaRmdeg, romliTac gansazRvruli iyo `katalonia, rogorc
eri~ (Cataluña como Nación) da `katalniiis erovnuli realoba~ (realidad nacional de Cataluña).
2010 wlis 28 ivnisis 31/2010 gadawyvetilebiT,39 sakonstitucio sasamarTlom èrTan~
mimarTebaSi daadgina, rom – `1978 wlis konstituciis meore muxlis Tanaxmad, espaneTi
icnobs mxolod erT – espanel ers. espaneTis teritoriaze sxva erTa arsebobiT dair-
Rveva konstituciis fundamenti da politikuri sistema. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo
ver dauSvebs aRniSnuli iniciativis ganxorcielebas sistemis instituciur modifi-
kacias radikaluri meTodebiT. aRniSnuli SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod kon-
stituciuri reformis gziT da ara statutis reformis gziT~.
politikur situacias arTulebs ukanasknel wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi,
gansakuTebiT ki evrozonaSi ekonomikuri krizisi, rac mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba espane-
Tis Sida politikaze.
2012 wlis 11 seqtembris masobrivma manifestaciam, romelic kataloniaSi gaimarTa,
rogorc minimum, aCvena, rom espaneTsa da katalonias Soris mdgomareoba ukiduresad
daZabulia. movlenam didi gamoxmaureba pova rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs
gareT. eqspertebi ukve saubroben, rogor SeiZleba ganxorcieldes iseTi ganqorwineba,
romelic naklebad saziano iqneba orive mxarisaTvis. meore mxriv, mniSvnelovania am axa-
li saxelmwifos roli, urTierToba evrokavSirTan da msoflios sxva ZiriTad institu-
ciebTan.harvardis universitetis ekonomikis profesor kenes rogofis azriT, `calke
mdgomi katalonia iqneba erT-erTi umdidresi qveyana msoflioSi~.40
2012 wels sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis centrma Caatara sociologiuri gamo-
kiTxva kataloniis damoukideblobasTan dakavSirebiT,41 romlis Sedegebi gamoqveynda
2012 wlis 26 setembers.42
kiTxvaze, Tu ras miscemdnen xmas referendumis Catarebisas, Sedegebi iyo Semdegi:
damoukidebloba `diax~ – 51,1%
damoukidebloba àra’’ – 21,1%
Tavi Seikava – 21,1%
kiTxvaze – kataloniis saxelmwifos SesaZlo teritoriul-organizaciul mowyo-
bis Sesaxeb pasuxebi ganawilda Semdegnairad:
38
Fernández Farreres G., ¿Hacia una nueva doctrina constitucional del Estado autonómico?, Thomson-Civi-
tas, 2008.
39
<http://boe.es/boe/dias/2010/07/16/pdfs/BOE-A-2010-11409.pdf>.
40
<www.ecomonia.e-noticies.es; 4 abril, 2012. Kenneth Rogoff – “Catalunya seria uno de los paises mas ricos
del mundo~>.
41
sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis centri (Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió-CEO) kataloniis Jener-
alitetis organoa, romelic atarebs gamokiTxvebs arCevnebis, politikuri partiebisa
da liderebis reitingebis, arCevnebis Semdgomi periodis Sesaxeb. igi Seiqmna 2005 wlis
11 ianvris dekretiT.
42
<http://todoloqueseaverdad.blogspot.com/2012/09/preferencias-catalanas.html>.
29
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo – 34%

federaluri saxelmwifo – 28,7 %
avtonomiuri gaerTianeba – 25,4 %.
rogor SeiZleba Sejerdes orive pasuxi, rodesac gansxvavebuli Sedegebia da-
fiqsirebuli damoukideblobasTan dakavSirebiT? maT, visac surT katalonia iyos av-
tonomiuri gaerTianeba, ar arian maT ricxvSi, visac surT damoukidebloba (maT Soris
gaiyo àra~ da `Tavis Sekaveba~). amasTan, maT, visac surT damoukidebeli saxelmwifo
(meore kiTxva), surT agreTve damoukidebloba (pirveli kiTxva).
sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom maT, visac surT federaluri saxelmwifo (meore
kiTxva), kiTxvaze, surT Tu ara damoukidebloba, pasuxebi SeiZleba gayofiliyo `di-
ax~ da àra~-s Soris. am garemoebebma ganapiroba swored is paradoqsuli Sedegebi, rom-
lebic miRebul iqna: Tu arCevania damoukideblobasTan mimarTebaSi, calsaxaa `diax~.
rodesac arCevania `damoukidebel saxelmwifos~, `federalur saxelmwifosa~ da – àv-
tonomiur gaerTianebas~ Soris, umravlesoba xmas aZlevs damoukidebel saxelmwifos.
magram ra iqneba maSin, rodesac arCevani iqneba mxolod `damoukidebel saxelmwifosa~
da `federalur saxelmwifos~ Soris? am SemTxvevaSi upirobod gaimarjvebs es ukanas-
kneli, radganac pasuxSi moazrebuli iqneba àvtonomiuri gaerTianebis~ sasargeblod
micemuli xmebi.
sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom kataloniele-
bi damoukidebel saxelmwifosa da federalur saxelmwifos Soris irCeven am ukanas-
knels. Tumca, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom federaluri saxelmwifos farglebSi kata-
lonielTa miswrafeba damoukidebeli saxelmwifosadmi ufro gaRvivdes, miuxedavad
imisa, rom espaneTis saxelmwifos federalur standartebs aklia iseTi mniSvnelovani
elementi, rogoricaa teritoriuli erTeulebis monawileoba saxelmwifo nebis for-
mirebis procesSi federaluri palatis meSveobiT.43
espaneTis mTavrobis pasuxi katalonielTa moTxovnaze Semdegia: àrc espaneTia
problema, arc damoukidebloba gamosavali~; `damoukidebloba niSnavs ara kataloniis
gamoyofas, aramed espaneTis dasasruls~.44
espanuri modelis individualurobas kargad asaxavs espanel avtorTa pozicia.
erTi jgufi miiCnevs, rom avtonomiebis espanuri modeli aris espaneTis gansakuTre-
buli wvlili konstituciur samarTalSi, romelsac udidesi Teoriuli mniSvneloba
aqvs. zogierTi avtoris azriT ki espaneTma mxolod gamoiCina samwuxaro originaloba,
romlidanac, aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze, SesaZlebelia warmoiSvas mxolod avtono-
miuri qaosi.45 espaneli politikosebi, romlebic centristuli poziciis momxreebad
iTvlebian, Riad saubroben, rom àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifos~ unda daemSvidobon fede-
raluri modelis sasargeblod.46 politikurimovlenebis ganviTarebidan gamomdinare,
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxs uaxloes momavalSi miviRebT.
43
90.
44
Alberto Ruis Galladron, el ministro de la Justicia de España <http://www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/eleccio-
nes-2012/gallardon-independencia-sacar-catalunya-fuera-acabar-espana-2221644>.
45
Hanf D., Bundesstaat one Bundesrat?, 32. ix. xubua g., federalizmi, rogorc normatiuli prin-
cipi da politikuri wesrigi, Tb., 2000, 90.
46
<http://www.abc.es/20121008/espana/rc-monago-estado-autonomico-necesita-201210081156.html>
30
5. daskvna
Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmis istoriaSi àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~ Seda-

rebiT axali modelia. espaneTis konstituciam SemogvTavaza saxelmwifos teritoriu-
li mowyobis axali forma. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina sistemis uzrunvel-
yofisa da àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifos~ garantiebi. konstituciis Tanaxad, àvtonomia~
aris ufleba, romelsac floben espanel erSi integrirebuli erovnebebi da regionebi;
avtonomia aris demokratiuli saxelmwifos organizebis ZiriTadi principi, romelic
aseve moicavs erTianobis princips. Tumca, espanuri saxelmwifos magaliTis ganxil-
visas SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifos~ evolucia gadamwyvet fa-
zaSia Sesuli. cxadia, rom regionalizmma ver SeZlo espanuri erovnuli saxelmwifos
SigniT arsebul mwvave problemaTa mogvareba. kiTxvebze detalur pasuxebs uaxloes
momavalSi miviRebT. erT-erT katalizatorad 2012 wlis 25 noembers kataloniis par-
lamentis arCevnebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romlis Sedegebze met-naklebad iqneba damo-
kidebuli àvtonomiaTa saxelmwifos~ momavali. es arCevnebi kataloniis istoriaSi
yvelaze mniSvnelovan arCevnebad aris miCneuli, romelsac SeeZleba Secvalos arsebu-
li realoba. movlenebi ki elviseburi siswrafiT viTardeba, kataloniis jeneralite-
tis yofili prezidentis Jordi puJolis azriT, katalonia ukve mzadaa damoukideb-
lobisaTvis, dramatuli aris mxolod is situaciaa, romelSic dRes imyofebian.47
47
<http://www.periodistadigital.com/cataluña/barcelona/2012/11/05/jordi-pujol-cataluña-bueno-preparada-ca-
dena-ser-mas-independencia-estatut-votaria-catalan.shtml>
31
lana canava*
regionalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis

forma
1. Sesavali
rogorc cnobilia, kanoni aris „xalxis suli“, mocemuli xalxis sulis manifes-
tacia. marTlac, Sinagani individualobiTa da orginalobiT gamorCeulma espanelma
da italielma erma originaluri teritoriuli organizaciis samarTlebrivi sistema
Camoayaliba regionalizmis saxiT. regionalizmi Seqmnilia im Tanamedrove tendenci-
ebze dayrdnobiT, romelic sul ufro da ufro SeimCneva ganviTarebuli samarTleb-
rivi sistemis mqone saxelmwifoebSi. es gulisxmobs, federalur saxelmwifoebSi uni-
taruli tendenciebis gaZlierebas, xolo unitarul saxelmwifoebSi mzard decentra-
lizacias. farTo decentralizacia da amave dros centraluri xelisuflebis Zlieri
rolis SenarCuneba unitarizmisa da federalizmidan aRebuli is dadebiTi mxareebia,
romelic regionalizmma Tavis TavSi gaaerTiana.
mecnierTa erTi nawili regionalizms miiCnevs decentralizebul unitarizmad,
xolo nawili – prefederaciad, an sulac federaciad. Tumca misi kargad Seswavlis
Semdeg davinaxavT, rom regionalizmi TviTmyofadi niSnebis mqone damoukidebeli te-
ritoriuli organizaciis formaa. statiaSi ganxilulia regionalizmis ZiriTadi ma-
xasiaTeblebi da Sesabamisad misi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi sxva formebisgan, agreTve
regionalizmis SesaZleblobebi, maT Soris, eTnokonfliqtisa da umciresobebis prob-
lemis mogvareba da saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. aR-
saniSnavia, rom espaneTi regionalizaciis gzas daadga eTnikuri problemebisa da sepa-
ratizmis dasaZlevad, xolo italia olqebis disparitetis aRmosafxvrelad. kiTxvaze,
aris Tu ara es eqsperimenti warmatebuli evropis am qveynebSi, SeiZleba dadebiTi pa-
suxis gacema, radgan orive es saxelmwifo qveynis mwvave procesebis regulirebas regi-
onalizmis meSveobiT axerxebs. teritoriuli organizaciis formebis Seswavla gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis, radgan igi kvlav teritoriuli mowyobis
organuli formis Ziebis procesSia. regionalizmis gamocdilebis gaziareba SesaZloa
saqarTvelosTvisac mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes eTnokonfliqtebisa Tu regionebis dis-
paritetis aRmosafxvrelad.
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
32
l. canava, regionalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis forma
2. regionalizmis arsi
2.1. regionis cneba
sityva „regioni“ warmoiSva laTinuri sityvisgan „regere“ da niSnavs marTvas. re-

gionis cneba Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT pirvelad antikur romSi gvxvdeba. romi da-
yofili iyo 14 regionad, romlebic wminda administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebs
warmoadgenda da moklebuli iyo yvelanair damoukideblobas. qarTul sabWoTa en-
ciklopediaSi regioni ganmartebulia, rogorc didi teritoriuli erTeuli,1 xolo
frangul, germanul da espanur enaTa leqsikonebSi, rogorc individualuri Tavise-
burebebis mqone teritoria. konstituciur mniSvnelobas regioni pirvelad espaneTis
1931 wlis ZiriTad kanonSi iRebs, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom espaneTi Sedgeboda ko-
munebis, provinciebisa da regionebisgan. espanur literaturaSi regioni ganisazRvra,
rogorc eris teritoriuli nawili, romelic yalibdeba geografiuli, istoriuli da
socialuri faqtorebis gavleniT da romelic, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba daiyos sxvadas-
xva administraciul erTeulebad. regionis cneba espaneTis konstituciis Semdeg ita-
liis 1947 wlis konstituciaSia formulirebuli.2 regioni warmoadgens istoriulad
Camoyalibebul politikur gaerTianebas. is aris masze ufro didis, mTelis nawili,
romlis farglebSi mcxovrebi adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTmaneTTan grZno-
bad-emociuri kavSiri. regionisTvis damaxasiaTebelia individualuri niSnebis mTeli
kompleqsi, ris gamoc regionSi mcxovrebi xalxi myari kavSiris mqone erTianobad gani-
xileba „sxvebis“ mierac.3
2. 2. regionalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis

forma
2.2.1 regionalizmis istoria
regionalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis forma, war-

moiSva italiasa da espaneTSi faSisturi reJimebis damxobis Semdeg, rogorc diqta-
turisa da mkacri centralizaciis sapasuxo reaqcia. regionalizmi eyrdnoba farTo
decentralizacias, teritoriuli erTeulebis avtonomiurobas. Tu sxva saxelmwifo-
ebSi avtonomia eZleva mxolod qveynis garkveul nawils, regionalizmSi avtonomiiT
aRWurvilia saxelmwifos yvela regioni. saxelmwifos originaluri formis SemuSa-
vebis saWiroeba italiisa da espaneTis winaSe arsebulma amocanebma ganapiroba. erTi
mxriv, espaneTSi mZafrad idga eTnikuri problemis, italiaSi ekonomikurad CamorCe-
nili regionebis ganviTarebis sakiTxi, xolo meore mxriv, faSisturi diqtaturidan
gaTavisuflebul saxelmwifoebSi sazogadoeba moiTxovda sajaro xelisuflebis de-
centralizacias saxelmwifos sruli masStabiT. vinaidan gardauvali iyo kataloniisa
1
melqaZe o., TevdoraSvili g., regionalizmi – saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis
forma (qarTul perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT), gamomcemloba „sfinqsi“, Tb., 2003, 55.
2
xubua g., trauti i., federalizmi, regionalizmi da avtonomia, Tb., 2001, 4-7.
3
iqve, 8-9.
33
da baskeTisTvis avtonomiis miniWeba, espaneTma gadawyvita decentralizacia ganexor-

cielebina mTeli qveynis avtonomizaciis procesiT. amgvarma midgomam espaneTs saSua-
leba misca gaeneitralebina saxelmwifos erTi nawilis gansakuTrebulobis SegrZneba.
mxolod ori istoriulad mebrZoli regionebisTvis avtonomiis statusis miniWeba Se-
iZleba Sefasebuliyo, rogorc separatistul ZalTa gamarjveba, xolo qveynis sruli
avtonomizacia saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis axal modelad aRiqmeboda.4 sis-
tema, romelic aRiarebs umciresobebis gansakuTrebul uflebebs, aris ekonomikurad
da politikurad araefeqturi, zRudavs Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas da muSaxelis
Tavisufal gadaadgilebas. umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebs naklebad surT datovon
gansaxlebis is teritoria, sadac maT SeRavaTebi aqvT dadgenili. xolo politikuri
TvalsazrisiT, sistema, romelic aRiarebs romelime jgufis gansakuTrebulobis ide-
as, anawevrebs sazogadoebas da arTulebs erTiani konsensusis miRwevas.5amitom decen-
tralizaciis saerTo politika gacilebiT ufro momgebiania, vidre nawilobrivi.
2.2.2. unitarizmsa da federalizms Soris
regionalizms zogierTi avtori moixseniebs, rogorc decentralizebul unita-

rul saxelmwifos an prefederacias. marTalia, regionalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos
teritoriuli organizaciis forma aRmocenda unitarul modelSi, magram is gascda
unitaruli, maT Soris, decentralizebuli unitaruli saxelmwifos farglebs. amave
dros, arc federalizms warmoadgens, radgan mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebiT gansxvavdeba
misgan. amitom regionalizmi damoukidebeli formaa, romelic Seqmnilia unitarizmisa
da federalizmis dadebiTi mxareebis Serwymis safuZvelze, im tendenciebis gaTvalis-
winebiT, rom unitarul saxelmwifoSi xdeba federalizmis principebis gatareba, xolo
federalurSi unitarulis. avstriul-germanuli TeoriebiT gamsWvaluli regionaliz-
mi konstituciurad iqna aRiarebuli italiis 1947 wlis da espaneTis 1978 wlis konsti-
tuciebSi. mogvianebiT misi recefcia moxda Sri-lankasa da samxreT afrikaSi.
2.2.3. ra aris regionaluri avtonomia?
avtonomia mraval asociacias iwvevs. erTi mxriv, mas decentralizebul erTian

saxelmwifoSi iyeneben administraciuli avtonomiurobis TvalsazrisiT, meore mxriv,
avtonomiurobas ukavSireben federaluri saxelmwifos formas. avtonomiis regiona-
listur formas ver gavaigivebT verc martivi decentralizaciis formasTan da verc
federalur saxelmwifosTan. decentralizebuli saxelmwifos regionebisgan gansxva-
vebiT, italiisa da espaneTis avtonomiuri erTeulebis avtonomia emyareba ara mxo-
lod administraciul TviTorganizebas, aramed iTvaliswinebs agreTve sakanonmdeb-
lo xelisuflebasac.6 regionalur-teritoriul erTeulebs, federaciis subieqtebis
msgavsad, miniWebuli aqvT farTo sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. zo-
gierT sakiTxSi federaciis subieqtsac ki aWarbebs kompetenciis moculobiT, magram
4
xubua g., trauti i., federalizmi, regionalizmi da avtonomia, Tb., 2001, 86.
5
iqve, 64.
6
janaSvili l., espaneTis regionalizmis tendenciebi, Jurn. „samarTali“, 1999, #1, 66.
34
maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa, rac, pirvel rigSi, gamoixateba regionis statusis
ganmsazRvreli aqtiT. regionebi ar aris aRWurvili konstituciis mimRebi damfuZne-
beli xelisuflebiT. Tumca, statutis miRebis wesi gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi sakanon-
mdeblo aqtis miRebis wesisagan. regionis statuti gansazRvravs mis kompetencias, sa-
kanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis institucionalur mowyobas, maTi Seq-
mnis wessa da organizacias. avtonomiuri gaerTianebebi sakuTari wesdebis SemuSavebis
dros ar arian iseTive TavisuflebiT aRWurvilni, rogorc federaciis subieqtebi. Tu
federaciis subieqti TviTon gansazRvravs sakuTari xelisuflebis organizaciasa da
mowyobas, avtonomiebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos konstitucia gansazRvravs maTi Si-
nagani struqturisa da organizaciis ZiriTad CarCoebs, amitom mmarTvelobis sistema
regionebSi, rogorc wesi, unificirebulia da erTian principebs emyareba.7
2.2.4. simetria Tu asimetria?
amasTan yvela regions ara aqvs erTnairi statusi. espaneTSi katalonia, baskeTi,
galisia, andaluzia da kanariis kunZulebi SedarebiT maRali statusiT sargeblo-
ben, vidre danarCeni avtonomiebi, rac gamowveulia eTnikuri faqtorebiT, amitom maT
erovnul avtonomiebs uwodeben. espaneli mkvlevari xoakin garsilio morilio espa-
neTSi damkvidrebul asimetrias sportuli terminologiiT aRniSnavs da „pirveli li-
gisa“ da „meore ligis“ avtonomiebad moixseniebs.8 Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom espaneTis
konstituciiT erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvruli ar aris avtonomiaTa kompetencia,
misi gafarToeba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos TanxmobiT yovel 5 weliwadSi erTxel. am
meqanizmiT erovnul da istoriul avtonomiebs Soris kompetenciebi nel-nela uTanab-
rdeba erTmaneTs. italiaSic analogiurad oci olqidan xuTs – sicilia, sardinia, vale
d’aosta, friuli-venecia-julia, trentino-alto-adije – aqvs specialuri statusi.
siciliisa da sardiniis gamorCevis mizezi maTi ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba iyo, xo-
lo danarCeni samis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli eTnikur-lingvisturi Semadgenloba.9
amitom teritoriuli mowyobis asimetriuloba regionalizmisTvis organulad for-
madac SeiZleba miviCnioT.
2.2.5. regionebis kompetencia
regionebis uflebamosileba moicavs socialur, kulturul, janmrTelobis, ad-

gilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis, adgilobrivi biujetis, finansebis, policiis, sazoga-
doebrivi usafrTxoebis dacvis sakiTxebs. regionebSi funqcionirebs sakanonmdeblo
da aRmsarulebeli organoebi. regionaluri mTavrobis meTauri aRWurvilia ormagi
7 melqaZe o., TevdoraSvili g., regionalizmi _ saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaci-

is forma (qarTul perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT), gamomcemloba „sfinqsi“, Tb., 2003,
71.
8 xoakin garsio morilio, citireba ix. melqaZe o., TevdoraSvili g., regionalizmi –
saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis forma (qarTul perspeqtivebTan dakavSire-
biT), gamomcemloba „sfinqsi“, Tb., 2003, 87.
9 melqaZe o., konstitucionalizmi, Tb., 2010, 163.
35
warmomadgenlobiT, aris saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli regionSi, da regionis warmo-

madgeneli saerTo-saxelmwifo doneze. regionaluri parlamenti arCevnebis gziT ya-
libdeba da TavianTi kompetenciis farglebSi uflebamosili arian gamoscen sakanon-
mdeblo aqtebi. ucnauria, magram espaneTSi eqskluziuri uflebamosilebis fargleb-
Si gamocemuli kanonebi upiratesia saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv kanonebTan mimarTebaSi,
rodesac federalizmSi federaluri kanoni yovelTvis ierarqiiT maRla dgas federa-
ciis subieqtis samarTalTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca centralur xelisuflebs sxva gziT
mainc aqvs sakuTari xazis gatarebis SesaZlebloba. igi uflebamosilia regionebSi ka-
nonebis homogenurobis uzrunvelsayofad gamosces sabaziso normebi.
uflebamosilebis arsebobas azri ar eqneboda, Tu regionebs finansuri saxsrebi
ar miecemodaT. amitom miniWebuli uflebamosilebebis sarealizaciod regionebs aqvT
sakuTari finansuri resursebi, rac gamoixateba sakuTari gadasaxadebis arsebobaSi,
agreTve saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebidan garkveuli wilis miRebasa da sa-
xelmwifo subvenciebis gadaricxvaSi. am Semosavlebs avtonomia Tavisi survilisamebr
anawilebs mis teritoriaze, rac niSnavs, rom regionebs aqvT sabiujeto da safinanso
avtonomia.
regionaluri enebi saxelmwifo enasTan erTad oficialur enas warmoadgens.
regionebi uflebamosilia hqondeT sakuTari droSa da gerbi. rogorc vxedavT, fun-
qciuri TvalsazrisiT, regionalizmi federalur standartebTan miaxloebuli sa-
xelmwifoa. Tumca, regionebze xorcieldeba administraciuli zedamxedveloba, rac
miuRebelia federaluri wesrigisTvis. regionebSi, Tavis mxriv, arsebobs adgilobri-
vi TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebi, rac qveyanaSi samdoniani saxelisuflebo sistemis
arsebobas ganapirobebs.
3. regionalizmi, rogorc politikuri moZraoba
3.1. regionalizmis mamoZravebeli faqtorebi
3.1.1. regionalizmi da erovnuli saxelmwifo
regionalizmis Tanamedrove moZraoba saTaves iRebs mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli,

periferiuli jgufebisgan, romlebic xazs usvamen sakuTar identobas. regionalizmis
saWiroeba da misi ganviTareba ganapiroba me-19 saukuneSi gavrcelebulma erovnuli sa-
xelmwifos ideam. erovnuli saxelmwifos koncefciis mixedviT, „eri“ da „saxelmwifo“
ganixileba identur kategoriebad, rac ar tovebs sivrces sxvadasxva eTnosisa da erov-
nebis warmomadgenlebis arsebobisTvis. amitom gansxvavebuli jgufebisTvis regiona-
lizmi TviTgamorkvevis, TviTrealizaciis saSualebaa. regionaluri moZraoba ar aris
nacionaluri moZraoba. regionalizmi eswrafvis ara suverenuli saxelmwifos Camoya-
libebas, aramed erTiani saxelmwifos farglebSi sakuTari avtonomiurobis dacvas. er-
Tianoba mas surs mxolod enis, garemos dacvis, religiis an sxva faqtorebis gamo.10 re-
10
xubua g., trauti i., federalizmi, regionalizmi da avtonomia, Tb., 2001, 10-11.
36
gionalizmi aRmocenebulia ara saxelmwifos, aramed regionis garSemo.11 regionalizmi

gansxvavebul teritoriebs uyurebs mTlianobidan, erTianobis gadasaxedidan.12
3.1.2. Sinagani kolonizaciis Teoria
eTnikur-kulturuli gansxvavebulobis garda, regionaluri moZraobis warmoSo-

bis meore mniSvnelovani safuZveli ekonomikuri faqtoria. e.w. Sinagani kolonizaciis
Teoriis mixedviT, „provinciebis janyi“ saxelmwifos sxvadasxva teritoriuli erTe-
ulebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis uTanabrobiT aris ganpirobebuli.13 marTlac,
Tu espaneTSi regionalizmis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba momZlavrebulma
eTnoproblemebma ganapiroba, italiis SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti roli olqebis ekono-
mikurma CamorCenilobam Seasrula.
regionalizmi, rogorc politikuri moZraoba, moiTxovs xelisuflebis decen-
tralizacias da regionebis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas, misi politikuri
wonis gazrdas saxelmwifoSi. rogorc g. xubua aRniSnavs, „regionalizmi aris saxel-
mwifo mmarTvelobis, ekonomikisa da politikis sferoSi mimdinare centralizaciis
mzardi tendenciebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli moZraobis erT-erTi forma~.14 regiona-
luri moZraobis ZiriTadi moTxovnebia: TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizacia, TviT-
mmarTvelobiTi institutebis ganmtkiceba, decentralizacia, biurokratiis decen-
tralizaciis CaTvliT, TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba.15 yovelive es niSnavs, rom regi-
onalizmi upirispirdeba centralizebul saxelmwifos. regionalizmis moZraoba sul
ufro Zlierdeba evropaSi. safrangeTi, belgia, italia, espaneTi, didi britaneTi – arc
erTi es saxelmwifo Tavisufali ar aris regionalizmisgan. am mxriv naklebi probleme-
bi awuxebs germanias, kargad ganviTarebuli federaluri struqturebis wyalobiT.16
3. 2. regionalizmi da decentralizacia
3.2.1. decentralizaciis upiratesobani
aRsaniSnavia, rom decentralizacia mniSvnelovania ara mxolod regionebis-

Tvis, aramed TviTon centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebisTvis. Tanamedrove sa-
xelmwifo moicavs mraval uflebamosilebas, romelic yoveli mxridan gavlenas axdens
mosaxleobaze. saxelmwifos regulaciis wre imdenad didia, rom patara qveynebSic ki
SeuZlebelia erovnul doneze yvelafris mogvareba. amitom saxelmwifoebi cdiloben
11
12
Moore,H.,Regionalism and Permanent Peace, Social Forces, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Oct., 1944), <http://www.jstor.
org/stable/2572374> , [01/06/2012 09:03], 16.
13
xubua g., trauti i., federalizmi, regionalizmi da avtonomia, Tb., 2001, 12-16
14
iqve, 15.
15
16
Newhouse,J., Europe’s Rising Regionalism, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 1,1997, Council on Foreign Rela-
tions, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2572374> , [01/06/2012 08:54], 74.
37
adgilobrivi sakiTxebis gadawyveta adgilobriv organoebs miandon, amiT saxelmwifo

ufro efeqturi davalebebis SesrulebisTvis iclis. rogorc iohanes trauti aRniS-
navs, centraluri xelisufleba imaze met uflebebs, Tavisuflebebsa da avtoritets
moipovebs decentralizaciiT, vidre man gaiRo. decentralizebuli saxelmwifo xeli-
sufleba, Tundac didi uflebebis gareSe, bevrad ufro Zlieria, vidre centralize-
buli xelisufleba.17 centralizebuli marTvis sistemis araefeqturoba daadastura
Tanamedrove menejmentmac. sawarmos mTliani warmateba Zlier damokidebulia misi fi-
lialebisa da struqturuli erTeulebis avtonomiaze.18 amitom wlebis manZilze evro-
paSi dRis wesrigSi dgas decentralizaciis sakiTxi. didi siCqariTa da didi moculo-
biT xelisufleba miedineba dedaqalaqebidan qveviT provinciebsa da qalaqebSi.19
3.2.2. decentralizacia, rogorc subsidiarobis principis

uzrunvelyofis saSualeba
decentralizacia subsidiarobis principis uzrunvelyofis saSualebaa. decen-

tralizaciis pirobebSi subsidiaroba gamoiyeneba xelisuflebis sxvadasxva doneebs
Soris uflebamosilebebis vertikalurad danawilebisas. arsebobs iseTi sakiTxe-
bi, romlis mogvareba mxolod centralur xelisuflebas SeuZlia, magram lokalu-
ri problemebis saxelmwifoebrivi masStabiT Sefaseba araefeqturia. subsidiarobis
principi gulisxmobs uflebamosilebebis im donisTvis gadacemas, romelic ukeT da
naklebi danaxarjebiT SeZlebs mis ganxorcilebas. decentralizacia xelisuflebis
SeboWvis saSualebaa, xelisuflebis SezRudva ki uzrunvelyofs adamianis individu-
aluri Tavisuflebis dacvas. decentralizaciis institucionalizaciis Sedegad xde-
ba lokaluri demokratiis ganviTareba, xalxisa da xelisuflebis urTierToba ufro
gamWvirvalea. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis adgilobrivi warmomadgenlebisTvis loka-
luri problemebi ufro nacnobia, adgilobriv situaciaSi ufro metad erkvevian da,
Sesabamisad, maTi moqmedebebic ufro efeqturia. mosaxleobis mxridan meti ndobiTa
da mxardaWeriT sargeblobs adgilobrivi warmomadgeneli, vidre centraluri xeli-
suflebis mier warmogzavnili emisari. agreTve uzrunvelyofilia politikuri plu-
ralizmi, adgilobrivi politikuri liderebis warmoCena. decentralizacia aris sa-
Sualeba politikuri situaciisadmi adekvaturi moqmedebisa. saxelmwifo erTianobis
SenarCuneba zogjer SeuZlebelia decentralizaciis gareSe. am principze uaris Tqma
Zvirad daujda danias Slezvingiisa da golStiniis, niderlands – belgiis, ingliss –
amerikuli koloniebis dakargvis saxiT da a.S.20
regionaluri donis decenralizacia TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizaciis sa-
Sualebaa. avtonomia etimologiurad sakuTari wesebiT cxovrebas niSnavs. sakuTari
enis, religiis, kulturis, yofa-cxovrebis wesebის mixedviT cxovrebis ufleba regio-
nis mcxovreblebs saSualebas aZlevs, SeinarCunon TviTmyofadoba, sakuTari idento-
17
18
iqve, 118.
19
Newhouse J., Europe’s Rising Regionalism, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 1,1997, Council on Foreign Rela-
tions, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2572374> , [01/06/2012 08:54], 68.
20
gogiaSvili g., SedarebiTi federalizmi, Tb., 2000, 209.
38
bis dakargvis gareSe moaxdinon TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizacia. regionalizmi

uzrunvelyofs „mravalferovnebas erTianobaSi da erTianobas mravalferovnebaSi~.21
regionebis finansuri damოukidebloba xels uwyobs regionebis ekonomikur ganviTare-
bas. regionebis Tanabაri ganviTareba mosaxleobis met-naklebad Tanabari dasaxlebis
saSualebas iZleva, rac xsnis „Tavkombala“ dedaqalaqebisa da qalaqebis problemas.
4. espanuri regionalizmi
4.1. istoriuli Sesavali
4.1.1. espanuri konstitucionalizmis dasawyisi
espaneTis konstitucionalizmis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani etapia 1873 weli, ro-

desac espaneTi pirvelad gamocxadda respublikad. xelisuflebaSi movidnen respub-
likelebi, romelTa umravlesoba federalistebs warmoadgendnen. federalistebi
erTaderTi politikuri Zala aRmoCnda, romelic erovnuli avtonomiis mwvave prob-
lemis pozitiuri gziT gadaWras iTvaliswinebda. federalizmma, erTi mxriv, SeZlo
sxvadasxva politikuri partiebisa da mxareebis intersebis Sejereba, meore mxriv,
federalizmi warmoadgenda arsebuli politikuri mdgomareobis Sesabamis formas.22
amave dros federalizmis ideologia espaneTis istoriis organul nawils Seadgen-
da, radgan espaneTi arasdros yofila centralizebuli saxelmwifo. misi dRevandeli
regionebi damoukidebeli samefoebi iyvnen da mTlianobaSi espaneTis konfederaciis
msgavs saxelmwifos qmnidnen.23 magram federalizmi, espaneTis pirvel respublikas-
Tan erTad, warsuls Cabarda, radgan generalma paviam 1874 wels daSala parlamenti da
aRadgina monarqia. 1931 wels, daZabuli politikuri fonis safuZvelze, kvlav gamoik-
veTa republikuri orientaciis partiebis gamarjveba saparlamento arCevnebSi. monar-
qma datova espaneTi da respublikuri marTva-gamgeobis forma mSvidobiani gziT iqna
restavrirebuli.24
4.1.2. federaluri Tu „integraluri saxelmwifo“?
1931 wels dRis wesrigSi kvlav dadga saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis sa-
kiTxis gansazRvra. federalizmis cneba espaneTSi 1873 wlis warumatebel eqsperimen-
tTan asocirdeboda, romelic anarqiaSi gadaizarda. sazogadoebis mxridan federa-
lizmi gagebul iqna, rogorc suverenulobis danawevreba, rac SemdgomSi saxelmwifos
daSlas gamoiwvevda. gadasaWreli iyo kataloniis sakiTxi, romlis gadawyveta sabolo-
21
22
janaSvili l., espanuri regionalizmis evolucia konstituciur kanonmdeblobaSi,
adamiani da konstitucia, 2002, #4, 59.
23
Payne, S., Nationalism, Regionalism and Micronationalism in Spain, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 26,
No. 3/4, The Impact of WesternNationalisms: Essays Dedicated to Walter Z. Laqueur on the Occasion of His
70th Birthday, Sage Publications, Ltd, 1991, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2572374> , [01/06/2012], 479.
24
39
od moxda originalur sistemaSi, romelic gzas uxsnida fakultatiur avtonomias. fa-

kultatiuroba gamoixata imaSi, rom adgilobriv xelisuflebas survilis SemTxvevaSi
centraluri xelisuflebisTvis mimarTvis gziT SeeZlo moepovebina avtonomia. es iyo
„integraluri saxelmwifos“ formula, romelsac 1931 wels kortesebSi socialisti
deputati ximenes de asua icavda da gulisxmobda unitaruli da federaluri saxel-
mwifos sinTezs adgilobrivi avtonomiis yvela formis gaTvaliwinebiT. integraluri
saxelmwifos es doqtrina hiugo preusisgan aris nasesxebi.25
1932 wels kortesi kataloniis avtonomiis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtis damuSavebas
Seudga. saparlamento komisiam Zireulad Secvala katalonielebis mier warmodgeni-
li proeqti, SedarebiT zomieri gaxda proeqtis teqsti. igi ar Seicavda iseT gamaRi-
zianebel debulebebs, rogoricaa „espaneli xalxebis federaciis Sesaxeb.“ Tumca es
proeqtic seriozuli kritikis sagani gaxda, katalonielebs brali edebodaT espa-
neTis konstituciis rRvevaSi. sabolood parlamentma mxolod cxra muxli daamtki-
ca wardgenili wesdebidan. saxelmwifos Semdgomi avtonomizacia verc am SemTxvevaSi
ganxorcielda, radgan mZime sagareo da saSinao viTarebaSi xelisuflebam ver SeZlo
arsebuli problemebis daZleva. germanuli da italiuri faSisturi Zalebis daxmare-
biT areuloba samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda. sabolood ki, 1936-1939 wlebis samoqala-
qo omis Semdeg, espaneTSi general frankos diqtatura damyarda. frankos xangrZlivi
diqtaturis ganmavlobaSi xelisufleba mkacri centralizaciis politikas atarebda.
gauqmda avtonomiebi, da yovelgvari avtonomiis xseneba akrZaluli iyo separatizmSi
braldebiT. frankos reJimi ori paTologiuri ltolviT gamoirCeoda – antikomuniz-
miTa da antiseparatizmiT.26 regionebis TviTmmarTvelobis Seviwroebam kidev ufro
mZafrad daayena dRis wesrigSi eTnikuri problemebi. frankoseuli erovnuli homoge-
nizaciis programam sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo da misi ideologia aRmoCnda regiona-
luri moZraobis gaaqtiurebis gadamwyveti katalizatori.27
frankom mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi taxtis memkvidred xuan karlosi aRiara da
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1975 wels, xelisufleba mSvidobianad gadaeca taxtis mem-
kvidres. demokratiis aRdgenis Semdeg daarsda winakonstituciuri avtonomiebi. 1978
wels, konstituciis ZalaSi Sesvlamde, baskeTsa da galisias winaswari avtonomiebi mi-
eniWa. moqmed konstituciaSi mniSvnelovnad aisaxa 1931 wels SemuSavebuli teqnika av-
tonomiebTan dakavSirebiT, rac gulisxmobda: erTbaSad ar unda ganisazRvros regiona-
lizaciis sistema, aramed cnos sxvadasxva regionebis ufleba avtonomiis mopovebaze.28
25
lovo f., Tanamedrove didi demokratiebi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis poli-
tologiis instituti, Tb., 2002, 565.
26
moreno l., citireba ix. melqaZe o., TevdoraSvili g., regionalizmi – saxelmwifos te-
ritoriuli organizaciis forma (qarTul perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT), gamomcem-
loba „sfinqsi“, Tb., 2003, 83.
27
forma (qarTul perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT), gamomcemloba „sfinqsi“, Tb., 2003, 81-
84.
28
40
4.2. avtonomiis saxeebi
espaneTis konstitucia avtonomiis or dones ganarCevs. pirveli donis avtono-

mias amJamad floben katalonia, baskeTi, galisia, andaluzia da kanariis kunZulebi.
avtonomiebi erTmaneTisgan kompetenciis masStabiT gansxvavdebian. Cveulebrivi av-
tonomiebis uflebamosilebebi konstituciis 148-e muxlSi miTiTebuli 22 saxis kom-
petenciiT Semoifargleba (adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organizacia, soflis
meurneoba, meTevzeoba, metyeveoba, muzeumebi da kulturuli memkvidreoba, sporti,
kultura, avtonomiuri olqis enis swavleba, administraciuli policia da a.S).29 pirve-
li donis avtonomia, meorisgan gansxvavebiT, aerTianebs im uflebamosilebebsac, rom-
lebic konstituciiT specialurad ar aris centraluri xelisuflebisTvis mikuTvne-
buli.30 agreTve 148-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia, rom avtonomiebma xuTi
wlis Semdeg TavianTi statutebis Secvlis meSveobiT TandaTanobiT gaafarToon Tavi-
anTi kompetencia 149-e muxlSi dadgenil farglebSi anu saxelmwifos gansakuTrebul
gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli kompetenciis xarjze.31 sxvaoba pirveli da meore donis av-
tonomiebs Soris saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebis miRebis procesSia.
pirveli donis avtonomiebi uflebamosili arian pirdapir miiRon gafarToebuli uf-
lebamosilebani, xolo Cveulebrivi avtonomiebi ki etapobrivad xuTi wlis Semdeg sta-
tutis Secvlis meSveobiT Tu SeZleben imaves.
4.3. avtonomiebis mopovebis gzebi
4.3.1. Cveulebrivi procedura
konstitucia aseve avtonomiis miRebis gansxvavebul gzebs iTvaliswinebs. igi

SeiZleba miRebul iqnes adgilobrivi an saxelmwifos iniciativiT. adgilobrivi ini-
ciativis SemTxvevaSi sami varianti arsebobs, romelsac, filip lovos mixedviT, SeiZ-
leba vuwodoT normaluri, specialuri da normidan gadaxvevis procesi.32 normaluri
procesi konstituciis 143-e muxlSia mocemuli, romlis Tanaxmad saerTo istoriuli,
kulturuli da ekonomikuri niSnebis mqone mosazRvre provinciebs, kunZulis teri-
toriebsa da provinciebs, romlebic warmoadgenen erTian istoriul mxares, SeuZliaT
Seqmnan avtonomiuri gaerTianeba.33 am iniciativis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTul pro-
ceduras warmoadgens. avtonomiis miRebis iniciativiT mimarTva SeuZlia dainterse-
bul warmomadgenelTa (delegatTa) krebas, an kunZulTaSoriso organos, agreTve mu-
nicipalitetebis or mesameds, romlebic warmoadgenen TavianTi mosaxleobis umetes
29
30
janaSvili l., espaneTis regionalizmis tendenciebi, samarTali, 1999, #1, 66.
31
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, nawili III, redaqtori gonaSvili v., „Tbili-
selebi“, Tb., 2006, 207-209.
32
33
selebi“, Tb., 2006, 204.
41
nawils. iniciativis marcxis SemTxvevaSi misi dayeneba xuTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg SeiZ-
leba. es pirveli gza, romelic normalur process Seesabameba, meore donis avtonomi-
is mopovebis saSulebaa. meore donis avtonomiis statutis proeqti muSavdeba krebis
(yrilobis) mier, romelic Sedgeba provinciis sabWos an kunZulTaSoriso organosgan
da maTgan arCeuli deputatebis da senatorebisgan da gadaecema espaneTis kortesebs
organuli kanonis miRebisaTvis dadgenili wesiT statutis misaRebad.
4.3.2. specialuri procedura
specialuri procedura avtonomiur gaerTianebebs pirveli donis kompetenciis

pirdapiri miRebis saSualebas aZlevs. 151-e muxlis mixedviT, regionebis deputateb-
sa da senatorebs, romlebsac surT avtonomiur gaerTianebad Camoyalibeba, SeuZliaT
moiwvian kreba (yriloba) avtonomiuri gaerTianebis statutis SemuSavebis mizniT. yri-
lobis absoluturi umravlesobis mier statutis miRebis Semdeg statutis proeqti
gadaecema kongresis sakonstitucio komisias, romelic ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi ganixi-
lavs mas yrilobis deputaciasTan erTad, raTa erToblivad gansazRvron saerTo pro-
eqti. aseTi Tanxmobis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi, miRebuli teqsti gadis referendumze. Tu
yvela provinciaSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba moiwonebs statutis proeqts, igi gadae-
cema generalur kortesebs, romlis orive palata axdens mis ratifikacias da sabolo-
od xels awers mefe da qveyndeba, rogorc kanoni. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakonstitu-
cio komisiasa da warmomadgenelTa krebas (yrilobas) Soris ver iqna Tanxmoba miRweu-
li, statutis proeqti gansaxilvelad gadaecema generalur kortesebs kanonproeqtis
saxiT. mis mier miRebuli teqsti gaitaneba referendumze, mosaxleobis mxardaWeris
SemTxvevaSi promulgacia grZeldeba zemoaRniSnuli gziT. Tu romelime provincia
uaryofs proeqts, misi monawileobis gareSe Seiqmneba avtonomiuri gaerTianeba.34
4.3.3. winakonstituciuri avtonomiebi
normidan gadaxvevis procesi konstituciis gardamaval debulebebSi gaTvalis-

winebulia, romelic exeba e.w. „istoriul“ erovnebebs, e.i. katalonias, baskeTsa da ga-
lisias. „teritoriebs, romlebmac referendumis meSveobiT warsulSi miiRes avtono-
miis statutebis proeqtebi da am konstituciis gamoqveynebis momentSi aqvT droebiTi
avtonomiis statusi, SeuZliaT dauyovnebliv miiRon 148-e muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaT-
valiwinebuli zomebi, rogorc ki maTi winaavtonomiuri warmomadgelobiTi organoebi
gadawyveten xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT da amis Sesaxeb acnobeben mTavrobas.“35
es debuleba SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc avtonomiis misaRebad darRvevis proceduris
damyareba da am sami istoriuli regionisTvis misi erTbaSad miniWeba, vinaidan maT 1931
wlis konstituciiTac hqondaT avtonomia miniWebuli.36
34
selebi“, Tb., 2006, 210-211.
35
iqve, 218.
36
42
4.3.4. saxelmwifos uflebamosileba avtonomiebis Seqmnisas
avtonomiebi saxelmwifos iniciativiTac SeiZleba Seiqmnas. espaneTis konstitu-

ciis 144-e muxlis mixedviT aqac sami variantia: 1) Tuki teritoria ar aRemateba erTi
provinciis teritorias (es suetasa da melilas afrikul teritoriebs exeba); 2) Tu te-
ritoria ar Sedis arc erT provinciaSi; 3) Tu adgilobrivi xelisufleba Tavs ikavebs,
kortesebs Tavad SeuZlia aiRos avtonomiis miRebis iniciativa. sakuTari statutis
mqone avtonomiis federaciis subieqtTan Sedareba ar SeiZleba, ra kompetenciac ar
unda gadaeceT maT, radgan isini gacilebiT metad arian konstitituciiT SezRudul-
ni. statutiT ganisazRvreba avtonomiis uflebebi konstituciis 149-e muxlis far-
glebSi da Tu gascda konstitucias, statutis referendumze gatanamde statusis ara-
konstituciurobis sakiTxis dasmas ver ascdeba avtonomiuri gaerTianeba.37
4.4. avtonomiebis institucionalizacia
avtonomiebis institucionalur mowyobaTan dakavSirebiT konstitucia orgva-

rad udgeba sakiTxs. Cveulebrivi avtonomiis SemTxvevaSi konstituciaSi gansazRvru-
lia mxolod statutis Sinaarsis ramdenime moTxovna, rom igi unda Seicavdes avtonomi-
is dasaxelebas, teritoriis sazRvrebs, mis uflebamosilebebs, avtonomiuri dawesebu-
lebis saxelwodebas, struqturasa da adgilsamyofels. xolo specialuri gziT mopo-
vebuli avtonomiebis SemTxvevaSi maTi struqtura konstituciaSia mocemuli, romlis
Tanaxmad avtonomiuri organizacia Sedgeba sayovelTao kenWisyriT proporciuli war-
momadgenlobis sistemiT arCeuli sakanonmdeblo krebisa da samTavrobo sabWosgan, ro-
melic asrulebs aRmasrulebel da administraciul funqciebs. sabWos hyavs Tavmjdo-
mare, romelic krebis mier Tavisi wevrebidan airCeva da Semdeg iniSneba mefis mier. igi
aris avtonomiuri gaerTianebis umaRlesi piri da masSi saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli.
marTlmsajulebis umaRlesi sasamarTlo moqmedebs uzenaesi sasamarTlos iurisdiq-
ciis qveS da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoa avtonomiur gaerTianebaSi
(151.1 muxli). amrigad gamodis, rom naklebi kompetenciis avtonomiebs meti Tavisufle-
ba aqvT. Tumca, sabolood, yvela avtonomia am sistemis msgavsadaa agebuli.
4.5. kompetenciaTa gamijvnis sistema
4.5.1. „kooperaciuli federalizmis“ axali saxe
rac Seexeba sakanonmdeblo kompetenciebs, avtonomiebis kanonebi saxelmwifo ka-

nonebis ekvivalenturia. espanuri regionalizmi am sakiTxSi federalizmis analogi-
uria. espaneTis konstituciiT gansazRvruli sistema SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
kooperaciuli federalizmi. konstituciis pirvelobis garda, saxelmwifosa da avto-
nomiebis aqtebs Soris ierarqiuli gansxvaveba ar aris. Tumca, Tanamedrove koopera-
ciul federalizmSi or subieqts Soris ganawilebuli kompetenciebis umravlesoba
37
tologiis instituti, Tb., 2002, 568-569.
43
konkurentulia da ara eqskluziuri. 149-e muxlSi mocemulia is sakiTxebi, romelic

saxelmwifos gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas miekuTvneba. magram, rogorc filip lovo
aRniSnavs, „am uflebebis Zalian mcire nawilia namdvilad gansakuTrebuli am sityvis
sruli mniSvnelobiT, roca isini gamoricxaven avtonomiuri erTobis yovelgvar Care-
vas. am uflebebis nawili avtonomiuri erTobebis kompetenciaSi Sedis (..), nawili av-
tonomiuri erTobis mier xelisuflebis aRsrulebas iTvaliwinebs (..), nawili sabazo
kanonmdeblobiT aris SezRuduli (..), sxvebi ganisazRvreba rogorc ganawilebuli uf-
lebebi“.38 149-e muxli miuTiTebs saxelmwifos uflebamosilebas sabazo kanonmdeblo-
bis saxiT, rac niSnavs, rom avtonomiebs aqvT ufleba, saxelmwifos mier dadgenili sa-
marTlebrivi CarCoebi sakuTari kanonmdeblobiT Seavson.
4.5.2. avtonomiaTa kompetenciis gafarToeba
150-e muxlis mixedviT avtonomiebisTvis sagangebo uflebamosilebebis gadace-

ma SeiZleba moxdes. generalur kortesebs SeuZlia, avtonomiebs gadasces saxelmwi-
fos eqskluziur gamgeblobas mikuTvnebul sakiTxze sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebis
uflebamosileba. aseve SeuZlia gadasces uflebamosilebebi „romlebic TavianTi bu-
nebiT SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodnen gadacemas an delegirebas.“ aseT SemTxvevaSi finan-
suri saxsrebis gadacemac unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. kidev ufro Sors midis gar-
damavali debulebebi, sadac aRirebulia e.w. foraluri teritoriebis – baskeTisa
da navaras – istoriuli uflebebi. foraluri gulisxmobs imas, rom regionis kompe-
tencia damokidebuli araa centraluri xelisuflebis nebaze.39 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia,
rom espaneTis konstitucia, avtonomiebis farTo uflebamosilebebTan erTad, aseve
iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos gansakuTrebul uflebas, SezRudos avtonomiuri erTo-
bebis damoukidebloba. saxelmwifos, avtonomiuri procesebis harmonizaciis mizniT,
ufleba aqvs gamosces sabaziso CarCokanonebi, maT Soris, avtonomiuri sazogadoebis
gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas mikuTvnebul sakiTxebze. es ufleba espaneTma gamoiyena
espaneTis teritoriaze avtonomiebis procesebis harmonizaciis mizniT, ramac didi
mRelvareba gamoiwvia. sabolood sakonstitucio sasamarTlom zemoaRniSnuli kano-
ni cno, rogorc sabazo kanoni.40 espaneTis kompetenciebis ganawilebis sistema narCen
kompetenciasac moicavs, romelic germanuli federalizmidan aris aRebuli. narCeni
kompetenciis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo samarTals upiratesoba aqvs im principis Sesa-
bamisad, rom saxelmwifo samarTali aris sajaro samarTali, xolo gaerTianebebis sa-
marTali kerZo, fragmentulia da unda SeeTavsos erTian sistemas.41 „saxelmwifos gam-
geblobas ganekuTvneba yvela sakiTxi, romelic, statutebis Tanaxmad, ar warmoadgens
avtonomiuri sazogadoebebis kompetencias (149.3 muxli)“.
kompetenciebis danawilebis amgvari rTuli sistema mraval konfliqts warmo-
Sobs da dRemde usasrulo davis sagania. gaurkvevli konstituciuri debulebebis
38
39
40
41
iqve, 575.
44
interprtaciis Zneli da „umaduri“ funqcia Tavis Tavze aiRo sakonstitucio sasa-

marTlom.42konstituciis 161-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ufle-
bamosilia, gadawyvitos davebi avtonomiur gaerTianebebsa da saxelmwifos Soris, an
avtonomiur gaerTianebebs Soris. rogorc saxelmwifo, ise avtonomiuri xelisufleba
uflebamosilia, moiTxovos erTimeoris aqtis gauqmeba. baskeTisa da kataloniis avto-
nomiebis pirvel wlebSi espaneTis mTavrobam Zalian bevri kanoni gadasca sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlos, ris safuZvelzec kompetenciebi racionalurad gadanawilda cen-
trsa da regionebs Soris.43
4.6. finansebi
kompetencia finansuri saxsrebis gareSe yovelgvar azrs moklebulia, amitom

mniSvnelovania finansebis ganawilebis sakiTxi avtonomiebs Soris. rogorc yvela sa-
kiTxSi espaneTi aqac diferencirebul midgomas irCevs da gamoyofs foralur da Cve-
ulebriv sistemas. foraluri moqmedebs baskeTisa da navarasTvis, xolo danarCeni 15
avtonomia Cveulebrivi sistemiT sargeblobs. 157-e muxlis mixedviT, avtonomiuri er-
Tobis finansebi Sedgeba a) gadasaxadebisgan, romelic mTlianad an nawilobriv gadas-
ca saxelmwifom; b) sakuTari gadasaxadebis, specialuri baJisa da Senatanebisagan; g)
teritoriaTSorisi sakompensacio fondisgan; d) kerZo samarTlis farglebSi ganxor-
cilebuli operaciebidan miRebuli Semosavlebisgan; e) sakredito operaciebis moge-
bidan. am saxsrebis ganawilebisas avtonomia sargeblobs sabiujeto avtonomiiT da da-
moukideblad anawilebs maT Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr.
4.7. avtonomiebis zedamxedveloba da kontroli
avtonomiebis zedamxedveloba is erT-erTi elementia, romelic ganarCevs es-

panur regionalizms federaluri saxelmwifosgan. federalizmi ar cnobs adminis-
traciuli zedamxedvelobis instituts. gansxvavebuli kompetenciebis Sesabamisad,
zedamxedvelobis gansxvavebuli saxeebia dawesebuli. avtonomiebze kontroli saka-
nonmdeblo aqtebTan mimarTebaSi xorcieldeba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier, de-
legirebuli uflebamosilebis SemTxvevaSi – mTavrobis mier, avtonomiur mmarTvelo-
basa da mis gadawyvetilebasTan mimarTebaSi – administraciuli iusticiis organoebis
mier, ekonomikur da sabiujeto saqmianobaze – saangariSo palatis mier (153-e muxli).
konstituciis 155-e muxli iTvaliswinebs „federaluri iZulebis“ institutsac. ro-
desac avtonomia ar asrulebs dakisrebul movaleobebs an misi moqmedebebi seriozul
safrTxes uqmnis espaneTis saerTo interesebs, uSedego gafrTxilebis Semdeg, senatis
absoluturi umravlesobis TanxmobiT, mTavroba uflebamosilia miiRos aucilebeli
zomebi. mniSvnelovania isic, rom yovel avtonomiur gaerTianebaSi Semaval provinci-
ebSi arsebobs saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli, gubernatoris saxiT, romelic sazogado-
ebrivi wesrigis dacvas kurierebs.
42
43
45
4.8. „baskTa qveyana“
4.8.1. baskeTis statusi
espanur regionalizmze sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad mniSvnelovania speci-

aluri statutis mqone baskeTis avtonomiis ganxilva. baskeTis regionis SemTxvevaSi
realizebulia is Tavisebureba, rodesac avtonomiuri teritoriuli erTeuli ufro
mcire avtonomiur gaerTianebebs moicavs anu qveynis avtonomizacia safexurovania
da ramdenime donis saxiTaa warmodgenili.44 baskeTis SemadgenlonaSi Sedis alavas,
giposkuas, biskaiis provinciebi da navara. baskeTis avtonomiuri statutis Tanaxmad,
baskeTis xalxi Tavisi erovnulobis gamosaxatavad da sakuTari TviTmmarTvelobis
gansaxorcieleblad, erTiani espanuri saxelmwifos farglebSi, ayalibebs avtonomi-
ur gaerTianebas saxelwodebiT Euskadi, anu baskTa qveyana.45 statuti gansazRvravs bas-
keTis droSas, agreTve, baskuri ena aRiarebulia, rogorc baskeTis oficialuri ena.
politikuri uflebebiT sargebloben is pirebi, romelic qveynis kanonmdeblobis Sesa-
bamisad sargebloben baskeTis teritoriaze cxovrebiT. baskeTi Tavisi kompetenciiT
aRemateba sxva Cveulebrivi avtonomiebis kompetencias da pirveli donis avtonomias
warmoadgens. misi kompetencia, garda im uflebebisa, romelic yvela avtonomias aqvs,
moicavs baskeTis adgilobrivi samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis ganviTareba-SenarCunebas,
administraciuli, ekonomikuri da procesualuri normebis dadgenas, regionis saar-
Cevno kanondeblobis dadgenas, SidawylebSi TevzWeras, baskeTis teritoriis mdinare-
ebze mowyobili sarwyavi arxebis sairigaicio sistemis mowyobas, farmacevtul saqmia-
nobas, kulturas, Sida vaWrobas, mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, baskeTis sarkinigzo, saha-
ero da sazRvao mimosvlas, navsadgurebs, aeroportebsa da meteologiur samsaxurebs,
turizmsa da sports, socialur ganviTarebas da a.S. statutiT calke ganisazRvreba
is sferoebi, romlebSic avtonomiuri gaerTianeba uzrunvelyofs saerTo-saxelmwi-
foebrivi kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebas. maT Sorisaa, penitencialuri kanonmdebloba,
SromiTi kanonmdebloba, saerTaSoriso bazrobebi, saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis
navsadgurebi da aeroportebi, inteleqtualuri da samrewvelo sakuTreba. saerTaSo-
riso urTierTobebi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sferoa. baskeTi uflebamosilia
gaaformos sxva regionebTa TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebi, Tumca mis dade-
bamde unda ecnobos generalur kortess.46
baskeTis kompetenciidan mniSvnelovania misi uflebamosileba, iyolios sakuTa-
ri policia, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs baskeTis mTavroba. Tumca, statutiTve gan-
sazRvrulia is sferoebi, sadac mxolod qveynis uSiSroebis samsaxuri da samxedro Za-
lebi moqmedeben. amgvari Carevis ori SemTxveva arsebobs: erTi, roca Tavad baskeTis
mTavroba mimarTavs daxmarebisTvis da meore, centraluri xelisuflebis gadawyveti-
44
45
janaSvili l., baskeTis avtonomiuri gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, Jurn.
„adamiani da konstitucia“, 2001, #1, 66.
46
melqaZe o., TevdoraSvili g., regionalizmi – saxelmwifos teritoriuli organiza-
ciis forma (qarTul perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT), gamomcemloba „sfinqsi“, Tb., 2003,
111-114.
46
lebiT, roca saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis xelyofis safrTxea. Tumca, amis-

Tvis saWiroa uSiSroebis sabWos Tanxmoba, romelic centrisa da regionebis warmomad-
genlebisgan paritetulad aris dakompleqtebuli. sabolood, uSiSroebis Zalebis ga-
moyenebisTvis mTavroba pasuxismgebelia generaluri kortesebis winaSe.47
4.8.2. baskeTis saxelisuflebo struqtura
rac Seexeba baskeTis saxelisuflebo struqturas, igi warmodgenilia parla-

mentis, mTavrobisa da misi Tavmjdomaris saxiT. parlamenti airCeva oTxi wlis vadiT.
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare airCeva baskeTis parlamentis mier da mtkicdeba monarqis ga-
dawyvetilebiT, romelic erTdroulad aris baskeTis umaRlesi warmomadgenelic da
saxelmwifos umaRlesi warmomadgenelic regionis teritoriaze. regionis teritori-
aze uzenaes sasamarTlo instancia baskeTis umaRlesi sasamarTloa, romlis Tavmjdo-
marec iniSneba monarqis mier.48 centralurma xelisuflebam baskeTs aRudgina tradi-
ciuli privilegiebi, sagadasaxado dabegvris avtonomiuri sistemis CaTvliT. miuxe-
davad baskeTis farTo uflebamosilebebisa, romelic aRemateba kidec federaciis
subieqtis kompetencias, baski nacionalebi mainc miiCneven, rom aRniSnuli statuti ar
Seesabameba maT istoriul statuss. Tumca, rogorc stenli peini aRniSnavs, marTalia,
baskebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi hqondaT sakuTari kultura, ena, magram „baski eris“
idea mxolod 1890-iani wlebis koncefciaa. baskeTis provinciam centralizaciiT imaze
naklebi dakarga, vidre sxva provinciebma, magaliTad, aragonis, kataloniis samefom.
baskeTi Sua saukuneebSi arasodes yofila sruliad damoukidebeli erTeuli. Tumca,
dRes baskuri moZraoba totaluri separatizmiTaa Sepyrobili. moZraoba aris radi-
kaluri, segregacionisturi, aratolerantuli da TviT rasistulic ki, baski eris
gamorCeulobis aRniSvniT.49
4.9. espanuri regionalizmis Taviseburebani
rogorc vxedavT, espanuri regionalizmi mravali TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva.

avtonomiebis fakultatiurobis principi da aseve, kompetenciis moculobis sakiTx-
is gansazRvra cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifos ar surs, regionebs gadasces farTo kom-
petencia, magram Tu regionebma daJinebiT moiTxoves, xelisufleba itovebs ukan da-
saxev gzas da yvela wess iqve gamonakliss udgens. saxelmwifo regionebis moTxovnis
SemTxvevaSi, secesiis garda, mzad aris misces yvelaferi, maT Soris, mis gansakuTre-
bul gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebic. sabolood ki viRebT regionebis kompeten-
ciebis gafarToebisken mimaval dinamikur process. teritoriuli erTeulebis farTo
47
melqaZe o., TevdoraSvili g., regionalizmi – saxelmwifos teritoriuli organiza-
ciis forma (qarTul perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT), gamomcemloba „sfinqsi“, Tb., 2003,
113-114.
48
iqve, 114-115.
49
Payne,S., Nationalism, Regionalism and Micronationalism in Spain, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.
26, No. 3/4, The Impact of WesternNationalisms: Essays Dedicated to Walter Z. Laqueur on the Occasion of
His 70th Birthday, Sage Publications, Ltd, 1991, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2572374>, [01/06/2012 08:54],
484-485.
47
uflebamosilebebis gamo, igi xSirad ganixileba, rogorc federaciuli saxelmwifo an

saxelmwifo, romelic funqcionirebs, rogorc federaciuli qveyana, magram ramdenime
mniSvnelovani aspeqti ganasxvavebs mas federaciisgan. pirvel rigSi, Tu wevri saxel-
mwifoebi centrTan araviTar subordinaciul kavSirSi ar imyofebian, avtonomiuri
gaerTianebebi samarTlebrivad damokidebuli arian saxelmwifoze. federaciis subi-
eqtebis Zalaufleba konstituciursamarTlebriv xasiaTs atarebs, avtonomiebi ki mas
centraluri xelisuflebisgan iReben.50
federaciul saxelmwifos, federaciis subieqtis farTo kompetenciis garda,
aqvs meore mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli – federaciis subieqtis monawileoba saxel-
mwifos marTvaSi. yvela mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiReba maTi monawileobiT, ag-
reTve, subieqtebis sakavSiro organo – parlamentis zeda palata – mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs sakanonmdeblo procesSi, rac espaneTis SemTxvevaSi mocemuli ar aris. sa-
kanonmdeblo procesSi senatis roli arsebiTad Semoifargleba mxolod teqnikuri
koreqtivebis Setanis an ganxilvis vadis gadavadebis uflebiT, xolo avtonomiebTan
mimarTebaSi senatis Tanxmobaa aucilebeli avtonomiur erTobebs Soris xelSekrule-
baTa dadebisas, regionebis saqmianobaSi centraluri saxelmwifos Carevis SemTxvevaSi
da interteritoriuli gamoTanabrebis fondis finansuri saxsrebis ganawilebisas.51
ase rom, senati seriozul gavlenas ver axdens saerTo-saxelmwifo nebis formireba-
ze. aseve, federalizmisTvis ucnobia administraciuli zedamxedveloba, saxelmwifos
warmomadgenelis arseboba. amasTanave, regionebi SeboWilia ara mxolod konstituci-
iT, rogorc federaciis subieqtebi, aramed saxelmwifos sabazo kanonebiTac. aqedan
gamomdinare, espanuri modeli aris kompromisi centriskenul da centridanul ele-
mentebs Soris, unitarul da federalur mowyobas Soris.
saboloo jamSi, ramdenad Sedegiania espaneli konstitucionalistebis Sroma sa-
xelmwifos organizaciis axali formis Seqmnaze azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. mecnier-
Ta erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom es aris espaneli konstitucionalistebis konstituciuri
samarTlis TeoriaSi Setanili gansakuTrebuli wvlili, xolo meore nawili miiCnevs,
rom espaneTma samwuxaro originaloba gamoiCina.52 Tumca, Tu espaneTis vnebaTaRel-
viT aRsavse warsuls gaviTvaliswinebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom regionalizmi warmate-
biT funqcionirebs.
5. daskvna
statiis dasasrul, regionalizmTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gakeTdes ramdenime

daskvna da gamoiTqvas rekomendacia saqarTvelos momavali teritoriuli organiza-
ciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
amrigad, regionalizmi teritoriuli mowyobis damoukidebeli formaa, romel-
mac unitarizmisa da federalizmis Serwymis Sedegad SeiZina TviTmyofadi niSnebi. amis
dasturia statiaSi ganxiluli araerTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic arc unitarizmSi ar-
50
janaSvili l., baskeTis avtonomiuri gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, Jurn.
„adamiani da konstitucia“, 2001, #1, 63.
51
52
forma (qarTul perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT), gamomcemloba „sfinqsi“, Tb., 2003.
48
sebobs da arc federalizmSi. amasTan, mis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTebels warmoad-

gens dinamikuroba. dinamikurobis Sedegad regionalizmi xdeba moqnili, „praqtikul
saWiroebebs“ morgebuli wyoba, riTac SesaZlebeli xdeba, ganimuxtos qveyanaSi arse-
buli mwvave procesebi.
saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ratom SeiZleba regionalizmi saqarTvelos mo-
mavali teritoriuli mowyobis formad iqnes arCeuli, SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime as-
peqti. upirvelesad, saqarTvelosa da espaneT-italias saerTo istoriuli wanamZRvre-
bi aerTianebs. espaneTica da italiac Sua saukuneebSi daqucmacebuli iyo samefo-sam-
Tavroebad saqarTvelos msgavsad. gaerTianebis Semdeg ki aRmoCndnen mkacri centra-
lizaciis qveS. decentralizacia, rogorc diqtaturis sapasuxo reaqcia, iyo mTeli
sazogadoebis da ara mxolod gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebis moTxovna. mkacri cen-
tralizacia gamoscada saqarTvelomac. espaneTSi arsebobs mwvave eTnikuri proble-
mebi, italiaSi – regionebis mkveTri ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba da disbalansi. saqar-
Tvelo orive am problemis winaSe dgas. amitom regionalizmi, erTi mxriv, iqneba sepa-
ratistTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis saSualeba, meore mxriv, man unda uzrunvelyos
saerTo keTildReobis Tanabari ganawileba mTeli qveynis masStabiT.53
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom regionalizmis sasargeblod arCevani konstituciamac gaa-
keTa imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos erTian da ganuyoflad acxa-
debs, meore mxriv ki farTo decentralizacias, bikamerul parlaments, kompetenciaTa
normatiul gamijvnas gegmavs samomavlod. am ori principis SeTavseba ki SesaZlebelia
mxolod regionalur saxelmwifoSi.
regionalizmi zomieri modelia, federalizmi ki decentralizaciis yvelaze ra-
dikaluri alternativaa. saxelmwifos krizisuli mdgomareobidan gamosayvanad saWi-
roa swrafi, moqnili, xandaxan radikaluri da originaluri midgomac, rac SesaZle-
belia unitarizmis pirobebSi. regionalizmi erTdroulad moicavs Tavisuflebasa
da iZulebas, centralizaciasa da decentralizacias. centralizacia saWiroa radi-
kaluri reformebis gasatareblad, decentralizacia ki Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsa-
yofad. es ori elementi saqarTvelos erTiani da socialur-ekonomikurad Tanabrad
ganviTarebuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis saSualebas miscems. amitom aucilebelia
konstituciam Camoayalibos decentralizebuli teritoriuli mowyobis forma. igi
sulac ar unda iyos momavlis xedva an samoqmedo programa. aseTi mxolod komunistu-
ri konstituciebi iyo, romelic mimzidveli, magram abstraqtuli cnebebiT aRwerda
`momavlis~ sazogadoebas.54 amrigad, daskvna yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan aris is, rom
regionalizmis gamocdilebis gaziareba mizanSewonilia teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgenamde rogorc dakarguli teritoriebis, ise saqarTvelos interesebis gaTva-
liswinebiT.
53
qedveli C., mosazrebebi saqarTvelos momavali decentralizaciis Taobaze, „adamiani
da konstitucia“, 2000, #4, 174.
54
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, Targmani inglisuridan marina maisuraZisa, mec-
nieruli redaqcia da winaTqma Tevdore niniZisa, Tb., 2003, 1.
49
Tamar gvaramaZe*
sanqciebi sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis
1. Sesavali
sagadasaxado valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis valdebuleba saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciaSia ganmtkicebuli, rac gadasaxadebis gadaxdis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze
miuTiTebs.1 gadasaxadebi qveynis arsebobisaTvis saWiro sabiujeto saxsrebis for-
mirebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaroa.2 magaliTad, saqarTvelos finansTa saministros
oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, 2011 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
biujetSi Semosavlebis saxiT mobilizebul iqna 6 500 mln laramde, saidanac 5 802 mln
lari gadasaxadebis saxiT iqna miRebuli da ramac mTliani biujetis SemosavliTi nawi-
lis 88% Seadgina.3
gadasaxadebi miCneulia evropuli saxelmwifoebis suverenitetis qvakuTxedad.4
Sesabamisad, maTi dawesebis da amoRebis saTanado meqanizmebis Seqmna saxelmwifos su-
verenitetisa da damoukideblobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi niSania da mis gareSe sa-
xelmwifos mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda.5
saxelmwifo da sabiujeto saxsrebis formirebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
gamo, gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi dasavlur samarTlebrivi sistemebis
samecniero literaturaSi Zalian aqtualuria. gansakuTrebiT did dainteresebas iw-
vevs sagadasaxado valdebulebaTa Seusruleblobis Sedegebi, rac saxelmwifo biuje-
tis mimarT arsebuli maRali sazogadoebrivi da sajaro dainteresebiT aixsneba. amis
gamo, sazogadoebis interesi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Seusruleb-
lobis SemTxvevaSi, gadamxdelebis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT, yovelTvis maRalia.6
amdenad, Zalze mniSvnelovania da saintereso, Tu rogor awesrigebs TiToeuli
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. am mowes-
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori, doqtoranti.

1
saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 94, nawili I. saqarTvelos respublikis parlamenti,
1995 wlis 24 agvisto #786-rs, 2012 wlis 14 agvistos mdgomareobiT.
2
rogava z., gadasaxadebi, sagadasaxado sistema da sagadasaxado samarTali, bakmi, bondo
macaberiZis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2002, 11.
3
ix. oficialuri informacia saqarTvelos finansTa saministros vebgverdze <http://
www.mof.ge/News/4914#> [14.08.2012]; da iqve 2011 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis
monacemebi <http://www.mof.ge/common/get_doc.aspx?doc_id=9288> [14.08.2012].
4
Kovics L., European Commission Policy on Exit Taxation, (Journal), “European Tax Studies~, 1/2009, 4
<http://heinonline.org> [23.08.2012].
5
Tax policy in the European Union; European commission <http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/17/
txt_en.pdf> [24.08.2012].
6
Hatfielki M., Tax Lawyers, Tax Defiance, and the Ethics of Casual Conversation, (Journal) “Florida Tax Re-
view~, Number 10, Volume 10, 2011, <http://heinonline.org> [23.08.2012].
50
T. gvaramaZe, sanqciebi sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis
rigebaSi gamoixateba saxelmwifos damokidebuleba im pirTa mimarT, romlebic arRve-

ven sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobas da maT mimarT dadgenili pasuxismgeblobis zomebi.
amasTanave, sainteresoa sagadasaxado sanqciebis mecnieruli kvlevis sakiTxebi.
qarTul samarTlebriv literaturaSi ar aris Seswavlili sagadasaxado samar-
TaldarRvevebisaTvis dadgenili pasuxismgeblobis zomebis samarTlebrivi buneba,
maTi dawesebis miznebi da funqciebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.
kvlevis mizania, Seswavlil iqnes dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli Zi-
riTadi ganmartebebi sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawesebuli sanqciebis
Sesaxeb. ganxilul iqnes maTi funqciebi da dawesebis miznebi da aseve qarTuli saka-
nonmdeblo regulaciebi sagadasaxado sanqciebTan dakavSirebiT. calke iqneba gamo-
yofili sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis CadenisaTvis sauravis, rogorc sanqciis
gansakuTrebuli saxis, dakisrebis sakiTxi da misi mimarTeba sajaro samarTlis msgavs
institutTan. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlevis sagania saqarTvelos sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli is sanqciebi, romlebic dawesebulia klasikuri sagada-
saxado xasiaTis samarTaldarRvevebis CadenisaTvis da ara is sanqciebi, romlebic saba-
Jo darRvevebisaTvis Seefardeba pirs da romlebic saqarTvelos sabaJo da sagadasaxa-
do kanonmdeblobis reformis Sedegad7 sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra.
miTiTebuli sakiTxebis kvleva da Seswavla saSualebas iZleva, daskvnis saxiT iq-
nes warmodgenili mecnieruli Sefasebebi sakvlev sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rac mniS-
vnelovania qarTuli sagadasaxado samarTlis mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iqneba aRwerilobiTi da SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvle-
vis meTodebi.
2. sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevaTa Cadenis gamo dawesebuli

sanqciebi da maTi saxeebi
kacobriobas Tavisi arsebobis periodSi, sxvadasxva saxis samarTaldarRvevebis

gamo, sxvadasxva saxis sasjelebi (pasuxismgeblobis sxvadasxva saxeebi) aqvs dawesebu-
li. maT Soris: sikvdiliT dasja, patimroba, garkveul uflebebSi SezRudva, jarimebi
da sxva. CamoTvlili sasjelebi, imavdroulad, Tanamedroveobis yvelaze ufro metad
gavrcelebuli xasiaTis sanqciebia. sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sistemebSi, sxvadasxva
simZimis samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawesebuli pasuxismgeblobis gansxvavebuli zo-
mebis gamoyenebis mimarT midgomebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. magaliTad, aSS-Si
naklebad seriozuli danaSaulebis (romlebic qarTul samarTlebriv sistemaSi admi-
nistraciuli samarTaldarRvevebis ekvivalentia) CadenisaTvis Tavdapirvelad ufar-
deben jarimebs, simZimis mixedviT jarimebis Semdeg dadgenilia probaciis sasjeli,
Semdeg garkveul uflebebSi SezRudva da bolos patimroba. rogorc mecnierebi miu-
7
2010 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier inicirebul iqna sagadasaxado da sabaJo kanom-
deblobis reforma, ris Sedegadac 2010 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo axali
kodeqsi, romelSic gaerTianda manamde moqmedi sabaJo da sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba.
ix.saqarTvelos mTavrobis sagadasaxado politikis axali kursi <http://www.mof.ge/Rev-
enuePolicy#> [20.08.2012] da saqarTvelos parlamentis oficialuri vebgverdi <http://www.
parliament.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=34&lang=ge> [08.10.2012].
51
TiTeben, seriozuli darRvevebis (danaSaulebis) SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia kombini-

rebulad sanqciis ramdenime saxis gamoyeneba damrRvevebis mimarT.8
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis, rogorc kontinenturi, aseve an-
gloamerikuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis umravlesobaSi, ZiriTadad dawesebulia fu-
ladi jarimebi.9 Tumca jarimebTan erTad dadgenilia sxva saxis sanqciebic. amasTan,
rogorc statiis SesavalSi aRiniSna, winamdebare statiis kvlevis sagani sagadasaxado
sanqciebia, romlebic mxolod klasikuri xasiaTis sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebi-
saTvis aris dawesebuli da ar ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo sazRvarze sabaJo wesebis dar-
RvevebisaTvis dawesebul pasuxismgeblobis zomebs, romlebic saqarTvelos SemTxve-
vaSi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT aris gansazRvruli.
sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi gansxvavebuli midgomebia sagadasaxado san-
qciebTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, germaniis federaciul respublikaSi sagadasaxa-
do samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis zomebad gan-
sazRvrulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa da jarima, xolo administraciuli pasuxismgeblo-
bis zomis saxiT mxolod jarimebi.10
didi britaneTis, rogorc saerTo samarTlis qveynisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli ar
aris administraciuli pasuxismgeblobis dadgena sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebi-
saTvis da iTvaliswinebs mxolod sisxlissamarTlebriv da samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblo-
bas. amasTan, sanqciis saxes warmoadgens jarima, romlis daricxvas garkveuli Tanxebis
farglebSi Tavad sagadasaxado organoebi axdenen sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis ga-
reSe.11
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsi, klasi-
kuri sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis garda, iTvaliswinebs, aseve, samarTaldar-
Rvevebs sabaJo wesebis darRvevebisaTvis, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswi-
nebuli samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dadgenilia Semdegi saxis sanqciebi: gafrTxileba,
sauravi, fuladi jarima, saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvris gadakveTis uflebis SezRudva,
samarTaldarRvevis saqonlis an/da satransporto saSualebis usasyidlod CamorTme-
va.12 saxezea saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis srulebiT axleburi midgoma sagadasaxado
samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawesebuli pasuxismgeblobis zomebTan mimarTebiT, rom-
lebic aRar atarebs erTmniSvnelovnad mxolod finansur xasiaTs. aRniSnuli gamowve-
ulia imiT, rom CamoTvlili sanqciebis nawili, jarimisa da gafrTxilebis garda, dawe-
sebulia sabaJo xasiaTis samarTaldarRvevebisTvis da ar warmoadgens pasuxismgeblo-
bis zomebs klasikuri sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis. aRniSnuli sanqciebi
aseve ar miekuTvneba winamdebare statiis kvlevis sagans.
8
Becker G.S., Landes W. M., Crime and Punishment, An Economic Approach, 1964, <http://www.nber.org/
chapters/c3625.pdf> [20.03.2012].
9
Basila A., Katz R., Katz N. D., Finkelstein H., New Preparer Penalties; (Journal) “CPA Journal Federal Taxa-
tion~, July, 2008, 40-45. da Merrill P., Prior A., Tax Law Changes in the Wind, (Journal) “Financial Execu-
tive~ September, 2004, 54-57.
10
ix., germaniis federaciuli respublikis fiskaluri kodeqsis me-8 Tavi, <http://www.gese-
tze-im-internet.de/englisch_ao/englisch_ao.html> [15.03.2012].
11
Whitehouse Ch., Stuart-Buttle E., Revenue Law – principles and practice, Eleventh edition, Butterworths
London, Dublin, Edinburg, 1993, 20-22.
12
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, muxli 270, nawili 2, 2012 wlis 23 agvistos mdgoma-
roebiT, gamoqveynebuli saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macneSi, #54, 12.10.2010, mux. 343.
52
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawesebuli sanqciebis klasifikacia

SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT. magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo normaTa anali-
zis Sesabamisad sanqciebi SeiZleba daiyos or ZiriTad jgufad: finansur (fuladi) da
arafinansuri xasiaTis sanqciebad.
garda zemoaRniSnuli dayofisa, dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi ganixi-
leba sxva saxis klasifikaciebic. am klasifikaciebis Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado sanqcie-
bi pirdapir da irib sanqciebad iyofa. pirveli iseTi sanqciebia, romlebic pirdapir
sagadasaxado regulaciis darRvevisaTvis ekisreba pirs da Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi
sistemis sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT aris dawesebuli. aRniSnuli sanqciebi xSir
SemTxvevaSi atarebs finansur (fuladi) xasiaTs. Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, roca sanqci-
ebi dadgenilia arasagadasaxado samarTlis normebiT. magaliTad, calkeul qveynebSi
mewarmes, romlis saqmianoba eqvemdebareba licenzirebas, licenziis yovelwliurad
ganaxlebisaTvis esaWiroeba Sesabamisi dokumentis wardgena, romliTac dasturdeba
gadasaxadis gadaxda. Tu gadamxdels ar gadauxdia gadasaxadi, mas licenzias ar ganu-
axleben, romlis gareSe saqmianobisaTvis pirs daekisreba Sesabamisi pasuxismgebloba.
amave dros, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis dadasturebas SesaZlebelia ar hqondes pirdapir
sanqciis saxe. magaliTad, calkeul SemTxvevebSi sabanko dawesebulebidan kreditis
gamosatanad saWiroa gadamxdelis mxridan sagadasaxado valdebulebis Sesrulebis
dadastureba.13 Tavisi arsiT, aRniSnuli sanqciebi orive ekonomikur xasiaTs atarebs,
Tumca pirvel SemTxvevaSi piris mier Semosavlis miRebaze moqmedebs, vinaidan zRudavs
saqmianobas, an akisrebs damatebiT jarimas, maSin roca meore piris samoqalaqo brunva-
Si monawileobas abrkolebs.14
msgavsi saxis irib sagadasaxado sanqciebs saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kanonmdeb-
loba ar iTvaliswinebs. rac Seexeba sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebs, msgavsi saxis SezRud-
vebi saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, Tumca es ar ga-
moricxavs calkeul sabanko Tu fulad-sakredito dawesebulebaSi Sida regulaciebis
arsebobas, romelTa mixedviT sagadasaxado davalianebis arseboba SesaZloa miCneul
iqnes kreditebis gacemaze uaris Tqmis safuZvlad. amasTan, maTi ganzogadeba da san-
qciis saxed miCneva ver moxdeba.
angloamerikuli samarTlebrivi literatura erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs gada-
saxadebze danamatebs da sanqciebs, Tumca orivesTan mimarTebiT SesaZlebelia gamo-
yenebul iqnes termini sanqciebi, vinaidan maT aqvT msgavsi samarTlebrivi buneba.15 an-
gloamerikuli samarTlebrivi sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa is, rom
ar arsebobs damoukideblad administraciuli pasuxismgebloba, rogorc administra-
ciuli samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dadgenili pasuxismgebloba, aramed arsebobs samo-
qalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. sagadasaxado samarTaldarRveve-
13
Editor Hopkins J., Problems of Tax Administration in Latin America, Joint Tax program Organization of
American States inter-American Development Bank, Economic Commission for Latin America, Johns Hop-
kins Univ. Press, 1965, 313-314.
14
iqve, 316.
15
Cords D., Tax Protestors and Penalties: Ensuring Perceived Fairness and Mitigating Systemic Costs, (Journal)
“Brigham Young University Law Review~, 1565-1571 <http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/2005/6/2CORDS.
FIN.pdf>, [23.08.2012].
53
bisaTvis dadgenilia, Sesabamisad, rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve sisxlissamarTlebrivi

pasuxismgeblobis zomebi, romlebic SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc cal-calke,
aseve erToblivad.16 xSirad amerikeli mecnierebi zustad am saxeebad yofen sagadasa-
xado sanqciebs. mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, rac gamomdinareobs am ori saxis sanqcie-
bis dakisrebis dros, aris is, rom samoqalaqo wesiT piris dajarimebis SemTxvevebSi
mtkicebis tvirTi awevs gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs; maSin roca sisxlissamarTlebriv
saqmeebze es valdebuleba mTlianad gadasulia braldebis mxareze. aseve gansxvavdeba
Tanxebis amoRebis meTodebi: Tu jarimis dakisreba iseTive gziT da meTodologiiT
xorcieldeba, rogorc sagadasaxado valdebulebis ZiriTadi Tanxebis, am SemTxvevaSi
es aris samoqalaqo saxis sanqciebi; Tumca, Tu gadawyvetilebas iRebs sasamarTlo, am
SemTxvevaSi saxezea sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqcia.17
samoqalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebriv sanqciebad sagadasaxado pasuxismgeblobis
zomebis klasifikacia damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod angloamerikuli samarTlebrivi
sistemisaTvis, aramed adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli sa-
marTlisTvisac. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxliT samarTlian
sasamarTloze ufleba SemosazRvrulia mxolod sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebiT
an samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi uflebiT. imisaTvis, rom ganmcxadebelma adamianis uf-
lebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi samarTliani sasamarTlos mravalaspeqtiani uflebis
darRvevaze idavos, unda daamtkicos me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi braldebis an samoqalaqo uflebis arseboba.18 administraciuli samarTal-
darRvevis da, Sesabamisad, sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis saqmeebi ganekuTvneba
me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul `sisxlis samarTlis braldebas~, Tu es saqmeebi xvdeba
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi dacvis qveS – adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo
adgens calkeul SemTxvevaSi mis mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi precedentuli samarTliT
damkvidrebuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze. sasamarTlo Tavis araerT gadawyvetile-
baSi miuTiTebs, rom, konvenciis miznebidan gamomdinare, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra bune-
bisaa pasuxismgebloba, romelic ekisreba pirs, ar aris sakmarisi mxolod imis dadgena,
samarTlis romel sferos miekuTvneba es pasuxismgebloba qveynis erovnul kanonmdeb-
lobaSi. es sakiTxi unda Semowmdes sami niSnis mixedviT, romlidanac erT-erTi ama Tu
im qmedebis CadenisaTvis dakisrebuli sasjelis simZimea;19 Tavis araerT gadawyveti-
lebaSi sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom Tu sanqcia Tavisi arsiT gacilebiT mZimea, vidre am
16
FIN.pdf>, [23.08.2012], <http://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1016535531/tax-protestors-and-penalties-ensur-
ing-perceived-fairness>, [23.08.2012].
17
Editor Hopkins J., Problems of Tax Administration in Latin America, Joint Tax program Organization of
kins Univ. Press, 1965, 319.
18
XI 1950 Rome, 4. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, <http://con-
ventions.coe.int/treaty/en/treaties/html/005.htm>, [23.08.2012].
19
magaliTisTvis ix., adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi ganxiluli Semdegi
saqmeebi: Janosevic v. Sweden, 2003, ECHR <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-
60628> [23.07.2012], Ziliberberg v. Moldava, 2005, ECHR <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/
search.aspx?i=001-68119> [23.07.2012], Kirakosyan v. Armenia <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pag-
es/search.aspx?i=001-89959> [23.07.2012].
54
darRvevis CadeniT miyenebuli ziani, es ukanaskneli sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciaa,

romlis mizania dasja da, Sesabamisad, ara samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi sanqcia, romlis
mizania Sesabamisi kompensaciis miReba. aRniSnuli midgoma sasamarTlos araerT ga-
dawyvetilebaSi iqna aRniSnuli da dResdReobiT precedentuli samarTlis nawilia20.
sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom sisxlissamarTlebriv sanqciebs, tradiciulad, ganasxva-
veben maTi sadamsjelo bunebiT. Sesabamisad, administraciul jarimas da maT Soris sa-
gadasaxado jarimebs, romelsac amgvari buneba gaaCnia, sisxlissamarTlebriv sanqcias
miakuTvnebs.21 amdenad, sasamarTlom, sanqciis sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT gaTva-
liswinebis miuxedavad, am sanqciis zomis, misi simZimisa da simkacris mixedviT, SeiZle-
ba es ukanaskneli sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis zomas miakuTvnos.
2.1. finansuri xasiaTis sanqciebi da maTi dawesebis safuZvlebi
sxvadasxva niSniT sagadasaxado sanqciebis klasifikaciis ganxilvisas, Tavidanve

aRiniSna, rom sagadasaxado sanqciebi SeiZleba iyos finansuri da arafinansuri xasia-
Tis. samecniero literaturaSi gamoyofilia sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis Ca-
denisaTvis dawesebuli finansuri (fuladi) sanqciis mxolod ori tradiciuli saxe:
jarima da sauravi. sauravi, rogorc sanqciis saxe, jarimisagan gansxvavebiT, calkeuli
TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba da amitom calke iqneba ganxiluli winamdebare statiis
me-4 TavSi.
rac Seexeba fulad jarimebs, maTi dawesebis gansxvavebuli kriteriumebi da sa-
fuZvlebi arsebobs, Sesabamisad, gamoiyofa maTi sxvadasxva saxeebi.
mTel rig SemTxvevebSi jarimis odenoba damokidebulia konkretuli sagadasaxa-
do samarTaldarRvevis saxeze, xolo samarTaldarRvevis saxidan gamomdinare – piris
mier Cadenili marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Sedegad biujetisaTvis miyenebuli zia-
nis moculobaze.22
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevisaTvis, qarTuli kanonmdeblobidan gamomdina-
re, jarima iniSneba rogorc fiqsirebuli Tanxis saxiT, aseve, gansazRvruli fuladi
Tanxidan gamomdinare, procentuli gadasaxdelis saxiT. jarima, aseve, SesaZlebelia
dainiSnos orive sawyisis SerwymiT. Sesabamisad, jarimebi iyofa fiqsirebul da arafiq-
sirebul jarimis saxeebad. rogorc samecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli, xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs jarimis gamoangariSebas
procentebSi gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mier miRebuli Semosavlidan, damatebiT gada-
saxdeli Tanxidan, Semcirebuli gadasaxadis Tanxidan, daukavebeli (gadasaricxi) ga-
dasaxadis Tanxidan, CasaTvleli an dasabrunebeli gadasaxadis Tanxidan, gadauxdeli
gadasaxadis Tanxidan da a.S.23
20
Fair Trial in Criminal Cases, Published by Council of Europe 10-13, Course Outline Fair Trial in Civil and
Administrative Law/Public Law, Published by Council of Europe 7-11,
<http://www.coehelp.org/course/view.php?id=30> [23.07.2012].
21
ix., adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi ganxiluli saqme: Ziliberberg v. Moldava,
2005, ECHR <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-68119> [23.07.2012].
22
rogava z., sagadasaxado samarTali, sagadasaxado kontroli da sagadasaxado pasux-
ismgebloba, pirveli gamocema, bakmi, Tb., 2009, 340.
23
iqve, 340-341.
55
calkeul SemTxvevebSi, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs jarimis gamo-

angariSebas udidesi Tanxis mixedviT an fiqsirebuli fuladi gadasaxdelis saxiT. ram-
denime sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi (e.w. sagadasaxado sa-
marTaldarRvevaTa erToblioba) gamoiyeneba e.w. Sekrebis principi. sagadasaxado samar-
TaldarRvevaTa erTobliobisas sagadasaxado sanqcia gamoiyeneba TiToeuli samarTal-
darRvevisaTvis cal-calke. ufro mkacri sanqcia – didi odenobis jarima – ar STanTqavs
naklebad mkacr sanqcias da sagadasaxado sanqciis gamoyeneba, imavdroulad, ar aTavi-
suflebs gadamxdels sagadasaxado valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan, romlis Seusrulob-
lobis gamo mas daekisra pasuxismgebloba.24 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavad ama Tu im sa-
xis jarimis dawesebis konkretuli safuZvlebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ganmtki-
cebuli ar aris. arsad ar aris miTiTebuli da ar arsebobs Teoriuli msjeloba, ama Tu
im darRvevis SemTxvevebSi rogor unda ganisazRvros jarimis odenoba. amasTan, saqar-
Tvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi xSiria cvlilebebis Setana da calkeuli saxis samarTal-
darRvevebisaTvis dawesebuli jarimis odenobebis cvlileba. umetes SemTxvevaSi aseTi
cvlilebebis samarTlebrivi axsna ar arsebobs da xSirad sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis
iniciatori miuTiTebs mxolod sagadasaxado politikis liberalizaciis an, piriqiT,
gamkacrebis saWiroebaze qveynis ekonomikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, rac TavisTa-
vad ar aris cvlilebis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsisa da bunebis ganmsazRvreli.
TeoriaSi jarimebs yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebad administraciul saxdelebad mi-
iCneven, romelic gansxvavebulia rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi, aseve samoqalaqo
jarimebisagan.25 mecnierebi miuTiTeben, rom administraciuli jarima erTjeradi fu-
ladi gadasaxdelia administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Camdeni piris mimarT. admi-
nistraciuli jarima ar aris zianis anazRaureba da ar iwvevs amave dros nasamarTleo-
bas, magram ukavSirdeba fulad da qonebrivi xasiaTis uaryofiT Sedegebs.26
zogadad, jarimebs, rogorc administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawe-
sebul sanqcias, mecnierebi yvelaze martivad aRsrulebad saxdelad miiCneven. amas-
Tan, mecnierTa SefasebiT, misi dakisrebisas, pirovnebis saerTo daxasiaTebasTan er-
Tad, aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli darRvevis simZime, damrRvevis materi-
aluri mdgomareoba, xelfasi, stipendia da sxva saxis Semosavlebi.27
sainteresoa iuridiuli pirebisaTvis jarimis dakisrebis sakiTxi Teoriuli
kuTxiT. literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, vinaidan iuridiuli piris
brali calke ar arsebobs da yovelTvis konkretuli fizikuri piris bralTanaa da-
kavSirebuli, mas unda daekisros jarimis gadaxda sawarmosTan erTad.28 Tumca, am Sem-
TxvevaSi, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT, msgavsi solidaruli pasuxismgebloba da er-
Toblivad sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevisaTvis dakisrebuli sanqciis gadaxdis wesi
ar moqmedebs. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba
brals, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis winapirobas, ar iTvaliswinebs.
24
25
salxinaSvili m., loria v., administraciuli saxdelebi da maTi gamoyeneba, Tb., 2000, 61.
26
iqve, 66.
27
iqve.
28
loria v., saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso samarTali, red. faliaSvili a.,
`meridiani~, Tb., 2002, 270.
56
fuladi jarimebi, rogorc finansuri xasiaTis sanqciebi, ZiriTadad samoqalaqo

sanqciebs miekuTvneba angloamerikuli sistemis mixedviT. amasTan, finansuri sanqci-
ebis dawesebisas, amerikel mkvlevarTa azriT, mniSvnelovania im zaralisa da Tanxebis
daTvla, raSic gamoixateba gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobiT gamowveuli ziani.29 sainte-
resoa amerikis magaliTi jarimebis dawesebasTan dakavSirebiT. amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis sagadasaxado kodeqsi sanqciis saxiT jarimebis dawesebisas, iseve rogorc
sxva qveynebis kanonmdebloba, mimarTavs am jarimebis dawesebis or gzas: pirveli esaa
pirdapir dawesebuli gansazRvruli Tanxis odenobis jarima an gadauxdeli gadasaxa-
dis gansazRvruli procentuli maCvenebeli. es midgomebi icvleba imisda mixedviT,
ramdenad mZimea Cadenili samarTaldarRveva da ra moculobisaa gadauxdeli gadasa-
xadi.30 Tumca, Cadenili samarTaldarRvevebis gamovlenis SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswi-
neba da administrirebaze gaweuli xarjebis Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobis zomebis dad-
gena ar xdeba.31
aseve, garda procentebiT gamosaTvleli sanqciebisa, angloamerikuli sistema
icnobs jarimis Tanxis pirdapir gansazRvras fiqsirebuli odenobebiT iseTi darRve-
vebisaTvis, romlebic raime Tanxis gadaxdasTan ki ar aris dakavSirebuli, aramed sxva
saxis valdebulebebis Sesrulebas (magaliTad, deklaraciebis wardgena da a.S.) ukav-
Sirdeba.32
fuladi sanqciebis saxiT jarimebis sakiTxis Teoriul gaazrebasTan erTad mniS-
vnelovania praqtikaSi misi gamoyenebis sakiTxic, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pi-
ris – Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier gacemuli oficialuri informaciis Tanaxmad, 2011
wlis 1 ianvridan 2012 wlis 20 seqtebramde jarima, rogorc fuladi sanqcia sagadasa-
xado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxvadasxva saxis samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis, gamo-
yenebul iqna 76 792 SemTxvevaSi (amasTanave aRniSnuli monacemi ar asaxavs Semosavle-
bis samsaxuris auditis departamentis mier gasvliTi sagadasaxado Semowmebis Sedegad
sanqciis saxiT Sefardebuli jarimebis raodenobas).33
2.2. arafinansuri xasiaTis sanqciebi
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdebloba sagadasaxado samar-

TaldarRvevebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis zomebad, fulad sanqciebTan erTad, sanqci-
29
“Brigham Young University Law Review~, 1565-1571, <http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/2005/6/2CORDS.
FIN.pdf>, [23.08.2012].
30
Raskolnikov A., Crime and Punishment in Taxation: Deceit, Deterrence and the self-adjusting Penalty, Co-
lumbia Law Review, April 2006, Columbia University - Law School, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.
cfm?abstract_id=823468>, [23.08.2012].
31
iqve, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=823468>, [23.08.2012].
32
Tax Law Design and Drafting, Editor Thuronyi V., International Monetary Fund, Volume 1, Washington D.C.,
1996, 130.
33
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri – Semosavlebis samsaxuridan gamoTxovil iqna sa-
jari informacia 2011 wlis pirveli ianvridan informaciis gamoTxovis TariRamde sa-
gadasaxado organoebis mier gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva saxis sanqciebTan dakavSirebiT.
zemoaRniSnuli monacemi dafiqsirebulia Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier 2012 wlis 20
seqtembers gacemul werilobiT pasuxSi #21-03/65091.
57
ebis aratradiciul saxeebsac adgens, rogoricaa: gafrTxileba, saqarTvelos sabaJo

sazRvris gadakveTis uflebis SezRudva, samarTaldarRvevis saqonlis an/da satran-
sporto saSualebis usasyidlod CamorTmeva. CamoTvlilTagan, gafrTxilebis garda,
sanqciebi mxolod sabaJosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis
Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebis mier kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Seusruleblo-
bis dros gamoiyeneba da maTi dakisreba ar xdeba klasikuri sagadasaxado samarTal-
darRvevebis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi.
saqarTveloSi sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis CadenisaTvis dawesebul ara-
finansur sanqcias miekuTvneba gafrTxileba. es sanqcia klasikuri administraciuli
samarTaldarRvevebis SemTxvevaSi farTod gamoiyeneba. mas, msgavsad qarTuli kanon-
mdeblobisa, sxva qveynis kanonmdeblobebic icnobs. Tumca gafrTxilebis, rogorc sa-
gadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis CadenisaTvis sanqciis gamoyeneba qarTuli kanon-
mdeblobiT mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli. kerZod, gafrTxileba,
rogorc sanqcia, gamoiyeneba sakontrolo-salaro aparatebis moxmarebis calkeuli
wesebis, saqonlis dokumentebis gareSe transportirebis, realizaciisa da aRricx-
vis wesebisa da aseve sabaJo wesebis darRvevebisaTvis. amdenad, am sanqciis gamoyeneba,
finansuri saxis sanqciebisagan gansxvavebiT, yvela saxis sagadasaxado samarTaldar-
RvevebisaTvis ar xdeba. sainteresoa gafrTxilebis samarTlebrivi bunebis dadgena.
sagadasaxado sanqciebis paralelurad, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba adgens adminis-
traciuli pasuxismgeblobis zomebs administraciuli samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeq-
siT, romelic sxvadasxva saxis sanqciebs Soris icnobs aseve gafrTxilebas. vinaidan
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado da administraciuli samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsebiT
dadgenili sanqciebi msgavsi bunebis matarebelia, sainteresoa mecnierTa Sefasebebi
am sanqciis mimarT. samecniero literaturaSi gafrTxileba yvelaze msubuq forma-
daa miCneuli, romelic, rogorc wesi, aRsruldeba dadgenilebis gamomtani piris mier
dadgenilebis miRebisTanave am gafrTxilebis sajaro wakiTxviT.34 Tumca, administra-
ciuli samarTaldarRvevebis SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblo-
ba ar akonkretebs aseTi saxdelis aRsrulebis wess, amasTan, msgavsi sajaro wakiTxvis
praqtika sagadasaxado organoebis mxridan aRsrulebis procesSi ar arsebobs. Sesaba-
misad, am mimarTulebiT sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi erTgvari vakuumia.
ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi, kerZod, 2011 wlis 1 aprilidan 2011 wlis 22 noem-
bramde,35 saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kidev erTi ara-
finansuri saxis sanqcia sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis – sagadasaxado ka-
nonmdeblobis swavleba, Tumca, sainteresoa, rom aRniSnuli saxis sanqciis analogi
sxva qveynis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili ar aris. sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis miuxe-
davad, sagadasaxado organoebs misi praqtikaSi realizacia ar ganuxorcielebiaT. aR-
34
loria v., saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso samarTali, red. faliaSvili a.,
`meridiani~, Tb., 2002, 269.
35
saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damate-
bis Setanis Sesaxeb,~ gamoqveynebuli vebportali, 110401014, 01.04.2011, saregistracio
kodi 200000000.05.001.016263, muxli 1, punqti 4 da saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb,~ gamoqveynebuli vebportali,
111122011, 22/11/2011, saregistracio kodi 200000000.05.001.016465 muxli 1, punqti 35.
58
niSnuli dasturdeba Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier 2012 wlis 20 seqtembers gacemuli

#21-03/65091 oficialuri informaciis Tanaxmad.36 SesaZlebelia zustad am safuZvliT
kanonmdebelma ramdenime Tvis Semdeg amoiRo es norma saqarTvelos sagadasaxado ko-
deqsidan.
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis CadenisaTvis dawesebuli arafinansuri san-
qciebis gamoyeneba aqtiurad Seiswavleba samecniero literaturaSi, amasTan, maTi ga-
moyeneba, finansur sanqciebTan SedarebiT, ufro iSviaTia. Tumca, rogorc sxvadasxva
kvlevebi adasturebs, sagadasaxado sanqciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe – fuladi
jarima, sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis pasuxis-
mgeblobis efeqturi zoma ar aris. miuxedavad imisa, rom umravles samarTlebriv sis-
temaSi sagadasaxado organoebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi berketebi gadasa-
xadis gadamxdelTa qonebis da Semosavlebis mimarT iZulebis meqanizmebis gamoyenebis
TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad, daayadaRon gadamxdelis qoneba, misi sabanko angariSebi da
xelfasis saxiT miRebuli Semosavlebi, an moaxdinon qonebis iZulebiTi realizacia,
calkeul SemTxvevebSi es meqanizmebi mainc ar aris sakmarisi da efeqturi finansuri
sanqciebis aRsrulebisaTvis. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis,
rom kanonmdeblobiT dawesebuli unda iyos finansuri sanqciis ufro meti alternati-
va, vidre mxolod gafrTxilebaa. magaliTad, specialuri uflebis SezRudva (magali-
Tad, finansists samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi droebiT CamoerTvas finansu-
ri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba). zogierT samarTlebriv sistemaSi SesaZloa,
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis zomas miekuTvnebodes me-
warme subieqtebisaTvis Sesabamisi licenziebisa da saqmianobebis nebarTvebis Camor-
Tmeva. am alternatiuli zomebis gamoyenebas skeptikurad afasebs TeoretikosTa meo-
re nawili, romelsac miaCnia, rom msgavsi zomebis gamoyenebam SesaZloa, gadamxdelebis
samewarmeo saqmianobaze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonios. aRniSnuli ki Tavis mxriv Seamci-
rebs am sawarmoTa mogebas da maTi mxridan sagadasaxado valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis
SesaZlebloba daiklebs. isini am arafinansuri sanqciebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas
ganixilaven mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gadamxdeli, dadgenili gegmis da SeTanxmebuli
finansuri cxrilis mixedviT, ver dafaravs sagadasaxado davalianebas.37
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, licenziis CamorTmeva an misi moqmedebis
SeCereba ar warmoadgens sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dadgenil pasuxis-
mgeblobis zomas, aramed aris salicenzio pirobebis darRvevis SesaZlo Tanmdevi Se-
degebi da emsaxureba zogadad sajaro wesrigis stabilurobas da ara konkretuli saga-
dasaxado normebis dacvas.38calkeul samarTlebriv sistemebSi SesaZlebelia gansazR-
vruli iyos arafinansuri, araordinaluri sanqciebic. magaliTad, SvedeTSi moqmedebs
36
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri - Semosavlebis samsaxuridan gamoTxovil iqna sa-
jari informacia 2011 wlidan sagadasaxado organoebis mier gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva
saxis sanqciebTan dakavSirebiT. gacemul informaciaSi saerTod ar aris miTiTebuli
sagadasaxado swavlebis, rogorc sanqciis saxis, gamoyenebis Taobaze, rac miuTiTebs
imaze, rom aRniSnuli sanqcia saerTod ar iyo gamoyenebuli.
37
Tax Law Design and Drafting, Editor Thuronyi V., International Monetary Fund, Volume 1, Washington D.C.
1996, 128.
38
licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, muxli 22, 2012 wlis 1 oqtom-
bris mdgomareobiT, gamoqveynebulia 2005 wlis 24 ivniss, #1775-rs.
59
pasuxismgeblobis sakmaod saintereso zoma: Semowmebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelebisa

da maT mimarT gamoyenebuli sanqciebis gasajaroeba.39 aRniSnul moqmedebas aqvs pre-
venciis sakmaod maRali efeqti, vinaidan zegavlenas axdens samewarmeo urTierTobeb-
sa da samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawile subieqtebis sandoobaze. Tumca, iaponiaSi, sadac
xdeba gadamxdelTa siebis gamoqveyneba, aqveyneben mxolod msxvili gadamxdelebis Se-
saxeb informacias da am SeTxvevaSi mas naklebad aqvs prevenciis mizani. safrangeTSic
gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi gamoqveynebis praqtika dakisrebuli Tanxebis odenobebis miTi-
TebiT, Tumca, siaSi yofna ar aris sanqcia da mxolod informaciuli RonisZiebis xasi-
aTs atarebs.40
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi 2012 wels 12 ivnisidan Sesuli cvlilebebis
Tanaxmad, aseTi tipis informacia, aseve, gaxda sajaro, Tumca mas sanqciis datvirTva ar
gaaCnia da mxolod gadamxdelis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis gasajaroebas niSnavs.41
gadamxdelis mimarT dakisrebuli pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb informaciis gasaja-
roeba, rogorc sanqciis saxe, Seswavlili aqvs amerikel mecniers – oliver ordmens.
mas mimoxiluli aqvs aRniSnuli RonisZiebis, rogorc sanqciis, saxe ramdenime qveynis
magaliTze, Tumca, miaCnia, rom misi daweseba sxva qveynis sagadasaxado sistemebSi ar
iqneba mizanSewonili, vinaidan aseTi gamoqveyneba ar aris Seswavlili sxvadasxva qvey-
nebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare. amis gamo mecnieri Tvlis, rom saWiroa aRniSnu-
li moqmedebis, rogorc sanqciis bunebis, kargad Seswavla TiToeuli qveynis magaliT-
ze mis praqtikaSi realizaciamde.42
TeoriaSi xSirad ganixileba sakiTxi, ramdenad efeqturia iseTi arafinansuri
sanqciebis daweseba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, an saWiroa Tu ara
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
daweseba, Tu sakmarisia amisaTvis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis zomebis Sefardeba da
am mimarTulebiT sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis liberalizacia. aRniSnul-
Tan dakavSirebiT erTmniSvnelovani pozicia mecnierTa Soris ar arsebobs da igi qvey-
nis sagadasaxado politikasa da samarTlebriv sistemazea damokidebuli.43
amave dros mecnierebi ganixilaven pasuxismgeblobis dawesebis safuZvlebs, Tu
rogor unda ganisazRvros pasuxismgeblobis zomebi da maTi odenoba sxvadasxva saxis
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis Cadenisas. amerikel mecnierTa mosazrebiT, saga-
dasaxado sferoSi samarTaldarRvevebis didi nawili gamoixateba kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenili gamoqviTvebis aramarTlzomierad gazrdaSi, maTi azriT, amis gamo umjobe-
39
aRniSnuli gamowveuli iyo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebis
maRali xarisxiT. ix. Problems of Tax Administration in Latin America, Editor Hopkins J., Joint Tax pro-
gram Organization of American States inter-American Development Bank, Economic Commission for Latin
America, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1965, 311.
40
iqve, 311-312.
41
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, muxli 39, nawili I, 2012 wlis 25 ivnisis mdgomareo-
biT, gamoqveynebulia saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macneSi, #54, 12.10.2010, mux. 343.
42
Problems of Tax Administration in Latin America, Editor Hopkins J., Joint Tax program Organization of
kins Univ. Press, 1965, 312- 313
43
cfm?abstract_id=823468>, [23.08.2012].
60
sia dawesdes finansuri sanqciebi im odenobiT, romelic Seesabameba deklaraciebSi mi-

TiTebuli gamoqviTvebis odenobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, Seicavs garkveuli odenobis uka-
nono gamoqviTvebs. Sesabamisad, rac ufro rTuli iqneba am gamoqviTvebis dadgena saga-
dasaxado administraciebis mxridan, miT ufro maRali unda iyos mosalodneli sanqci-
is dakisrebis SesaZlebloba. am SemTxvevaSi kolumbiis samarTlis skolis profesors
miaCnia, rom sanqciebis efeqturoba sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis CadenisaTvis
gaizrdeba.44 zogierTi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom sagadasaxado samarTaldarvevebisaTvis
dadgenili pasuxismgeblobis umravlesoba ar aris dadgenili imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
materialuri Tu adamianuri resursi ixarjeba am darRvevebis gamovlenisaTvis, im pi-
robebSi, roca gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi iyeneben sxvadasxva saSualebebs da meTodebs,
ar gadaixadon gadasaxadebi, arsebuli zomebi aris aSkarad araporporciuli.45
garda amisa, sainteresoa sagadasaxado pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis sakiTxi kon-
kretuli uflebamosili pirisaTvis da Sesabamisi specialuri saxis sanqciis SemoRe-
ba, romelsac mecnierebi uflebamosili piris sanqcias uwodeben. aRniSnul specialur
subieqts mecnierebi miakuTvneben im fizikur pirs, romelsac ekisreba pasuxismgeblo-
ba sawarmoSi sagadasaxado sakiTxebze. misi mxridan valdebulebis Seusruleblobis
gamo, sanqciis gamoyeneba moxdeba konkretulad am uflebamosili fizikuri piris da
ara sawarmos, rogorc iuridiuli piris, mimarT.46
3. sagadasaxado sanqciebis miznebi da funqciebi
msgavsad sxva saxis sanqciaTa miznebisa da funqciebisa, sainteresoa sagadasaxa-

do samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawesebuli sanqciebis miznebis da funqciebis arsis
gansazRvra. konkretuli sanqciis miznisa da funqciis dadgeniT xdeba sanqciis daniS-
nulebis dadgena, Tu ra miznis miRweva surs kanonmdebels am zomis dadgeniT, SesaZle-
belia Tu ara am miznis miRweva da amave dros Tavisi funqciis Sesruleba, rac konkre-
tuli zomis SemTxvevaSi iqna gansazRvruli.
3.1. miznebi
sagadasaxado sanqciaTa dawesebis miznebs Soris, pirvel rigSi, gamoyofen gadam-

xdelTa mier samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis Semakavebel efeqts mosalodneli pasuxis-
mgeblobis zomis gamo. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, pasuxismgeblobis Sesabamisi zoma iyos
samarTliani da proporciuli im sikeTisa, rac iqna xelyofili samarTaldarRvevis Ca-
denis dros.47
samecniero literaturaSi ganixilaven sxvadasxva saxis Teoriebs, romlebic exe-
ba sanqciis miznebs. erT-erTi aseTi Teoriaa racionaluri arCevanis Teoria, romelic
44
cfm?abstract_id=823468>, [23.08.2012].
45
iqve, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=823468>, [23.08.2012].
46
1996, 128.
47
iqve, 111.
61
samarTaldamrRvevebis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis sxvadasxva zomebis gamoyenebasTan

dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom sanqciis Sesabamisma zomebma Sesabamis mizans rom miaRwi-
os, aucilebelia es sanqciebi iyos sakmarisad mkacri da sagadasaxado administraciebs
hqondeT maTi gamoyenebis realuri saSualeba. aRniSnuli Teoria racionalur midgo-
mas individulaur WrilSi ganixilavs TiToeuli gadamxdelis mimarT da Tvlis, rom
yvela gadamxdelisTvis erTi da igive SemTxvevebi racionaluri ver iqneba da damoki-
debulia gadamxdelebis materialur mdgomareobasa da sxva garemoebebze. erTobli-
obaSi ki am orive mizanma unda sZlios gadamxdelebis mier samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo misaReb sikeTes, raTa gaizardos, pasuxismgeblobis zomebidan ga-
momdinare, samarTaldarRvevebis Cadenis prevenciis done.48
amerikeli mecnierebi, rogorc aRiniSna, pasuxismgeblobis zomebad sagadasaxado
samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis moiazreben rogorc finansur sanqciebs, aseve Tavisufle-
baSemzRudav pasuxismgeblobis zomebs, Tu darRveva seriozul xasiaTs atarebs. Tum-
ca, finansur sanqciebs gaaCnia dadebiTi ekonomikuri efeqti, maSin roca patimroba da
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ufro met danaxarjebis gawevas gulisxmobs. mecnierTa azriT,
finansuri sanqciebi SesaZloa dadgindes im odenobiT, rom dafaros sagadasaxado or-
ganoebis mxridan Cadenili samarTaldarRvevis gamovlenisaTvis daxarjuli Tanxebi.
aseve, am sanqciis gamoyenebiT SesaZloa mTlianad ifarebodes sagadasaxado adminis-
traciebis xarjebi.49 zogi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom qonebrivi xasiaTis pasuxismgeblobis
zomebis dawesebisas saxelmwifo xSirad miznad isaxavs biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis
maqsimalur zrdas. aseT pirobebSi saxelmwifo dainteresebulia kanonis moTxovnaTa
sistematuri darRveviT, raTa gadaxdili jarimebisa da sxva saxis saxdelebis meSve-
obiT uzrunvelyos biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis Sesruleba.50 Tumca, sagadasaxado
samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawesebuli mkacri sanqcia, rogorc wesi, ar aumjobesebs
sagadasaxado disciplinis mdgomareobas, amasTan, winaaRmdegobaSi modis sanqciis ara-
represiulobis mizanTan.
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevis gamo sanqciis ararepresiulobis mizania saga-
dasaxado pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas piris materialuri mdgomareobis gaTvalis-
wineba. piris mimarT gamoyenebuli sanqcia ar unda uzRudavdes pirs momavalSi Semo-
savlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. aRniSnuli ara mxolod sagadasaxado ganakveTebis
dadgenisas unda iqnes miRebuli mxedvelobaSi, aramed sagadasaxado samarTaldaRve-
vebisaTvis pasuxisgeblobis zomebis dawesebis drosac.51
sagadasaxado pasuxismgeblobis zoma piris mimarT gamoyenebul unda iqnes samar-
TaldamrRvevi pirovnebis, bralis xarisxis, pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli da da-
mamZimebeli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.52
sanqciis mizani TavisTavad ara mxolod konkretuli gadamxdelis mier momavalSi
samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis Tavidan acilebaa, aramed zogadi prevenciac, rameTu mi-
48
1996, 120-122.
49
iqve, 111-112.
50
51
iqve, 302.
52
iqve.
62
si gamoyenebis saSiSroeba da sxvaTa mimarT sanqciebis gamoyenebis praqtika aiZulebs

gadamxdelebs, ar Caidinon raime saxis gadacdoma. Tumca, samarTldarRvevis arCadena
mainc damokidebulia or garemoebaze: sworad ganisazRvros da SeirCes sanqciis zo-
ma da meore, kanonmdebloba iyos racionaluri da gasagebi. gadamxdels unda SeeZlos,
logikurad gansazRvros, ra arCevanis winaSe dgas: ekonomistTa mosazrebiT, gadamxde-
li samarTaldarRvevas Caidens im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi Cadena ufro met sargebels mo-
utans, vidre mosalodneli jarimis odenobaa.53
rogorc aRiniSna, saerTo samarTlis sistemebSi sagadasaxado samarTaldarRve-
vebisaTvis SesaZlebelia dawesdes rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve sisxlissamarTlebrivi
sanqciebi. am SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo sanqciebs, rogorc wesi, ori mizani aqvs: aRkve-
Tos konkretuli darRveva, moxdes zianis anazRaureba da waaxalisos kanonmdeblis
moTxovnaTa Sesruleba, xolo misi meoradi mizani, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
lobis msgavsad, piris dasjaa samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi. ivaraudeba, rom
samoqalaqo xasiaTis sanqciebi advilad gansazRvrebadi da advilad administrireba-
dia. yvelaze martivi gza amisaTvis sanqciebis saxiT jarimebis dawesebaa, romelic ga-
moiTvleba Seusrulebeli valdebulebebis konkretuli procentuli odenobebiT.54
Tumca, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, jarimebi SesaZlebelia fiqsirebuli Tanxis saxiT
iyos aseve gansazRvruli.
amave dros, iseT sistemebSi, sadac administraciuli da samoqalaqo pasuxismgeb-
lobebi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad arsebobs, samoqalaqo sanqciebisagan gansxva-
vebiT, mas ar aqvs mxolod zianis anazRaurebis mizani da am SemTxvevaSi administraciu-
li samarTlis sanqciebSi, sisxlis samarTaldarRvevaTa msgavsad, dasjis elementi win
iweva.
rogorc amerikeli mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, yvelaze mniSvnelovania sanqciis
mniSvnelobis gageba. sanqciebi ver miaRwevs mizans im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadamxdelebs ar
aqvT gacnobierebuli maTi mniSvneloba da valdebulebaTa Seusruleblobis gamo pa-
suxismgeblobis dakisrebis SesaZlebloba. mniSvnelovania sagadasaxado administra-
ciebs martivad SeeZloT samarTaldarRvevebis gamovlena da maTze reagirebis moxde-
na. gamomdinare aqedan, normebi, romelTa moTxovnebis Sesrulebis Semowmeba yvelaze
advilia, aRsrulebis maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba. Sesabamisad, kanonmdeblis is
moTxovnebi, romelTa Sesrulebis Semowmeba rTulia, yvelaze xSirad xdeba samarTal-
darRvevis Cadenis samizne.55
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis finansuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, logi-
kuria finansuri sanqciebis daweseba, Tumca, am sanqciebis gamoyeneba yovelTvis efeq-
turi ar aris. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdeli aris gakotrebis zRvraze, an
gadaxdisuunaro da ar aqvs SesaZlebloba gadaixados gadasaxadebi, miT umetes dakis-
rebuli sanqcia, am SemTxvevaSi zogierT mecniers miaCnia, rom dawesebuli unda iyos sa-
patimro sanqciebi, vinaidan finansuri xasiaTis sanqciebiT mizani ver miiRweva. Tumca,
umravles samarTlebriv sistemebSi samoqalaqo darRvevebisaTvis patimroba ar aris
53
1996, 118-120.
54
iqve, 127.
55
iqve, 130-131.
63
dadgenili da, rogorc literaturaSia miTiTebuli, upiratesoba SeiZleba mieniWos

sxvadasxva saxis uflebebis SezRudvas pasuxismgebelobis dakisrebis saxiT. amasTan,
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es sanqciebi ar unda iwvevdes sawarmos saqmianobis SeCere-
bas, rac uaryofiTad imoqmedebs sawarmos saqmianobaze da momavalSi Tanxebis moZiebas
SeuZlebels gaxdis.56
sagadasaxado sanqciis miznebTan erTad, sainteresoa zogadad administraciuli
saxdelebis miznebis gansazRvrac. samecniero literaturaSi gamoyofen administra-
ciuli sanqciis or ZiriTad mizans: damrRvevis dasja da samarTaldarRvevis Tavidan
acileba.57 calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki sanqciis mizania samarTaldamrRvevis mier Cadeni-
li qmedebisaTvis samarTliani zemoqmedebis zomis gamoyeneba.58
3.2. funqciebi
sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawesebul sanqciis zomebs, miznebTan

erTad, gaaCnia Semdegi funqciebi: dasjis, prevenciis da saxelmwifos mier gaweuli
xarjebis anazRaurebis funqcia.59 funqciebi da miznebi Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs, Tum-
ca, literaturaSi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ganixileba.
sanqcias SeuZlia, pirvel rigSi, aRkveTos darRveva da gazardos Sesrulebis
odenoba. Tumca, sanqcia unda iyos TavisTavad samarTliani. umetes samarTlebriv sis-
temebSi sanqciis gamoyeneba niSnavs, piris mier braleulad valdebulebis Seusruleb-
lobis SemTxvevaSi, mis mimarT pauxismgeblobis proporciuli zomis gamoyenebas. dar-
Rvevebis aRkveTis da prevenciul funqciasTan erTad, finansuri xasiaTis sanqciebs
aqvT biujetis SemosavliTi nawilis Sevsebis funqcia, maSin roca arafuladi xasiaTis
sanqciebi iwvevs sabiujeto saxsrebis xarjvas. ufro metic, finansuri sanqciebis dad-
gena isea SesaZlebeli, rom dafaros yvela administraciuli xarji, rac gaweuli iqneba
am samarTaldarRvevebis gamosavlenad. anda sanqciebi dawesdes imisTvis, raTa waxali-
sebul iqnes davis adreul stadiaze gadawyvetis sakiTxi. sagadasaxado sanqcias mar-
Tlac aqvs mniSvnelovani prevenciuli funqcia sazogadoebis wevrebisaTvis, ra dro-
sac xazgasmulia gadasaxadebis gadaxdis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rac sxvadasxva
samarTlebriv sistemaSi gansxvavebulad gamoixateba orive tipis pasuxismgeblobis
dawesebiT: samoqalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebrivi.60 mecnierebi Tvlian, rom sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi sanqciebi, romelTa SefardebisaTvis saWiroa ufro maRali mtkicebis
standarti, marTalia, SedarebiT iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, Tumca, gaaCnia realurad pre-
venciis funqcia samoqalaqo da administraciul sanqciebTan SedarebiT.61
56
1996, 118-132-134.
57
salxinaSvili m., loria v., administraciuli saxdelebi da maTi gamoyeneba, Tb., 2000, 18.
58
iqve, 31.
59
“Brigham Young University Law Review~, 1565-1571, <http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/2005/6/2CORDS.
FIN.pdf>, [23.08.2012].
60
1996, 117-118.
61
FIN.pdf>, [23.08.2012].
64
4. sauravi – rogorc sagadasaxado pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburi zoma
rogorc statiis dasawyisSi aRiniSna, sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul erT-erT finansur sanqcias miekuTvneba sauravi. vina-
idan es ukanaskneli, sagadasaxado jarimisagan, rogorc fuladi saxis sanqciisagan,
gansxvavebiT, mTeli rigi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, misi calke ganxilvaa mizanSe-
wonili.
sauravi, msgavsad sagadasaxado jarimebisa Tu sanqciis sxva saxeebisa, ar aris
dadgenili mxolod sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT da mis cnebas iTvaliswinebs ro-
gorc sajarosamarTlebrivi, aseve kerZosamarTlebrivi normebi.
Tumca kerZosamarTlebrivi normebisa Tu sajarosamarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bebis momwesrigebeli sxva normebisagan gansxvavebiT, sauravis cneba sagadasaxado ka-
nonmdeblobaSi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, sauravi gaTvaliswinebulia sa-
gadasaxado samarTaldarRvevaTa saxeebsa da pasuxismgeblobis TavSi da miekuTvneba
sanqciaTa erT-erT saxes.62
Tavdapirvelad mizanSewonilia ganimartos sagadasaxado sauravis sakanonmdeb-
lo cneba.
administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawesebuli sauravebisa da samo-
qalaqo kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili pirgasamtexlosagan gansxvavebiT, sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sauravi ar warmoadgens uzrunvelyofis saSualebas. is mi-
ekuTvneba pasuxismgeblobis zomas, romlis gadaxda pirs ekisreba gadasaxdeli Tanxis
gadauxdelobis gamo.63 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sauravis daricxva xor-
cieldeba gadasaxadis Tanxaze da igi aris sxvaoba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis Seusrule-
bel sagadasaxado valdebulebebsa da zedmetad gadaxdili gadasaxadebis jams Soris.
amasTan, sauravis daricxva xorcieldeba TiToeuli vadagadacilebuli dRisaTvis.64
sauravis odenoba sxva fuladi sanqciis – jarimebisagan gansxvavebiT, yvela SemTxveva-
Si Seadgens gadauxdeli gadasaxadis Tanxis 0,07 procents yoveli vadagadacilebuli
dRisaTvis.
aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo normebis analizi cxadyofs, rom sagadasaxado samar-
TaldarRvevebisaTvis sauravis, rogorc sanqciis dakisreba garkveuli Taviseburebe-
biT xdeba. kerZod, gadamxdels is Seefardeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadamxdelis
jamurad sagadasaxados winaSe arsebuli davalianebebisa da moTxovnebis erToblio-
biT iqmneba uaryofiTi saldo. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi ekisreba mas sauravi, romlis ga-
mosaangariSeblad saldirebul Tanxas daericxeba yoveldRiurad 0,07 procenti, maSin
roca sxva fuladi sanqciis – jarimis dakisreba xdeba konkretuli samarTaldarRve-
vis CadenisaTvis da ar aqvs araviTari mniSvneloba uaryofiTi saldos arsebobas. amde-
nad, sauravi konkretuli darRvevisaTvis ki ar ekisreba pirs, aramed misi Sefardebis
62
63
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, muxli 272, nawili I, 2012 wlis 23 agvistos mdgoma-
64
roebiT, gamoqveynebuli saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, #54, 12.10.2010, mux. 343.
65
sakiTxi dgeba darRvevis Cadenisas, Tumca, Seefardeba Tu ara es sanqcia gadamxdels da

ra odenobiT, ar aris damokidebuli konkretuli samarTaldarRvevis Sinaarsze. amde-
nad, is Tavisi bunebiT ar aris tipuri fuladi sanqcia.
rogorc aRiniSna, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi sauravi, sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis garda, gaTvaliswinebulia administraciuli samarTaldarRvevaTa
kodeqsiT da aseve, msgavs instituts – pirgasamtexlos iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo ko-
deqsi.
pirgasamtexlos, romelic praqtikaSi xandaxan samoqalaqo sauravebad moixseni-
eba, gansazRvravs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 416-e – 420-e muxlebi.65 samoqala-
qo kodeqsis komentaris avtorebi pirgasamtexlos ganmartaven rogorc valdebulebis
Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis damatebiT saSualebas, romelic movalem unda gadaixa-
dos valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis. literaturaSi
gamoyofen pirgasamtexlos or funqcias: pirveli – es aris valdebulebis Sesrulebis
stimulireba da meore – es aris movalis mier zianis anazRaurebis saSualeba. sainte-
resoa is, rom pirgasamtexlos piri ixdis, miuxedavad imisa, ziani dadgeba Tu ara val-
debulebaTa Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, rogorc literaturaSi aRiniSneba,
pirgasamtexlos gadaxdevinebisas erT SemTxvevaSi pirgasamtexlo qarTul samoqala-
qo samarTlis sivrceSi CaTvliTi pirgasamtexlos xasiaTs atarebs, rac gamoricxavs
erTdroulad pirgasamtexlos gadaxdasac da zianis anazRaurebas da, meore mxriv, ka-
nonmdebloba mxareebs aniWebs SesaZleblobas, SeTanxmdnen pirgasamtexlos iseT ode-
nobaze, romelic SesaZloa aRematebodes SesaZlo zianis odenobas.66
marTalia, pirgasamtexlo samoqalaqo samarTlis institutia da misi Seswavla
aRniSnuli kvlevis farglebs scdeba, Tumca warmodgenili zogadi msjelobac adas-
turebs, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dadgenili es instituti arsebiTad gansxvavdeba da
sxvagvari samarTlebrivi bunebis matarebelia sagadasaxado sauravTan SedarebiT.
rac Seexeba administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebis kodeqsiT dadgenili saura-
vis cnebas, marTalia, sagadasaxado da administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebis kanon-
mdeblobiT gansazRvruli sauravebi sajarosamarTlebrivi bunebisaa da orive admi-
nistraciuli pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi dgindeba, isini gansxvavebuli samarTleb-
rivi bunebis matareblebia. sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli sauravi
sagadasaxado sanqciis erT-erTi saxea, romelic sxva fulad sanqciasTan - jarimasTan
erTad ekisreba gadamxdels sagadasaxado pasuxismgelobis zomad. imave saxelwodebis
miuxedavad, sxvagvari mniSvneloba aqvs sauravs administraciuli samarTaldarRveve-
bis SemTxvevaSi. am miznebisaTvis sauravi ar warmoadgens administraciul saxdels67 anu
65
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxlebi 416-420, 2012 wlis 1 oqtombris mdgomareo-
biT, gamoqveynebuli 1997 wlis 26 ivniss, Tb., #786 –II s.
66
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, `samarTali~, Tb., 2001, 487-
498.
67
saqarTvelos administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebis Sesaxeb kodeqsis 24-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, saxdelis saxeebs miekuTneba: gafrTxileba; jarima; im sag-
nis sasyidliT CamorTmeva, romelic administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis ia-
raRi, uSualo obieqti an saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dadgenili, saqarTvelos
sabaJo sazRvarze saqonlis gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis darRvevis sagani,
saqonlis transportirebisa da miwodebis saSualeba iyo; im sagnis konfiskacia, romel-
66
sanqciis saxes, aramed igi calkeuli saxis administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis

dakisrebuli sanqciis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi damatebiT ekisreba samarTaldam-
rRvevs. Tu sagadasaxado pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs
sanqciis nebayoflobiT Sesrulebas, vinaidan sauravi Tavad sanqciaa, administraciu-
li samarTaldarRvevebis SemTxvevebSi sauravi pirs ekisreba saxdelis nebayoflobiT
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevebSi. amasTan, administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis
dawesebuli sauravis odenoba, sagadasaxado sauravisagan gansxvavebiT, fiqsirebula-
daa dadgenili konkretuli administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis.68
zemoaRniSnuli normebis analizi cxadyofs, rom administraciuli samarTlis
farglebSi sauravis cneba ar aris erTgvarovani da mas sxvadasxva datvirTva aqvs saga-
dasaxado da administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis miznebisaTvis.
garda sakanonmdeblo regulaciebisa, sainteresoa sasamarTlo praqtikasa da sa-
mecniero literaturaSi sauravebTan dakavSirebuli ganmartebebis ganxilva. sagada-
saxado sauravi saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier ganmartebulia, rogorc ga-
dasaxadis ZiriTadi Tanxis gadauxdelobis kanonieri Tanmdevi Sedegis materialuri
gamoxatuleba, ris gamoc sauravis dakisrebisaTvis mTavaria, ara gadasaxadis ZiriTadi
Tanxis mogvianebiT gadaxdis gziT Sesabamisi Tavdapirveli valdebulebis Sesruleba,
aramed Sesabamis periodSi, rodesac gadasaxadis gadamxdels iuridiulad ar hqonda
gadasaxadis ZiriTadi Tanxa gadaxdili, am periodis sakompensacio Tanxebis amoReba.
sauravs sasamarTlo miiCnevs gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sagadasaxado-samarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis erTgvar gagrZelebad, romelic pirdapir gamomdinareobs gadasaxa-
ic administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis iaraRi, uSualo obieqti an saqarT-

velos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dadgenili, saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze saqonlis
gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis darRvevis sagani, saqonlis transportire-
bisa da miwodebis saSualeba iyo; moqalaqisaTvis miniWebuli specialuri uflebis (sa-
transporto saSualebaTa marTvis ufleba) CamorTmeva; iaraRis tarebis uflebis Cam-
orTmeva; gamasworebeli samuSaoebi; administraciuli patimroba. es CamonaTvali ar
iTvaliswinebs sauravs, rogorc saxdels. ix. saqarTvelos administraciul samarTal-
darRvevaTa kodeqsi, 24-e muxli, pirveli nawili, administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa
kodeqsi 2012 wlis 18 agvistos mdgomareobiT, 1984 wlis 15 dekemberi.
68
saqarTvelos administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, sauravis gad-
axdis valdebuleba dadgenilia calkeuli saxis samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis, roca am
darRvevebis Camdeni piri nebayoflobiT ar aRasrulebs dakisrebul saxdels. aseT sa-
marTaldarRvevebs miekuTvneba, magaliTad: saqarTvelos Sida sazRvao wylebsa da ter-
itoriul zRvaSi sasazRvro reJimis wesebis darRveva; satransporto saSualebis marT-
vis wesebis darRveva an aseTi saSualebis alkoholuri, narkotikuli an fsiqotropuli
simTvralis mdgomareobaSi marTva, anda satransporto saSualebis samarTavad gadacema
aseT mdgomareobaSi myofi pirisaTvis; moZraobis wesebis darRveva; Tbilisis terito-
riaze saxelmwifo an TviTmmarTveli erTeulis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTis
unebarTvod dakaveba an/da miwaTsargeblobis uflebis gareSe sargebloba. ix. saqarT-
velos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 555-e, 1142-e, 116-e, 117-e, 118-e,
1181-e, 1182-e, 1183-e, 119-e, 120-e, 1211-e, 122-e, 123-e, 125-e, 1252-e, 1253-e, 1271-e, 135-e, 1511-e,
1523-e muxlebi. administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsi, 2012 wlis 18 agvistos
mdgomareobiT, 1984 wlis 15 dekemberi.
67
dis Tanxis gadaxdaze gadasaxadis gadamxdelis pasuxismgeblobidan.69 amasTan, saqar-

Tvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa, rom saura-
vi gadasaxadis gadamxdelisaTvis dadgenili pasuxismgeblobis erT-erTi saxea.70
sauravebis daricxvasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa aseve saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sasamarTlos didi palatis 2005 wlis 5 dekembris ganCineba, romelic exeba dRg-is CaT-
vlebis gauqmebis gamo dRg-is gadamxdelebisaTvis sauravebis daricxvas. aRniSnuli
gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovania, vinaidan sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom dRg-is CaTvlis
wesebis darRvevisaTvis CaTvlili Tanxis gadaxda ekisreba im pirs, romelmac isar-
gebla am CaTvliT, Tumca gadasaxadis gadaxdis valdebuleba am SemTxvevaSi ekisreba
saqonlis mimwodebels (gamyidvels). didma palatam am SemTxvevaSi ganmarta, rom saga-
dasaxado pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebs warmoadgenen gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi, rom-
lebsac sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebis Cadenisas gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobi-
saTvis pasuxismgeblobis saxiT ekisreba sauravis gadaxda. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom sauravi e.w. damatebiTi gadasaxadia Tanxebis araTavisdro-
uli gadaxdis gamo. Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobac misi darRvevisaTvis unda dadges
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdeli dadgenil vadebSi ar gadaixdis gadasaxads.
amdenad, sauravi warmoadgens gadasaxadis gadamxdelisaTvis dadgenili pasuxismgeb-
lobis saxes, romelic gamoyenebuli ver iqneba im piris mimarT, romelic ar iTvleba
gadasaxadis gadamxdelad.71
mecnierTa mosazrebiT, sauravi Tavisi SinaarsiT uflebaaRmdgeni xasiaTis san-
qciaa. sauravis gadaxdis vadlebuleba aiZulebs movales, saTanadod Seasrulos mas-
ze dakisrebuli sagadasaxado valdebuleba. amasTan, sauravis meSveobiT saxelmwifo
gansazRvruli xarisxiT axdens vadagadacilebuli sagadasaxado davalianebis Sedegad
miyenebuli zianis kompensacias. amdenad, sauravi sagadasaxado sanqciaa, romelic da-
wesebulia kanonmdeblis mier, gadasaxadebis araTavisdrouli an arasruli gadaxdis
gamo, saxelmwifo xazinis danakargebis kompensaciis mizniT. amasTan, mecnierebi miiC-
neven, rom sauravi uflebaaRmdgeni sanqciaa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi mizani Se-
esabameba biujetis realur danakargebs. sauravis zoma unda ukavSirdebodes inflaci-
is koeficientsa da sxva garemoebebs.72
garda amisa, samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sauravis zomis gansazR-
vrisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli sesxis procentic, romelic SesaZloa gadax-
69
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa
palatis 2009 wlis 20 ivlisis ganCineba #bs-258-248 (4k-09), gamoqveynebuli krebulSi:
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetulebani administraciul saqmeebze, red.
jorbenaZe s. (sagadasaxado davebi, 2010, #3), 53.
70
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa
palatis 2006 wlis 12 ivlisis ganCineba #bs-265-251 (k-06), gamoqveynebulikrebulSi:
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetulebani administraciul da sxva kat-
egoriis saqmeebze, red. jorbenaZe s. (sagadasaxado samarTali, 2006, #2), 149.
71
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palatis 2005 wlis 5 dekembris #bs-817-
403(k-ks-05), #9-baxtrioni 2 ganCineba, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficial-
uri vebgverdi <www.supremecourt.ge> [23.08.2012]
72
ismgebloba, pirveli gamocema, bakmi, Tb., 2009, 342-343.
68
dil iqnes saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis araTavisdrouli gadaxdis SemTxvevebSi aRebuli

sesxis gamo.73 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sauravis zoma aRemateba biujetis realur danakar-
gebs, sauravi, mecnierTa mosazrebiT, kargavs sakompensacio mniSvnelobas da iZens sa-
damsjelo sanqciis xasiaTs. gadasaxadebis araTavisdrouli gadaxdis gamo pirs saga-
dasaxado pasuxismgebloba ekisreba gadasaxadebis araTavisdrouli gadaxdis yvela
SemTxvevaSi, maTi araTavisdrouli gadaxdis mizezebis miuxedavad. sauravis daricxva
warmoebs im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac gadasaxadis gadamxdeli gadasaxadis gadaxdis vadis
amowurvis Semdeg damoukideblad aRmoaCens gadasaxadis gamoangariSebisas daSvebul
Secdomas da biujetSi gadaricxavs Semcirebuli gadasaxadis Tanxas, maSin roca aseT
SemTxvevebSi gadamxdeli Tavisufldeba sxva tipis pasuxismgeblobisagan.74 sauravebis
daricxva xdeba mxolod droulad gadauxdel sagadasaxado davalianebis Tanxaze da
misi daricxva sxva Tanxaze, maT Soris droulad gadauxdeli jarimis Tanxaze, romelic
eqvemdebareba gadaxdevinebas, samarTaldamrRvevisagan dauSvebelia. Sesabamisad, sa-
gadasaxado sanqcias sauravi ar ericxeba.75
sainteresoa, aseve, sauravis mimarT kanonis ukuZalis sakiTxi. mecnierebi aRniS-
naven, rom Tu samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis Semdeg kanoniT Semcirda sauravis zoma, am
kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlamde arsebul periodze daricxuli sauravi unda Semcirdes axa-
li kanoniT dadgenili zomis farglebSi. Tu kanoniT izrdeba sauravis zoma, maSin am
kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlamde arsebul periodze sauravis axali zoma ar gavrceldeba.76
sauravis samarTlebriv bunebasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa aSS-is msgavsi in-
stitutis Seswavla. rogorc aRiniSna, saerTo samarTlis sistemaSi sagadasaxado sa-
marTaldarRvevebisaTvis dadgenilia samoqalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgebloba. samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi samarTaldamrRvevebs, jarimeb-
Tan erTad, ekisrebaT e.w. damatebiTi gadasaxadebi, romlebic qarTuli samarTlebrivi
sistemis sauravs SeiZleba SevadaroT. amerikeli mecnierebis mosazrebiT, es ukanas-
kneli miekuTvneba sanqciis saxes, Tumca, Tu rogori samarTlebrivi bunebisaa, unda
dadgindes imis mixedviT, aRniSnuli damatebiTi gadasaxadebi ra mizniT aris dawese-
buli. mecnierTa mosazrebiT, es damatebiTi gadasaxadebi SesaZloa atarebdes rogorc
sakompensacio, aseve sadamsjelo da prevenciul xasiaTs. amas Tavad kanonmdebeli gan-
sazRvravs, romelic adgens am damatebiTi gadasaxdebis odenobas. sainteresoa isic,
rom msgavsad qarTuli sistemisa, gadamxdels uwevs am damatebiTi Tanxis gadaxda im
SemTxvevaSic, roca Tavad waradgens Sesworebul deklaracias, sagadasaxado organoe-
bis mier darRvevis aRmoCenamde.77
amrigad, sauravis institutis mimarT rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve samecniero
midgomebi erTgvarovani ar aris. aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierTa gansxvavebuli Sexedu-
lebebis miuxedavad, sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dawesebuli sauravi ar
73
74
iqve.
75
iqve, 344.
76
iqve.
77
Elliott Th. M., Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch: The Demise Of Civil Tax Fraud Con-
sequences? (Journal) “Vanderbilt Law Review~, Vol. 48:1421, 1450-1459, 1995, <http://heinonline.org/>,
[24.08.2012].
69
warmoadgens dakisrebuli pasuxismgeblobis SeusruleblobisaTvis Tanxis gadaxdis

uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebas an dakisrebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebis damatebiT sa-
Sualebas. vinaidan is dadgenilia, rogorc sagadasaxado sanqciis erT-erTi saxe, mi-
si dakisreba xdeba sxva saxis sanqciasTan erTad, sagadasaxado davalianebis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi. amasTan, vinaidan sanqcia ar gamoiTvleba TiToeul SemTxvevaSi biujetSi
gadauxdeli Tanxebis proporciulad kompensaciisaTvis, amitom sauravi ufro metad
sadamsjelo xasiaTs atarebs, vidre sakompensacio daniSnulebas.
5. daskvna
klasikuri sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebisaTvis dadgenili sanqciebi ar ga-

moirCeva didi mravalferovnebiT da kanonmdebloba Semoifargleba mxolod ramdenime
saxis dawesebiT, rogoricaa: jarima, sauravi, gafrTxileba. SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi
kvlevis meTodis gamoyenebiT am sanqciebis bunebisa da dawesebis safuZvlebis Seswav-
lis Sedegad daskvnis saxiT SesaZlebelia mieTiTos, rom, sagadasaxado samarTaldar-
Rvevebis finansuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia sagadasaxado sanqciebis da-
wesebas win uZRvodes sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla. unda ganisazRvros ara mxolod
finansuri Tu arafinansuri sanqciis konkretuli saxis dawesebis mizanSewoniloba,
aramed finansuri sanqciis SemTxveveaSi moxdes am sanqciis zomis gaangariSeba mecnie-
ruli meTodebis gamoyenebiT da mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegad.
calkeuli saxis sanqciebis dawesebisas aucilebelia Teoriulad iqnes Seswav-
lili am sanqciis mizani da misi funqcia, rac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs Sesabamisi
balansis dadgenas sanqciis proporciulobasa da misaRwev mizans Soris da daadgens
sanqciis efeqturobas. amasTan, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba sagadasaxado sanqciebis sakom-
pensacio Tu sadamsjelo xasiaTis gansazRvra.
dabolos, sauravebTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom marTalia sagadasaxa-
do samarTali administraciuli samarTlis nawilia da sagadasaxado pasuxismgebloba
administraciuli pasuxismgeblobis nairsaxeobaa, administraciuli samarTaldarRve-
vebisagan gansxvavebiT, sagadasaxado sauravi sagadasaxado sanqciis erT-erTi saxea,
romelic, sxva sanqciebisagan gansxvavebiT, garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. ma-
galiTad, yvela SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba sauravis erTi saprocento ganakveTi, gansxva-
vebiT jarimebisagan, aseve misi gamoangariSebis safuZveli gansxvavebulia jarimebis
gamoangariSebis meTodebisagan. statiaSi ganviTarebuli msjelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
sauravi Zalian gansxvavdeba sxva saxis finansuri sanqciebisagan da Tavisi samarTleb-
rivi bunebiT miekuTvneba sagadasaxado vadebulebaTa Seusruleblobis gamo erTgva-
rad sakompensacio Senatanebs biujetSi, rac Tavisi arsiT ar aris sanqcia da SesaZlebe-
lia msjeloba sanqciebisagan damoukideblad mis mowesrigebasa da gansazRvraze.
saqarTveloSi sagadasaxado mecnierebis Camoyalibebisa da Semdgomi ganviTare-
bisTvis aucilebelia am mimarTulebiT kvlevebis gagrZeleba, raTa kvlevaze dafuZne-
bulma swavlebam, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyos qveynaSi swori sakanonmdeblo ganviTare-
ba.
70
sergi jorbenaZe*
saqarTvelos prezidentis gankarguleba, rogorc piradi

saidumloebis Semcveli monacemi
(saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 5 ivlisis #bs-1278-
1210(k-08) ganCinebis analizi)
1. Sesavali
Tanamedrove iurisprudenciaSi samarTlis normis interpretaciisTvis sasamar-

Tlo gadawyvetilebas (ganCinebas) udidesi praqtikuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom saqarTvelo ar miekuTvneba saerTo samarTlis qveynebs, sasamarTlo
praqtika samarTlis dargis ganviTarebisTvis mainc udides precedentul rols asru-
lebs.
kanoni ver moaxdens adamianTa nebismieri urTierTobis regulirebas. kanonis Zi-
riTadi mizani saerTo wesrigis damyarebaa, rac zog SemTxvevaSi misi Sinaarsis zogadi
xasiaTis arsebobis winapirobaa. swored aqedan gamomdinare, udidesi mniSvneloba kon-
kretuli SemTxvevis safuZvelze kanonis praqtikuli moqmedebis kuTxiT mis ganmarte-
bas eniWeba.
kanonis realizaciis erTaderTi saSualeba misi dacviT gamoxatul qcevis wes-
Si gamoixateba. Tavis mxriv, TiToeuli qcevis wesi, gamovlenili sxvadasxva adamianis
mier, yovelTvis ver iqneba analogiuri xasiaTis da masac esaWiroeba erTgvari regu-
lireba. swored aRniSnuli saxiT regulirebis saSualebaa sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-
bebis safuZvelze mxareTa urTierTobis Sedegad gamovlenili nebis ganmarteba – ro-
gorc samarTlis normebis dacva, ise darRveva.
winamdebare naSromi exeba sasamarTlo ganCinebas, romelsac Tanamedrove qar-
Tul iurisprudenciaSi precedentis mniSvneloba mieniWa. precedenti yovelTvis ver
iqneba yvela pirisTvis idealuri, magram aucileblad SesabamisobaSi unda modiodes
qveyanaSi arsebul normatiul aqtebTan.
winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli sasamarTlo dava mniSvnelovania ori kuTxiT:
a) igi exeba TiToeuli piris konstituciur uflebas – informaciis Tavisuflebas da
b) misi saSualebiT Camoyalibebulia erTgvarovani praqtika, romelic ar Seesabameba
qveyanaSi moqmed da aseve saerTaSoriso normebiT aRiarebul qcevis wess.
naSromi mTlianad agebulia saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 5 iv-
lisis #bs-1278-1210(k-08) ganCinebis ganxilvasa da mis analizze.
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, bremenis saxelmwifo universitetis sa-

marTlis magistri (LL.M.).
71
2. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 5 ivlisis

#bs-1278-1210(k-08) ganCineba1
2.1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis mokle aRweriloba
davis sagani: individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis baTilad

cnoba da qmedebis ganxorcieleba sajaro informaciis gacemis saxiT.
davis mokle mimoxilva: winamdebare saqmeSi kasatori (pirvel instanciaSi mo-

sarCele mxare) iTxovda saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciidan (pirvel instan-
ciaSi mopasuxe mxare) sajaro informaciis miRebas, kerZod: saqarTvelos prezidentis
gankargulebebis aslebsa da 2006 wels saqarTvelos teritoriaze momxdari stiqiuri
ubedurebebisa da maT mier miyenebuli zaralis odenobis damadasturebeli dokumen-
tebis aslebs. sajaro dawesebulebam individualur-samarTlebrivi aqtiT uari ga-
nacxada zemoaRniSnuli dokumentebis gacemaze, ris Sedegadac sajaro informaciis
momTxovnma mimarTa sasamarTlos.
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom misi moTxovna nawilobriv daakmayofila da sa-
qarTvelos prezidentis administracias daevala saqarTvelos prezidentis 2006 wlis
14 Tebervlis #73 da 2006 wlis 18 maisis #280 gankargulebebis aslebis gadacema. sasa-
marTlo gadawyvetileba saapelacio wesiT gaasaCivra davis orive monawilem. Tbilisis
saapelacio sasamarTlom saqmeze miiRo gadawyvetileba, romliTac mxolod saqarTve-
los prezidentis administraciis saCivari daakmayofila da gaauqma Tbilisis saqa-
laqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac administraciul organos
qmedebis ganxorcieleba daekisra. sajaro informaciis momTxovnma Seitana sakasacio
saCivari.
sakasacio saCivari ar dakmayofilda, ucvlelad darCa Tbilisis saapelacio sa-
samarTlos 2008 wlis 12 martis gadawyvetileba.
2.2. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analizi
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ramdenime mniSvnelo-

van detalze:
a) sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos prezidenti, Tavisi uflebamosilebis
ganxorcielebis farglebSi (romlis erT-erTi saxe swored gankargulebebis gamoce-
maa), ar warmoadgens administraciuli organos da, amrigad, sajaro informaciis gace-
mis valdebulebac ar aris saxeze;
b) sakasacio palatas aseve miaCnia, rom Sewyalebis Taobaze saqarTvelos prezi-
dentis mier gankargulebis gamocema misi konstituciursamarTlebrivi, gansakuTre-
buli uflebamosilebaa da igi, farTo diskreciis farglebSi ganxorcielebis saxiT, ar
eqvemdebareba gasajaroebas;
g) sasamarTlo ganCinebaSi aseve saubaria e.w. daumuSavebel informaciaze. mogexse-
nebaT, sakasacio saCivari stiqiuri ubedurebebis Sesaxeb monacemebis miRebasac exeboda.
1
miTiTebuli ganCineba SegiZliaT ixiloT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficial-
ur vebgverdze: <http://prg.supremecourt.ge/DetailViewAdmin.aspx>
72
s. jorbenaZe, saqarTvelos prezidentis gankarguleba, rogorc piradi saidumloebis
Semcveli monacemi
sajaro dawesebulebam igi im mizeziT ar gasca, rom mas ar gaaCnda aRniSnuli dokumen-
tacia damuSavebuli saxiT. sasamarTlom ki aRniSnuli qmedeba samarTlebrivi normebis
absolutur dacvad CaTvala da miiCnia, rom kasatori ver uTiTebda samarTlebriv nor-
maze, romelic sajaro dawesebulebas informaciis damuSavebas mosTxovda;2
d) sasamarTlo piradi monacemebis Semcvel informacias or nawilad hyofs: gan-
sakuTrebul mgrZnobiare da Cveulebriv personalur monacemebad.
2.2.1. piradi saidumloeba
saqarTvelos konstituciiT adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi sam ZiriTad

nawilad iyofa: 1) politikuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi; 2) socialur-ekonomikuri
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi; 3) piradi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.3 swored es ukanas-
knelia adamianis mTeli samarTlebrivi statusis safuZveli,4 romelSic erT-erT uf-
lebad gaerTianebulia informaciis Tavisufleba.
adamianis piradi cxovreba xelSeuvalia.5 igi piris personaluri monacemebia,
radgan misi identifikaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva.6 rodesac sakiTxi piris persona-
luri monacemebis gacemis Taobaze dadgeba, pirma Tavad unda gadawyvitos, ramdenad
gaasajaroos igi. piradi saidumloebis faqtis dadgenis Sedegad administraciuli or-
gano valdebulia ar gasces amgvari monacemebi sajaro informaciis momTxovnze. sxva
SemTxvevaSi saxeze iqneba saqarTvelos konstituciiT miniWebuli adamianis uflebebis
darRvevis faqti.7
saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxlis me-2 punqtiT, adamianis janmrTelobas-
Tan, finansebTan an sxva kerZo sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli informacia aravisTvis unda
2
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom sasamarTlos mosazreba am sakiTxze momavalSi erTgvarovani
praqtikis Camoyalibebis winapiroba gaxda (ix. magaliTad, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarT-
los 2011 wlis 18 noembris #3/3935-11 gadawyvetileba. aRniSnuls eTanxmeba zemdgomi
instanciis sasamarTloc – ix. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 17 Teberv-
lis #3b/2198-11 ganCineba). sajaro dawesebulebebi sajaro informaciis gacemas Tavs
arideben im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT amgvari monacemebi damuSavebuli ar aqvT, xolo
sasamarTlo am faqts saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis dacvad miiCnevs (ix. magaliTad,
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 31 oqtombris #3/3646-22 gadawyvetileba).
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos daTqmam moitana is Sedegi, rom sajaro daweseb-
uleba sajaro informaciis momTxovns, nacvlad sajaro informaciis dokumentis saxiT
gacemisa (szak-is 37-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, sajaro informaciis formis
arCevis uflebamosileba sajaro informaciis momTxovns gaaCnia), Sesabamis vebgverdze
amisamarTebs da amiT Tavidan iridebs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli valde-
bulebis Sesrulebas. sasamarTlo am faqts aseve samarTlebriv CarCoebSi xedavs (magal-
iTad, goris raionuli sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 5 ivnisis #3-112 gadawyvetileba).
3
cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 1999, 138.
4
iqve. 147.
5
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 dekembris #1/3/407 gadaw-
yvetileba.
6
wkeplaZe n., turava p., administraciuli samarTlis damxmare saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2005,
119.
7
ix. magaliTad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 10 martis #bs-430-548-k-
03 ganCineba.
73
iyos xelmisawvdomi, Tu uSualod am piris Tanxmoba ar iqna saxeze. muxlis Sinaarsidan

gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi is unda ganimartos, Tu ra warmoadgens piris janmrTelo-
bis, finansur da kerZo sakiTxebs:
a) piris janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi es aris informacia, piris
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, Tu ra daavadeba awuxebs mas da a.S.
b) piris finansebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi es aris informacia piris Semosav-
lebTan, piris sakuTrebaSi arsebul qonebasTan dakavSirebiT.
g) piris kerZo sakiTxebad ki unda CaiTvalos informacia, romelic am piris
identifikaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva. magaliTad, misi monacemebi samuSao
gamocdilebis Taobaze da sxv.
TiToeuli es sakiTxi, kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, gasajaroebisganaa daculi.
igi konstituciaSi swored imitomaa gawerili, rom saxelmwifos mier adamianis ufle-
bebis dacva moxdes.8 Sesabamisad, umaRles xarisxSi iqneba ayvanili piradi cxovrebis
xelSeuxeblobis sakiTxi, romelic gulisxmobs individis SesaZleblobas, sakuTari Se-
xedulebisamebr warmarTos Tavisi kerZo cxovreba da iyos daculi mis kerZo sferoSi
saxelmwifos da sxva pirebis Carevisgan~.9
winamdebare saqmeze, upirveles yovlisa, gansaxilvelia is, Tu ramdenad exeba
Sewyalebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebebi piris kerZo sakiTxebs.10
dRevandeli administraciuli Tu sasamarTlo warmoeba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
piris identifikaciis saSualebebis sakiTxis daregulirebas aniWebs. araerTi magali-
Tis safuZvelze TvalnaTliv Cans, Tu ra saxiT xdeba sasamarTlo davebSi monawile pi-
rebisa Tu sajaro seqtorSi momuSaveTa saxelebis daStrixva.11
2.2.2. sasamarTlo ganCinebis samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba
adamianis uflebis dacvis upirvelesi garanti sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilva da

sasamarTlosadmi sarCeliT mimarTvaa. aRniSnuli sakiTxis dacvis sferoSi Sidasa-
xelmwifoebriv institutebs Soris ganasxvaveben sasamarTlo da arasasamarTlo12 me-
qanizms, romelTaganac ufro mniSvnelovani sasamarTlo dacvis meqanizmia.13 aqedan
gamomdinare, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba sasamarTlos mier konkretul sakiTxze ga-
motanil gadawyvetilebas, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi erTgvarovani praqtikis saxiT
SeiZleba Camoyalibdes.
8
Sead. Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, Tb., 2003,
76.
9
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 29 Tebervlis #2/1/484 gadaw-
yvetileba.
10
Sewyalebis Sesaxeb dokumentebi TavisTavad ar warmoadgens piris janmrTelobisa an
finansur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul informacias.
11
ix. magaliTad, quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 31 martis ganCineba <http://
www.opendata.ge/#!lang/ka/cat/georgian_judicial_practice/topic/53>
12
magaliTad, administraciuli saCivari.
13
kvaWaZe m., avtorTa koleqtivi, konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 2006, 137.
74
Semcveli monacemi
sasamarTlo ganCineba metad didi mniSvnelobis mqonea piradi monacemebis sa-

kiTxis kuTxiT, vinaidan am ukanasknelis safuZvelze moxda personaluri monacemebis
klasifikacia. arc aRniSnul sasamarTlo saqmemde da arc mas Semdeg personaluri mo-
nacemebis aseTi saxiT diferencirebas adgili ar hqonia.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sasamarTlom moaxdina personaluri monacemebis or
jgufad dayofa: gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare personaluri monacemebi da Cveulebrivi
piradi monacemebi.
2.2.2.1. gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare personaluri monacemebi
sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom am kategoriaSi gaerTianebulia piris is sakiTxebi, ro-

melic mis nasamarTlobas ukavSirdeba. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, aravis aqvs ufleba
icodes, Tu konkretulad romeli fizikuri piri Seiwyala saqarTvelos prezidentma.
sasamarTlos mosazrebaSi – mgrZnobiare gulisxmobs iseT monacemebs, romelic
piris kriminalur warsuls ukavSirdeba. am kuTxiT, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom nebis-
mieri sakiTxi, rac fizikuri piris danaSaulebriv qmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, auci-
leblad gasaidumloebuli unda iyos.14 Tavis mxriv, aRniSnuli gulisxmobs ara marto
brZanebulebis, aramed imave sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi piris saxelisa da gvaris
daStrixvasac, rac dRevandel praqtikaSi xSir SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba.15 aqedan gamomdi-
nare, mniSvnelovania ganimartos, aris Tu ara yvela is sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mgrZno-
biare personaluri monacemebis Semcveli, romelic piris nasamarTlobas an misTvis
sasjelis Sefardebas, an mis mier Cadenil sisxlissamarTlebriv danaSauls exeba? sa-
samarTlos daTqmas Tu gaviziarebT, yvela es CamoTvlili sakiTxi swored winamdebare
kategoriaSi unda gavaerTianoT.
msjeloba am SemTxvevaSi mocemulia mxolod obieqturi kuTxiT, anu misi dife-
rencireba xdeba mesame pirebis mier, sakuTari Sexedulebis gaazrebiT. Sesabamisad,
sainteresoa sakiTxi ganxilul iqnes subieqturi kuTxiTac, romelic uSualod kon-
kretuli fizikuri pirisgan gamomdinare unda ganimartos. magaliTad, a-s ar surs gaa-
sajaroos is faqti, rom mas samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva garkveuli vadiT gadauvades.
es sakiTxi moawesriga saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebam.16 absoluturad ar
14
igulisxmeba piris identifikaciis SesaZleblobis mqone monacemebis gasaidumloeba.
15
ix. magaliTad, a(a)ip – informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis praqtika, romelmac
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlodan sajaro informacia konkretul sasamarTlo gan-
aCenze moiTxova. saqme exeboda fizikuri pirisTvis Sesabamisi sasjelis Sefardebas,
vinaidan am ukanasknelis mier adgili hqonda ukanono aborti gakeTebas. sasamarTlom
sajaro informacia gasca msjavrdebulis saxelisa da gvaris miTiTebiT. saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazrebas Tu daveTanxmebiT, maSin aRniSnuli saqmec gansa-
kuTrebiT mgrZnobiare personalur monacemebs Seicavs da, Sesabamisad, misi gasajaroe-
bac ar unda ganxorcieldes sajaro dawesebulebis mier (aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nax-
senebi sasamarTlo ganaCeni Segnebulad araa gamoqveynebuli miTiTebuli organizaciis
oficialur vebgverdze, vinaidan mas ar gaaCnia imis SesaZlebloba, rom daStrixos am
gadawyvetilebaSi mocemuli piris personaluri monacemebi).
16
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba ganxilulia im mizeziT, rom winamdebare sasa-
marTlo ganCinebis safuZvelze, saerTo sasamarTloebSi moxda erTgvarovani praqti-
kis damkvidreba da, saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebebis darad, saqarTvelos
75
warmoadgens sadavo Temas is, rom brZanebulebaSi miTiTebuli saxeli da gvari piris
personaluri monacemebia. vTqvaT, aRniSnuli brZanebuleba moiTxova fizikurma pirma
sajaro informaciis gacemis saxiT. ra saxis qmedeba unda ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos
prezidentis administraciam?17 man aRniSnuli monacemi aucileblad gansakuTrebiT
mgrZnobiare personalur monacemad unda CaTvalos da ar unda gaxados igi sajaro. sa-
qarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazrebas dRevandeli administraciuli warmoebis
praqtika aseve ar iziarebs da samxedro samsaxurSi piris gawvevis Sesaxeb informacias
sajaros xdis.18 Tu pirisTvis gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia is sakiTxi, rom mas samxedro
samsaxurSi gawveva gadauvades, maSin misTvis amgvari informaciis gavrceleba swored
piradi saidumloebis Selaxvad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
paraleli SeiZleba gavavloT araqonebrivi zianis miyenebis SemTxvevasTan. Tu pi-
ri Tvlis, rom am monacemebis gavrceleba mis Seuracxyofas gamoiwvevs, maSin man SeiZ-
leba miiCnios, rom dairRva, Seilaxa misi moraluri uflebebi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom TiToeuli adamianisTvis araqonebrivi zianis miyenebis SemTxveva individualuri
xasiaTisaa, am SemTxvevasac swored subieqturi kuTxiT unda SevxedoT.19 Sesabamisad,
miviRebT Sedegs, romlis mixedviTac, gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare personaluri mona-
cemebi piris subieqturi Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad iqnes Camoyalibebuli.
2.2.2.2. Cveulebrivi personaluri monacemebi
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare personaluri monacemebisgan gansxvavebiT, Cveuleb-

rivi personaluri monacemebi piris identifikaciis im SesaZleblobas iZleva, rac mis
nasamarTlobasTan da amgvari saxis sxva sakiTxebTan araa dakavSirebuli. magaliTad
aviRoT isev samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis gadavadebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos prezi-
prezidentis is brZanebulebebic, romelic piris identifikaciis saSualebas iZleva,

aseve saidumloebis mqoned CaiTvala.
17 magaliTi agebulia dRevandeli administraciuli warmoebis praqtikis erT-erT SemTx-
vevaze, romlis mixedviTac, saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciam gasca mis xelT
arsebuli brZanebulebebi saxelisa da gvaris (aseve piradi nomris) miTiTebiT.
18 ix. magaliTad – <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=1003
06> – saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macnes oficialuri vebgverdi, romelSic miTiTe-
bulia saqarTvelos prezidentis 2007 wlis 29 martis #213 brZanebuleba. am samarT-
lebrivi aqtis safuZvelze, erT-erT fizikur pirs (naSromSi Segnebulad ar saxeldeba
misi saxeli da gvari) gadauvades samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis vada erTi wliT. brZaneb-
uleba mocemulia daStrixvis gareSe da iq miTiTebulia piris saxeli, gvari, dabadebis
TariRi da piradi nomeri. sasamarTlos msjelobis Sesabamisad, es sakiTxi aucileblad
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare personaluri monacemebis WrilSi unda moqceuliyo, ma-
gram es ase ar moxda.
19 paralelis gavlebisas aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom kanonis moqmedeba TiToeuli
pirisTvis savaldebulo xasiaTisaa da igi TiToeul pirze Tanabrad vrceldeba (kanonis
winaSe Tanasworobis sakiTxze ixileT: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos 2002
wlis 9 aprilis #46726/99 ganCineba. saqme – podkolzina latviis winaaRmdeg (Podklozina
v. Latvia)). aqedan gamomdinare, Tu gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare personaluri monaceme-
bi erTi pirisTvis saidumlo xasiaTisaa, maSin igive sakiTxi zustad analogiuri saxiT
unda iqnes mowesrigebuli sxva pirebis SemTxvevaSic.
76
Semcveli monacemi
dentis 2011 wlis 28 Tebervlis 115 brZanebuleba,20 romelSic aseve miTiTebulia pi-
ris saxeli, gvari, dabadebis TariRi da piradi nomeri. marTalia, TiToeul maTgans ar
Caudenia sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSauli da arc erT maTgans ar aqvs kriminaluri
warsuli, magram am informaciis gamJRavnebiT maT SeiZleba CaTvalon, rom gacemulia
gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiare personaluri monacemebi da rom es pirdapir kavSirSia
maTi uflebebis darRvevasTan.
swored aqedan gamomdinare, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia (an Tu SesaZlebelia, mxolod
varaudis doneze) ganisazRvros is, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi iqneba saxeze Cveulebrivi per-
sonaluri monacemebi da ra SemTxvevaSi eqneba ufleba sajaro dawesebulebas, nebar-
Tvis aRebis gareSe gasces igi. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba mxolod erT gamonakliss
uSvebs, rodesac sazk-is 44-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT Tanamdebobis pirebis
mier sajaro samarTlebrivi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebas sajaro informaciad
miiCnevs da ar aZlevs sajaro dawesebulebas uflebas, gaasaidumloos igi.
2.2.2.3. ganCinebis dadebiTi mxare
ganCinebis dadebiT mxared unda miviCnioT is faqti, rom saerTo sasamarTloe-

bis mier personaluri monacemebis amgvari diferenciacia pirvelad ganxorcielda.
sasamarTlom iurisprudenciaSi daamkvidra axali termini, romelic SesaZlebelia ga-
moyenebul iqnes piradi saidumloebis sakiTxze saubrisas. sasamarTlo praqtika zog
SemTxvevaSi konkretuli samarTlebrivi institutis ganvrcobas axorcielebs. samwu-
xarod, dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi arcTu ise xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac sasamarTlo
praqtika ganazogadebs Sesabamis sakiTxs. am mxriv, novaciaa saqarTvelos uzenaesi sa-
samarTlos winamdebare ganCineba, romelmac erTmaneTisgan gamijna personaluri mona-
cemebis ori saxe: personaluri monacemebi, romelic piris kriminaluri warsulisa da
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebisgan gasakicxi qmedebis Taobaze Seicavs informacias da meo-
re, personaluri monacemebi, romelic piris saqmianobasTan, mis cxovrebasTan dakavSi-
rebul sakiTxebs Seicavs, romelSic kriminaluri warsuli saerTod ar aRiwereba.
2.2.2.4. ganCinebis uaryofiTi mxare
sasamarTlo ganCinebaSi yuradReba gasamaxvilebelia msjelobaze, romliTac igi

askvnis Semdegs: `gansakuTrebul mgrZnobiare kategoriis personaluri monacemebi
gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi reJimiT gamijnulia Cveulebrivi personaluri mona-
cemebisgan. am kategoriis monacemebis damuSaveba-gacema saWiroebs piris Tanxmobas. am
SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs prezumfcia, romlis Tanaxmad, pirs ar surs am informaciis gam-
JRavneba da administraciuli organo valdebulia, daicvas piris kerZo sfero, sanam
Tavad es piri ar gamoavlens informaciis gacemis nebas~.21
sasamarTlo am SemTxvevaSi aviTarebs mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tu perso-
naluri monacemebi `gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiare~ xasiaTis araa, maSin misi gasaja-
20
ix. <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=1220862>
21
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 5 ivlisis #bs-1278-1210(k-08) ganCine-
bis samotivacio nawili.
77
roeba nebadarTulia. es daTqma Seusabamoa saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxlTan

da aseve szak-is 271, 371, 43-e, 44-e da 45-e muxlebTan.
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi gawerili norma, romelic informaciis Tavisuf-
lebis sakiTxs aregulirebs, or aspeqtSi SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli: igi icavs, erTi
mxriv, saxelmwifo, xolo meore mxriv, sazogadoebis interesebs.22 sazogadoebaSi, Ta-
vis mxriv, konkretuli fizikuri pirebic iTvlebian. Sesabamisad, igulisxmeba, rom pi-
radi saidumloebis faqtis dadgena swored maTi uflebebis dacvas emsaxureba. aqedan
gamomdinare, sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia, yvela is informacia gaasaidumloos,
romelic Tavisi arsiT pirad saidumloebas warmoadgens23 da mniSvneloba ar aqvs, iqne-
ba igi gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiare Tu Cveulebrivi personaluri monacemebi. orive
SemTxvevaSi informacia daculi unda iyos gacemisgan.
meore mxriv, sasamarTlo saubrobs informaciis damuSavebis sakiTxze da ganmar-
tavs, rom Tu sajaro dawesebulebas ar gaaCnia informacia damuSavebuli saxiT, aravis
eqneba SesaZlebloba miiRos igi. sasamarTlos amgvari msjeloba moklebulia samar-
Tlebriv logikas, vinaidan: saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxli ganmartavs, rom
nebismier pirs SeuZlia gaigos informacia sajaro dawesebulebaSi daculi dokumen-
tebis Sesaxeb. gamonaklisia SemTxveva, rodesac monacemebi saidumloebis Semcvel in-
formacias exeba. sasamarTlo ar saubrobs amgvar monacemebze, rac, Tavis mxriv, abso-
luturad gamoricxavs saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis mier am monacemebis
gasaidumloebas.24 sasamarTlo am sakiTxis ganxilvisas ar amodis saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis uzenaesobis principidan. marTalia, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi pirdapir
araa gansazRvruli informaciis damuSavebis valdebuleba, magram es sasamarTlos ar
aniWebs im uflebamosilebas, rom sajaro dawesebulebis mier nakisri valdebulebebis
darRvevaze ar gaamaxvilos yuradReba.
kanonmdebeli Tavad ver gansazRvravs yvela saxis samarTlebriv urTierTo-
bas. igi mxolod im arsebiT, zogad principebze saubrobs, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba
sxvadasxva urTierTobis gadaWra. amdenad, kanonis ararseboba ar unda gaxdes kon-
stituciuri normis blokirebis safuZveli, roca misi realizacia SesaZlebelia
kanonis gareSec.25Tu ar aris saxeze Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi norma, sasamarTlom au-
cileblad unda gamoiyenos analogiis SesaZlebloba. Tavis mxriv, analogia SeiZleba
22
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloს 2004 wlis 28 ivnisis #1/3/209,276 gadaw-
yvetileba.
23
aRniSnuli ar exeba szak-is 44-e muxlis pirvel nawils, romlis mixedviTac, Tanamdebo-
bis pirebis personaluri monacemebi sajaro xasiaTisaa da misi gacnoba nebismier msur-
vels SeuZlia.
24
am SemTxvevaSi saubaria amave ganCinebis meore sadavo sakiTxze, romelic 2006 wels
saqarTvelos teritoriaze momxdar stiqiur ubedurebebsa da maT mier miyenebuli
zaralis odenobas exeba. mlianobaSi, ganCinebis uaryofiT mxareSi es ukanasknelic unda
movixsenioT, vinaidan, garda imisa, rom sasamarTlo Sewyalebis dokumentebs saidum-
loebis Semcvelad miiCnevs, daculi informaciis damuSavebis valdebulebaze (romel-
ic sajaro dawesebulebas gaaCnia) gansxvavebul mosazrebas aviTarebs.
25
zoiZe b., konstituciis pirdapiri moqmedebisa da kanonTa miRebis aucileblobis Sesax-
eb, roman Sengelias 70 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli `samarTlis prob-
lemebi~ (red. lado Wanturia, ekaterine Sengelia), Tb., 2012, 50.
78
Semcveli monacemi
iyos ori saxis: kanonisa da samarTlis. TiToeuli maTgani aucileblad dafuZnebuli

unda iyos saqarTvelos konstituciis zogad principebze da unda gamomdinareobdes
konstituciidan.
erTi wuTiT warmovidginoT SemTxveva, ras izamda kanonmdebeli, rodesac szak
iqmneboda da Tu winamdebare problema swored misi Seqmnis stadiaze iqneboda warmod-
genili? imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sajaro dawesebuleba Tavadaa valdebuli, gasces
informacia momTxovnze, kanonmdebelic swored amgvar daTqmas gamoiyenebda da saja-
ro informaciis Seqmnis valdebulebas swored mas daakisrebda.26 am SemTxvevaSi sasa-
marTlos mier sakiTxis amgvarad gadawyveta, romliTac igi daakisrebda valdebulebas
sajaro dawesebulebebs, absoluturad gamarTlebuli iqneboda.27
2.2.3. erTgvarovani praqtika
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazrebas iziareben qveda instanciis sasa-

marTloebi. amis erT-erTi naTeli dasturia Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, romelic
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miRebis, aRdgenis, gasvlis, Sewyvetisa da miniWebis Sesa-
xeb saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebebs pirad saidumloebad miiCnevs da saja-
ro dawesebulebas mis gasajaroebas ar akisrebs.28 pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos
mier sakiTxze amgvari saxiT msjeloba swored fizikuri piris kerZo monacemebis dac-
vis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba da swored konstituciuri uflebis dacviskenaa mimarTuli.
sasamarTlo amgvari saqmis ganxilvisas amodis im principebidan, rom personaluri
monacemebis gasajaroebis sakiTxi sazogadoebrivi interesis upirvelesi sagania.29sa-
zogadoebrivma interesma SeiZleba sazogadoebrivi SezRudvac gamoiwvios,30 romlis
safuZvelzec swored saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxliT aRiarebuli uflebis
SezRudva moxdeba.
aRniSnuli mosazreba aucileblad sazogadoebis mier konkretul sakiTxebze da-
interesebis magaliTidan unda gamomdinareobdes. sazogadoebrivi interesi SeiZleba
danaxul iqnes maT mier sajaro informaciis gamoTxovis saxiT, Tu ra sakiTxebze inte-
resdeba sajaro informaciis momTxovni yvelaze metad da Tu ra saxis monacemebis mi-
26
swored analogiisa da informaciis Tavisuflebis, rogorc samarTlis institutis
zogadi principebidan gamomdinare.
27
zoiZe b., konstituciis pirdapiri moqmedebisa da kanonTa miRebis aucileblobis Sesax-
eb, roman Sengelias 70 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli `samarTlis prob-
lemebi~, Tb., 2012, 48.
28
ix. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 20 ianvris #3/8420-11 gadawyvetileba.
29
ix. magaliTad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 17 Tebervlis #bs-1435-
1393(k-08) gadawyvetileba – piri auqcionSi monawile pirTa Sesaxeb informacias iTxov-
da, romelic sajaro dawesebulebam ar gasca. sajaro informaciis gacemaze uari ki imiT
daasabuTa, rom moTxovnili informacia konfidencialuri xasiaTis iyo. sasamarTlos
ganmartebiT, sazogadoebrivma interesma zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba konkretuli piris
interess gadaaWarbos. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba, rom pirs
garkveul SemTxvevebSi im safuZvliT ecnobeba uari sajaro informaciis gacemaze, Tu
misi uflebis paralelurad warmoSobili iqneba sazogadoebrivi interesi.
30
izoria l., xubua g., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentar-
ebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb., 2005, 148.
79
Rebas miiCnevs igi prioritetad. dRevandel praqtikaSi, sajaro informaciis gamoTx-

ova ufro metad xorcieldeba im sakiTxze, Tu ramdenma moqalaqem da romeli qveynis
moqalaqeebma miiRes saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba,31 vidre im sakiTxze, Tu vis da ramden
pirs gadauvada saqarTvelos prezidentma Tavis mier miRebuli brZanebulebiT samxed-
ro samsaxurSi gawveva.
aRniSnuli magaliTebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi interesis sakiTxze
msjeloba sasamarTlom Tavad sazogadoebis mier gamovlenili nebis safuZvelze unda
moaxdinos.32
3. daskvna
winamdebare sasamarTlo ganCinebis ganxilva agebulia saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciis 41-e muxliT miniWebuli adamianis uflebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelic in-
formaciis Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv instituts aregulirebs. konstituciis saSu-
alebiT sazogadoebam mSvidobianad unda gadaWras rTuli da konfliqturi sakiTxebi.33
sakiTxis mogvarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani magaliTia sajaro informaciis gamoTxo-
va konkretuli administraciuli organodan, romelic ori kuTxiT SeiZleba iqnes gan-
xiluli: a) adamianis ufleba da b) sajaro dawesebulebis valdebuleba.
ganxiluli sasamarTlo ganCinebiT, saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis praq-
tikaSi pirveli SemTxveva dafiqsirda, rodesac personaluri monacemebi ramdenime sa-
xed daiyo. kerZod, moxda maTi diferencireba da gamoiyo piradi saidumloebis ori Zi-
riTadi saxe: gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiare personaluri monacemebi da Cveulebrivi
personaluri monacemebi. sasamarTlos am mosazrebam daamkvidra erTgvarovani praq-
tika, romlis safuZvelzec gamoikveTa is monacemebi, romelSi naxsenebi saxeli da gva-
ri ar unda gaxdes sajaro mesame pirebisTvis.
sasamarTlos mosazreba SeiZleba or aspeqtSi ganvixiloT: a) rogorc praqtikis-
Tvis mniSvnelovani ganCineba da b) rogorc saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasTan Seusabamo
daTqma. pirveli maTgani swored erTgvarovani praqtikis damkvidrebis magaliTia, xo-
lo meore sakiTxi swored e.w. gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiare personaluri monaceme-
bis dacvis sakiTxs exeba. sasamarTlos am ganCinebis garda, qarTul iurisprudenciaSi
ar aris daTqma gakeTebuli, romlis mixedviTac, TiToeuli aseTi saxis personaluri
monacemis definicia moxdeboda. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom gan-
31
ix. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobidan gasvlisa da miRebis Sesaxeb informacia _ <http://www.
opendata.ge/#!lang/ka/cat/other_useful_information_text/id/134>; aseve ix. saqarTvelos moqalaqeo-
bis miRebisa da miniWebis Sesaxeb informacia _ <http://www.opendata.ge/#!lang/ka/cat/other_use-
ful_information_text/id/138>; agreTve, ix. informacia, Tu ramden pirs mieniWa saqarTvelos
moqalaqeoba 2008-2011 wlebSi _ <http://www.opendata.ge/#!lang/ka/cat/news/topic/555>. aRsani-
Snavia, rom arc erTi SemTxveva ar fiqsirdeba Tanamedrove administraciuli warmoebis
praqtikidan, romlis mixedviTac, piri sajaro informaciis miRebas samxedro samsaxur-
Si gawvevis gadavadebis Sesaxeb monacemebis saxiT moisurvebda.
32
anu aucileblad unda moaxdinos sakiTxis gadaWra obieqturi kuTxiT. ix.magaliTad,
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 20 ianvris #3/8420-11 gadawyvetileba.
33
Sead. Svarci h., konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi, Jurnali `sakonstitucio sa-
marTlis mimoxilva I~, 2010, 5.
80
Semcveli monacemi
saxilvelma sasamarTlo ganCinebam erTgvari precedentis xasiaTi miiRo, rac momaval-

Si pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebzec aisaxa. kerZod,
a) Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 20 ianvris #3/8420-11 gadawyve-
tilebiT, gaziarebul iqna mosazreba,34 rom saqarTvelos prezidentis brZa-
nebulebaSi miTiTebuli fizikuri pirebis saxeli da gvari personaluri mo-
nacemebia, magram ar iqna naxsenebi, Tu romel kategorias ekuTvnis igi;
b) Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 25 ivlisis #3/3924-11 gadawyve-
tileba,35 romelSic sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom gasajaroebas eqvemdebareba
mxolod is informacia, romelic daculia sajaro dawesebulebaSi.
sasamarTlo precedentis Camoyalibebis praqtika aprobirebulia msoflios
araerT wamyvan qveyanaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba saboloo in-
stanciis sasamarTlos mosazrebas da normis Sesabamis interpretirebas Sesabamis sa-
kiTxTan mimarTebaSi. swored aqedan gamomdinare, sakasacio instanciis sasamarTlos
samarTlebrivad dausabuTebeli mosazreba zog SemTxvevaSi samarTlis normis araswo-
rad interpretirebuli praqtikis damkvidrebis safuZvelia.
34
<http://www.opendata.ge/userfiles/files/gadackvetileba(3).pdf>
35
<http://www.opendata.ge/userfiles/files/GADAWYVETILEBA.pdf>
81
jaba usenaSvili*
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis realizaciis

problema sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebuli
operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis warmoebisas
1. Sesavali
Tanamedrove epoqaSi adamianis uflebebi da kanonis uzenaesoba kacobriobis is-

toriis fasdaudebeli monapovari da civilizebul saxelmwifoTa umTavresi Rirebu-
lebaa. marTalia, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mimdinare politikuri da samarTlebrivi
ganviTarebis procesebi ar yofila Tanmimdevruli, Tumca Sua saukuneebidan dRemde,
saerTaSoriso samarTlis subiqtTaTvis demokratiuli ganviTarebis erT-erT Ziri-
Tad maCvenebels suverenul saxelmwifoebSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis xarisxi war-
moadgens. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis procesSi,
adamianis uflebaTa samarTliT garantirebuli rigi fundamenturi sferoebis dacva
kvlavac problematur sakiTxad rCeba, kerZod, `sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovan sa-
kiTxTa uzrunvelsayofad garkveuli pirebi aRWurvilni arian Sesabamisi uflebamo-
silebebiT, magram maTi qmedeba unda ganxorcieldes im farglebSi, rom individTa Ta-
visuflebam ar miiRos fiqtiuri saxe~.1
am mxriv gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens sakonstitucio da saerTaSoriso sa-
marTlebrivi debulebebi saxelmwifo organoTa funqciebisa da maTi uflebamosile-
bebis Taobaze, romelTa mixedviTac sajaro interesebis realizaciis procesi safuZ-
velSive samarTlis uzenaesobiT aris SezRuduli.2
ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze, danaSaulTan brZolis kuTxiT gatarebuli
kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis paralelurad, samecniero wreebSi gansakuTrebuli aqtu-
aloba SeiZina specialuri samsaxurebis mier arcTu iSviaTad warmoebuli operatiul-
samZebro saqmianobis Sedegad wamoWrilma problematurma sakiTxebma.3 bunebrivia, yo-
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, saqarTvelos mTavari prokuraturis
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros teritoriul organoebSi saprokuroro saqmianobaze sap-
rokuroro zedamxedvelobis departamentis saprokuroro saqmianobaze meToduri ze-
damxedvelobis sammarTvelos ufrosi prokurori.
1
burjanaZe g., nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier gamotanili verdiqtis dasabuTebu-
loba (evropul standartTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba), adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, statiaTa krebuli, red.
korkelia k., Tb., 2011, 25-46.
2
Sead. kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, gamomcemloba `jisiai~, 2003, 18.
3
aRniSnuls mowmobs Tundac is faqti, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi araerTxel ganixila sakiTxi saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis me-20 muxlTan òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis
konkretuli muxlebis Sesabamisobis Taobaze. ix: inter alia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos 2005 wlis 9 Tebervlis #2/2/316 ganCineba, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 dekembris #1/3/407 gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos sakonsti-
82
j. usenaSvili, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis realizaciis problema sasa-
marTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebuli operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis warmoebisas
velive aRniSnuli upirvelesad, adamianis uflebaTa samarTliT garantirebul, pira-

di cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis realizaciis efeqtianobas ukavSirdeba.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT:
`piradi cxovrebis nebismieri komponentis xelyofisas irRveva piradi cxovrebis
xelSeuxeblobis ufleba zogadad, Tumca es garemoeba ar iZleva imis mtkicebis ufle-
bas, rom nebismieri aseTi uflebrivi komponentis darRveviT aucileblad irRveva sa-
qarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxli. am dros gasaTvaliswinebelia piradi cxovrebis
xelSeuxeblobis regulirebis konstituciaSi mocemuli konkretuli konstruqcia.
amis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe maRalia piradi cxovrebis daculi uflebrivi komponen-
tis Sinaarsis, maTSi dasaSvebi Carevis farglebis araswori ganmartebis safrTxe~.4
Sesabamisad, winamdebare kvlevis erT-erT centraluri problema swored piradi
cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobasTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo garantiebi da, saWiroe-
bis SemTxvevaSi, maTSi Carevis legitimuri safuZvlebia.
naSromSi mimoxilulia saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da saerTaSoriso xelSekru-
lebebiT, aseve sakonstitucio da saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis iurisprudenciiT /
precedentuli samarTliT5 Camoyalibebuli piradi cxovrebis dacvis garantiebi, maTi
farglebi da SesaZlo Carevis legitimuri safuZvlebi. SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi miz-
nebisaTvis, gaanalizebulia araerTi Tanamedrove evropuli da ramdenime postsocia-
listuri saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba,6 romlebic dakavSirebulia operatiul-samZeb-
tucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekembris #1/4/515 ganCineba, saqarTvelos sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 29 dekembris #2/1/484 gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiis mier, 2012 wlis 12 aprils, gamocxadebu-
li saoqmo Canaweri saqmeze „saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da saqarT-
velos moqalaqe Tamar CugoSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“ (konstituci-
uri sarCeli #519), xelmisawvdomia: <http://www.constcourt.ge> [bolo ganaxlebis TariRi
18.09.2012].
4
ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 19 dekembris #1/7/454 ganCine-
ba, saqmeze `saqarTvelos moqalaqe levan sirbilaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRm-
deg~, II-2.
5
niSandoblivia, rom mecnierul wreebSi aRniSnul terminologiur aspeqtTan mimarTe-
baSi arsebobs garkveuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. iuristTa nawili adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli sasamarTlos mier konkretul gadawyvetilebebSi asaxuli, precedentuli
ganmartebebis erTobliobiT Semdgar samarTals adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-
marTlos ìurispudencias~ (Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights) uwodebs da
mcdarad miaCnia aseT SemTxvevaSi terminis `precendentuli samarTali~ (case law) gamo-
yeneba. maTi mosazrebiT, zemoaRniSnuli ara ubralod samosamarTleo doqtriniT war-
moSobili precedentebia, aramed swored amgvari forma warmoadgens erTaderT gzas
konvenciis normaTa realuri arsis aRsaqmelad. rac Seexeba mecnierTa meore nawils,
isini naklebad mniSvnelovnad miiCneven sakiTxisadmi amgvar CaRrmavebas da terminebs
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ìurispudencia~ da `precedentuli samar-
Tali~ sinonimebad miiCneven. winamdebare naSromSi aseve identuri mniSvnelobiT aris
gamoyenebuli zemoaRniSnuli orive termini.
6
postsocialisturi qveynebis kanonmdeblobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba ganapiroba
iman, rom, operatiul-samZebro saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi regula-
ciebis kuTxiT, yofil sabWoTa qveynebsa da dasavleTevropul qveynebs Soris arsebobs
ara individualuri, aramed sistemuri xasiaTis gansxvavebebi.
83
ro saaqmianobaze dafuZnebul, sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis samarTlebriv

meqanizmebTan.
rac metad sainteresoa, kvlevis procesSi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regio-
nuli centridan moZiebul iqna operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebuli
praqtikuli masalebi,7 romelTa analizis Sedegadac gamovlinda araerTi arsebiTi xa-
siaTis samarTlebrivi problema. bunebrivia, maTi aSkara umetesoba uSualo kavSirSia
adamianis uflebaTa samarTliT ganmtkicebuli, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis sa-
Tanadod dacvis sakiTxebTan.
dabolos, zemoaRniSnuli praqtikuli masalebis mkacrad konfidencialuri xasi-
aTidan gamomdinare,8 naSromSi Segnebulad ar aris miTiTebuli dokumentebSi dafiqsi-
rebul fizikur pirTa Tu Sesabamis saxelmwifo uwyebaTa saidentifikacio monacemebi.
kvlevisas yuradReba eqceva maTSi gamovlenil mxolod dadebiT da uaryofiT samar-
Tlebriv garemoebebs.
2. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba (zogadi mimoxilva)
sanam uSualod operatiul-samZebro saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul regulaciebs

ganvixilavdeT, kvlevis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, mokled Camovayali-
boT piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi.
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoriaSi farTod gavrcelebul mecnierul mosaz-
rebebs Tu daveyrdnobiT, diskusiebi, erTi mxriv, pirovnebisa da saxelmwifos rolis,
xolo meore mxriv, kerZo da sajaro sferoebis urTierTgamijvnis Sesaxeb jer kidev
antikuri periodidan, sokratesa da aristoteles droidan mimdinareobda,9 Tumca pi-
radi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba (The Rright of Privacy), dRes arsebuli samar-
Tlebrivi kategoriis saxiT, me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi amerikis SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi aRmocenda.10 magaliTisTvis, piradi cxovrebis dacvis mniSvnelobis Taobaze im
periodisTvis erT-erT aRiarebul kvlevad jeims ficjeims Stefanis filosfiuri naS-
romi – `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, megobroba~11 gvevlineboda.
davas aRar iwvevs sakiTxi imis Taobaze, rom piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis
samarTlebrivi dacvis xarisxi (rac, pirvel rigSi, mis praqtikul realizaciaSi aisa-
xeba) Tanamedroveobis erT-erT centralur problemas warmoadgens. amasTan, Tu ga-
viTvaliswinebT komunikaciis sferoSi dRes arsebul teqnologiur miRwevebsa da
7
aRniSnul masalebTan legitimuri wvdoma avtors samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis sa-
fuZvelze gaaCnia.
8
òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 muxlis pirveli
nawili.
9
oqruaSvili m., piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba (naSromi gamocemulia arasamTavrobo
organizaciis – `Tavisuflebis instituti~ - egidiT), 2005, 9.
10
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis istoriuli safuZvlebis Taobaze dawvri-
lebiT ix: Westin A.F., Privacy and Freedom, “Wash. & Lee L. Rev.~, 25, 1968, 166; Sir Stephen J.F., Liberty,
Equality, Fraternity, London, “H. Holt and Company~, 1873; Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 US. 479 (1965);
Seipp D.J., The Right to Privacy in American History, Cambridge, Harvard University Program on Informa-
tion Resource Policy, 1978, 9-16.
11
Sir Stephen J.F., Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, London, “H. Holt and Company~, 1873.
84
yoveldRiurobaSi maTi gamoyenebis masStabebs,12 cxadi xdeba, rom piradi cxovrebis

xelSeuxeblobis sakiTxi dRiTi dRe axali da metad rTuli gamowvevebis winaSe dgeba.13
rogorc wesi, aRniSnuli realoba yvelaze mwvaved sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi iCens
xolme Tavs,14 rac Tavad dargis specifikuri bunebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
niSandoblivia, rom msoflios masStabiT, kacobriobis ganviTarebis arsebul
etapze, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis dacvis asamde samarTlebrivi aqti moqme-
debs.15 amasTan, rogorc saerTaSoriso legitimaciis, aseve erovnuli sasamarTloebis
samosamarTleo samarTals aTasobiT precedentuli ganmarteba gaaCnia.
qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, rig
saerTaSoriso aqtebTan erTad,16 konstituciis me-20 muxliT aris gamyarebuli. aRniS-
nuli normis Tanaxmad: `yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi saqmianobis adgili,
piradi Canaweri, mimowera, saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebiT,
agreTve teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebani xelSeuxebelia. aRniSnuli
uflebebis SezRudva daiSveba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an mis gareSec kanoniT
12
mag.: `Tanamedrove teqnologiebis epoqaSi mobiluri telefonebi aRWurvili aris
mravali maRalteqnologiuri funqciiT, rogoricaa multimediis amocnoba, fotogra-
fireba, videogadaReba da audioCawera, internetis wvdoma, sxvadaxva tipis monace-
mebis, gagzavnil da miRebul SetyobinebaTa Senaxvis didi SesaZleblobebi. mobiluri
telefonebi aseve xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba rogorc dRiuri, Canawerebis wignaki,
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli da saqmiani detalebis CaniSvnisa da Senaxvis saSualeba.
mobilur telefonebs aseve gaaCniaT gamavali da Semomavali zarebis aRnusxvis sistema,
sakontaqto pirebis monacemTa Senaxvis SesaZlebloba. am funqciebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom mobiluri telefoni aris ara ubralod sakuTrebis uflebiT
dacvis obieqti, aramed mas aseve sxva, ufro specifikuri datvirTvac gaaCnia da Sesabam-
isad, specifikur dacvas saWiroebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mobiluri telefoni ar
aris mxolod nivTi, romelic Rirebulia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac misi saSualebiT xor-
cieldeba uSualod komunikacia, aramed is imavdroulad warmoadgens piradi, samedi-
cino, komerciuli da sxva tipis monacemebis matarebels~ – amonaridi sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebis àxalgazrdebi samarTlianobisaTvis~ da `sazogadoebrivi damcveli~
2011 wlis 21 ivnisis sajaro werilidan, romelic exeboda 2011 wlis 26 maiss saqarT-
veloSi momxdar movlenebs.
13
piradi cxovrebis SelSeuxeblobis uflebis Tanamedrove gamowvevebis Taobaze damate-
biT ix: Hetzer W., op. cit., 15; Laqueur W., Krieg dem Westen. Terrorismus im 21.Jahrhundert, Berlin, “Pro-
pyläen Verlag~, 2003, 336-338. Ignatieff M., The Lesser Evil. Political Ethics in the Age of Terror, Princeton,
“Princeton University Press~, 2004; Terrorism and Human Rights, Ranstrop M. (Ed.), “Routledge~, 2007;
Sofsky W., Violence, Terrorism, Genocide, War, San Antonio, 2003.
14
Sead: „Möge es dem Gesetzgeber gelingen, für die Abwägung der durcheinander wirrenden Interessen auf
der Waage der Themis die richtigen Gewichte zu finden!“ (see: Beling E., Die Beweisverbote als Grenzen der
Wahrheitsforschung im Strafprozess, Darmstadt, “Franz Steiner Verlag~, 1903, 40).
15
Solove D.J., A Brief History of Information Privacy Law, “GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper~,
215, 2006, 1-4.
16
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Rome, 4.XI.1950, Article 8,
Universal DeclaraƟon of Human Rights, United NaƟons (UN), Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly
resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948, Article 12, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of
16 December 1966, Article 17.
85
gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli aucileblobisas~.17 aRniSnuli ufleba pirovnebis Ta-

visufali ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelvanesi garantiaa,18 da, samarTalwarmoebis
mravalwliani gamocdilebis miuxedavad, sazRvrebSi moqceul, srulyofil ganmarte-
bas ar eqvemdebareba. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo adgebs, rom:
`sasamarTlo ar Tvlis SesaZleblad an aucileblad, amomwuravad gansazRvros
`piradi cxovrebis~ koncefcia.19 Secdoma iqneboda piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis
uflebis mTeli Sinaarsis saqarTvelos konstituciis mxolod me-20 muxliT Semofar-
gvla. pirad cxovrebas gankuTvnili calkeuli sakiTxebi daculia saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis araerTi muxliT, rogorebicaa: me-16, 36-e, 41-e da sxva~.20
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, rogorc Tavad konstituciis me-20 muxlidan irkve-
va, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba ar ganekuTneba absolutur uflebaTa
speqtrs da, rogorc uzenaesi kanonis, aseve, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenci-
is21 me-8 muxlis safuZvelze, masSi Careva dasaSvebia mocemuli sami SemTxvevis Tanaar-
sebobisas:
1. Careva gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT (In Accordance with the Law);
2. Careva emsaxureba legitimur mizans (Legitimate Aim);
3. Careva aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi (Necessary in a Democratic
Society).
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos myarad danergili precedentuli
samarTlis mixedviT, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SezRudva, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis sferoSi, erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswine-
bul uflebaSi Carevis samarTlebriv SesaZleblobebs. amasTan, aRniSnuli normebi un-
da akmayofilebdes xelmisawvdomobis, ganWvretadobisa da misi gaazrebisaTvis saWiro
sicxadis principebs.22 sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, kanonma sakmarisad naTlad unda gan-
sazRvros diskreciis farglebi da am diskreciis gamoyenebis gzebi. gaTvaliswinebul
unda iqnes gamosayenebeli operatiuli RonisZiebis mizanSewoniloba. es yvelaferi
aucilebelia, raTa individi dacul iqnes mis uflebebSi saxelmwifos mxridan TviTne-
buri Carevisgan.23
piradi cxovrebis sferoSi Carevis legitimuri mizani, rogorc wesi, danaSaulis
winaaRmdeg brZolis saxelmwifoebrivi valdebulebaa, rac gansakuTrebiT aqtualu-
17
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqti.
18
kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, gamomcemloba `jisiai~, 2003, 155.
19
msjelobis am nawilSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo daeyrdno adamianis uflebaTa sasa-
marTlos precedentul samarTals. Sead: Niemietz v. Germany, Application No. 13710/88, [1992]
ECHR (Ser. A) 29.
20
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 19 dekembris #1/7/454 ganCineba
saqmeze `levan sirbilaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~, II-1.
21
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocol No.
11with Protocol Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 12 and 13. Rome, 4.XI.1950
22
ix: Handyside v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 5493/72, [1976] ECHR (Ser. A.), 24; The Sunday Times
v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 6538/74, [1979] ECHR (Ser. A.), 30; Kruslin v. France, Application
No. 11801/85, [1990] ECHR (Ser. A.), 36; Huvig v. France, Application No. 11105/84, [1990] ECHR (Ser.
A.), 30; Valenzuela Contreras v. Spain, Application No. 27671/95, [1998] ECHR (Ser. A.), 36; Rekvényi v.
Hungary, Application No. 25390/94, [1999] (Ser. A.), 52.
23
Malone v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 8691/79, [1984] ECHR (Ser. A.), 82.
86
ria Tanamedroveobis iseT Semzarav saerTaSoriso danaSaulebTan brZolis pirobebSi,

rogoric aris terorizmi.24
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli aseve uSvebs piradi cxovre-
bis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis SezRudvas mxolod maSin, rodesac es aucilebelia de-
mokratiul sazogadoebaSi, anu saWiroa, magaliTad, demokratiuli institutebis ga-
marTuli muSaobisTvis. aRniSnulis Sefaseba damokidebulia operatiuli RonisZiebis
bunebaze, farglebze, xangrZlivobaze, gamoyenebis safuZvlebze, uflebamosil orga-
noTa bunebasa da sxva samarTlebriv sakiTxebze.25
3. operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Teoriuli gaazreba
3.1. operatiul-samZebro saqmianoba – mokle mimoxilva
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tanamedrove epoqaSi operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebe-

bi danaSaulTan brZolis erT-erT yvelaze qmediT da efeqtur meqanizmad gvevlineba.
gansakuTrebiT, rodesac saubaria farul miyuradebasa da interneturTierTobebis
monitoringze,26 mxedvelobaSia teqnologiuri progresis gasaocari tempebi. davas
aRar iwvevs is faqti, rom adamianTa Soris komunikaciis mzardi wili swored eleqtro-
nul saSualebebze dafuZnebul, distanciur urTierTobebze modis.
sxvadasxva qveynis samarTlebriv sistemebSi, operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis sa-
kanonmdeblo regulirebis ori ZiriTadi modeli arsebobs, romlebic, pirobiTad, da-
savleTevropul da postsabWour modelebad SeiZleba daiyos.27 dasavleT evropis zo-
gierT qveynaSi (inter alia germania, safrangeTi) opertiul-samZebro saqmianoba sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT regulirebul, Cveulebriv sagamoZiebo moqmedebebad
ganixileba.28 rac Seexeba postsabWouri qveynebis (inter alia saqarTvelo, azerbaijani,
litva) samarTlebriv modelebs, zemoaRniSnuli saqmianoba damoukidebeli normatiu-
li aqtiT _ òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT regulirdeba.29
24
aRniSnulis Taobaze damatebiT ix: Freedman M., Freedom or Security. The Consequences for De-
mocracies Using Emergency Powers to Fight Terror, Westport, “Praeger~, 2003; Hetzer W., op. cit., p.15;
Laqueur W., Krieg dem Westen. Terrorismus im 21. Jahrundert, Berlin, “Propyläen Verlag~, 2003.
25
ix: Silver and Others v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 5947/72; 6205/73; 7052/75; 7061/75; 7107/75;
7113/75; 7136/75, [1983] ECHR (Ser. A.), 61; Camenzind v. Switzerland, Application No. 21353/93, [1997]
ECHR (Ser. A.), 30.
26
òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-2
nawilis `T~ da `m~ qvepunqtebi.
27
rogorc aRiniSna, msgavsi dayofa garkveuli doziT pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs, vinaidan
am TvalsazrisiT, rogorc dasavleTevropuli, aseve postsabWouri sivrcis zogierT
qveynebTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs odnav gansxvavebuli, Sereuli formis modelebic.
28
ix. Criminal Procedural Cod (Strafprozeßordnung, StPO) of German, 1987; Criminal Procedural Cod of
France, 2000. xelmisawvdomia <http://legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes> [bolo ga-
naxlebis TariRi 18.09.2012].
29
ix. saqarTvelos kanoni òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~; Law of the Azerbaijan
Republic On operative-search activity, 1999; Law of Law of the Lithuanian Republic On operational activ-
ity, 2000. xelmisawvdomia < http://legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes> [bolo ganax-
lebis TariRi 18.09.2012]
87
saqarTvelos kanoni òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ (SemdgomSi – ka-

noni) 1999 wlis 30 aprils iqna miRebuli da amave wlis 15 maisidan Sevida ZalaSi,30 Tum-
ca momdevno wlebSi masSi araerTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganxorcielda,31 rac, erTi
mxriv, Semxvedri, rigi praqtikuli gamowvevebisadmi adekvaturi reagirebiT, xolo me-
ore mxriv, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier garkveuli normebis arakonstituciu-
rad cnobiT32 iyo nakarnaxevi.
kanonis Sesabamisad, operatiul-samZebro saqmianoba ganmartebulia, rogorc
Ria Tu faruli meTodiT Catarebuli RonisZiebebis sistema, romelic mkacrad gasa-
idumloebulia33 da romelTa ganxorcielebis legitimuri uflebamosileba mxolod
saxelmwifo organoebis specialur samsaxurebs gaaCniaT.34 davas ar iwvevs is faqti,
rom operatiul RonisZiebaTa warmoeba, adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis perspeqtiviT,
metad sensitiur sakiTxs warmoadgens, vinaidan aseTi saxis RonisZiebebi `potenciu-
rad yvelaze metad iWreba braldebulis (Tu sxva piris) pirad cxovrebaSi~35 da zog Sem-
TxvevaSi mkacr sasamarTlo kontrols eqvemdebareba.36 swored sakiTxis gansakuTre-
buli mniSvnelobiTaa ganpirobebuli is garemoebac, rom kanoni òperatiul-samZebro
saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ SeZlebisdagvari sizustiT gansazRvavs xsenebul RonisZiebaTa
amocanebs, ZiriTad principebs, saxeebs da maTi Catarebis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv
safuZvlebs.
rodesac sakiTxi Seexeba operatiul RonisZiebaTa praqtikul realizacias, ro-
gorc wesi, yuradRebis centrSi aRniSnuli saqmianobisTvis mkacrad dadgenili vadebi
da maTi zust da erTgvarovan Sesrulebaze efeqturi monitoringis ganxorcieleba eq-
ceva. swored winamdebare sakiTxi gaxda 2012 wlis dekembris TveSi saqarTvelos sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos msjelobis sagani.37
30
òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 22-e muxlis pirveli
nawili.
31
srulyofilad ix. saqarTvelos parlamentis oficialur vebgverdze: <http://www.parlia-
ment.ge> [bolo ganaxlebis TariRi 18.09.2012].
32
ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 dekembris #1/3/407 gadaw-
yvetileba (arakonstituciurad iqna cnobili òperatiul-samZebri saqmanobis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis pirvel winadadebaSi sityvebis `mxolod
mosamarTlis brZanebiT da prokuroris dadgenilebiT~ Semdeg arsebuli Canaweri ` ... an
... ` ), saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 29 dekembris #2/1/484 gad-
awyvetileba (arakonstituciurad iqna cnobili òperatiul-samZebri saqmanobis Ses-
axeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti).
33
òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 muxlis pirveli
punqti.
34
Sead: òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis
pirveli nawili.
35
ix. sasamarTlo reformis axali talRa, Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba~, redaqtori gogiS-
vili m., me-3 gamocema, 2008. 9. aseve, ganmartebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos kanonis proeqtze
– `sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi~, gv. 3 (el. versia xelmisawvdomia saqarTvelos
iusticiis saministris oficialur vebgverdze: <www.justive,gov.ge> [bolo ganaxlebis
TariRi 18.09.2012].
36
òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-2
nawilis `T~ da ì~ qvepunqtebi.
37
detalurad ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 29 dekembris
#2/1/484 gadawyvetileba.
88
3.2. operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis istoriuli safuZvlebi
konspiraciuli xasiaTis operatiul-samZebro saqmianoba ara mxolod saqarTve-

los, aramed msoflios istoriaSi sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis uZvelesi da
metad gavrcelebul meTodi iyo. Tavdapirvelad farul RonisZiebaTa proceduruli
regulaciebi sagamoZiebo miznebisTvis gansazRvrul, specialur gamijvnas ar eqvemde-
bareboda da ZiriTadad specsamsaxurebis saqmianobis qvakuTxeds warmoadgenda, rome-
lic, dRes arsebuli realobis msgavsad, qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT-erT Zli-
er berketad miiCneoda. operatiuli RonisZiebebi sxvadasxva istoriul literaturaSi
Semdegi saxelwodebebiT: `mzveravTa saqme~, `mstovarobis xelovneba~, `mstovarobis saq-
me~ da `SpionaJi~ – moixsenieboda.38 niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom istoriulad, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki Sua saukuneebSi, qarTuli saxelmwifo, konspiraciuli xasiaTis operatiu-
li RonisZiebebis warmoebis kuTxiT, uzado efeqturobiT da warmatebiT gamoirCeoda.
rogorc profesori b. aladaSvili aRniSnavs: `daviT aRmaSenebeli samarTlianad
unda CaiTvalos im did erovnul moRvawed, romelmac saqarTveloSi mstovrobis saqme,
manamde uyuradRebod mitovebuli, qveynis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis Zlier ber-
ketad aqcia.39 arc erT mis winamorbeds da memkvidres mstovrobisaTvis aseTi yuradR-
eba ar gamouCenia~.40
rac Seexeba am mimarTulebiT qveynis farglebs miRma arsebul viTarebas, daax-
loebiT amave periodSi (X-XI saukuneebi) islamur saamiroSi, Tanamedrove SpionaJis
fuZemdeblebad wodebuli, ori didi mmarTveli – sultani aduR addaula da selCu-
kianTa veziri nazimi al-mulqi – moRvaweobda, romlebmac kaspiis zRvidan omanamde41
gadaWimul samflobeloSi e.w. òperatiuli agenturuli qseli~ imdenad ganaviTares,
rom arabi istorikosis abn al-jauzis gadmocemiT, `xalxi ukve Tavis colebTan da mo-
nebTan erideboda Riad saubars~.42
yudadRebas iqcevs is garemoebac, rom am periodSi iqmneba ramdenime mniSvnelo-
vani samecniero literatura, romelic saxelmwifos marTvis sakiTxebs eZRvneba da mis
ganuyofel nawilad swored operatiul, dazverviT saqmianobas moiazrebs. mstovro-
bis Teoriisa da praqtikis Taobaze im periodis yvelaze cnobil da yovlismomcvel sa-
38
aladaSvili b., specsamsaxurebi da SpionaJi, gamomcemloba saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis
saxelobis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiri `sazoga-
doeba codna~, wigni I, Tbilisi, 2005; aladaSvili b., SpionaJis saidumlo, gamomcemloba
saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kulturul-sagan-
manaTleblo kavSiri `sazogadoeba codna~, Tbilisi, 2007; aladaSvili b., specsamsax-
urebi da SpionaJi, gamomcemloba saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saerTaSor-
iso samecniero-kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiri `sazogadoeba codna~, wigni II,
Tbilisi, 2009.
39
niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mefobis mTel periodSi miRebuli
yvela strategiuli gadawyvetileba da miRweuli warmateba mstovarTa mier mopove-
buli informaciis analizs emyareboda, aladaSvili b., SpionaJis saidumlo, gamomcem-
loba saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo kavSiri `sazogadoeba codna~, 2007, 3.
40
iqve.
41
saxelmwifo samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi, arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT-aRmosavleT
nawilSi, arabeTis zRvis sanapiroze.
42
Мец А., Мусульманский Ренессанс, “Наука~, Москва, 1966. 32.
89
mecniero-literaturul naSromad traqtati `sanet-name~43 moiazreba, romelic XI sau-

kuneSi nizami al-mulqim meliq Sahis davalebiT dawera da romelic, mTel rig rekomen-
daciebTan erTad, saxelmwifoTa xelmwifeebs jaSuSebis mravlad yolas urCevda.44
traqtatSi `sanet-name~ mstovarTa saqmianoba prevenciul da sxva, metad far-
To sferoebis momcvel meqanizmad moiazreba. nizami al-mulqis mosazrebiT, jaSuSebs
vaWrebis, mogzaurebis da eqimebis statusiT unda emoqmedaT da ekontrolebinaT sa-
suliero pirebi, vezirebi, didgvarovanni da gadasaxadis amkrefni, xolo, saboloo
jamSi, imperiis masStabiT unda Seqmniliyo koordinirebuli, farTo operatiuli qse-
li, romelic winaswar SemuSavebuli sqemebis mixedviT, danaSaulis aRkveTis, orgul-
Ta gamovlenis, gare safrTxeebis Taobaze informaciis Segrovebis da maTi damuSavebis
kuTxiT imuSavebda. aRniSnul qselSi moRvawe jaSuSebs mravali sxva tipis konspiraci-
uli movaleobebic daekisrebodaT. araerTi istorikosis mosazrebiT, sulac ar aris
gamoricxuli, daviT mefes, romelic saucxood flobda mezobeli erebis enebs, maT So-
ris, arabuls da sparsuls,45 mstovarTa farTo qselis Seqmnisas, didwilad, swored am
TxzulebiT esargebla.46
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, istoriuli ganviTarebis kvalobaze, arc Sua saukunee-
bamde da arc mas mere saqarTvelos arc erT mefes operatiuli saqmianobis ganmaxorci-
elebeli institutebisTvis imgvari yuradReba ar miuqcevis, rogorc amas mefe daviT
IV aRmaSenebeli akeTebda, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, sxvadasxva epoqaSi, dRis wesrigSi
damdgar rig mwvave gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad mefeebi arcTu iSviaTad iyenebdnen
gonieri da gamowrTobili jaSuSebis Zalisxmevas. erT-erT aseT gamowvevad XVIII sauku-
nis meore naxevarSi warmoSobili e.w. `dezertirobis problema~ gvevlineba, romelmac
im periodSi imdenad masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo, rom 1768 wlis 13 dekembers erekle mefes
specialuri brZanebac ki miuRia, `daklebul kacTa dabegvris~, dezertirTa gamovle-
nis da Semdgom maTi gawkeplis Taobaze.47 rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi gadmogvcemen,
aRniSnul procesebSi gamocdili jaSuSebi sakmaod aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen.48
dasasrul, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos sabWoTa periodSi am kuTxiT mimdinare mov-
lenebis gansakuTrebuli intensioba. sabWoTa kavSiri iyo erT-erTi pirveli qveyana,
sadac specialuri daniSnulebis danayofebi (e.w. `specnazebi~) Seiqmna, romelTa Soris,
yvelaze cnobili gaxldaT: àlfa~, òmega~, `kobalti~, `vispeli~ da sxva.49 aRniSnuli
danayofebi im periodSi `kgb~-s da `gru~-s eqvemdebarebodnen.50
43
aRniSnuli naSromi, faqtobrivad, operatiuli, dazverviTi qselis funqcionirebis im
droisTvis mza instruqcias warmoadgenda.
44
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani XII tomad, t. VII, Tb., 1982, 212.
45
javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, wigni II, Tb., 1979, 359.
46
aladaSvili b., SpionaJis saidumlo, gamomcemloba saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis saxelo-
bis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiri `sazogadoeba
codna~, Tb., 2007, 6.
47
iqve, 8.
48
Tumca, isic sagulisxmoa, rom jaSuSTa Zalisxmeva am mxriv sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda da
didi mefis gadawyvetilebiT, Tavad sofelic gaxda valdebuli dezertirebi Tavad
daeWira da xelisufalTaTvis miegvara, an 6 Tumani Tavad gadaexada, iqve.
49
aladaSvili b., SpionaJis saidumlo, gamomcemloba saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis saxelo-
bis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiri `sazogadoeba
codna~, Tb., 2007, 77.
50
`kgb~-m (Комитет государственной безопасности СССР (КГБ)) ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze
90
ruseTis dRe arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT, operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebi da

maTi warmoebis wesebi dazverviTi saqmianobisgan samarTlebrivad gamijnul, sagamoZi-
ebo miznebisTvis arsebul saxelmwifoebriv berketebad gvevlineba.51
4. operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis samarTlebrivi regulaciebi

da maTi Sesabamisoba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis dacvis
konstituciur da saerTaSorosamarTlebriv standartebTan
4.1. zogadi mimoxilva
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, kanoni mkacrad gansazRvravs operatiul-samZebro Ro-

nisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis samarTlebriv winapirobebs, kerZod: maT amocanebs, Ziri-
Tad principebs, saxeebs da maTi Catarebis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv safuZvlebs.
xsenebuli sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi Tavisi bunebiT sajaro xelisuflebis ufle-
bamosilebis damdgenia da maTi ganuxreli dacva kanoniT gansazRvruli specialuri
samsaxurebis imperatiul valdebulebas warmoadgens. bunebrivia, kanonmdeblis skru-
pulozuri midgoma sakiTxisadmi ganpirobebulia operatiul RonisZiebaTa warmoebis
procesSi Sesabamis pirTa konstituciuri da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi uflebis
saTanadod dacvis valdebulebiT. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavis
erT-erT precedentul gadawyvetilebaSi ganmarta:
`danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola saxelmwifos erT-erT ZiriTad funqcias warmo-
adgens, Tumca saqmianobis demokratiuli miznebis miuxedavad, aucilebelia operati-
ul-samZebro moqmedebebis frTxili sakanonmdeblo reglamentireba .... operatiul-
samZebro saqmianobis didi nawili SeumCneveli rCeba sazogadoebisTvis, rac TiTqmis
gamoricxavs masze sazogadoebis kontrolis SesaZleblobas. amis fonze zusti da ara-
orazrovani sakanonmdeblo reglamentireba operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis far-
glebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis umniSvnelovanes garantias warmoadgens~.52
amdenad, mxolod winaswar dadgenili, operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis samar-
Tlebrivi kriteriumebi da maTi ganuxreli dacva SeiZleba daedos legitimul safuZ-
vlad konstituciiTa da saerTaSoriso aqtebiT garantirebuli53 adamianis piradi
cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebaSi Carevis samarTlebriv SesaZleblobas.
araerTi struqturuli reorganizacia ganicada da dReis mdgomareobiT msgavsi ufle-

bamosilebebiT aRWurvil specialur samsaxurebs warmoadgens: Федеральная служба безо-
пасности России (ФСБ), Служба внешней разведки (СВР), Федеральное агентство правительственной
связи и информации при Президенте РФ (ФАПСИ), Федеральная служба охраны (ФСО), Служба бе-
зопасности Президента (СБП), Главное управление специальных программ Президента (ГУСП). rac
Seexeba `gru~-s (Главное разведывательное управление ГШ ВС (ГРУ)), igi kvlav agrZelebs fun-
qcionirebas.
51
ix. Федеральный закон от 12 августа 1995 г. N 144-ФЗ “Об оперативно-розыскной деятельности~, xe-
lmisawyvdomia <http://base.garant.ru/10104229/> [bolo ganaxlebis TariRi 18.09.2012].
52
ix. iqve, II-10.
53
ix. 1950 wlis 4 noembers miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa
dacvis konvenciis me-8 muxli, 1948 wlis 10 dekembers miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa
sayovelTao deklaraciis me-12 muxli, 1966 wlis 16 dekembers miRebuli samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-17 muxli.
91
rodesac saubaria individis piradi cxovrebis sivrceSi iseTi formiT Carevaze,

romelic Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebiT mkveTrad iWreba dacul sferoSi (magaliTad,
mis mimarT satelefono saubris faruli miyuradebis ganxorcieleba), adamianis uf-
lebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali damatebiT adgens ramdenime fuZemdeblur garants,
romelTa dacvis SemTxvevaSi amgvari Careva miiCneva gamarTlebulad.54 saxeldobr, au-
cilebelia ganisazRvros:
1. danaSaulis samarTlebrivi buneba,55 romelTa winaaRmdeg brZolis far-
glebSic nebadarTuli iqneba satelefono saubris faruli miyuradeba;
2. pirTa kategoria, romlebic SeiZleba daeqvedebaron satelefono saubris
farul miyuradebas;
3. satelefono saubris faruli miyuradebis xangrZlivoba;
4. mopovebul monacemTa Semowmebis, gamoyenebis da gadamuSavebis procedura;
5. usafrTxoebis zomebi, mopovebuli informaciasTan mesame pirTa SesaZlo
Semxeblobis kuTxiT;
6. monacemebis ganadgurebis pirobebi.56
naSromis SezRuduli formatidan gamomdinare, winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi,
yuradReba gamaxvildeba mxolod pirvel da mesame punqtad dasaxelebul sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT.
4.2. operatiuli RonisZiebebs daqvemdebarebuli danaSaulebi
kanonis me-2 muxli amomwuravad CamoTvlis amave kanoniT gansazRvrul RonisZie-

baTa amocanebs, anu awesebs konkretul winapirobebs, romlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic
SeiZleba daigegmos amave kanonis me-7 muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli erTi an
ramdenime operatiuli RonisZieba. xsenebul amocanaTa klasifikacia SesaZlebelia pi-
robiTad sam kategoriad movaxdinoT:57
1. danaSaulis an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis aRkveTasTan an/da prevencias-
Tan dakavSirebuli amocanebi:
54
ix. Huvig v. France, Application No. 11105/84, [1990] ECHR (Ser. A.), 34; Amann v. Switzerland, Application
No. 27798/95, [2000] ECHR (Ser. A.), 76; Valenzuela Contreras v. Spain, Application No. 27671/95, [1998]
ECHR (Ser. A.), 46; Prado Bugallo v. Spain, Application No. 58496/00, [2003] ECHR (Ser. A.), 30.
55
am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli
samarTali iyenebs termins – “nature of the offences~, romelic Tavisi arsiTa da suliskveTe-
biT ar unda daeqvemdebaros viwro gansazRvrebas, aramed, zemoaRniSnuli standartis
dadgenis mizniT, danaSaulebTan mimarTebaSi SezRudva SeiZleba dawesdes rogorc
konkretuli Semadgenlobebis, aseve sanqciis saxiT gaTvaliswinebul sasjelis zomis
minimalur zRvarTan mimarTebaSi.
56
ix. originali: “In its case-law on secret measures of surveillance, the Court has developed the following
minimum safeguards that should be set out in statute law in order to avoid abuses of power: the nature of the
offences which may give rise to an interception order; a definition of the categories of people liable to have
their telephones tapped; a limit on the duration of telephone tapping; the procedure to be followed for examin-
ing, using and storing the data obtained; the precautions to be taken when communicating the data to other
parties; and the circumstances in which recordings may or must be erased or the tapes destroyed~.
57
Sead: òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxli [bolo
ganaxlebis TariRi 30.05.2012].
92
1.1. danaSaulis an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis gamovlena, aRkveTa da Ta-

vidan acileba;
1.2. im piris dadgena, romelic amzadebs, Cadis an/da Cadenili aqvs danaSauli an
sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba;
1.3. danaSaulis an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Sedegad dakarguli qmede-
bis Zebna da dadgena;
1.4. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze aucilebeli faqtobrivi monacemebis mopoveba.
2. piris ZebnasTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi:
2.1. im piris Zebna da Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoSi wardgena, romelic emale-
ba gamoZiebas, sasamarTlos, aseve sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli sasjelis an
iZulebiTi xasiaTis sxva RonisZiebaTa moxdas;
2.2. ugzo-ukvlod dakarguli piris Zebna.
3. piris identificirebasTan dakavSirebuli amocana:
danaSaulis an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Camdeni piris identificireba
(saxelis, gvaris, asakis, moqalaqeobis dadgena).
moyvanili punqtebidan naTlad Cans, rom operatiul RonisZiebaTa SesaZlo war-
moebis areali sakmaod farTo da mravlismomcvelia, Tumca gansxvavebuli midgoma ar-
sebobs sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebul operatiul RonisZiebebTan mimar-
TebaSi. kerZod, amave kanonis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad, imisTvis rom gan-
xorcieldes operatiuli RonisZieba, romelic zRudavs satelefono an/da sxva saxis
teqnikuri saSualebebiT warmoebuli Setyobinebebis saidumloebas, unda arsebobdes
erT-erTi Semdegi piroba:
1. aramarTlzomier moqmedebaTa msxverplis werilobiTi gancxadeba;
2. monacemebi iseTi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Taobaze, romlisTvisac,
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxliT, sasjelis saxiT gaTvalis-
winebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 2 welze meti vadiT.
amdenad, sxva naklebad SemzRudvel operatiul RonisZiebebTan SedarebiT, sasa-
marTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebul RonisZiebebs garkveuli saxis SezRudvebi gaaC-
nia, rac sasjelis zomis minimalur zRvarTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca, meore mxriv,
msxverplis werilobiTi gancxadebis SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebeli maTi ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobasac nebismier danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi iZleva.58 Sesabamisad, kanonmde-
58
maT Soris e.w. `mcire mniSvnelobis~ danaSaulebTan mimarTebaSi. niSandoblivia, rom
qarTul sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi ar arsebobs `mcire mniSvnelobis dana-
Saulis,~ rogorc sakanonmdeblo terminis, calke ganmarteba, Tumca adamianis ufle-
baTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis #7 damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis
me-2 paragrafi iyenebs `mcire mniSvnelobis danaSaulis~ cnebas da masTan mimarTebaSi
awesebs gamonakliss, minimum, erT zemdgom instanciaSi gasaCivrebis uflebis kuTxiT,
xolo frazis – `mcire mniSvnelobis danaSauli~ – konkretul ganmartebas ar iZleva
da aRniSnul sakiTxs, rogorc wesi, xelSemkvreli qveynebis Sida regulirebis sferod
tovebs. qarTul sakanonmdeblo realobaSi mcire mniSvnelobis danaSaulad miCneul
iqna yvela is sisxlissamarTlebrivi qmedeba, romelic sasjelis erT-erT saxed ar iT-
valiswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas. aRniSnulze metyvelebda 1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 48-e muxlis 52-e qvepunqti, romelic swored
msgavs danaSaulebze awesebda adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis
93
beli a priori ar gansazRvravs danaSaulTa CarCoSi moqceul wres, romelTa winaaRmdeg

brZolis farglebSic nebadarTuli iqneba sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebuli
RonisZiebis gatareba. SezRudva moqmedebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxeze ar
aris aramarTlzomier moqmedebaTa msxverplis werilobiTi gancxadeba. sakiTxis amgva-
ri regulireba pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSi modis qarTuli samarTlebrivi sivrcisTvis
savaldebulo Zalis mqone saerTaSoriso standartTan.59
niSandoblivia, rom erT-erTi fundamenturi gansxvaveba, dasawyisSi naxseneb, da-
savleTevropul da postsabWour modelebs Soris swored am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi ar-
sebobs. kerZod, yofili socialisturi qveynebi, metwilad, cdiloben Tavi aaridon
winaswar reglamentirebuli mkacri SezRudvebis dawesebas, romelic safuZvelSive da-
adgens operatiuli RonisZiebebis gamoyenebiT informaciis mopovebis akrZalvas, rac
naklebad damaxasiaTebelia dasavleTevropuli qveynebis kanonmdeblisaTvis. Sedare-
bisTvis, òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ litvis kanonis me-4 muxli adgens:
òperatiul-samZebro RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis savaraudo safuZveli SeiZ-
leba iyos winaswari informacia imis Taobaze, rom dagegmilia, an ukve ganxorcielda
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli an sxva mZime danaSauli,60 aseve informacia piris
Sesaxeb, romelic gegmavs an ukve Caidina danaSauli, an imis Taobaze, rom piri gaerTia-
nebulia danaSaulebriv organizaciaSi, aseve informacia [litvis teritoriaze] ucxo
qveynis specialur samsaxurebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb~.61
konvenciis #7 damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalvis

analogs – 1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 48-e muxlis
52-e qvepunqtis Sesabamisad: `saapelacio gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareba ganaCeni da sxva
gadawyvetileba iseT danaSaulze, romlis CadenisaTvis saqarTvelos sisxlis samarT-
lis kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxli an muxlis nawili sasjelad ar iTvaliswinebs Tavisu-
flebis aRkveTas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac msjavrdebuli iTxovs gamarTlebas
an prokurori – gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gauqmebas~.
59
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencii-
sa da masze dafuZnebuli precedentuli samarTlis statusze ix. korkelia k., adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2004, 41-84.
60
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi termini `mZime danaSauli~ ar unda iqnes gagebuli a priori
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-12 muxlis pirveli nawiliT gansazRvruli
mZime kategoriis danaSaulis zust Sinaarsobriv Sesatyvisad. oficialuri Targmanis
saxiT arsebul òperatiul samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ litvis kanonis inglisureno-
van teqstSi gamoyenebulia fraza `major crime~, romelic aseve SesaZlebelia iTargmnos
rogorc – `mniSvnelovani danaSauli~, rac garkveul samarTlebriv regulaciebTan mi-
marTebaSi ganimarteba ara rogorc danaSauli, romlisTvisac gaTvaliswinebuli maqsi-
maluri sasjeli ar aRemateba aTi wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas, an gaufrTxilebelobi-
Ti danaSauli, romlis CadenisTvisac sasjelis saxiT gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa xuT welze meti vadiT, aramed iseTi danaSauli, romlisTvisac sasjelis erT-
erT (an erTaderT) saxed gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. rogorc wesi, gavr-
celebul iuridiul literaturaSi terminis `mZime danaSauli~ inglisurenovan Sesaty-
visad gamoiyeneba termini “grave cime“.
61
ix. originali: “Probable cause for operations shall be preliminary information about a crime that is being
planned or has already been committed against the state, about another major crime, about an individual who
is planning or who has committed a crime, about an individual’s association with a criminal organisation, as
well as about the activities of foreign intelligence services“ (oficialuri Targmani).
94
marTalia, winamdebare normis teqstis erT nawilSi aqcenti keTdeba mZime dana-
Saulze (major crime), Tumca iqve gansazRvrulia, zogadad, danaSaulis momzadebis an
Cadenis SemTxvevebic. garda amisa, aRniSnuli normatiuli aqtis momdevni muxlebSi
kanonmdebeli ar awesebs raime saxis SezRudvas danaSaulis SemadgenlobebTan an da-
naSaulis kategoriebTan mimarTebaSi, ra SemTxvevaSic Sesabamis saxelmwifo uwyebebs
ar eqnebodaT ufleba ganexorcielebinaT sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebuli
operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebi. TiTqmis analogiuri midgoma gaaCnia ruseTisa da
azerbaijanis kanonmdebels, romelebic zemoxsenebuli RonisZiebebis gansaxorcie-
leblad, faqtobrivad, SeuzRudav areals awesebs danaSaulis saxeebTan da maT Semad-
genlobebTan mimarTebaSi.62
gansxvavebiT operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis postsabWouri sakanonmdeblo re-
gulirebis modelebisgan, dasavleTevropuli qveynebis ZiriTadi nawili gacilebiT
maRal standarts adgens da garkveuli saxis operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebaTa gata-
rebis SesaZleblobas mxolod danaSaulis winaswar gansazRvrul SemadgenlobasTan
mimarTebaSi iZleva. magaliTad, germaniis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-
100a muxli satelefono saubris farul miyuradebas dasaSvebad miiCnevs, Tu konkre-
tuli faqtebi aRZravs eWvs, rom piri iyo amsrulebeli, wamqezebeli an sxvagvari Tana-
monawile Semdegi danaSaulebis momzadebis, mcdelobis an ganxorcielebis:
1. danaSaulebi, romelic mimarTulia mSvidobis, sagareo uSiSroebis an samar-
Tlis uzenaesobaze damyarebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg,
aseve saxelmwifo Ralati;
2. saxelmwifo Tavdacvis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi;
3. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi;
4. germaniis federaluri respublikis teritoriaze ganlagebuli Crdiloat-
lantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis (NATO) jarebis usafrTxoebis wi-
naaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi;
5. fulis an fasiani qaRaldebis gayalbeba.
6. trefikingi, mkvleloba, gaufTxileblobiT sicocxlis mospoba da genoci-
di;
7. danaSaulebi pirovnuli Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg, banditizmi, yaCaRoba,
gamoZalva;
8. fulis gaTeTreba da danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli nivTebis floba.
garda amisa, kanoni CamoTvlis kidev ramdenime danaSauls, romelTa mimarTac ase-
ve SesaZlebelia satelefono mosmenis ganxorcieleba.63 SedarebiT gansxvavebuli mid-
goma aqvs safrangeTis kanonmdebels, romelic, germanuli saproceso kanonmdeblobis
msgavsad, awesebs mkacr SezRudvas sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebul opera-
tiul-samZebro RonisZiebis ganxorcielebaze, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi SezRudva orien-
tirebulia ara danaSaulebaTa konkretul Semadgenlobebze, aramed sasjelis saxesa
62
ix. Article 10, Para. IV of the Law of the Azerbaijan Republic on Operative-search Activity, 1999 (as of 30
May 2012); Article 2 of the Federal Law of Russian Federation on Operational - Search Activities, 1995 (lastly
amended 2004).
63
amomwuravi CamonaTvali ix. Article 100a of the Criminal Procedural Cod (Strafprozeßordnung, StPO)
of German, 1987. <http://legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes> [bolo ganaxlebis
TariRi 18.09.2012].
95
da zomaze. kerZod, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-100 muxli

satelefono saubris farul miyuradebas dasaSvebad miiCnevs mxolod im danaSauleb-
ze, romlisTvisac sasjelis saxed da zomad gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
aranakleb ori wlis vadiT.64
rogorc winamdebare SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizidan Cans, qarTuli kanon-
mdebloba am mxriv garkveul daxvewas saWiroebs, vinaidan safuZvelSive gamoiricxos
adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi qveynis pasuxismgeblobis winaSe potenti-
uri dayenebis safrTxe. meore mxriv, gasaTvaliswinebelia am etapze arsebuli qarTu-
li realobac. kerZod, mkacri xasiaTis SezRudvebis daweseba SesaZlebelia negatiurad
aisaxos Cadenil danaSaulTa gaxsnis tendenciebsa da maT statistikur maCveneblebze.
rogorc wesi, sisxlis samarTlis politikaSi msgavsi gadawyvetilebisadmi mzaoba un-
da efuZnebodes sazogadoebis farTo masebis samarTlebrivi marTlSegnebis sakmaris
xarisxs, rac, pirvel rigSi, danaSaulTa gansnisa da prevenciis mizniT, samarTaldam-
cav organoebTan TanamSromlobis xarisxSi unda aisaxebodes.
amdenad, mizanSewonilia e. w. oqros Sualedis principiT sawyis etapze dadgindes
SezRudvis naklebad mkacri forma da, msgavsad safrangeTis kanonmdeblobisa, satele-
fono da sxva saxis komunikaciebze faruli miyuradebis SesaZlebloba ganisazRvros
mxolod im danaSaulebze, romlisTvisac sasjelis saxed da zomad gaTvaliswinebulia
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa aranakleb ori wlis vadiT.
4.3. operatiul RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebasTan

dakavSirebuli vadebi
operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis vadebTan dakavSirebulma

sakiTxebma gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeiZina. ma-
galiTad, 2012 wlis dekembris TveSi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos winaSe
daisva sakiTxi, piris SesaZlo danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi monaceme-
bis Segrovebis mizniT, winaswar gansazRvruli vadis gagrZelebisaTvis dadgenili sa-
kanonmdeblo regulaciebis konstituciurobis Taobaze.65 sicxadisTvis, naSromi sawy-
is etapze zogadad mimoixilavs operatiul RonisZiebaTa warmoebis vadebTan dakavSi-
rebul sakanonmdeblo regulaciebs:
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, rodesac saqme exeba iseTi saxis operatiul-samZebro
RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, romelic zRudavs satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri
saSualebebiT warmoebuli Setyobinebebis saidumloebas, kanonmdebeli gansakuTrebu-
li sifrTxiliT ekideba maTi warmoebisTvis saWiro vadebis regulirebas. kanonis me-7
muxlis me-3 da me-4 nawilebi iTvaliswinebs zemoaRniSnul RonisZiebaTa Catarebis or
alternativas:
64
ix. originali: ~For the investigation of felonies and misdemeanours, if the penalty incurred is equal to or
in excess of two years’ imprisonment, the investigating judge may order the interception, recording and tran-
scription of telecommunication correspondence where the requirements of the investigation call for it. Such
operations are made under his authority and supervisionn~
65
ix: saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 29 dekembris #2/1/484 gadaw-
yvetileba.
96
1. mosamarTlis brZanebis safuZvelze;

2. gadaudebeli aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi prokuroris motivirebuli dadgeni-
lebis safuZvelze.66
am mxriv arsebuli sakanonmdeblo vadebi srul SesabamisobaSi modis adamianis
uflebaTa samarTlis kuTxiT dadgenil standartebTan, rac, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmo-
bis winamdebare TvalsazrisiT gonivruli balansis mignebas. kerZod, me-7 muxlis me-2
punqtis „T“ da „i“ qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis
Catarebis Taobaze prokuroris motivirebul Suamdgomlobas, misi miRebidan ara ugvi-
anes 24 saaTisa, ganixilavs raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos mosamarTle gamoZiebis
adgilis an ganaCenis gamotanis adgilis mixedviT da akmayofilebs Suamdgomlobas, an
uars ambobs aRniSnulze.67 aseTive mkacri midgoma arsebobs, gadaudebeli aucileblo-
bis gamo, prokuroris motivirebuli dadgenilebis safuZvelze Catarebul analogiur
RonisZiebebTan mimarTebaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi prokurori valdebulia, operatiul-
samZebro RonisZiebis dawyebidan 12 saaTSi (xolo Tu am vadis amowurva emTxveva ara-
samuSao dros, maSin am drois gasvlidan ara ugvianes erTi saaTisa) Sesabamis raionul
(saqalaqo) sasamarTlos SuamdgomlobiT mimarTos Catarebuli operatiul-samZebro
RonisZiebis kanonierad cnobis Taobaze. xolo es ukanaskneli valdebulia prokuro-
ris Suamdgomloba ganixilos daxurul sasamarTlo sxdomaze misi wardgenidan 24 saa-
Tis ganmavlobaSi da miiRos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.68
zemoT ganxiluli regulaciebisgan gansxvavebiT, udavod problematuria sa-
kiTxi winaswar dadgenili vadis gagrelebis Taobaze, risi saWiroebac, rogorc wesi,
Tavs iCens xolme im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piris danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sesaxeb ope-
ratiuli informacia moiTxovs damatebiTi monacemebis Segrovebas. swored aRniSnuls
Seexeboda sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi ganxiluli sakiTxi, romelmac kanonis me-8
muxlis me-2 punqti arakonstituciurad scno. marTlac, 2012 wlis 24 aprilamde arse-
buli kanonis redaqciis zemoaRniSnuli punqti adgenda, rom: `Tu operatiuli infor-
macia piris danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sesaxeb moiTxovs damatebiTi monacemebis Segro-
vebas, operatiul-samZebro organos ufrosis motivirebuli dadgenilebiT, prokuro-
ris TanxmobiT, operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebis Catarebis vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes
6 Tvemde~. sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebisas mopasuxe, saqarTvelos parlamentis
warmomadgeneli ganmartavda, rom kanonis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti ar uSvebda SesaZ-
leblobas im operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis vadis gagrZelebis Taobaze, romelTa
CatarebisaTvis saWiroa mosamarTlis brZanebis arseboba,69 aramed, misi TqmiT, sadavo
norma Seexeboda amave kanonis mxolod me-8 muxlis pirveli punqtis `b~ qvepunqtiT dad-
genili vadis gagrZelebis safuZvels. anu igi apelirebda iseTi saxis operatiul-sam-
Zebro RonisZiebis Catarebaze, romelic saWiroa danaSaulis Sesaxeb miRebuli gancxa-
debis ganxilvisaTvis da konkretul faqtze gamoZiebis dasawyebad. dadgenili proce-
66
romelic, kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi, aseve, saWiroebs sasamarTlos mxridan kanoniere-
bis Semowmebas.
67
òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 pun-
qti [bolo ganaxlebis TariRi 30.05.2012].
68
iqve, me-7 muxlis me-4 punqti.
69
yvetileba, I-14.
97
durebiT, kanonmdebelma aseTi tipis RonisZiebebis Casatareblad gansazRvra 7-dRiani

vada.70
miuxedavad mxareTa mier warmodgenili argumentaciebis simyarisa, udavod gamo-
ikveTa, rom cvlilebamdeli normis teqsti, misi bundovanebidan gamomdinare, calsa-
xad ar miuTiTebda sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebuli operatiuli RonisZie-
bebis gagrZelebis SeuZleblobaze,71 swored amitom sakonstitucio sasamarTlom wi-
namdebare normis arakonstituciurad cnobas safuZvlad daudo, adamianis uflebaTa
samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, unikaluri, precedentuli ganmarteba:
`normis erTi konkretuli Sinaarsis konstituciuroba ar aris sakmarisi mTlia-
nad normis konstituciurobis mtkicebisaTvis. konstituciasTan Sefasebadia sadavo
normis keTilsindisieri ganmartebis Sedegad gansazRvruli yvela SesaZlo Sinaarsi
da Tu romelime maTgani ar Seesabameba konstituciis moTxovnebs, norma arakonstitu-
ciuria. kanoni mis keTilsindisier aRmsrulebels ar unda aZlevdes adamianis uflebe-
bis darRvevis legalur saSualebas~.72
bunebrivia, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos es gadawyvetileba safuZvlad daedo
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs, ris Sedegadac, naTeli moefina sadavo sakiTxis konsti-
tuciurobas. kerZod, 2012 wlis 24 aprils kanonis me-8 muxlis pirvel punqts daemata
Semdegi Sinaarsis 11 punqti:73 `Tu piris danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sesaxeb operatiuli
informacia moiTxovs damatebiTi monacemebis Segrovebas, operatiul-samZebro orga-
nos ufrosis motivirebuli dadgenilebiT, prokuroris TanxmobiT, operatiul-sam-
Zebro RonisZiebis Catarebis vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes 6 Tvemde, garda am kanonis me-7
muxlis me-2 punqtis „T“ da „i“ qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli operatiul-samZebro
RonisZiebebisa, romelTa Catarebis vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes mxolod am kanonis me-7
muxlis me-3–me-5 punqtebiT dadgenili wesiT~.
normaTa sistemuri ganmartebis principidan gamomdinare,74 zemoaRniSnulma saka-
nonmdeblo cvlilebam aseve naTeli mohfina kanonis me-8 muxlis me-3 da me-4 punqtiT
gaTvaliswinebuli vadis 9 da 12 Tvemde gagrZelebis sakanonmdeblo regulaciebs. ker-
70
yvetileba, I-12.
71
aRniSnulze metyvelebs Tavad sasamarTlos msjeloba, romelic ambobs, rom `saqmis
ganxilvis etapze problematur sakiTxad warmoCinda sadavo normis bundovaneba da misi
Sinaarsis araerTgvarovani wakiTxvis SesaZlebloba. normis Sinaarsi mxareebs sxvadasx-
vagvarad esmiT da diametralurad gansxvavebul interpretaciebs axdenen~. iqve. I-11.
72
iqve, II-13.
73
ix. 2012 wlis 24 aprilis #6060-Is saqarTvelos kanoni „operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis
Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze~, pirveli muxli.
74
niSandoblivia, rom `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
organuli kanonis 26-e muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad, normatiuli aqtis Semowmebisas sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs sadavo normis ara marto sityvasityviT
mniSvnelobas, aramed masSi gamoxatul namdvil azrsa da misi gamoyenebis praqtikas,
agreTve Sesabamisi konstituciuri normis arss [bolo ganaxlebis TariRi 30.05.2012].
analogiuri msjeloba ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 2 ivli-
sis #1/2/384 gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi – daviT jimSeleiSvi-
li, tariel gvetaZe da neli dalaliSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~, II-IV.
98
Zod, vadis gagrZelebis aRniSnuli SesaZleblobebi aseve ar exeba sasamarTlos kon-

trols daqvemdebarebul operatiul RonisZiebebs.
udavoa, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganxiluli gadawyvetilebiT, vadebTan
dakavSirebiT manamde arsebuli Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi didwilad Se-
sabamisobaSi moiyvana evrosasamarTlos precedentuli samarTliT dadgenil, zemoT
Camoyalibebul, standartebTan, Tumca dRemde problemad rCeba is sakiTxi, rom kanon-
Si arsad ar aris gawerili pirveladi vada, romliTac gaicema sasamarTlos kontrols
daqvemdebarebuli operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis nebarTva. aRniSnuli sakanonmdeb-
lo arasrulyofileba, Suamdgomlobis warmdgen prokurors aZlevs samarTlebriv Se-
saZleblobas, vadis ganusazRvrelad an xelovnurad gazrdili vadiT moiTxovos iseTi
operatiuli RonisZiebis Catarebis nebarTva, romelic zRudavs satelefono da sxva
saxis teqnikuri saSualebebiT warmoebuli Setyobinebebis saidumloebas da Tavisi bu-
nebiT mniSvnelovnad iWreba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis sivrceSi.
kvlevis procesSi Seswavlil iqna saqarTvelos mTavari prokuraturasa da zoga-
dad, prokuraturis sistemaSi Semavali saqveuwyebo danayofebSi momuSave prokuro-
rebis mier wardgenili Suamdgomlobebi. aseve, saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis
sistemaSi Semavali saqalaqo (raionuli) sasamarTloebis mier gacemuli araerTi brZa-
neba, romelic uSualod Seexeba sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebuli operatiu-
li RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro winaswar nebarTvas an/da gadaudebeli
aucileblobiT Catarebul RonisZiebaTa kanonierebis Semowmebas. rogorc zemoT aRi-
niSna, aRniSnul masalaTa mkacrad konfidencialuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, naSrom-
Si kvlevis Sedegebi ganxilul iqneba yovelgvari saidentifikacio monacemebis dazus-
tebis gareSe.
moZiebuli asamde Suamdgomlobis/brZanebis Seswavlisa da maTi ganzogadebis Se-
degad dadginda, rom, myarad Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, zemo-
aRniSnul RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis pirveladi vada ganisazRvreba 30 dRiT.75 aqve
aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemul pirvelad vadasTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc wesi, ar arse-
bobs poziciaTa sxvaoba saprokuroro da samosamarTleo praqtikas Soris. wardgenil
SuamdgomlobaSi faruli satelefono miyuradebis an/da faruli videoCaweris xan-
grZliobad moTxovnil iqna zustad 30 dRe da yvela es Suamdgomloba dakmayofilda
imave vadis miTiTebiT. kvlevisas ver iqna moZiebuli SemTxveva, rodesac, prokurori
wardgenili SuamdgomlobiT iTxovda 30 dReze met vadas da aRniSnuli moTxovna mosa-
marTlis mier ar iqna dakmayofilebuli.
aseve operatiul RonisZiebis Catarebamde moTxovnil sasamarTlo brZanebebsa
da Catarebulis dakanonebis mizniT gacemul brZanebebs Soris gamoikveTa teqniku-
ri xasiaTis gansxvaveba, kerZod, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc SuamdgomlobaSi, aseve
brZanebebSi 30-dRiani drois periodi miTiTebul iqna mxolod dReebze apelirebiT,
magaliTad (Secvlili saidentifikacio monacemebis saxiT ix. amonaridi brZanebidan):
`ganxorcieldes operatiul-samZebro RonisZieba faruli video-audio Cawera,
kerZod 2010 wlis 07 noembridan 2010 wlis 07 dekembramde periodSi dafiqsirebuli da
75
Seswavlil yvela Suamdgomlobasa da ganCinebaSi 30-dRiani vada dafiqsirebul iqna
ara terminiT `30 dRe~, aramed drois konkretuli periodidan konkretul periodamde,
magaliTad, 2010 wlis 5 martidan 2010 wlis 5 aprilamde vadiT.
99
Cawerili iqnas g. x.-s Sexvedra da saubari k.l.-sTan da masTan danaSaulebriv kavSirSi

myof pirebTan~.
gansxvavebiT aRniSnulisgan, rodesac xdeba ukve Catarebuli operatiuli Ronis-
Ziebis dakanoneba, saproceso dokumentebSi saamisod gamoyenebuli vada mieTiTeba wu-
Tobrivi sizustiT. magaliTad (Secvlili saidentifikacio monacemebis saxiT ix. amo-
naridi brZanebidan):
`saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sagamoZiebo samsaxuris operatiul-teqni-
kuri uzrunvelyofis departamentis TanamSromlebis mier 2011 wlis 1 Tebervlis 11:27
saaTidan 2011 wlis 1 Tebervlis 13:02 saaTamde periodSi Catarebuli operatiul-sam-
Zebro RonisZieba – faruli satelefono miyuradeba – cnobil iqnes kanonierad~.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli gvaZlebs daskvnis safuZvels, rom, miuxedavad am kuTx-
iT arsebuli sakanonmdeblo arasrulyofilebisa, sakiTxi erTmniSvnelovnad mowes-
rgebulia erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikiT da Seesabameba am kuTxiT dadgenil
saerTaSoriso standarts. cxadia, aRniSnuli udavod dadebiTi tendenciaa, Tumca, Se-
saZlo Teoriuli Tu praqtikuli riskebis Tavidan asarideblad, mizanSewonilia, sa-
samarTlo kontrols daqvemdebarebul RonisZiebaTa pirveladi vadis ara umetes 30
dRemde gansazRvris sakiTxi daregulirdes sakanonmdeblo doneze.
5. operatriul-samZebro saqmianobze sasamarTlo kontrolis

efeqturoba da misi mniSvneloba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis
uflebis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT
5.1. sasamarTlo kontrolis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi
rodesac sakiTxi exeba operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis warmoebisas piradi

cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis realizacias, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba swored
sasamarTlo kontrolis samarTlebriv meqanizmebsa da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ma-
Ti realizebis efeqturobas eniWeba. msgavsi midgoma ganpirobebulia im martivi gare-
moebiT, rom, rogorc wesi, faruli meTodebiT RonisZiebebis Catarebisas operatiul
RonisZiebaTa didi nawili SeumCneveli rCeba rogorc uSualod am RonisZiebis obieq-
tTaTvis, aseve farTo sazogadoebisTvis, rac TiTqmis gamoricxavs masze sazogado-
ebis kontrolis SesaZleblobas. swored am fonze sasamarTlo gvevlineba erTaderT
saSualebad, zemoaRniSnuli saqmianobis procesSi ikisros Sesabamis pirTa legitimu-
ri uflebebis dacvis samarTlebrivi garantis funqcia. Tumca, meore mxriv, yovelive
aRniSnuli ver gascdeba qaRaldze datanil frazebs, Tu ar iarsebebs saamisod auci-
lebeli myari sakanonmdeblo garantiebi, romelsac sasamarTlo zemoqmedebis legiti-
mur berketebad gamoiyenebs.
rogorc sakiTxis Teoriulma gaazrebam, aseve praqtikis Seswavlam cxadyo, am
mxriv arsebuli problemebi, misi gamovlinebis sixSiriTa da samarTlebrivi mniSvne-
lobiT, arsebiT xasiaTs atarebs da Sesabamisi saxelmwifo organoebis mxridan goniv-
rul da qmediT sakanonmdeblo nabijebs saWiroebs.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kanoni operatiul RonisZiebaTa sistemas or katego-
riad hyofs:
100
1. operatiuli RonisZiebebi, romelic ar saWiroebs sasamarTlos kontrols

(inter alia sakontrolo Sesyidva, kontrolirebadi miwodeba, cnobebis Segro-
veba);
2. sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebuli RonisZiebebi (inter alia faruli
miyuradeba da Cawera; informacis moxsna da fiqsacia kavSirgabmulobis ar-
xidan, faruli video- da audioCawera, eleqtruli Tvalyuris devneba teq-
nikuri saSualebebiT).
meore punqtad dasaxelebul operatiul RonisZiebebTan mimarTebaSi kanonis me-7
muxli adgens konkretul samarTlebriv regulaciebs, romelic swored sasamarTlo
kontrolis ganxorcielebis procedurebsa da maT efeqturobas ukavSirdeba. kerZod,
kanoni adgens Semdeg winapirobebs:
1. sasamarTlos unda miemarTos winaswar dadgenili vadebis myari dacviT;
2. prokuroris Suamdgomloba, romliTac miemarTeba sasamarTlos, unda iyos
motivirebuli;
3. Suamdgomlobas Tan unda erTvodes saqmis masalebi;
4. sakiTxis ganxilvisas mosamarTle ismens prokuroris ganmartebebs;
5. prokuroris dadgenileba, romlis safuZvelzec tardeba operatiuli Ro-
nisZieba da romlis kanonierebac Semdgom unda Semowmdes sasamarTlos mi-
er, unda iyos motivirebuli;
erTi SexedviT, kanonmdebeli sakmaod maRal da qmediT standartebs ayalibebs
yvela im procedurul-samarTlebriv winapirobTan mimarTebaSi, romelic saboloo
jamSi sasamarTlos miscems saTanado kontrolis ganxorcielebis efeqtur saSuale-
bas, Tumca, rodesac sakiTxi Seexeba sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis iseT for-
mas, romelic SeumCneveli rCeba sazogadoebisTvis, adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa dac-
vis saTanado uzrunvelyofa moiTxovs gacilebiT met samarTlebriv detalizacias.
sakiTxis praqtikuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, mizenSewonilia, momdevno pa-
ragrafSi msjeloba swored kvlevisas Seswavlil praqtikul masalebze dayrdnobiT
warvmarToT, rac warmodgenas Segviqmnis am kuTxiT arsebul saerTo sasamarTloebis
praqtikaze.
5.2. saproceso dokumentebis motivirebuloba
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zemoT Camoyalibebul xuT komponentTagan praq-

tikul problemebs ar qmnis mxolod pirveli – procedurul vadebTan dakavSirebu-
li sakiTxi. winamdebare samecniero kvlevebisas ver iqna moZiebuli SemTxveva, sadac,
magaliTad, prokuroris mxridan adgili eqneboda Suamdgomlobis vadis darRveviT
wardgenas an/da aseTi Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze Catarebuli operatiuli RonisZie-
bis kanonierad cnobas, rac, cxadia, dadebiT garemoebas warmoadgens.76 aRniSnulisgan
76
Tumca, bunebrivia, aRniSnulis Taobaze molodini dasawyisSic ar arsebobda, Tundac
im martivi mizezis gamo, rom aRniSnuli saxis procedurebSi saerTod ar monawileobs
dacvis mxare da sakiTxi, mkacrad gasaidumloebuli saxiT, srulad mindobilia saxelm-
wifo aparats. Sesabamisad, aseTi faqtis Teoriulad arsebobis SemTxvevaSic, naklebad
savaraudoa, rom igi sazogadoebisTvis cnobili gamxdariyo.
101
gansxvavebiT, am kuTxiT arsebuli, saproceso dokumentebis motivirebulobasTan da

dasarTavi masalebis sakmarisobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi xSirad mxolod for-
malur xasiaTs atarebs.
kanonmdeblis imperatiuli moTxovna, romelic adgens, rom prokuroris mier war-
dgenili Suamdgomloba unda iyos motivirebuli, gulisxmobs, pirvel rigSi, imas, rom
masSi moyvanili argumentebiT naTeli moefinos sakiTxs, Tu ratom aris saWiro iseTi
operatiuli RonisZiebis ganxorcileba, romelic Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebiT mniS-
vnelovnad iWreba saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqte-
biT daculi piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis sferoSi; ratom aris saamisod moTx-
ovnili (rogorc wesi) 30-dRiani vada aucilebeli da ratom ver miiRweva igive mizani
SedarebiT nakleb droSi; operatiul RonisZiebaTa potenciur obieqtTan mimarTebaSi,
ram ganapiroba konkretuli eWvis arseboba, rom pirs (pirebs) SesaZlebelia Semxebloba
hqondeT danaSaulebriv faqtTan da sxva. analogiuri garemoebebis dasabuTebis mizans
emsaxureba Suamdgomlobaze masalebis darTvis moTxovnac, romelic sakmaod zogadia
da kanonmdebeli ar akonkretebs, ra informaciis Semcveli masalebi unda daerTos Su-
amdgomlobas.77
magaliTisTvis, Seswavlili praqtikuli dokumentebidan, erT-erTi Suamdgom-
loba Seexeboda samsaxurebrivi siyalbis SesaZlo Cadenis faqts,78 romlis garSemoc,
gadaudebeli aucileblobis motiviT, prokuroris dadgenilebis safuZvelze, gan-
xorcielda faruli video-audioCawera da kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelos konkretul raionul sasamarTlos miemarTa SuamdomlobiT, Catarebuli
operatiuli RonisZiebis kanonierad cnobis Taoobaze, romelic Seicavda Semdeg da-
sabuTebas:
` ... sammarTveloSi daiwyo winaswari gamoZieba sisxlis samarTlis ... saqmeze, dana-
Sauli gaTvaliswinebuli 341-e muxliT, rasac safuZvlad daedo ... sammarTvelos uf-
rosi inspeqtor-gamomZieblis r. k.-s pataki, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom [konkretuli
Tanamdebobis piri] g.g. garkveuli Tanxis safasurad amzadebs yalb cnobas [romelic
emsaxureba konkretuli faqtis dadasturebas]
operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis mimdinareobisas, vinaidan dayovnebas SeeZlo
gamoewvia saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi monacemebis ganadgureba, an SeuZle-
bels gaxdida aRniSnuli monacemebis mopovebas, Cemi motivirebuli dadgenilebis sa-
fuZvelze, ... samsaxuris operatiul-teqnikuri departamentis TanamSromlebis mier
sofel ... Catarebul iqna gadaudebeli operatiul-samZebro RonisZieba _ `faruli vi-
deo-audio Cawera,~ ra drosac 20 __ wlis _ ianvris __:__ saaTidan 20 __ wlis _ ianvris
__:__ saaTamde periodSi dafiqsirebuli da Cawerili iqna l.d.-s Sexvedra da saubari
k.k.-sTan da masTan danaSaulebriv kavSirSi myof pirebTan (xsenebuli pirebi kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli imunitetiT ar sargebloben).
77
amasTan, kvlevis procesSi dagvainteresa statistikurma monacemebma, romelic Se-
exeba, operatiul RonisZiebaTa sanqcionirebis mizniT, prokuroris mier wardgenil
Suamdgomlobebze dadebiT da uaryofiT gadawyvetilebebs, ris Taobazec werilobiT
miemarTa saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos statistikis praqtikis Seswavlisa da gan-
zogadebis sammarTvelos, Tumca, maTi TqmiT, aRniSnuli monacemebi calke statisikuri
angariSgebis formiT ar aRiricxeba [saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 28
maisis #36-k werili]
78
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 341-e muxli [2012 wlis 30 maisis redaqcia].
102
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vixelmZRvanele ra òperatiul-sam-

Zebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-7 muxlis me-4 punqtiT, vSuamdgomlob: operati-
ul-teqnikuri departamentis TanamSromlebis mier 20 __ wlis _ ianvris __:__ saaTidan
20 __ wlis _ ianvris __:__ saaTamde periodSi Catarebuli `faruli video audio Cawera~
cnobil iqnes kanonierad~.
imave uwyebis mier Catarebuli operatiuli RonisZiebebis dakanonebis mizniT
wardgenili aseve sxva araerTi Suamdgomloba, romelic Seswavlil iqna winamdebare
samecniero kvlevis farglebSi, TiTqmis analogiur xasiaTs atarebda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare Sinaarsis SuamdgomlobebTan wvdoma sawyis
etapze mxolod Tavad prokurorsa da mosamarTles SeuZliaT, faqtia, rom braldebis
mxare SuamdgomlobaSi ar axdens sakmaris dasabuTebas, rac mosamarTles daarwmuneb-
da imaSi, rom operatiuli RonisZiebis obieqtTa piradi cxovrebis sferoSi Careva nam-
dvilad legitomur mizans emsaxureba.
analogiuri xasiaTis mimoxilviTi winadadebebiT Semoifargla sasamarTlo da-
kanonebis Taobaze brZanebis gacemisas da miuTiTa mxolod is faqtebi, Tu vin mimarTa
SuamdgomlobiT, ra moiTxova da ra gadawyvetileba miiRo mosamarTlem. aseve ar um-
sjelia Suamdgomlobaze darTuli masalebis Taobaze.
niSandoblivia, rom winamdebare kritika TavisTavad badebs SekiTxvas, Tu ra re-
aluri berketebi gaaCnia mosamarTles saimisod, rom qmediTi sasamarTlo kontroli
ganaxorcielos zemoxsenebul operatiul RonisZiebebTan mimarTebaSi, anu arsebul
realobas sasamarTlo sistemis mxridan gulgrili damokidebuleba ganapirobebs Tu
kontrolis mxolod formaluri sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi. magaliTad, prokurori
sasamarTlos mimarTavs SuamdgomlobiT, konkretuli piris mimarT ganxorcieldes sa-
telefono saubris faruli miyuradeba da dasabuTebisas apelirebs, rom TandarTul
masalebSi warmodgenilia operatiuli TanamSromlis mier konfidentTan gasaubrebis
Sedegad Sedgenili pataki,79 sadac irkveva, rom xsenebuli operatiuli RonisZiebis po-
tenciuri obieqti, konkretuli Tanxis sanacvlod, axorcielebs moqalaqeebze yalbi
cnobebis gacemas da igi danaSaulebrivad dakavSirebul pirebTan komunikacias Ziri-
Tadad satelefono saSualebiT axdens. ismis logikuri kiTxva – aseTi da sxva msgavsi
SemTxvevebis arsebobisas, moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, mosamarTlem ra unda moimoqme-
dis, ra SekiTxva dausvas prokurors, romliTac darwmundeba realurad arsebobs Tu
ara bunebaSi aseTi informacia an am informaciis momwodebeli konfidenti (agenti)?
bunebrivia, dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi sakmaod rTulia, vinaidan gadaWarbebuli ar iqne-
ba, Tu vityviT, rom sakanonmdeblo doneze amis realuri berketebi ar arsebobs.
aRniSnuli problemis dasaZlevad mizanSewonilia, Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebis safuZvelze, mosamarTle aRiWurvos diskreciiT, saWiroebis SemTxveva-
Si, operatiul RonisZiebaTa sanqcionirebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, moiTxovos konfi-
dentis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxeba da gamokiTxva, rac, udavod, aamaRlebs sasamarTlos
79
òperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis me-2
punqtis à~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad: `gamokiTxva nebayoflobiTia da gamosakiTx pirs ar
afrTxileben cru Cvenebis micemisaTvis an Cvenebis micemaze uaris TqmisaTvis sisx-
lissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. operatiuli muSaki an gamomZiebeli
gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb dadgenili wesiT adgens pataks, romelic gasacnobad ar waredgine-
ba gamokiTxul pirs~ [bolo ganaxlebis TariRi 30.05.2012].
103
rols piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis sferoSi Carevisas proporciulobis poli-

tikis dabalansebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkicebis TvalsazrisiT. yovelive
xsenebuli dRis wesrigidan, udavod, moxsnis, an mniSvnelovnad Seasustebs musirebul
azrs imis Taobaze, rom dRes arsebuli realobiT sasamarTlos kontroli Sedegze
orientirebis veranair standarts ver akmayofilebs da, maqsimum, Tavis motyuebis po-
litikas emsaxureba. amgvari iniciativis SemTxvevaSi, rTulia wamoyenebul iqnes kon-
trargumenti, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba amgvari saxelmwifoebrivi ndobiT sargeblobdes
mosamarTle, maSin rodesac, Tundac arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT (daxurul sasamarTlo
procesze), SesaZlebelia gamJRavndes araerTi saxelmwifo saidumloebas mikuTvnebu-
li informacia.
5.3. winaswar ganusazRvrel pirTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli

operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebi
wina TavSi moyvanil magaliTs rom davubrundeT, rogorc irkveva, prokurorma

iSuamdgomla ara mxolod im piris mimarT Catarebuli operatiuli RonisZiebebis kano-
nierad cnoba, romelTan dakavSirebiTac uSualod arsebobda informacia danaSauleb-
riv saqmianobasTan misi SesaZlo kavSiris Taobaze, aramed, yovelgvari dakonkretebis
gareSe, miuTiTa fraza `masTan danaSaulebriv kavSirSi myofi pirebi,~ romelTa mimar-
Tac aseve xorcieldeboda faruli video-audioCawera da romeli pirebis Taobazec sa-
erTod ar moipoveba informacia arc erT, dacvis mxarisTvis Tundac gansaidumloebu-
li formiT xelmisawvdom, masalaSi. analogiur SemTxvevas hqonda adgili sxva araerT
brZanebaSi.
magaliTad, erT-erT mkvlelobis mcdelobis saqmeze80 brZanebaSi vkiTxulobT:
`neba daerTos ... departamentis TanamSromlebs ... mdebare saavadmyofos me-9 pa-
lataSi moTavsebul l.n.-s da masTan mosanaxuleblad misuli axloblebis mimarT gan-
xorcieldes operatiul-samZebro RonisZieba _ `faruli audio Cawera~ 20 __ wlis __
aprilidan 20 __ wlis __ martamde. (aRniSnuli pirebi ar sargebloben kanoniT gaTva-
liswinebuli imunitetiT)~.
miuxedavad brZanebaSi gakeTebuli daTqmisa, rom mZimed daWril pirovnebasTan
saavadmyofoSi mosanaxuleblad SesaZlo mimsvleli pirebi ar sargebloben kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli imunitetiT, sruliad gaugebaria, saidan gansazRvra sasamarTlom
avadmyofis potenciur momnaxulebelTa ara mxolod vinaoba, aramed is, rom im etapze
sruliad hipoTeturi pirebi ar sargeblobdnen imunitetiT?
winaswar ganusazRvreli pirebis mimarT sanqcionirebul operatiuli RonisZie-
bebTan dakavSirebiT metad problematuria aseve mopovebul masalaTa mtkicebulebad
gamoyenebis sakiTxi. magaliTisTvis warmovidginoT aseTi SemTxveva: satelefono sa-
ubris faruli miyuradeba sasamarTlos mier nebadarTulia A-s sakuTrebaSi an mflo-
belobaSi arsebul abonentis nomerze, Tumca imave nomriT erTjeradad isargebla ga-
reSe pirma (misma kolega vinme B-m) da satelefono saubari ganaxorciela konkretul
danaSaulebriv faqtTan (romlis gamoc gaica satelefono mosmenis Taobaze nebarTva)
sruliad kavSirSi armyof pirTan (vinme L-Tan). maTi saubris Sedegad aseve gamovlinda
sruliad sxva danaSaulebrivi faqti. eqneba Tu ara aRniSnulis safuZvelze mopovebul
80
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 19, 109 muxlebi [2012 wlis 30 maisis redaqcia].
104
informacias sruliad SemTxveviT gamovlenil, axal danaSaulebriv faqtTan mimarTe-

baSi mtkicebulebiTi Zala?
aseT SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad ori, erTmaneTis principulad sawinaaRmdego argu-
menti SeiZleba warmoCindes, romelTagan erTi ZiriTadad individis uflebebis, xolo
meore sajaro interesebis primarze orientirebuli midgomebia: adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis sferoSi moRvawe iuristTa mosazrebiT, aRniSnuli SemTxveva mxolod forma-
luri TvalsazrisiT akmayofilebs mtkicebulebaTa kanoniT dadgenili mopovebis wess,
Tumca, samarTlebrivi arsiT, igi ukanonod (magram ara danaSaulebrivad81) mopovebul
mtkicebulebad CaiTvleba, vinaidan prokuroris mier wardgenili Suamdgomloba da
masSi arsebuli dasabuTeba, romliTac iTxovda nebarTvas aRniSnuli operatiuli Ro-
nisZiebis ganxorcielebaze, saerTod ar exeboda xsenebul SemTxveviT garemoebas, da,
logikurad am Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze gacemuli brZaneba ver iqneba legitimuri
msgavsi, uneblie SemTxvevebis mimarT. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, sajaro interesebze
orientirebuli mosazreba gaumarTleblad da aralogikurad miiCnevs, proceduruli
regulaciebis gamo, ukve gamovlenil danaSaulebriv faqtze saxelmwifos mxridan re-
agirebaze uaris Tqmas, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac saqme SeiZleba gvqondes metad saSiSi
danaSaulis momzadebasTan an mcdelobasTan.
amdenad, rTulia moyvanil argumentTagan romelimes gansakuTrebuli kategoriu-
lobiT mxardaWera, vinaidan, calke aRebuli, orive sakmaod damajerebelad da logiku-
rad JRers. Sesabamisad, aseT viTarebaSi uSualod proporciulobis politikis swor da-
balansebasTan gvaqvs saqme. individualuri mosazrebis farglebSi, migvaCnia, rom msgavs
viTarebaSi mopovebuli mtkicebuleba kanonierad unda iqnes miCneuli da konkretul
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze misi mtkicebulebad daSvebadobis sakiTxi sisxlis samar-
Tlis saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvros.
6. piris ufleba, sadavod gaxados mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli

operatiuli RonisZiebis kanoniereba
kanonis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti adgens operatiul RonisZiebas daqvemdebarebul

pirTa uflebebis dacvis sagarantio danawess, romlis Tanaxmadac, `pirs, romelic mi-
iCnevs, rom operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli organos moqmedebas
mohyva misi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ukanono SezRudva, SeuZlia gaasaCivros
aseTi moqmedebis kanoniereba Sesabamis zemdgom saxelmwifo organoSi, prokurorTan
an sasamarTloSi~. erTi mxriv, aRniSnuli daTqma, adamianis uflebaTa samarTalze ori-
entirebul sakanonmdeblo berkets warmoadgens, Tumca, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT
Tu SevxedavT, am uflebis realizeba ZiriTadad im pirebTan mimarTebaSi aris SesaZle-
beli, romelTa garSemo warmoebuli operatiuli RonisZiebis Sedegadac mopovebuli
informacia mtkicebulebis saxiT iqna gamoyenebuli. sxva SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, pi-
rebi, romelTa mimarTac xorcieldeboda satelefono saubris faruli miyuradeba da
maTi saubrebis Sedegad saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani garemoeba ar gamovlenila, veras-
dros igeben, rom drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi saxelmwifos mxridan adgili hqonda
maTi piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis sferoSi Carevas.
81
vinaidan operatiuli RonisZiebis arealSi uneblieT moxvedrili piris mimarT qmede-
bas, bralis ararsebobis gamo, ar miecema danaSaulebrivi kvalifikacia.
105
winamdebare problemis arsi uSualod dakavSirebulia piris uflebaze, opera-

tiul-samZebro RonisZiebis dasrulebis Semdgom iyos informirebuli imis Taobaze,
rom igi am RonisZiebis obieqti iyo (The Rights of Notification after Surveillance). miuxedavad
mravalwliani diskusiisa, aRniSnuli sakiTxi dRemde problemad rCeba evropis sabWos
wevr qveynebSi,82 rac, metwilad imaSi gamoixateba, rom zogi qveyana am dromde Tavs ika-
vebs kanonmdeblobaSi amgvari sagarantio danawesisgan. unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis me-2 paragrafSi dasaxelebeli kanoniere-
ba, udavod, moicavs zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevebSi piris informirebisaTvis saWiro meqa-
nizmebis arsebobas. piris analogiuri ufleba aseve garantirebulia konvenciis me-13
muxliT. jer kidev 1978 wels adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom Zalian cno-
bil saqmeze, Klass-is saqmeze, miuTiTa, rom operatiuli RonisZiebis (am konkretul Sem-
TxvevaSi saqme exeboda satelefono saubris farul miyuradebas) dasrulebis Semdgom
aucileblad unda moxdes aRniSnulis Taobaze individis informireba. es ganpirobe-
bulia im faqtiT, rom pirma miiRos informacia mis uflebebSi Carevis Sesaxeb, amasTan
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mxridan gamoiricxos SesaZlo TviTnebobis albaToba.83
erTaderTi, razec sasamarTlom Tavi Seikava, Seexeboda saamisod konkretuli vadis
dadgenas da ganmarta, rom es ufleba operatiuli RonisZiebis dasrulebis Semdeg av-
tomaturad ar warmoiSoba, aramed, aRar unda arsebobdes is miznebi, romelic safuZ-
vlad daedo aRniSnuli RonisZiebis farulad ganxorcielebas.
garda sasamarTlos iurisrpudenciisa, evropis sabWom aRniSnul sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT analogiuri midgoma 1987 wlis 17 seqtembers ministrTa komitetis mier
sapolicio sistemaSi individTa piradi monacemebis gamoyenebis Taobaze miRebul re-
komendaciaSic ganamtkica,84 rasac momdevno wlebSi Setyobinebis valdebulebis prin-
cipis doneze danergva mohyva. dRes arsebuli viTarebiT, adamianis uflebaTa evro-
pulma sasamarTlom araerT uaxles saqmeze daadgina konvenciis me-8 muxlis daRveva
da miuTiTa saxelmwifoebs, rom, Sesabamisi specifikebis gaTvaliswinebiT, pozitiuri
valdebulebis aspeqtSi, danergon operatiul RonisZiebis obieqtTaTvis Setyobinebis
ganxorcielebis sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi.85
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, zemoT dasmuli sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, samagali-
To saxelmwifoebs germania da belgia warmoadgens. Tu germanias adamianis uflebaTa
evropul sasamarTloSi wagebuli saqmis gamo mouwia xsenebuli sagarantio meqaniz-
mis sakanonmdeblo implementacia, belgiam sakiTxi erovnul doneze moagvara, kerZod,
belgiis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2011 wlis 22 seqtembers arakonstituciurad
cno belgiis saidumlo samsaxurebis aqti (Belgian Secret Service Act) im motiviT, rom piris
mimarT saidumlo RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis Semdgom saerTod ar iTvaliswinebda am
82
Sead: DE HERT P. and BOEHM F., The Rights of Notification after Surveillance is over: Ready for Recogni-
tion? Digital Enlightenment Yearbook 2012, J. Bus et al. (Eds.), IOS Press, 2012, 19.
83
ead: Klass and Others v. Germany, Application No. 5029/71, [1978] ECHR (Ser. A.), 58.
84
Principle 2.2 of the Recommendation No. R (87) 15, Council of Europe, Regulating the Use of Personal Data
in the Police Sector, Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 September 1987 at the 410th Meeting of the
Ministers’ Deputies.
85
ix. Weber and Saravia v. Germany, Application No. 54934/00, [2006] ECHR (Ser. A.), 135; Association
for European Integration and Human Rights and Ekimdzhiev v. Bulgaria, Application No. 62540/00, [2007]
ECHR (Ser. A.), 90; Shimovolos v. Russia, Application No. 30194/09, [2011] ECHR (Ser. A.), 68.
106
RonisZiebis obieqtis informirebas da cxadad ganmarta Setyobinebis valdebulebis

konstituciuri mniSvneloba.86
aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, evrosabWosgan gansxvavebiT, evrokavSirs, am Tval-
sazrisiT, SedarebiT dabali uflebadacviTi standarti aqvs da igi mxolod CarCoxel-
Sekrulebis doneze, zogadi debulebebis urTierTanaliziT, aRiarebs operatiul Ro-
nisZiebaTa obieqtTaTvis Setyobinebis valdebulebas (notification duty),87 rac iuridiul
literaturaSi araerTxel gamxdara avtoritetul avtorTa kritikis safuZveli.88
yovelize zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo, rogorc adamianis ufle-
baTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis xelSemkvreli saxelmwifo,89 valdebulia SeuerTdes
evrosasamarTlos midgomas operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebaTa obieqtTaTvis Setyo-
binebis valdebulebis aspeqtSi da, msgavsad germaniisa da belgiisa, moaxdinos am saer-
TaSorisosamarTlebrivi principis erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi ganmtkiceba.
7. daskvna
winamdebare statiaSi, naSromis formatis gaTvaliswinebiT, yuradReba gamaxvi-

lebulia yvela im ZiriTad Teoriul da praqtikul aspeqtze, romelic aqtualuria
Tanamedrove samecniero gamowvevebisa da mimdinare sasamarTlo praqtikis pirobebSi.
problematuri sakiTxebis siRrmiseuli analizis mizniT, araerTxel iqna moxmobili
rogorc adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali,
ise msoflios araerT wamyvan saxelmwifoSi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da moxda
maTi SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi nacionalur kanonmdeblobasa da sasamarTlo
praqtikasTan mimarTebaSi. naSromSi aseve gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos saerTo sasamar-
TloebSi warmoebuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis sxvadasxva relevanturi masala da
araerTi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo aqti.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba moviyvanoT ram-
denime ZiriTadi debuleba, romelic ayalibebs kvlevaSi dasmuli sakiTxebisadmi Tana-
medrove midgomebs da Seicavs gamovlenili problemebis gadaWrisaTvis saWiro prog-
resul xedvas:
1. sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebuli operatiuli RonisZiebebis are-
ali, dRes arsebuli qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT, faqtobrivad SeuzRudavia da, garda
mciredi gamonaklisisa, vrceldeba danaSaulTa SeuzRudav speqtrze, rac winaaRmde-
86
Belgium constitutional court, case No. 145/2011, 22 September 2011 at paras B. 82-B.92.
87
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of
individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data [1995] OJ L
281/31, inter alia Articles 3, 10 and 11. Same see: mutatis mutandis, Council Framework Decision 2008/977/
JHA of 27 November 2008 on the protection of personal data processed in the framework of police and judicial
cooperation in criminal matters, at Para. 37; Communication from the Commission to the European Parlia-
ment, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on a Comprehen-
sive Strategy on Data Protection in the European Union, CON (2010), 609 Final of 4 November 2010.
88
ix. DE HERT P. and BOEHM F., The Rights of Notification after Surveillance is over: Ready for Recognition?
Digital Enlightenment Yearbook 2012, J. Bus et al. (Eds.), IOS Press, 2012, 39.
89
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelom adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropul konvencias xeli
1999 wlis 27 aprils moawera, xolo ZalaSi 1999 wlis 20 maiss Sevida, mas Semdeg, rac
saqarTvelos parlamentma misi ratificireba moaxdina.
107
gobaSi modis adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos iurisprudenciiT (preceden-

tuli samarTliT) danergil standartebTan. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia, danaSauleb-
ze SezRudva dawesdes msgavsad safrangeTis kanonmdeblobisa, kerZod, satelefono da
sxva saxis komunikaciebze faruli miyuradebis SesaZlebloba ganisazRvros mxolod im
qmedebebze, romlisTvisac sasjelis saxed da zomad gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa aranakleb ori wlis vadiT;
2. sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebul operatiul RonisZiebebTan mimar-
TebaSi kanonmdebeli ar gansazRvravs misi warmoebis vadasTan dakavSirebul xangrZli-
obas, rac sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis procesSi (minimum, Teoriulad) iZ-
leba TviTnebobis saSualebas. mizanSewonilia, msgavs moqmedebaTa Catarebis pirvelad
vadad ganisazRvros 30 dRe, anu moxdes saerTo sasamarTlo praqtikis sakanonmdeblo
doneze inkorporireba;
3. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sasamarTlos kontrols daqvemdebarebuli Ro-
nisZiebebi atarebs mkacrad gasaidumloebul xasiaTs da maTi sanqcionirebis Tu Sem-
dgomi warmoebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi srulad mindobilia sajaro seqtors, mi-
zanSewonilia meti samarTlebrivi konkretizacia. kerZod, upriania, kanons daematos
norma, romliTac Camoyalibdeba Suamdgomlobisa da brZanebis Sedgenis konkretuli
parametrebi, rac, praqtikul realobaSi, xels Seuwyobs, erTi mxriv, aRniSnul doku-
mentTa dasabuTebulobis simyares, xolo, meore mxriv, maT saTanado detalizacias;
4. arsebuli sakanonmdeblo realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, operatiul-samZebro
saqmianobis kuTxiT, sasamarTlo kontrolis farglebSi mosamarTles aranairi Semxeb-
loba ar gaaCnia im konfidentTan, romlis mier miwodebuli informaciac xdeba konkre-
tuli operatiuli RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis safuZveli. zog SemTxvevebSi, msgavsi
mocemuloba saTaveSive iZleva aRniSnuli kontrolis formalurad ganxorcielebis
winapirobas. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia, sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Sedegad mosa-
marTle aRiWurvos diskreciiT, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, operatiul RonisZiebaTa san-
qcionirebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, ganaxorcielos konfidentis sasamarTloSi gamoZa-
xeba da gamokiTxva.
5. udavod, problematuria sakiTxi imis Taobaze, eqneba Tu ara mtkicebule-
bis Zala iseTi formiT mopovebul informacias, romelic gamomJRavnda zemoaRniSnu-
li konspiraciuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad, Tumca, realurad, sasamarTlos kontroli
am kuTxiT ar ganxorcielebula. sajaro da kerZo interesebis urTierTbalansis kva-
lobaze, upriania, aseT viTarebaSi mopovebuli mtkicebuleba CaiTvalos kanonierad,
Tumca, konkretul sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze misi mtkicebulebad daSvebis sakiTxi
gadawydes saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili regulaciebis Sesabamisad;
6. kanonis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti pirs aZlevs uflebas, sadavod gaxados mis mi-
marT Catarebuli operatiuli RonisZiebis kanoniereba, rac xSir SemTxvevebSi praqti-
kulad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan ar arsebobs aRniSnulis Taobaze xsenebul RonisZiebaTa
obieqtebis informirebis meqanizmi. Sesabamisad, upriania, iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
amowurulia farul operatiul RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebuli mizani an/da farulo-
bis samarTlebrivi arsi, sakanonmdeblo doneze dadgindes aseTi pirebis informirebis
valdebuleba.
108
koba yaliCava*
saqarTvelos garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis srulyofis

strategiuli aspeqtebi
1. Sesavali
saqarTveloSi garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis srulyofisa da misi evropul sa-

marTalTan harmonizaciis sakiTxebi ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi sul ufro aqti-
urad ganixileba.1 swored amis Sedegia 2010 wels Sesabamisi uwyebis mier garemos dac-
vis kodeqsis proeqtis momzadeba, romelic miznad isaxavda arsebuli garemosdacviTi
kanonmdeblobis daxvewas da mis Sesabamisobas evrogaerTianebis samarTalTan.2 marTa-
lia, sazogadoebisa da dainteresebuli jgufebis CarTulobis, aseve saeqsperto wre-
ebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis deficitis gamo es samuSaoebi warumateblad damTav-
rda, magram sakuTriv garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis daxvewis aucileblobis Taobaze
politikuri nebis gamovlena kargis maniSnebelad darCa samomavlo perspeqtivebisaT-
vis. meore mxriv ki cxadi gaxda, rom garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis srulyofa, poli-
tikuri nebis garda, damokidebulia sxvadasxa faqtorzec, romelTagan SesaZlebelia
ramdenimes gamoyofa.
2. garemos dacvis samarTlis kodifikaciis upiratesoba
Tanamedrove garemos dacvis sakanonmdeblo praqtika icnobs garemos dacvis

samarTlis sistemuri srulyofis or mTavar saSualebas.3 pirveli gza satelituri
modelia, romelic gulisxmobs garemos dacvis samarTlis mxolod zogadi, e.w. hori-
zontaluri normebis Tavmoyras erT mTlian dokumentSi.4 am modelis upiratesobas
garemos dacvis samarTalSi gansazRvravs is Tavisebureba, riTac es sfero xasiaTde-
ba. saqme isaa, rom garemos dacvis kanonmdebloba moiTxovs mudmiv srulyofas, raTa
is SesabamisobaSi movides uaxles teqnikur miRwevebTan da daiZlios kanonmdebloba-
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.

1
aRsaniSnavia, rom „garemos dacvis kodeqsis“ SemuSavebis idea, romelic pirvelad dai-
bada 2009 wels, germaniis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis federaluri
saministros (BMZ) mier dafinansebuli proeqtis „biomravalferovnebis mdgradi mar-
Tva samxreT kavkasiaSi“ farglebSi gamarTul Sexvedrebze, miznad isaxavda qarTuli
garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis evropeizacias, ix. vinteri g., turava p., yaliCava k.,
saqarTvelos garemos dacvis samarTlis zogadi normebis analizi da Sefaseba, Tb., 2010,
3–4.
2
ix. „garemos dacvis kodeqsis“ kanonproeqtis ganmartebiTi baraTis „a“ punqtis „a.a“ qve-
punqti, ix. http://moe.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=39&info_id=256.
3
Sdr. Winter G., Umweltgesetzbuch oder Allgemeines Umweltgesetz? ZUR 2007, 298 ff.
4
Winter G., Umweltgesetzbuch oder Allgemeines Umweltgesetz? ZUR 2007, 298.
109
Si mosalodneli „enobrivi fiqsaciis daZvelebis“5 nebismieri tendencia. amasTanave,

is „amartivebs calkeuli sferoebis evrogaerTianebis kanonmdeblobasTan da axal ga-
mowvevebTan miaxloebis process“6, rac xels uwyobs mis win wamowevas da konkurenciul
mimarTebas sxva seqtorebTan.
erTi SexedviT, saqarTvelos garemos dacvis sakanonmdeblo sistema SeiZleba mi-
vakuTvnoT satelitur models. Tumca „garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ e.w. „CarCokanoni“, ro-
melic saqarTveloSi 1997 wlidan moqmedebs, ar moicavs nawilobrivi kodifikaciis im
niSnebs, romelic calsaxad damaxasiaTebelia am modelis sakanonmdeblo tradiciebi-
saTvis (mag., Sveicaria7 da poloneTi8). aseTi tipis kodifikaciebi praqtikulad gare-
mos dacvis kodeqsis zogadi nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebel identur sistemas moicavs
(garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis, integrirebuli sanebarTvo kontrolis, garemos-
dacviT informaciaze xelmisawvdomobis da sxva instrumentebis saxiT), romelic saer-
Toa garemos dacvis samarTlis gansakuTrebuli nawilebisaTvis (haeris, miwis, wylis,
biomravalferovnebis da a.S. kanonmdeblobisaTvis). saqarTveloSi ki aseTi zogadi xa-
siaTis instrumentebi mimobneulia sxvadasxva aqtebSi da is, amdenad, unifikaciisaT-
vis wayenebul moTxovnebs ver pasuxobs.
garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis sistemuri reformis meore gza garemos dacvis
samarTlis mTliani sferos kodifikaciaa (mag., safrangeTi9, SvedeTi, inglisi da sxva).
es ukanaskneli, problemis sistemurad gaazrebis gziT, mowodebulia, daZlios kanon-
mdeblobis fragmentuli srulyofis Sedegad mosalodneli safrTxeebi, regulirebis
deficitebi, Sida da gare konfliqtebi da sxva. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia:
– unifikacia da harmonizacia: erTiani cnebebis, regulaciebisa da institu-
tebis SeqmniT moqmedi kanonmdeblobis racionalizacia da koherentuloba,
romlis mizania urTierTSeusabamobebisa da sakanonmdeblo koliziebis,10
aseve garemos dacvis samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli „gadaWarbebuli nor-
mirebisa“11 da gafantulobis daZleva.
– transfarentuloba da gamartiveba: kodifikaciis mizania garemos dacvis sa-
marTlis struqturuli, Sinaarsobrivi da enobrivi daxvewa, bundovani re-
gulaciebis gauqmeba, raTa samarTali gaxdes adresatisTvis advilad gasage-
bi.12 meore mxriv, misi mizania regulaciebis fleqsibiluroba, dinamizireba
da procesualuri gamartiveba ise, rom garemos dacvis umaRles standarte-
bi darCes xeluxlebi.13
5
Winter G., Umweltgesetzbuch oder Allgemeines Umweltgesetz? ZUR 2007, 298.
6
iqve.
7
dawvr. ix. Griffel A., Entwicklung und Stand des Umweltrecht in der Schweiz, EurUP 2006, 324 ff.
8
dawvr. ix. Schürmann J.,Sommer J., Das aktuelle Umweltrecht Polens, EurUP 2006, 331 ff.
9
dawvr. ix. Kromarek P., Die Umweltrechtskodifikation in Frankreich, EurUP 2006, 299 ff.
10
Kahl W., in: Umweltbundesamt (Hrsg.),Umweltrechtliche Instrumente im Umweltrecht, Brlin, 2007, 6.
11
Kloepfer M., Bedeutung des Umweltgesetzbuchs aus Sicht der Rechtswissenschaft, in: Umweltbundesamt
(Hrsg.), Herausforderung Umweltgesetzbuch, Berlin, 2007, 22.
12
13
ix. Bundesumweltministerium, Begründung des Umweltgesetzbuch (UGB), I Buch, 2008, 13, ix. http://www.
bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/ugb1_allgem_vorschriften_begruendung.pdf
110
k. yaliCava, saqarTvelos garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis srulyofis
– kodeqsi rogorc saorientacio xasiaTis dokumenti: am TvalsazrisiT, kodi-

fikacia Tavs uyris am sferoSi dagrovil ZiriTad samarTlebriv gamocdile-
bas da codnas, romelic moqmedebs kanonis saxiT da, rogorc „ideaTa wesri-
gi“, mimarTulebis maCvenebelia sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis subieqtebisaTvis
(relevanturi kanonproeqtebis momzadebisas).14
– kofdifikacia rogorc Teoriisa da praqtikis ganviTarebis impulsi: cxadia,
rom garemos dacvis kodeqsi, rogorc samarTlebrivad mdgradi da stabilu-
ri dokumenti, gaxdeba angariSgasawevi. es, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs am sfe-
roSi Teoriisa da praqtikis ganviTarebas (komentarebis, saxelmZRvanelo-
ebis, monografiebis, disertaciebisa da sxva saxis naSromebis Seqmnas, aseve
diskusiebisa da konferenciebis gamarTvas ekologiuri samarTlis sakiTxeb-
ze).15 saqarTveloSi moqmedi garemos dacvis kanonmdebloba am mimarTulebiT
nakleb perspeqtivebs iZleva. sistemuri da Sinaarsobrivi gaumarTaobis, ase-
ve struqturuli, Sinaarsobrivi da a.S. cvlilebebis mudmivi molodini gamo,
rTuli xdeba am normatiuli masalis dogmaturi gadamuSaveba. Sesabamisad,
mis mimarT interesic dabalia.
– garemos dacvis gaZliereba: am mxriv, kodifikacia iZleva garemos kompleqsu-
ri dacvis SesaZleblobas,16 rac qmnis integrirebuli kontrolis danergvis
saSualebas, romelic upirispirdeba garemos calkeuli (miwa, wyali, haeri da
sxva) komponentis e.w „egoisturi dacvis“ tradiciul models.
erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos swrafva, rom moqmedi kanonmdebloba eta-
pobrivad miuaxloos evrogaerTianebis garemos dacvis samarTlis principebs17 da, meo-
re mxriv, swrafva, ganxorcieldes arsebuli kanonmdeblobis sistematizebuli srul-
yofa,18 yvelaze realurad swored kodifikaciis farglebSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli. is
qmnis sferos Zireuli (da ara fragmentuli) gardaqmnis farTo perspeqtivebs.
14
Sdr. Kahl W., in: Umweltbundesamt (Hrsg.),Umweltrechtliche Instrumente im Umweltrecht, Brlin, 2007, 6f.
15
16
Bundesumweltministerium, Begründung des Umweltgesetzbuch (UGB), I Buch, 2008, 15, ix. <http://www.
bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/ugb1_allgem_vorschriften_begruendung.pdf>.
17
saqarTvelos garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris samarTalTan etapobrivi
miaxlovebis Sesaxeb oficialurad gacxadebulia 22.04.1996 wlis SeTanxmebaSi (luqsem-
burgi) „partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv, evropis gaerTianebasa
da mis wevr saxelmwifoebs da, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris“, romlis farglebSic
marTalia daigegma ramdenime sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis ganxorcieleba (mag. ix.: „at-
mosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb“ 22.06.1999 wlis saqarTvelos kanonis 57-e muxli), ma-
gram aseTi ram jer ar ganxorcielebula. saqarTvelos garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis
evrokavSiris standartebTan Seusabamisobis sakiTxebze dawvrilebiT ix. vinteri g.,
turava p., yaliCava k., saqarTvelos garemos dacvis samarTlis zogadi normebis analizi
da Sefaseba, Tb., 2010.
18
aRsaniSnavia, rom „garemosdacviTi kodeqsis“ momzadeba, romlis mizani iyo am sferos
evropul samarTalTan harmonizacia, Setanili iyo „evropuli samezoblo politikis
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samoqmedo gegmis (ENP AP) ganxorcielebis 2010 wlis pro-
gramaSi“.
111
3. garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis reformis e.w. miznobrivi

„gasaRebi cnebebi“
Tanamedrove administraciuli samarTali icnobs sajaro mmarTvelobis moder-

nizebis impulsebs da Semecnebis wyaroebs e.w. „gasaRebi cnebebis“ saxiT.19 misi mizania
ideaTa da RirebulebaTa wesrigisa da argumentaciebis sistemuri urTierTkavSiris
Seqmna, rac, marTalia, erTmniSvnelovan pasuxs ar iZleva romelime problemur sakiTx-
ze, magram gzis maCvenebelia am mimarTulebiT.20 am mxriv, garemos dacvis samarTlis re-
formis miznebisTvis mniSvnelovani „gasaRebi cnebebia“:
– inovaciuroba, romelic, prospeqtiuli TvalsazrisiT, qmnis Ria sivrces ga-
naxlebisa da axali cvlilebebisaTvis (mag. garemosdacviTi valdebulebebis
dinamizireba iseTi ganusazRvreli samarTlebrivi cnebebis SemoRebiT, ro-
goricaa „teqnikis miRwevebi“).21
– eficienturoba, romelSic moiazreba saxelmwifoebrivi da bunebrivi resur-
sebis maqsimaluri gafrTxileba imdenad, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia22 (mag.,
sajaro amocanebis delegireba kerZo seqtorisaTvis, daCqarebuli adminis-
traciuli warmoebis, sajaro xelisuflebis reorganizaciis, garemos dac-
vis garkveuli sferoebis ekonomizirebis da a.S. gziT23).
– komunikaciuroba, romelic Tanamedrove sajaro mmarTvelobis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi gamowvevaa.24 is, erTiani monacemTa bazis SeqmnasTan erTad,
moicavs aseve urTierTobebs, romelic arsebobs administraciul organosa
da administraciul warmoebaSi monawile mxareebs Soris (winasakonsulta-
cio komunikaciis gaRrmaveba e.w. „mrgvali magidis“ institucionalizaciis
gziT, saeqsperto jgufebTan sainformacio TanamSromlobis srulyofa da
am mizniT komunikaciis axali formebis gamoZebna, mesame pirTa mobilizacia,
sanebarTvo warmoebaSi monawileobis uflebiT aRWurva, garemos angariSis
mopoveba ekoauditisa da garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis proceduris far-
glebSi da a.S.25).
19
Voßkuhle A., „Schlüsselbegriffe“ der Verwaltungsrechtsreform, VerwArch, 2001, 196.
20
Hoffmann-Riem W., Tendenzen der Verwaltungsrechtsentwicklung, DÖV, 1997, 439.
21
Hoffmann-Riem W., Ermöglichung von Flexibilität in Inovationsoffenheit im Verwaltungsrecht, in: Ders.
(Hrsg.), Innovation und Flexibilität des Verwaltungshandelns, Baden-Baden, 1994, 13.; kodifikaciis
rakursiT ix. Hirche W., Das Umweltgesetzbuch als Instrument rechtlicher und administrativer Innovation,
in: Bohne E. (Hrsg.), Das Umweltgesetzbuch als Motor oder Bremse der Innovationsfähigkeit in Wirtschaft
und Verwaltung? Berlin, 1999, 57 ff.
22
e.w. „minimaluri principis“ mixedviT, eficienturobis cnebaSi moiazreba miznis miRw-
eva minimaluri danaxarjebiT, xolo e.w. „maqsimalurobis principiT“, masSi moiazreba
ukve moqmedi saSualebebiT maqsimaluri sargeblis miReba, ix.: Schmidt-Aßmann E., Effizienz
als Herausforderung an das Verwaltungsrecht, in: Hoffmann-Riem W., Scmidt-Aßmann E (Hrsg.), Effizienz als
Herausforderung an das Verwaltungsrecht, Baden-Baden, 1998, 246.
23
Voßkuhle A., „Schlüsselbegriffe“ der Verwaltungsrechtsreform, VerwArch, 2001, 197 f.
24
Pitschas R., Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht als Teil der öffentlichen Informationsordnung, in: Hoffmann-Riem
W., Scmidt-Aßmann E., Schupert G,.F, Reform des Allgemeinen Verwaltungsrecht, Baden-Baden, 227 ff.
25
112
– sajarooba, romelSic moiazreba sazogadoebis monawileoba ara mxolod viw-

ro gagebiT (sanebarTvo gancxadebis sajarod gamoqveyneba, dokumentebis
gacnoba, saCivris wardgena da a.S.), aramed aseve sajarooba farTo gagebiT
(gansakuTrebiT sainformacio bankis, samoqalaqo satelefoni xazebis, kom-
piuteruli sainformacio programebis SeqmniT da a.S.).26
– aqceptabeluroba, romelSic igulisxmeba saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebebis
efeqturi da praqtikuli ganxorcielebis unarianoba, rac legitimurobas
aniWebs mas (aq gansakuTrebiT saubaria yvela mxarisaTvis misaRebi adminis-
traciuli gadawyvetilebis modelis Seqmnaze, romelic miiRweva lavirebadi
da moqnili sistemis SeqmniT).27
am ukanasknelTan dakavSirebiT literaturaSi miuTiTeben investiciebis xal-
Sewyobis miznebze.28 garemos dacvasa da ekonomikas Soris ganviTarebuli multidimen-
siuri mimarTeba29 iwvevs wesrigis samarTlis kritikas da axali sabazro instrumente-
bis Camoyalibebas garemos dacvis samarTalSi.30 ramdenadac garemos dacvis efeqtu-
roba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri keTildReo-
bis doneze31 da ramdenadac srulyofili instrumentebis danergva mxolod ekonomiku-
rad Zlier sazogadoebebSia SesaZlebeli,32 amdenad ivaraudeba, rom ekonomikuri (anu
bazarze orientirebuli) instrumentebi da mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefcia ufro
qmediTad gansazRvravs samarTlis aRsrulebis33 aqceptabelur perspeqtivebs. am mi-
marTulebiT saqarTvelos garemos dacvis kanonmdebloba fundamentur daxvewas saWi-
roebs. aq ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, Seqmnili ekologiuri problemebi da (sxva-
dasxva ofciuri saxiT arsebuli34) mowesrigebis instrumentebis arCeva unda iyos Ta-
naproporciuli.
26
Voßkuhle A., „Schlüsselbegriffe“ der Verwaltungsrechtsreform, VerwArch, 2001, 201 f.
27
iqve.
28
Knopp L.,Piroch I., Umweltschutz und Wirtschaftskrise, ZUR 2009, 409 ff.
29
am TvalsazrisiT diter grimi prevenciul saxelmwifos ganmartavs Tavisuflebis Sez-
Rudvis multidimensiur konteqstSi. misi TqmiT, „Tavisuflebis dacva da Tavisufleb-
is SezRudva gadajaWvulia erTmaneTze... is, rac msxverplis poziciidan dacvaa, saqmi-
anobis ganmaxorcieleblis perspeqtividan Tavisuflebis SezRudvaa“, ix. Grimm D., Die
Zukunft der Verfassung, 1994, 213.
30
Lübbe-Wolff G., Instrumente des Umweltrechts, NVwZ, 2001, 481ff.
31
Grandjot R., Die Auswirkungen der Rahmengesetzgebungskompetenz im Umweltrecht auf die Wirtschaft,
NuR, 2005, 679 ff.
32
Held G., Eine teuere Illusion, Die Welt v. 10.1.2009, 8. miT.: Knopp L., Piroch I., Umweltschutz und
Wirtschaftskrise, ZUR 2009, 409.
33
Knopp L.,Piroch I., Umweltschutz und Wirtschaftskrise, ZUR 2009, 410 ff.
34
gansakuTrebiT saubaria pirdapiri (nebarTvebi, moTxovnebi, akrZalvebi da a.S.) da ara-
pirdapir (garemosdacviTi gadasaxadebi, ekoauditi, imisiebis sertifikatiT vaWroba
da a.S.) regulirebis instrumentebze. instrumentebi garemos dacvis samarTalSi ix.
Kloepfer M., Umweltrecht, München, 2004, § 5.
113
4. garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis reformis e.w. modaluri

„gasaRebi cnebebi“
rogorc aRiniSna, administraciuli samarTlis reformis zemoT CamoTvlili

miznebi problemis daZlevis saSualebebi ar aris, isini mxolod problemis identifi-
kaciis miznebs emsaxurebian. amis sapirispirod modaluri „gasaRebi cnebebi“ safuZ-
vels uyris sakanonmdeblo strategiebis Camoyalibebas. am mxriv gamoiyofa Semdegi
jgufebi:
▬ kooperacionalizacia;
▬ deregulireba;
▬ privatizacia;
▬ ekonomizireba;
▬ regulirebadi TviTregulireba.
CamoTvlili strategiebidan kooperaciul samarTals centraluri adgili uka-
via.35 sajaro mmarTvelobis formebis kooperacionalizaciis mizania demokratiuli
da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mmarTvelobis stilis damkvid-
reba, romelic gamoixateba pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebaSi saxelmwifosa da sazogado-
ebas Soris.36 misi mizania konsensusis miRweva (riTac is „konsensualuri instrumentis“
saxeliTac aris cnobili37) administraciuli xelSekrulebebis (mag., koncesiis, aRdge-
niTi RonisZiebebis dagegmvis an privatizaciis) meSveobiT, aseve winasakonsultacio
Sexvedrebis institucionalizaciisa (anu praqtikaSi cnobili „Cumi“ molaparakebebis
sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi gadatanisa) da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogado-
ebis CarTulobis gafarToebis gziT. is, erTi mxriv, xels uwyobs aRsrulebis gamarti-
vebas, xolo, meore mxriv, exmareba dainteresebul mxares swori samarTlebrivi Sexe-
dulebisa da perspeqtivebis CamoyalibebaSi.
garemos dacvis (da zogadad administraciuli) samarTlis modernizaciis mniS-
vnelovani strategia aseve deregulirebaa, romelic gulisxmobs arsebuli samarTleb-
rivi normebisa da regulaciebis Semcirebas.38 aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad deregulirebis
egidiT ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi ufro met normas da rTul re-
gulaciur struqturebs moiTxovs,39 rac ufro reregulirebis dogmatur cnebebSi mo-
iazreba.40 amis sapirispirod, deregulireba niSnavs „saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis
Tavidan acilebas, Semcirebas an Semsubuqebas, saxelmwifoebrivi monopoliis akrZal-
35
36
Kloepfer M., Umweltrecht, München, 2004, 198.
37
Lübbe-Wolff G., Instrumente des Umweltrechts, NVwZ, 2001, 491 f.
38
Sdr. Ronellenfitsch M., Selbsverantwortung und Deregulierung, Berlin, 1997, 40.
39
amis klasikuri magaliTia 1996 wels germaniaSi ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo
cvlileba samSeneblo kanonmdeblobis sferoSi, romelic exeboda SetyobinebasTan da
garkveul samSeneblo proeqtebTan dakavSirebuli sajaro uflebamosilebis eqsperte-
bisaTvis gadacemis sakiTxebs, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia represiuli saxelmwi-
foebrivi kontrolis gaZliereba. msgavsi SemTxvevaa saqarTveloSi 2010 wels mexuTe
kategoriis samSeneblo obieqtebze saxelmwifoebrivi zedamxedvelobis privatizacia,
romelmac mogvianebiT saxelmwifos uxeSi Carevis aucilebloba moiTxova am sferoSi.
40
114
vas da Tavisufal konkurenciaSi sxvagvari Carevis daZlevas“.41 aqve, deregulireba ar

aris umtkivneulo procesi. mis mier Seqmnili Tavisufali sivrce zrdis sxvadasxva
riskebs (magaliTad, riskebs, romelic warmoiSoba lavirebadi wesebis Seqmnis Sede-
gad, aseve riskebs, romelic dakavSirebulia materialuri moTxovnebisa da sxvadasxva
standartebis Sesrulebaze kontrolis SesustebasTan da a.S.).
wina SemTxvevebTan SedarebiT, administraciul samarTalSi yvelaze mZlavri ino-
vaciurobis SesaZleblobas qmnis regulirebaSi bazris Zalis gaTvaliswineba, anu ad-
ministraciuli samarTlebrivi wesrigis ekonomizireba.42 is, rogorc arapirdapiri
regulirebis instrumenti, mowodebulia normis adresatebis ekonomikuri interesebi
gamoiyenos efeqturi da qmediTi mowesrigebis miRwevis saqmeSi.43 misi mizania (gansakuT-
rebiT garemos dacvis globalizaciis Sedegad) wesrigis samarTalSi Seqmnili aRsru-
lebis deficitis aRmofxvra da regulirebis sistemis fleqsibiluroba gadasaxadebis,
finansuri pasuxismgeblobisa da garemos sargeblobis sertifikatiT vaWrobis instru-
mentebis meSveobiT.44 amasTan garemos dacvis (sanebarTvo) samarTalSi ekonomizirebis
tendenciam ar unda Secvalos ZiriTadi substancia.45 klasikuri wesrigis samarTlis
daaxloebiT 40-wlianma ganviTarebam naTlad aCvena misi mniSvneloba atmosferuli ha-
eris, wylisa da narCenebis dacvis sferoSi.46 amis paralelurad istoriuli magaliTebi
miuTiTebs aseve miwaSi, zRvasa da gruntis wylebSi saSiSi nivTierebebis Sedegad gamow-
veuli Sedegebis aRmofxvris sirTuleebze, romelic imaze met energias moixmars, vid-
re misi prevenciuli dacva.47 am TvalsazrisiT, pirdapiri kontrolis instrumentebis
gauqmeba dauSvebelia, magaliTad, SO2 gafrqvevebze (romelic adamianis janmrTeloba-
ze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens), roca aseTi ram (anu ekonomizireba) dasaSvebia CO2 tipis
dabinZurebasTan mimarTebiT (romelsac lokalur garemoze zemoqmedebis unari ar ga-
aCnia). am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdeblis mizania kontrolis Tanazomieri modelebis Seqmna48
sajaro amocanebis im farglebSi, romlis Sesrulebis savaldebulobaze konstitucia
Tavad saxelmwifos miuTiTebs.49 aRsaniSnavia, rom evrogaerTianebis wevr saxelmwifoe-
bis garemos dacvis samarTali am mxriv mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdis.50
41
Stober R., Rückzug des Staates im Wirtschaftsverwaltungsrecht, 1997, 1. f.
42
Wasmeier M., Marktfähige Emissionslizenzen, NuR, 1992, S. 219 ff.; Knopp L.,Piroch I., Umweltschutz und
Wirtschaftskrise, ZUR 2009, 410 ff.
43
Lübbe-Wolff G., Instrumente des Umweltrechts, NVwZ, 2001, 485.
44
Wustlich G., Ökonomisierung im Umweltrecht, ZUR, 2009, 517 ff.
45
Sdr. Wahl R., Das deutsches Genehmigungsrecht, in: Dolbe (Hrsg.), Umweltrecht im Wandel, Berlin, 2001,
244.
46
Lübbe-Wolff G., Instrumente des Umweltrechts, NVwZ, 2001, 485.
47
iqve.
48
Sdr. Voßkuhle A., Gesetzgeberische Regelungsstrategien, in: Schuppert (Hrsg.), Jenseits von Privatisierungs
und „schlankem“ Staat, Baden-Baden, 1999, 47 ff.; gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sanebarTvo
kontrolis ekvivalenturi modelebis gansazRvra relevanturi saqmianobebis zemoqme-
debis masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
49
Voßkuhle A., Gesetzgeberische Regelungsstrategien, in: Schuppert (Hrsg.), Jenseits von Privatisierungs und
„schlankem“ Staat, Baden-Baden, 1999, 57.
50
am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia emisiebis sertifikatiT vaWrobisa
(2003/87/EG) da ekoauditis (1221/2009/EG –EMAS III) Sesaxeb evrogaerTianebis direqtive-
bis gavlena nacionalur samarTalze.
115
5.saqarTvelos garemos dacvis samarTlis modernizaciis

Taviseburebebi
(sanebarTvo samarTlis magaliTze)
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi 2005 wlidan sanebarTvo samarTli Zireulad

gadaisinja. amis mTavari mizezi „garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvas daqvemdebarebuli
saqmianobebis optimizacia“51 iyo, rac, Tavis mxriv, emyareboda saqarTvelos axalgaz-
rda saxelmwifos ideologiur safuZvels – „ekonomikur liberalizms“52 da „ubralod
saxelmwifos mxridan regulirebis meqanizmebis gauqmebaSi gamoixateboda“,53 rasac Ta-
namedrove iurisprudencia skeptikurad uyurebs:
– am mxriv Tanamedrove konstituciuri samarTali kritikulad ganixilavs e.w.
„veluri liberalizmis“ gavlenas samarTlebriv wesrigze.54 garemos dacvis
samarTlis filosofia, adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa multipola-
ruli aspeqtebi da riskebis sazogadoeba „liberalizmisa da kalvianizmis“
ideologias qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis
mTavar Semaferxebel garemoebad miiCnevs.55 jer kidev ernst forsthofi
saxelmwifos, romelic arsebobda industriuli sazogadoebis epoqaSi, axa-
siaTebs rogorc teqnikuri da socialuri „realizaciis“ zRvardaudebeli
procesebis msxverpls, sadac absoluturi prioriteti ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebaa da sadac saxelmwifo ganicdis mudmiv dauZlurebas, ris gamoc is ver
asrulebs mis winaSe mdgar amocanebs.56
– gareda amisa, samarTlis liberalizacia xSir SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeba
kooperacionalizaciisa da aqceptabelurobis principebs. rogorc cnobi-
lia, samarTlis kooperacionalizacia ZiriTadad emyareba administraciul
warmoebaSi monawile mxareebs Soris horizontalur urTierTobebs.57 admi-
nistraciul samarTalSi misi Sinaarsi umTavresad sanebarTvo kontrolis
meqanizmebSia integrirebuli.58 saqarTveloSi sanebarTvo valdebulebas
daqvemdebarebuli saqmianobebis „optimizaciis“ samarTlebrivi analizi ki
cxadyofs, rom man saxelmwifos, investorsa da mesame pirebs Soris koopera-
ciuli TanamSromlobis SesaZlebloba SezRuda im farglebSi, ra fargleb-
Sic ganxorcielda deregulireba, ramac mowesrigebis sistemas daukarga
51
ix. „garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis proeqtis ganmarte-
biTi baraTis „a“ punqtis „a.a.“ qvepunqti.
52
deregulirebis ekonomikuri analizi ix. Papava V., Georgian Economy (Mistakes, Threats and
Resolutions), in: Crisis in Georgia, Tb., 2009, 24-34.
53
xaduri n., ekonomikuri sistema saqarTveloSi, wignSi: ekonomikis problemebis kvlevis
centri (gamomcemeli), vuaxlovdebiT evropas? Tb., 2010, 91.
54
ix. Ekard E., Zukunft in Freiheit, Leipzig, 2004.
55
ix. Ekard E., Zukunft in Freiheit, Leipzig, 2004, 12 ff.
56
Forsthoff E., Staat der Industriegeselschaft, München, 1971, 30 ff., 47, 164: „dRevandeli socialuri
yofis cecxlovani birTvi ukve ara saxelmwifo, aramed industriuli sazogadoebaa“.
57
Treutner E., Verhandlungsstaat oder kooperativer Staat?, München,1999, 9 ff.
58
ix. Bohne E., Der informale Rechtsstaat, Berlin, 1981, 20 ff.
116
aqceptabelurobis unari.59 saqme isaa, rom ramdenadac kompleqsur garemo-

ebebSi sanebarTvo warmoeba multipolaruli interesebis matareblebs So-
ris komunikaciis erTaderTi saSualebaa,60 amdenad am rgolis gauqmebiT es
urTierTobac gawyda: investori raime mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri proeqtis
ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifosTan ar imyofeba dialogis reJimSi, rac sa-
zogadoebis informirebis valdebulebasac ar warmoSobs.61 Sesabamisad, es
iwvevs gaucxoebas da investori SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes imave saxelmwifos
retrospeqtiuli intervenciis an kerZosamarTlebrivi saCivrebis msxver-
pli, rac qmnis arastabilur samoRvaweo garemos.
iuridiuli meTodologiis TvalsazrisiT, „axali administraciuli samarTlis
mecnierebis“ warmomadgenlebi,62 romlebic muSaoben administraciuli samarTlis mo-
dernizaciis sakiTxebze, calsaxad miuTiTeben samarTlis im dogmaturi kategorie-
bis mniSvnelobaze, romlis eWvqveS dayeneba yvelanairi safuZvliT gaumarTebelia. am
mxriv, literaturaSi gansakuTrebiT miuTiTeben administraciulsamarTlebrivi aq-
tis sistemur mniSvnelobaze (igulisxmeba stabilizaciisa da kontrolis funqciebi),
romlis gareSec warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove sajaro mmarTveloba.63 amitom, Tana-
medrove administraciuli samarTlis mecniereba miuTiTebs administraciuli samar-
Tlis modernizaciis sxva faqtorebze (mag., gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sida procedu-
ris srulyofa, administraciuli xarjebis Semcireba, aqcentireba organizaciuli da
personaluri faqtorebisadmi da a.S.).64 am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos garemos dacvis
samarTlis modernizaciis procesi ganviTarda calmxrivi mimarTulebiT ise, rom gaT-
valiswinebuli ar yofila alternatiuli samarTlebrivi saSualebebi (gansakuTrebiT
safexurovani sanebarTvo warmoeba,65 nebayoflobiTi monawileoba ekoauditSi,66 imisi-
ebis sertifikatiT vaWroba67 da sxva).68 sxva sityvebiT, saqarTvelos moqmedi garemos
59
administraciuli procesi rogorc aqceptabelurobis saSualeba, ix. Würtenberger Th.,
Akzeptanz durch Verwaltungsverfahren, NJW, 1991, 257 ff.
60
ix. Bohne E., Der informale Rechtsstaat, Berlin, 1981, 20 ff.
61
aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniaSia sanebarTvo samarTlis gamartivebis mizniT Seqmnili (e.w.
Slixteris) komisiis mTavari mizani investiciebis iseTnairi waxaliseba iyo, rom ar Se-
laxuliyo „mesame pirebisa da sazogadoebis“ interesebi, aseve zogadad „sanebarTvo
samarTlis substancia“, ix. Bullinger M., Investitionsförderung, JZ, 1994, 1129, 1131; Schlichter O.,
Investitionsförderung durch flexible Genehmigungsverfahren, DVBl, 1995, 174 ff.
62
germaniaSi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia eberhard Smidt-asmani, volfgang hofman-raini,
gunar falke Superti, roman loezeri, martin aiferti, hans-hainrix trute, ix. Biermann,
Verwaltungsmodernisierung, 2011, 62.
63
ix. Biermann H., Verwaltungsmodernisierung, Berlin, 2011, 63.
64
iqve, 64.
65
aRsaniSnavia, rom safexurovani warmoeba dadgenilia saqarTvelos samSeneblo kanon-
mdeblobaSi.
66
am instrumentis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. Schmidt-Preuß M., Steuerung durch Organisation, DÖV,
2001, 45 ff.
67
am instrumentis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. Rostock M., Treibhausgasemissionshandelssysteme in den
USA und Optionen des Linking mit dem EU-Emissionshandel, Norderstadt, 2010, 12 ff.
68
mag., ekoaudutTan dakavSirebiT samarTlebrivi regulirebis problemebi saqarTvelo-
Si, ix. vinteri g., turava p., yaliCava k., saqarTvelos garemos dacvis samarTlis zogadi
normebis analizi da Sefaseba, Tb., 2010, 124, 132.
117
dacvis kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs iseT SesaZleblobas, riTac is mxolod kon-

kretul SemTxvevebSi gaamartivebda sanebarTvo warmoebis formas da regulirebis
moments gadaitanda saxelmwifosa da mewarmes Soris TanamSromlobis gansxvavebul
formaSi. Sesabamisad, deregulirebis procesi, romlis mizansac saqarTveloSi ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis waxaliseba warmoadgenda, investiciis samarTlebrivi usafrTxo-
ebis TvalsazrisiT, realur mizans ver aRwevs, xolo Sinaarsobrivad is radikalurad
upirispirdeba sajaro mmarTvelobis modernizaciis ideas.
6. saqarTvelos garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis evropeizaciis

perspeqtivebi
cxadia, rom evrogaerTianebis wevri qveynebis garemos dacvis samarTlis refor-

mis erT-erTi mTavari impulsi am sferos „evropeizaciaa“.69 es procesebi motivire-
bulia rogorc evrokavSiris kompetenciiTa da gavleniT (garemos dacvis) erovnul
samarTlebriv sistemaze70, ise moZvelebuli regulaciebis aRmofxvris surviliT sa-
kuTriv Sidapolitikur doneze.71 evropuli samarTlis gansakuTrebuli mimzidveloba
garemos dacvis samarTlis tradiciuli institutebis Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebaa. Ziri-
Tadad saubaria samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis (kanonieri ndobis) axleburad gaazre-
baze. am mxriv, evropuli samarTali, individualur interesebTan SedarebiT, calsaxa
upiratesobas aniWebs saerTo interesebs.72 garda amisa, evropuli samarTali qmnis axa-
li gamowvevebis mimarT inovaciuri da konceptualuri reagirebis farTo SesaZleb-
lobas, rac araorazrovnad gamomdinareobs garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisa da in-
tegrirebuli kontrolis evropuli instrumentebidan.73 amasTan, administraciuli
samarTlis reforma, evropuri samarTlis gagebiT, ar niSnavs regulaciebis gauqmebas.
niSandoblivia, rom axali instrumentebis daaxloebiT 80% garemos dacvis samarTlis
sferoSi, romelic miRebulia evrokavSiris mier, wminda wesrigis samarTlebriv xasi-
69
Scheuing D., Europarechtliche Impulse, in: Hoffmann-Riem W.,Scmidt-Aßmann E. (Hrsg.), Innovation und
Flexibilität des Verwaltungshandelns, Baden-Baden, 1994, 289 ff.; garemos dacva rogorc evrogaer-
Tianebis mizani da garemos dacvis evropuli politikis ZiriTadi principebi, ix. Schrö-
der M. Umeltschutz als Gemeinschaftsziel und Grundsätze des Umweltschutzes, in: Rengeling H.W. (Hrsg.),
EUDUR, München, 1998, Bd. I, 181 ff.
70
mag., ix. Calliess Ch., Die Umweltkompetenzen der EG, ZUR, 2003, 129 ff.
71
Sdr. Wahl R., Das deutsches Genehmigungsrecht, in: Dolbe (Hrsg.), Umweltrecht im Wandel, Berlin, 2001,
248.
72
Sdr. EuGH, Urteil vom 20.9.1990, Rz. 5/89, Slg. 1990-I, 3473, miT.: Voßkuhle A., „Schlüsselbegriffe“ der
Verwaltungsrechtsreform, VerwArch, 2001, 192; germanul samarTalSi es transformaciuli
cvlileba cnobilia sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis gagebasTan mimarTebiT konsti-
tuciursamarTlebrivi paradigmebis cvlilebis konteqstSi. mis mixedviT, amerikuli
konstitucionalizmis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli „pursuit of happiness“ individualizebuli
keTildReobis koncefcia unda Secvalos „pursuit of survival“-is axalma filosofiam, rom-
lis mizania uzenaesi koleqtiuri sikeTis saxiT adamianis eqsistenciuri bunebrivi
sacxovrisi safuZvlebis gadarCena, ix. Schneider H.P., Vom Wandel staatlicher Verantwortung, in:
Hesse,Zöpel (Hrsg.), Der Staat der Zukunft, Baden-Baden, 1990, 127, 142.
73
118
aTs atarebs.74 misi mizania Tanamedrove samecniero-teqnikuri ganviTareba, romelic

iwvevs ekocentrul da anTropogenul safrTxeebs, moaqcios mkacr samarTlebriv Car-
CoebSi, rac adgens garemos dacvis samarTlis gavrcelebis paradigmul farglebs.75
saqarTvelos garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi anali-
zi evrogaerTianebis garemos dacvis samarTalTan cxadad miuTiTebs im fundamentur
Seusabamobebze76, romelic arsebobs am or sistemas Soris. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
miswrafeba, garemos dacvis kanonmdebloba etapobrivad miuaxlovdes evrogaerTiane-
bis samarTlebriv principebs, calsaxaa.77 es moiTxovs sakmaod Sromatevadi samuSaoe-
bis ganxorcielebas, romelSic aqtiurad unda CaerTos politikuri instituciebi, ad-
ministraciuli resursebi, aseve sxvadasxva dainteresebuli da saeqsperto jgufebi.
7. daskvna
saqarTveloSi garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis reformis aucileblobas gan-

sazRvravs is arsebuli samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, romelic Seiqmna am sferos e.w.
„optimizaciisa“ da „radikaluri deregulirebis“ Sedegad. rogorc aRiniSna, es re-
forma ar Seesabameba Tanamedrove garemos dacvis samarTalSi aRiarebul (mag., insti-
tuciuri kooperacionalizaciis, aqceptabelurobisa da integrirebuli kontrolis
koncefciis) fundamentur principebs. am mdgomareobis gamosworeba ki damokidebulia
ramdenime faqtorze: wminda formaluri midgomiT am sferoSi moqmedi kanonmdeblo-
bis sistemuri srulyofa SesaZlebelia yovlismomcveli kodifikaciiT an satelituri
modelis gziT. amasTan, rogorc aRiniSna, kodifikaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli upira-
tesoba, aseve saqarTvelos saxelmwifos miswrafeba, moaxdinos garemos dacvis moq-
medi kanonmdeblobis sistemuri daxvewa, calsaxad miuTiTebs am procesis kodeqsis
farglebSi ukeT ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebze. sxva SemTxvevaSi, arCeuli unda iqnes
minimum satelituri modeli. Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT ki gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iyos garemos dacvis samarTlis modernizaciis rogorc miznobrivi, ise modaluri „ga-
saRebi cnebebi“, xolo regulirebis instrumentebi unda qmnides fleqsibilurobis,
lavirebisa da sxvadasxva (ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri) interesebis er-
TmaneTTan Sejerebis SesaZleblobas.
74
Holzinger K., Knill Ch., Schäfer A., Steuerungswandel in der europäischen Umweltpolitik? in: Holzinger.,
Knill., Lehmkuhl (Hrsg.), Politische Steuerung im Wandel, Opladen, 2003, 103. wesrigis samarTlis
mniSvneloba evropaSi gansakuTrebiT ganpirobebulia erTiani Sida bazarSi saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis Tavisufali brunviT, rac garantirebulia 2009 wlis lisabonis xelSe-
krulebis (V) 26-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT. am TvalsazrisiT garemos dacvis sferoSi miRe-
bul nacionalur gadawyvetilebas SesaZlebelia mieniWos transsasazRvro mniSvneloba
evropis gaerTianebis masStabiT, ix. Ruffert M., Der transnationale Verwaltunksakt, DV, 2001, 463.
75
Holzinger K., Knill Ch., Schäfer A., Steuerungswandel in der europäischen Umweltpolitik? in: Holzinger.,
Knill., Lehmkuhl (Hrsg.), Politische Steuerung im Wandel, Opladen, 2003, 103.
76
dawvr. ix. vinteri g., turava p., yaliCava k., saqarTvelos garemos dacvis samarTlis zoga-
di normebis analizi da Sefaseba (nebarTvebis sistema, garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba,
zianis prevencia da anazRaureba, garemos dagegmva da ekoauditi), Tb., 2010. vinteri g.,
xuWua n., saqarTvelos garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis analizi da Sefaseba (tyis re-
sursebi, daculi teritoriebi da saxeobaTa dacva), Tb., 2010.
77
ix. me-17 sqolio.
119
giorgi maxarobliSvili*
M&A-is konstruqciuli efeqti saaqcio sazogadoebaze
1. Sesavali
struqturuli cvlilebis ganxorcielebis safuZvlad, SeZena/Serwymis SerCevis

meTodur bazisad maTi kompleqsuroba, kombinaciaTa nairsaxeoba da specifikuri sa-
korporacio/sagadasaxado sawyisebi iqca. SeZena/Serwymis strategiaTa gamoyenebiT
ss-is struqturul elementebSi cvlilebebis preskrifcia da posttranzaqciuli Se-
degi sxvadasxva samarTlebriv elements Seicavs. restruqturizaciis motivi inheren-
tis gare samarTlebrivi urTierTobis, axali/damatebiTi investiciis mozidvis an ka-
pitalis diversificirebuli portfolios Seqmnis gzebis Ziebis dawyebis safuZvels
warmoadgens. tranzaqciis motivatori kombinaciis Sedegis sinergiuli efeqtis per-
speqtiuli xedvaa. sinergizmis miReba SeZenis, anu ekonomikuri rentabelobis samar-
Tlebriv meTodTa, SesaZleblobaTa da industriul-geografiuli arealis konsoli-
daciiT miiRweva. kompaniis mier sinergizmis, korporaciisa da aqcionerTa keTildRe-
obis zrdis miRwevisken mimaval gzaze ss-is strategiul da organizaciul elementTa
cvlilebis gareSe miznis miRweva utopiuria. struqturul elementTa cvlileba kor-
poraciaTa aqtivobis panoramuli realobis amsaxvelia.
ss-ze SeZena/Serwymis konstruqciuli efeqtis samizne katalogi moicavs iseT sa-
kiTxebs, rogoricaa reorganizebul sazogadoebaSi aqcionerTa uflebebi, maTi dacvis
generaluri strategiebi, menejmentis struqtura da rekonstruqciis Sedegad Camoya-
libebuli kompaniis posttranzaqciuli mdgomareoba. swori sistemuri midgomisTvis,
maTi, rogorc korporaciuli kombinaciis SedegTa ganxilva, seqciurad gancalkevebu-
rad unda Sesruldes.
2. ss-is konstruqciuli cvlilebis Semadgenloba
korporaciis struqturuli fenomenologia es aris misi kompleqsuri konstruq-

ciis mqone mravalwaxnagian elementTa idealtipur interaqciaTa korporaciulsa-
marTlebrivi da ekonomikur-marketinguli dualisturi xasiaTis difuziur urTi-
erTkavSirTa Seracxva samewarmeo urTierTobad. urTierTqmedebaTa gaaqtiurebas
organizaciuli gardaqmnis praqticireba udevs safuZvlad. kapitalis marTvis orga-
nizaciuli meTodis1 sistemurad fundamentur cvlilebebs Soris2 reorganizacia `xe-
lovnuri qmnilebis ekonomikuri TamaSis~ bolo `svlas~ warmoadgens.3 reorganizaciis
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori, sakorporacio, sa-

banko da ekonomikuri samarTlis institutis wevri.
1
ekonomistebi korporacias sawarmos marTvis òrganizaciul meTods~ uwodeben. ix. Pos-
ner R., The Economic Analysis of Law, Boston, 2007, 409.
2
Palmiter A., Corporations, USA, 2006, 591-627.
3
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 661.
120
g. maxarobliSvili, M&A-is konstruqciuli efeqti saaqcio sazogadoebaze
safuZvelTa Soris SeZena/Serwyma klasikuri SemTxvevaa im martivi mizezis gamo, rom

korporaciuli kombinaciebis es saxeebi (maTi nawili) reorganizaciuli4 tranzaqcie-
bia.5 isini Tavad warmoadgenen reorganizacias.6
reorganizacia, mimdinare statiis miznebisTvis, farTo cnebiT kategoriad gamo-
iyeneba. is SesaZlebelia ganimartos ramdenime ZiriTad ganStoebad. pirveli sveti, pi-
robiTad, korporaciis, rogorc samarTalsubieqtis, tipologiur, organizaciul da
substanciur gardaqmnas moicavs. tipologiuri konversia, es aris erTi samarTlebri-
vi formis SigniT hipoTeturad arsebul subtipTa Secvla - erTis meoreTi da meoris
– pirveliT (`daxuruli~ ss `Ria~ ss-ad da piriqiT). organizaciuli gardaqmna gulis-
xmobs samarTlebrivi formis cvlilebas, rodesac samizne sazogadoebis samarTleb-
rivi formiT organizebulad, ekonomikuri berketebis gamoyenebiT, marTuli koncen-
trirebuli kapitali marTvis samarTlebriv formas kapitalis ekonomikuri brunvis
uwyvetobis reJimSi icvlis. rac Seexeba substanciur gardaqmnas, is samewarmeo saqmi-
anobis redireqtirebas aRwers. es ukanaskneli vertikaluri da konglomerirebuli
Serwymis Sinaarsobriv definicias emTxveva.
meore ganzomileba pirvel svetSi arsebuli gardaqmnis procesis SedegTa korpo-
raciis mesakuTris (aqcioneris) uflebebze asaxviT formirdeba. aqcionerebi or qve-
kategoriad klasificirdebian: sakontrolo paketis mqone da disident aqcionerad.7
pirobiTi diagramis meore svetis subtipi posttranzaqciuli kapitalis struqturis
mocemulobaa. saerTo jamSi, meore ganzomilebis ganxilvis sagani aqcionerTa da kapi-
talis struqturis, rogorc M&A-is integrirebis Sedegis, samarTlebrivi mdgomare-
obis analizia.
mesame ganzomilebis koncefcia kombinaciaSi monawile kompaniaTa menejmentis
rotaciis sakiTxebis analitikuri gaazrebaa. misi arsis srulad wvdomis gasaRebi mene-
jeruli uflebamosilebis mqone pirTa tranzaqciul kompetenciaTa deduqciuri ana-
lizia. kompetencia farTo gagebiT unda ganimartos. masSi, sxva uflebamosilebebTan
erTad, valdebulebaTa mTeli wyeba moiazreba.8
zemoT aRniSnuli korporaciis konstruqciuli cvlilebis safuZvelTa deta-
lizacias exeba. sazogadoebis struqturul elementebze SeZena/Serwyma, organizaci-
uli cvlilebis garda, konkretul SemTxvevebSi, `cvlilebis~ antonims, likvidacias
warmoSobs. likvidaciis cvlilebasTan kontrasti organizaciulobis nebayoflobiTi
terminaciaa. korporaciul kombinaciaSi is SeZenis integrirebis dasrulebis bolo
safexurze ganxorcielebadi qmedebaa, romelic bolo saxis fundamentur `cvlileba-
Ta~, ufro sworad, konstruqciul cvlilebaTa kategorias ganekuTvneba.9
4
Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 546-548.
5
Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 450.
6
ix. Federal Income Tax, Code and Regulations, (edit. Dickinson), USA, 2012-2013, 341. mewarmeTa Ses-
axeb kanonis me-144 muxli.
7
Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 325-347, 360-
370.
8
magaliTad, fiduciuri valdebulebebi. ix. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations,
3th ed., vol. 4, USA, 2010, 119-124.
9
Hamilton R., Freer R., The law of Corporations, 6th ed., USA, 2011, 398.
121
3. reorganizaciuli rangis restruqturizacia
3.1. organizaciuli konversia
ss-is struqturul elementTa posttranzaqciuli mdgomareoba tranzaqciis sa-

xeobaTa cvlasTan erTad lavirebs. ss-is strategiuli rekonstruqciis stigma orga-
nizaciul-samarTlebrivi formisa da funqcionalurobis cvlilebaa.
zogadad, `reorganizacia~ axlis Seqmnis qmedebas an process aRniSnavs.10 is SeiZ-
leba moicavdes axali korporaciis daarsebas an arsebulSi mesakuTreTa struqturisa
da menejmentis Secvlas imave an sxva saxelwodebiT saqmianobis gagrZelebis perspeq-
tiviT. mewarme subieqtisTvis organizaciuli konversia normatiulad gansazRvruli
samarTlebrivi formis Secvlas gulisxmobs. organizaciuli cvlilebis Sesrulebis
dawyebis safuZveli nebayoflobiTi xasiaTis matarebelia.11 mis safuZvlad M&A mxo-
lod substraqciulad rangirdeba. korporaciul kombinaciaTa klasobrivi mocemulo-
bidan, ss-is, rogorc samarTalsubieqtis gardaqmnas, molaparakebadaqvemdebarebuli,
igive, kontrolirebadi tranzaqcia udevs safuZvlad.12 korporaciis sruli qonebrivi
da wilobrivi SeZena, Serwyma da konsolidacia aseTi tipis tranzaqciebia.13 magram ra
kavSiria ss-is samarTlebrivi formis konversiasa da SeZenis specifikur strategiaTa
Soris da rogor generirdeba misgan organizaciuli formis Secvla?!
maT Soris kavSiris dadgenis xazi nebis avtonomiurobis pratikuli realizebis
SesaZleblobis normatiul deklarirebaze gadis.14 tranzaqciis dadebis nebayoflo-
biTi xasiaTi reorganizaciis Sesrulebis winare elements warmoadgens. Serwymisa da
konsolidaciis ganxorcielebis avtorizeba tranzaqciaSi monawile orive kompaniis
aqcionerTa saerTo krebis kompetenciaa.15 subieqtTa simravle da interestTa sxvadas-
xvaoba tranzaqciis dualistur bunebas gansazRvravs. SeTanxmebaze molaparakebebi
orive kompaniis menejments Soris mimdinareobs, romelTa (menejmentis) uflebamosi-
lebis quo warranto xasiaTs aqcionerebi saerTo krebis dadebiTi gadawyvetilebiT gan-
sazRvraven. SemZeni korporaciis aqcionerTa kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT miRe-
buli gadawyvetileba maSin aris saWiro, Tu tranzaqcia wesdebaSi cvlilebas iwvevs, an
SeTanxmebis Sesasruleblad ganTavsebul aqciaTa damatebiT 20%-is(iT) gacema/gazrda
uwevs.16 kerZod, Sedegebi subieqtebTan erTad diferencirdeba. Tu tranzaqcia mimaer-
Tebeli sazogadoebis wesdebis cvlilebas ar iwvevs,17 Serwymis tranzaqcia, `gadarCe-
10
Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 546.
11
12
Sdr. Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 16-19.
13
Rock H., Kanda K., Kraakman R., Significant Corporate Actions, Oxford, 2009, 141.
14
igulisxmeba kontrolirebadi tranzaqciis dadebis avtorizireba aqcionerTa saerTo
krebis mxridan da reorganizaciis nebayoflobiTi dawyebis sakanonmdeblo daTqmis ar-
seboba. ix. Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 325,
555-562. Sead. Rock, Kanda, Kraakman, Significant Corporate Actions, 2009, P. 133-145. aseve, ix. me-
warmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni, me-14, me-144 muxlebi da 54-e muxlis me-6 punqtis (b) qvepunqti.
15
Rock H., Kanda K., Kraakman R., Significant Corporate Actions, Oxford, 2009, 134.
16
17
Sdr. Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 60-61.
122
nili~ kompaniisTvis fundamenturi cvlilebis gamomwvev faqtorad ar miiCneva.18 mag-

ram, Tu Serwymis procesualuri Sesrulebisas SemZeni kompaniis sawesdebo cvlilebis
Setanas ganapirobebs, maSin aseTi tranzaqcia aSS-Si fundamenturi cvlilebis saxeo-
bas warmoadgens.19 aseT etapze, korporaciuli kombinacia, arapirdapir, fundamentu-
ri cvlilebis safuZvelia, magram is organizaciul konversias ar ganapirobebs, ramde-
nadac sawesdebo cvlileba damatebiTi aqciebis avtorizebis Sesaxeb xorcieldeba.
sapirispiro Sedegi dgeba samizne korporaciisTvis. Serwymis Sedegad misi qo-
neba, likvidaciis gareSe, anu kapitalis uwyveti ekonomikuri xazis SenarCunebis pi-
robebSi,20 marTvis samarTlebriv formas icvlis, romlis aqcionerebi mimaerTebeli
korporaciis aqcionerebi xdebian, xolo qonebrivi sikeTe transferirdeba ekvaieri
kompaniis balansze.21 organizaciuli konversia sakanonmdeblo normebiT dadgenili
saregistracio monacemTa bazaSi saTanado cvlilebebis Setanis Semdgom iZens iuri-
diulad mboWav sajaro xasiaTs.22
SeZena/Serwymis samarTlebrivi efeqti ss-ze, rogor erTian konstruqciaze, ra
Tqma unda, erTsaxovani ar aris. korporaciis fuliT an qonebrivad nawilobrivi SeZe-
nisas, romelic oretapian tranzaqciul garigebad ar iyo Tavidanve dasaxuli da qo-
nebis/wilis substanciuri nawilis SeZenas ar mosdevs samizne sazogadoebis Serwyma,
samarTlebrivi formis cvalebadoba ar xdeba.23 msgavsi SedegiT24 sruldeba samkuTxa
Serwyma, rodesac tranzaqciis miznebisTvis dafuZnebuli korporacia ganagZobs arse-
bobas (pirdapiri samkuTxa Serwyma) an uerTdeba samizne kompanias (reversuli samkuTxa
Serwyma). ekvaieris subsidiaris daarseba da misi rekonstruqcia SemZeni sazogadoebis
organizaciul konversias ar iwvevs. amasTan, Tu forvarduli samkuTxa Serwymaa saxe-
ze, samizne sazogadoebis organizaciuli formis gardaqmna xdeba, romelic SemZenis
subsidiaris samarTlebrivi formiT ganagrZobs samewarmeo saqmianobas. mis sapirwo-
ned, Tu samizne sazogadoeba tranzaqciidan `gadarCenili~ gamodis, samarTlebrivi
formis rekonstruqcia ar xdeba, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca ekvaieri samizne ss-is Ser-
wymis Sesaxeb iRebs gadawyvetilebas.25
18
M.B.C.A. §11.04(g), Official Comment, USA, 2009. Sead. Rock H., Kanda K., Kraakman R., Significant
Corporate Actions, Oxford, 2009, 135.
19
Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 4, New York, 2010, 260.
20
21
Cox J., Hazen T., Business Organizations Law, 3th ed., New York, 2011, 610-622.
22
ix. saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris 2009 wlis 31 dekembris brZaneba 241 `mewarmeTa
da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pirTa registraciis Sesaxeb~ instruqciis
damtkicebis Taobaze, me-11 muxlis me-12 punqti.
23
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 692-695, 701-703.
24
identuri Sedegi dgeba aqcionerTa da sasesxo fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelTa an kred-
itorTa Soris nebis avtonomiurobis sawyisebze dadebuli ijaris xelSekrulebisas,
rodesac korporacia mTel Tavis qonebas axlad Seqmnil kompanias gadascems. qonebis
gadamcemi korporacia samarTalsubieqtobas inarCunebs, xolo xelSekrulebis mizneb-
isTvis axlad dafuZnebuli kompaniis erTaderT aqtivs gadacemuli qoneba warmoadges.
es, qonebrivi SeZenis msgavsebis paralelurad, mas Serwymisa da konsolidaciisgan ga-
nasxvavebs. ix. Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008,
562-564.
25
FletcherW., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 552-554.
123
organizaciuli formis Secvlis fundamenturi cvlileba wyvets reorganizebu-

li korporaciis Seqmnis originalur `nexus of contracts~ urTierTobas. `saxelSekrule-
bo erTianobis~ metafora unikalur urTierTobas aRwers, romelic aqcionerTa an/da
aqcionerTa da korporacias Soris Camoyalibda.26 organizaciuli konversia korpora-
ciis dafuZnebiTsamarTlebrivi sawyisebis moSlas ganapirobebs, romlis erTgvari re-
abilitireba Serwymis tranzaqciis mTavar debulebebSi arsebuli daTqmis saSualebiT
xorcieldeba. es daTqma, samizne korporaciis `daTmobis~ sanacvlod, mis aqcionerebs,
ekvaier kompaniaSi xelSekrulebiT SeTanxmebul wilTa gadanawilebas da aqcionerTa
statusi SenarCunebas gulisxmobs. tranzaqcia, Tavis mxriv, valdebulebiTsamarTleb-
riv bunebasTan erTad, korporaciulsamarTlebrivi saxis elementebis matarebelicaa.
organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis Secvla fundamenturi korporaciuli cvlile-
bis saxeobaa, romelic sazogadoebis wesdebasTan erTad `nexus of contracts~ doqtrinalu-
ri metaforis substanciur substrats qmnis.27
mokle daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeZena/Serwymis sazogadoebis orga-
nizaciul konversiad dakvalificireba samizne sazogadoebis partniorTa gaerTiane-
buli kapitalis marTvis samarTlebrivad sxva subieqtis organizaciuli mocemulobis
qveS akumulirebuli qonebis ekonomikuri cirkulirebis uwyveti gadasvlidan gene-
rirdeba. is SeiZleba CaiTvalos organizaciuli gardaqmnis specifikur saxed, sadac,
samarTlebrivi formis Secvlis damkvidrebuli dogmaturi ganmartebisgan gansxvave-
biT, romelic samarTalsubieqtis erTi samarTlebrivi formis alternatiuli formiT
Secvlas gulisxmobs,28 ori an meti mewarme subieqti SeiZleba iyos CarTuli.
3.2. tipologiuri konversia
kapitaluri tipis mewarme subieqtis tipologiuri klasificireba misi dadebiTi

da uaryofiTi segmentebis fardobiTobiT gamoiTvleba. kapitalis mozidvis gamarti-
vebuli gzebis Ziebas korporacia aqciebis gansajaroebul brunvaSi CarTvisken mihyavs.
aqciebis kapitalis organizebul bazarze gatanis proceduruli aqtivobebi sakmaod
Zvirad Rirebulia.29 qmedebebi, romelTa mizania kompaniisTvis sajaro xasiaTis micema,
going concer-is konceptualuri gamovlinebaa.30 korporaciis going concer-is antonimuri
Sinaarsis going private,31 ss-is fundamenturi cvlilebis meTods warmoadgens.32 misi fun-
qciuri utilizireba ramdenime mimarTulebiT xorcieldeba.
26
Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 1, New York, 2010, 150-159.
27
iqve, 262.
28
29
aqciebis listingis Rirebulebas advokatebisTvis/iuridiuli momsaxurebisTvis gasa-
cemi da finansuri dokumentebis uzrunvelyofis, safondo birJis wesebis adaptire-
bisa da sawarmos korporaciuli marTvis SesabamisobaSi moyvanis xarjebi zrdis. aSS-Si
es Rirebuleba 300 000-dan 800 000 aSS-is dolaramde meryeobs. Tumca, masSi sadazRvevo
komitetisTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxa ar Sedis. ix. Haas J., Corporate Finance, New York, 2011, 11-
13.
30
Haas J., Corporate Finance, New York, 2011, 125-127.
31
ix. O’Neals H., Thompson R., Oppression of Minority Shareholders and LLC Members, rev. 2d. ed., USA,
2009, §5.27.
32
Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 4, USA, 2010, 140.
124
pirveli, ekvaieri kompaniis mier samizne sazogadoebis dauflebis oretapiani

strategiis gamoyenebis meore etapze mcire aqcionerTa gaZevebis sistemuri midgo-
mis33 qvesistemur meTodSi aisaxeba.34 aqciaTa gayofasTan, sakuTari aqciebis gamosyid-
visa da rekapitalizaciasTan erTad, is aris organuli cvlileba, romelic kompaniis
tipologiur konversias ganapirobebs.35 is SeiZleba dauflebis bolo stadiaze iqnes
gamoyenebuli.36
oretapiani SeZenis pirveli etapis (satendero SeTavazebis) warmatebiT dasru-
lebis Semdgom, samizne sazogadoebis mcire aqcionerTa gandevna sasesxo dafinansebis
qvesaxeobiT menejmentis mier37 aqciaTa gamosyidvis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. msgavsi
tipis tranzaqcia gansakuTrebuli gaxsnilobis samarTlebriv regulirebas eqvemde-
bareba.38 aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebis bazris wesebis regulirebs qveS39 eqceva delistin-
gisken mimarTuli yvela tranzaqcia, romelic jdeba `tranzaqciis testis~ definici-
aSi da èfeqturi testis~ moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. `testis efeqturoba~ umetes LBO
tranzaqciaSi aisaxeba, ramdenadac is samizne sazogadoebis aqciaTa delistings iw-
vevs.40 `tranzaqciis testi~ moicavs yvela saxis SeZenas, romelic aqciaTa gamTavseblis
an afilirebuli subieqtis mier xorcildeba, anu unda arsebobdes SemZensa da samizne
sazogadoebas Soris sakontrolo urTierTkavSiri imisaTvis, rom tranzaqcia moeqces
SEC 13E-3 wesis regulirebis farglebSi.41,42
delistingis korporaciuli qmedebis sistemuri gamoyenebis meore funqciuri
utilizireba `mtruli~ dauflebis Tavidan acilebis strategiad gamoyenebaa. `mtru-
li~ dauflebis arsi, romelic satendero SeTavazebis gakeTebas kapitalis bazris sa-
SualebiT gulisxmobs, moicavs im aqcionerTa mimarT oferts, romelTa aqciebi kapi-
talis organizebul bazarze listingSia gatarebuli. strategiaSi sajaro aqcionerTa
33
ix. Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 765-779.
34
“going private~ “freeze-out~-is subtipur gamovlinebad ganmarta delaveris sasamarTlom
1977 wels. ix. Lynch v. Vickers Energy Corp., 383 A.2d 278 (Del. 1977).
35
36
Cox J., Hazen T., Business Organizations Law, 3th ed., USA, 2011, 658.
37
Haas J., Corporate Finance, New York, 2011, 662-663.
38
Booth R., Financing the Corporation, USA, 2010, 562.
39
`going private ~ fasiani qaRaldebis bazris regulirebis farglebSi jdeba. aSS-Si misi Ses-
rulebis procedurul imperativizms S.E.C.-is 13E-3 formulirebuli katalogis Sevse-
ba warmoadgens.
40
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol. I, chap. 14, New York, 2000, 19.
41
Oesterle D., Mergers and Acquisitions, USA, 2006, 136.
42
SEC. 13E-3 wess mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi aqvs 13E-3(g)(1)-is saxiT: Tu oretapiani SeZe-
nis satendero SeTavazebas Serwyma mohyveba satendero SeTavazebidan erTi wlis ganma-
vlobaSi, amasTan ekvaieri da samizne kompaniebi ar iyvnen afilirebuli kompaniebi manam,
sanam SeTavazeba dasruldeboda, mcire aqcionerTa mimarT gadasaxdeli `back-end~ Ri-
rebuleba satendero SeTavazebaSi dafiqsirebuli Rirebulebis toli an masze maRalia
an substanciurad imave uflebebis matarebel aqciebs Rebuloben sanacvlod da saten-
dero SeTavazeba Seicavs srul informaciul gaxsnilobas SeZenis miznebis CaTvliT,
rom mas (ekvaiers) surda, meore etapze Serwymis ganxorcieleba, maSin (aRniSnuli piro-
bebis dros) delistingis tranzaqciis Semsrulebels ar moeTxoveba SEC. 13E-3 wesis Se-
vseba. ix. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol. I, chap. 14, USA, 2000, 21; Booth R., Financing
the Corporation, USA, 2010, 566.
125
aqciebis SesyidviT `Ria~ korporaciis `daxurul~ kompaniad gadaqceva moiazreba.43 sa-

jaro aqcionerTa terminacia `raider~ korporacias saSualebas uzRudavs satendero
SeTavazebiT daeuflos samizne kompaniis aqciaTa sakontrolo pakets.44 zemoaRniSnu-
li cxadyofs delistingis strategiis dualistur da atipur bunebas: is SesaZlebelia
gamoyenebul iqnes dauflebis dasrulebis strategiad da, imavdroulad, dauflebis-
gan Tavdacvis meqanizmad.
tipologiuri konversiis ganxorcielebas, delistignis tranzaqciis gamoyene-
bis saSualebiT, mesame funqciuri motivatoric aqvs. rogorc aSS-is federaluri saka-
nonmdeblo regulireba,45 ise mewarmeTa46 da fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb kanoni47
specializebul moTxovnebs awesebs im kompaniisTvis, romelic konkretuli garemoe-
ba/pirobebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg, avtomaturad xdeba sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebis
moqmedebis gavrcelebis subieqti.48 aSS-Si, korporacias, romelsac hyavs 500 an meti aq-
cioneri da aqvs aTi milionis an metis Rirebulebis qoneba, valdebulia daemorCilos
federalur regulirebas da daregistrirdes fasiani qaRaldebis kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisad.49 Tu korporacia akmayofilebs aRniSnul kriteriumebs, man unda moamza-
dos da Seavsos yovelkvartaluri, yovelwliuri da specialuri moxsenebis formebi.50
federaluri kanonmdebloba gansakuTrebuli zedamxedvelobis qveS aqcevs satendero
SeTavazebasa da warmomadgenlis saSualebiT xmis uflebis ganxorcielebis procedu-
rebs. menejmenti an aqcioneri,51 romelic korporaciis nebismieri klasis aqciaTa 10%-
is an metis mflobelia, satendero SeTavazebiT aqciaTa gamosyidvis (MBO) an kontro-
lis Secvlis tranzaqciaSi CarTvis potenciuri Sansisa da zegavlenis prevencirebis
mizniT, valdebuli xdeba federalur imperatiul moTxovnas daemorCilos da awarmo-
os specialuri angariSebis Sevseba da uzrunvelyos maTi moxseneba.52 sazogadoebis mi-
er finansuri moxsenebisa da arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informaciis gaxsnilobis
imperatiul moTxovnaTa daucveloba SeiZleba sasarCelo warmoebisa da aqcionerTa
mxridan, fiduciuri movaleobis darRvevis bazisze, aqciaTa gamosyidvis safuZveli
gaxdes.53 msxvili korporaciisTvis msgavsi sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebis daweseba da
43
Haas J. , Corporate Finance, New York, 2011, 662.
44
Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 913.
45
SEC. Rule 13E-3.
46
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 55-e muxlis pirveli punqti aseT moTxovnad aqcionerTa
raodenabas gansazRvravs: Tu ss-is aqcionerTa raodenoba miaRwevs 100-s, maSin saval-
debulo xdeba sameTvalyureo sabWos Seqmna.
47
fasiani qaRaldebis samarTalSi aseT moTxovnaTa kategorias ganekuTvneba, magaliTad,
fasiani qaRaldebis emisiis procesi. ix. jibuti m., yoranaSvili q., `fasiani qaRaldebis
bazris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis komentari, Tb., 2004, 55, 79 da momdevno.
48
Cox J., Hazen T., Business Organizations Law, 3th ed., USA, 2011, 658-660.
49
ix. Securities Exchange Act 1934, Rule 12g-1.
50
ix. Securities Exchange Act 1934, Rule 12, 13-is mixedviT, es formebia 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K.
51
Oesterle D., Mergers and Acquisitions, USA, 2006, 254-259.
52
Booth R., Financing the Corporation, USA, 2010, 564.
53
mag. ix. Santa Fe Industries, Inc., v. Green, 430 U.S. 462, 480 (Sup. Ct. 1997). ~going private~ tranzaq-
cias uamravi regulirebadi niuansi aqvs, menejmentisgan maTi Seusrulebloba mravali
sasamarTlo davis sagani gamxdara. amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The
Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 4, USA, 2010, 141-145.
126
maTi Sesruleba gansakuTrebul TanxebTan aris dakavSirebuli.54 logikuria, rom de-

listingis tranzaqcia menejmentis interesebisa da aqcionerTa keTildReobis miRwe-
vis meTodad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, rodesac kapitalis organizirebul bazarze
daregistirebis saSualeba dasaxul mizans ver amarTlebs.
delistingis tranzaqcia, Tavisi funqciuri gamovlinebebiT, korporaciis fun-
qcionirebis samoqmedo arealis Secvlis strategias warmoadgens. Tu kapitalis bazar-
ze aqciebis sajarod savaWrod SeTavazebas gansakuTrebuli regulireba esaWiroeba,55
delistingi aranakleb mniSvnelovani, kapitalis bazrisTvis saxasiaTo fenomenia, rom-
lis normatiul regulirebaze kanonmdebeli xels ver aiRebs. korporaciis listingi
SeiZleba CaiTvalos ss-is daRmaval tipologiur konversiad, rogorc konkretuli ga-
remoebis Sedegad warmoSobili movlena. konkretul movlenaTa jaWvis logikuri gan-
viTareba zogadi sakanonmdeblo moTxovnidan specifikur regulaciebamde daiyvaneba.
amitom, kapitalis bazarze aqciaTa ganTavsebiT ss-is tipologiur cvlilebas deduq-
ciuri tipologiuri konversia unda ewodos.
mis sapirwoned, delistings, romelic specialurad normatizebul moTxovnaTa
Tavis aridebis samarTlebriv qmedebaTa mTel rig wyebas moicavs da mimarTulia zo-
gadi regulaciebis ganvrcobisken, induqciuri tipologiuri konversia SeiZleba ewo-
dos. isini kapitaluri sazogadoebis tipologiuri konversiis klasikur safuZvels
warmoadgenen. delistingis Sesrulebis meTodologiuri gamovlineba SeZena/Serwymis
tranzaqciaTa interaqciuli Sedegia. miuxedavad imisa, rom tipologiuri konversia
korporaciisTvis `sinaTlidan sibneleSi gadasvlad~ moiazreba,56 misi gamoyenebis sis-
wore, korporaciis ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, konkre-
tuli garemobis analizis safuZvelze unda Semowmdes.
4. aqcionerTa struqturul-sainvesticio da uflebrivi

reklasificireba
4.1. aqcionerTa sainvesticio portfolios Secvla
korporaciulad mowyobil mewarme subieqtSi akumulirebuli saaqcio kapita-

lis wyaros uflebrivi mdgomareobis stabilizacia ganxorcielebuli investiciis
swori korporaciuli da ekonomikuri rentabelobis ganmsazRvreli umniSvnelovanesi
segmentia. investiciis riskis pirobebSi, stabiluroba aqtiuri dacvis sagania. inves-
tirebuli kapitalis riskis Sinaarsobrivi stigma misi dazianebis an dakargvis SesaZ-
leblobiTa da aseTi danakargis albaTobis xarisxobrivi maCvenebeliT gamoixateba.57
54
Booth R., Financing the Corporation, USA, 2010, 562-563.
55
regulirebis paralelurad, “going concer~ gansakuTrebuli siZviriT gamoirCeva, rom-
lisTvisac xSirad korporacia finansurad `mzad~ ar aris. Sesabamisad, istoriul
perspeqtivaSi, korporaciis finansuri mxaris analizis substanciur waxnags “going
concern~-is Rirebulebis Sefaseba da misi meTodebi warmoadgenda. ix. Brudney V, Chirelstein
M., Corporate Finance, New York, 1979, 3-79.
56
57
ix. Klein W., Coffee J., Business Organization and Finance, 11th ed., New York, 2011, 243-245; Gilson R., The
Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 115.
127
piris mier kapitalis ramdenime sxva piris kapitalTan koncentrireba qmnis sainvesti-
cio portfolios diversificirebul variants. es aris portfolios Teoriis Sinaar-
sobrivi mocemuloba.58 misi praqticireba korporaciis samarTlebrivi formis gamoye-
nebiT xorcieldeba. am kuTxiT, korporacia substanciuri raodenobis kapitalis ga-
erTianebis Sedegad warmoSobili problemebis (riskis kontrolis) gadaWris ZiriTad
meTodad ganixileba.59
sainvesticio portfolios Teoriis Tanaxmad, qonebrivi portfolios, rogorc
individualuri mflobelobis sapirispiro movlenis, flobiT riski, romlis wyaro in-
vestoria da niSnavs albaTobas, rom realuri Semosavlebi gansxvavebuli iqneba mosa-
lodneli Semosavlebisgan, SesaZlebelia Semcirdes mosalodneli Semosavlebis Semci-
rebis gareSe.60 amiT, aqcioneris investicia diversificirebul saxes iZens. Tu qonebis
portfolios saxiT koncetracia individualuri sakuTrebis diversificirebas gana-
pirobebs, es niSnavs, rom Camoyalibebuli portfolio riskebis akumulirebis Sedegi
da riskis didi procentuli koeficientis Semcvelia.61 logikurad, riskebis Semcvel
diversificirebul sainvesticio portfolios `gadazRveva~ sWirdeba. gadazRvevis
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi xasiaTis qmedebad dabandebuli kapitalis nawilobrivi
deinvestireba da sxva an imave geografiuli Tu samewarmeo xazis mqone biznesorgani-
zaciaSi reinvestireba miiCneva.62 SeZena/Serwymis reorganizaciuli tipis tranzaqcie-
bi samizne kompaniis aqcionerTa kapitalis diversificirebuli portfolios Seqmnis
sareinvesticio korporaciuli saxis strategiuli taqtikaa. Tu samizne sazogadoebis
aqcionerebi erT mTels warmoadgenen, tranzaqciis integrirebis Sedegad isini, SemZe-
ni korporaciis aqcionerebTan erTad, or subtraqts Seqmnian, riTic arsebuli inves-
ticiis diversificirebas ganaxorcieleben. diversificireba ki portfolios Teori-
is ZiriTadi makvalificirebeli faqtoria.63
korporaciis struqturuli cvlilebis centraluri obieqti aqcionerTa struq-
turaa. reorganizaciuli tipis, sagadasaxado dabegvrisgan Tavisufal tranzaqciaTa64
principuli koncefcia aqcioneris mewarme subieqtTan wevris statusiT korporaci-
ulsamarTlebrivi kavSiris SenarCunebaa. kombinaciaSi monawile sazogadoebisa Tu mi-
si aqcionerisTvis tranzaqciaSi sakuTari aqciebis anazRaurebis saxed aqciis daTqma
aqcioneris korporaciul (wevris) statuss gangZobad xasiaTs aniWebs.65 tranzaqciis
notacia niSnavs samizne sawarmos aqciaTa daTmobis sanacvlod `gadarCenili~ kor-
poraciis aqciebis miRebas. SemZen sazogadoebaSi samizne kompaniis pretranzaqciu-
li kapitalis erTgvari reinvestireba xdeba.66 rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sainvesticio
58
ix. Haas J., Corporate Finance, New York, 2011, 198-200.
59
Posner R., The Economic Analysis of Law, USA, 2007, 392.
60
Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 125. portfolios Teoriis
arss uZvelesi gamonaTqvami SesaniSnav ilustrirebas ukeTebs: àrasodes Cado yvela
kvercxi erT kalaTaSi~. ix. Haas J., Corporate Finance, New York, 2011, 197.
61
Sdr. Klein W., Coffee J., Business Organization and Finance, 11th ed., New York, 2011, 21-26.
62
Seadare aqcioneris aqciur uflebebs (stock rights). Klein W., Coffee J., Business Organization and
Finance, 11th ed., New York, 2011, 295-298.
63
Haas J., Corporate Finance, New York, 2011, 197.
64
Ginsburg M., Levin J., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Buyouts, vol. 2, New York, 2003, chap. 6, 16
65
66
Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 341-343.
128
portfolios arsi korporaciaSi kapitaldabandebas gulisxmobs. investiciis orga-

nizaciuli meTodis (korporaciis) Secvla, portfolios Teoriidan gamomdinare, in-
vestirebuli kapitalis marTvis formis Secvlas utoldeba. aRniSnulidan ki generir-
deba, rom aqcionerTa kapitalis marTvis samarTlebrivi formis Secvla, reorganiza-
ciuli tipis tranzaqciaTa Sesrulebis meTodikis gamoyenebiT, investiciis formis
Secvlas gulisxmos.67 investiciis formis Secvlis paralelurad, icvleba aqcionerTa
struqtura. aqcionerTa struqturuli cvlileba SemZeni/mimaerTebeli korporaciis
perspeqtivaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli, radgan samizne sazogadoeba, reorganizaciuli
tipis tranzaqciis Sedegad, rogorc wesi, arsebobas wyvets. `gadarCenil~ kompanias
posttranzaqciul etapze kombinaciaSi monawile SemZeni (anu sakuTari aqcionerebisa)
da samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerTa gaerTianebiT formirebuli, ufro sworad, aqci-
onerTa rekonstruqcirebuli struqtura gaaCnia.
mokled, SeZena/Serwymis im saxeobaTa gamoyenebiT dadebuli tranzaqciis Sede-
gad, romelSic anazRaurebis saxed SemZeni/mimaerTebeli kompaniis aqciebia gansazR-
vruli, e.w. reorganizaciuli tipis tranzaqciebi, ss-is struqturulad substanciur
organzomilebian elementSi iwvevs variacias: icvleba samizne sazogadoebis aqcione-
ris investiciis forma da aqcionerebis Semomatebis xarjze rekonstruirdeba SemZeni
korporaciis aqcionerTa struqtura.
4.2. aqcionerTa uflebrivi reklasificireba
aqcioners68 korporaciasTan wevris korporaciulsamarTlebrivi statusi akav-

Sirebs. wevrobidan generirdeba piris qonebrivi da mmarTvelobiTi uflebebi.69 kor-
poraciulad mowyobili organizaciuli gaerTianebis fundamenturi koncefcia, kon-
trolisa da sakuTrebis gancalkeveba samewarmeo saqmianobis yoveldRiur da Cveu-
lebriv sakiTxebis gadawyvetas aqcioneris kompetenciis miRma tovebs.70 aqcionerTa
uflebrivi klasificirebis substrati aqciis saxea. aqciis klasobriv saxeobaTa de-
terminacia aqcionerTa dafuZnebis etapze sawesdebo anda funqcionirebadi kompaniis
wesdebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sedegad xorcieldeba. es aris aqciis, rogorc piris
korporaciaSi arsebuli qonebis Sida struqturul uflebaTa klasifikacia. samizne
sazogadoebis wesdebiT dadgenili aqcionerTa aqciidan gamomdinare, uflebebis re-
viziis myar safuZvels aqcionerTa struqturisa da organizaciuli formis konversia
ganapirobebs. iseve rogorc es ori ukanaskneli, uflebrivi reklasifikacia SeiZleba
iqces SeZena/Serwymis integrirebis Sedegis Sedegad. msgavsi substanciuri uflebrivi
variaciebis Seqmnis maRali albaTobis gamo, aqcionerTa mxridan restruqturizaciis
tranzaqciaTa mimarT xmis micemis institutiT Tanxmobis/uaryofis gamoxatva arasa-
67
68
mimdinare Tavis miznebisTvis, àqcioneri~ Cveulebrivi, xmis micemis uflebis mqone
pirs gulisxmobs e.w. residual claiments, radgan privilegirebuli aqciebis, sasesxo fa-
siani qaRaldebisa da konvertirebadi fasiani qaRaldebis samarTlebrivi klasifika-
cia posttranzaqciul etapze, Tematurad, kidev calke ganxilvis sagania. magaliTad,
ix. Haas J., Corporate Finance, New York, 2011, 281-494.
69
70
Haas J., Corporate Finance, New York, 2011, 499.
129
surveli uflebrivi reklasificirebis prevenciad gamoiyeneba.71 magram ismis kiTxva:

ra SeiZleba iyos aqcioneris uflebrivi reklasificireba, rogor aisaxeba korporaci-
uli kombinacia da ra gavlenas axdens masze?!
aqcionerTa aqtivizmisa da reorganizaciuli tipis tranzaqciaTa marTvis ur-
TierTkavSiri normatiul donezea dadgenili.72 tranzaqciaze molaprakebis dawyebis
sawyis etapzeve xdeba kombinaciis bunebis gansazRvra: sasurvelia Tu miuRebeli da
ramdenad jdeba dasaxul biznesstrategiaTa konteqstSi. axali kompaniis mimarT aq-
cionerTa pretranzaqciuli damokidebuleba maTi Semdgomi uflebrivi mdgomareobis
arsobrivi ganmsazRvrelia.73 aqcioneris korporaciul da korporaciis mimarT SesaZ-
lo uflebaTa katalogi menejmentis kontrolisa da investirebuli kapitalidan sar-
geblis miRebas Soris lavirebs. SeZena/Serwyma fundamenturi cvlilebis safuZvelia,
rac niSnavs, rom aqcionerTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba fundamenturad Secvlis obieq-
tia. sxva sityvebiT, samizne sazogadoebis aqcioneris uflebaTa axal korporaciaSi
rogorc identuri modificireba (msgavsi uflebebis SeZena), aseve diskreditirebuli
gardaqmnaa SesaZlebeli.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi aqcioneri imave wilobrivi monawileobiT Sedis SemZen korpo-
raciaSi, rac mas gaaCnda yofil sawarmoSi. es niSnavs, rom mas imave uflebrivi mdgoma-
reobisa da klasis aqciaze unarCundeba sakuTreba. ekvaier kompaniaSi, miuxedavad ima-
ve klasisa da uflebebis mqone aqciaTa miRebisa, aqcionerTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba
substanciur reklasificirebas ganicdis. amas ganapirobebs aqcionerTa struqturis
cvlileba ori sxvadasxva kompaniis mesakuTreTa kombinirebis bazisze. iqmneba aqciaTa
susti koncentraciebi. aqciis koncentraciis magnituda aqcioneris uflebrivi mdgo-
mareobisTvis sensitiuria. koncentraciis Semcireba aqcionerTa aqtivizms asustebs.74
maT (msxvil aqcionerebs, visac gadawyvetilebaze arsebiTi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia)
`kontrolis kontrolis~ berketi aqciaTa koncentraciis proporciulad ezRudebaT.
Tu yofil an pretranzaqciamde arsebul korporaciaSi is gadawyvetilebaze zegavle-
nis moxdenis kompetenciiT iyo aRWurvili, mas es ufleba avtomaturad uqarwyldeba
aqcionerTa simravlesTan erTad. gadawyvetilebaze zegavlena kontrolis umniSvne-
lovanesi berketia. delaveris sasamarTlom ganmarta,75 rom kontroli korporaciaSi
arsebobs maSin, rodesac aqcioneri pirdapir an arapirdapir flobs xmis micemis ufle-
bamosilebis naxevarze mets.76 Tavis mxriv, kontrols, romelic pirs makontrolebel
aqcionerad aqcevs, specifikuri premiumRirebuleba aqvs. premiumRirebuleba ki ara-
makontrolebeli aqcioneris aqciis sabazro Rirebulebis dadebiT solidur namats
warmoadgens,77 romlis finansur sargeblad gardaqmna kerZo molaparakebiT warmoebu-
li kontrolis gayidvis78 tranzaqciis Sedegad xdeba.79 amitom, kontrolis struqtu-
71
72
73
iqve, gv . 325.
74
Sead. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 2, USA, 2010, 302-304.
75
ix. Weinstein Enters., Inc., v. Orloff, 870 A.2d 499, 507 (Del. 2005).
76
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. I, Boston/Chicago, 2009, 1126.
77
78
kontrolis gayidvis meqanizmebze, ix. Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 661-675.
79
Dyck A., Zingales L., Private Benefits of Control: An International Comparision, Harvard, 2001, 2-4.
130
ris Secvla80 reorganizaciuli tipis tranzaqciis saSualebiT ar iwvevs sakontrolo

paketis mqone aqcionerisTvis premiumRirebulebis gadaxdas.81 mas imave raodenobis
aqciebi gadaecema SemZen korporaciaSi, ra raodenobasac flobda (rogorc wesi, es
msgavsi proporciiT xdeba, Tumca mxareTa mier sxvagvari SeTanxmeba tranzaqciis dis-
poziciis gansazRvris etapzea SesaZlebeli), magram koncetracia sustdeba da sakon-
trolo maCvenebeli axali realobisTvis mis sakuTrebaSi aRar rCeba. Sedegad, saxezea
aqcioneris wevris statusidan gamomdinare mmarTvelobiTi uflebamosilebis konkre-
tuli segmentis SezRudva. ra Tqma unda, iseTi fundamentur uflebaTa reklasifici-
reba gamoricxulia, rogoric axal kompaniaSi informaciis gamoTxova (entry strategy) da
deinvestirebis ganxorcielebis (exit strategy) organuli uflebebia.82
uflebaTa diskreditebuli klasificireba sxvadasxva safuZvlidan generirde-
ba. maT Soris gamoirCeva tranzaqciis substanciuri saxe. samizne korporaciis fuliT
SeZenis strategiam aqcioneri SeiZleba, arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi Caagdos. tran-
zaqciis integrireba SeTanxmebis pirobebis Sesrulebis procesia, rodesac SeTanxmeba-
Si daTqmuli valdebulebebi mxareTa mier unda Sesruldes. tranzaqciaze xelmoweris
Semdgom, aqcioners, romelmac mxari dauWira da direqtoratis qmedebas quo warranto xa-
siaTi mianiWa da tranzaqcia daixura, SeTanxmebis debulebaTa Secvla aRar SeuZlia.83
tranzaqciaze molaparakebis dawyebis etapze, samizne kompaniis aqcionerisTvis aqciis
samomavlo rentabelobis maCveneblis araswori aRqmis (anu aqcia aris `saTanadod Seu-
fasebeli,~ e.w. ùndervalued~, razec SemZenis sinergizmis miRebis molodinia damyarebu-
li) sawyisze aqcioneris sakuTari nebiT axdens perspeqtiuli investirebuli kapita-
lis deinvestirebas. deinvestireba qonebis arasasurveli ekonomikuri mdgomareobaa
im etapze, rodesac saWiro xdeba axali samewarmeo saqmianobis an msgavsi, magram samar-
Tlebrivad gansxvavebul organizaciul warmonaqmnSi reinvestireba. yofili aqcione-
ris mier sasurvel saqmianobaSi kapitaldabandeba, aqciaTa safondo birJaze SeZena da
bazris saTanado Seswavla Zvirad Rirebuli aqtivobaa, rac, saerTo jamSi, aqcioneris
samizne sazogadoebis deinvestirebuli kapitalis devalvacias iwvevs. aRniSnuli mid-
gomis meTodologiuri analizi samarTlebriv-ekonomikur garemoebaTa sxvadasxvao-
basTan erTad variirebs. Sesabamisad, analizis Sedegebi yovelTvis garemoebiT moce-
mul monacemTa maCveneblebzea damokidebuli.84
magram, Tu aqcioneri pretranzaqciul etapze xedavs misi kapitalis savaraudo
deinvestirebis eventualur safrTxeebs, mas samarTlebrivi marTlwesrigi85 sarfi-
80
ix. Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Economic Structure of Corporate Law, London, 1991, 131-138.
81
Sdr. Sepe S., Private Sale of Corporate Control: Why The European Mandatory Bid Rule is Inefficient, Ari-
zona, 2010, 8-18.
82
Armour J., Hansmann H., Kraakman R., Agency Problems and Legal Strategies, 2nd ed., Oxford, 2009, 40-42.
83
Sdr. Oesterle D., Mergers and Acquisitions, USA, 2006, 55-62.
84
magaliTad, ra Rirebulebis Semcvelia brokeris momsaxurebis, iuridiuli konsult-
aciisa Tu momsaxurebis miReba, axali geografiuli zonis ekonomikuri Seswavla da a.S.
85
aq ar igulisxmeba aqcionerTa mier tranzaqciaze vetos dadebis sakanonmdeblo marTl-
wesrigi, romelic aqcioneris aqtivizms xmis micemis meqanizmiT uwyobs xels. ix. Radin S.,
The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, Boston/Chicago, 2009, 1568. Sead. Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of
the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 43-44.
131
ani deinvestirebis86 normatiul saSualebas aZlevs.87 aRniSnuli riskis matarebelni,

ZiriTadad, arasakontrolo paketis mqone aqcionerebi arian, romelTac tranzaqciis
dadebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaze zegavlenis moxdenis arsebiTad mniSvnelo-
vani berketi ar gaaCniaT.88 disidenti aqcioneris sazogadoebis datovebis kanonmdeb-
lobiT dadgenili strategia aqciaTa gamosyidvas gulisxmobs. aqcioners, romelic
fundamentur cvlilebas, uflebriv reklasificirebasa da reorganizacias ar daeTan-
xma da saerTo krebaze daafiqsira gadawyvetilebis miRebis sapirispiro pozicia, xo-
lo aseTi gadawyvetileba laxavs mis arsebiT interess, magaliTad, iwvevs arasasurvel
deinvestirebas,89 aqciaTa susti koncetraciebis Seqmnas an, aqciidan gamomdinare, uf-
lebaTa saziano rekonstruqcias (xmis uflebis SezRudva, kumulaciuri xmis micemis
uflebisa90 da upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis gauqmeba), SesaZlebloba aqvs moiTxovos
deinvestireba samarTliani kompensirebis fundamenturi pirobis dacviT.91 xazgasmiT
unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi sakanonmdeblo uflebaTa daculobis aqtivacia kontro-
lirebadi tranzaqciis prekondiciis arsebobas moiTxovs. gansxvavebul samarTlebriv
regulirebas eqvemdebareba im aqcionerTa korporaciulsamarTlebrivi uflebebis
daculoba, romlebmac ziani ganicades iseTi kombinaciis Sedegad, romlis arsebiT
debulebaTa gansazRvris saaqcio SesaZlebloba maT ar gaaCndaT. disidet aqcionerTa
uflebebis dacvis meqanizmTa samarTlebrivi analizi calke ganxilvis sagania.
4.3. aqcionerTa posttranzaqciuli dacvis ZiriTadi meqanizmebi
SeZena/Serwymis dros aqcionerTa ori tipis urTierTgamijnuli katalogi yalib-

deba: sakontrolo paketis mqone an, minimum, gadawyvetilebaze arsebiTi zegavlenis
potenciuri SesaZleblobiT aRWurvili da tranzaqciis pirobebze Tanxmobis mimce-
mi aqcioneri an aqcionerTa jgufi92 da disidenti, anu tranzaqciis dadebaze arsebiTi
gavlenis armqone aqcioneri an aqcionerTa jgufi, romelmac tranzaqcias mxari ar da-
uWira.93 martivi logikaa, rom sakontrolo paketis mqone aqcioneri, Tu saxeze ar aris
xelSemkvreli korporaciebis menejmentTa fiduciuri movaleobis darRveviT xelSek-
rulebis SeTanxmebaTa darRveva,94 ar saWiroebs sakanonmdeblo kreativizms, radgan
kontrolirebadi tranzaqciis fabulis Sinaarsobrivi determinacia sawarmos qoneb-
rivi Tu wilobrivi yidva-gayidvis gadawyvetilebis makontrolebeli aqcioneris nebis
86
87
88
iqve, 36.
89
aqcioners deinvestireba SesaZloa ar undodes sagadasaxado miznebidan gamomdinare.
magaliTad, Senaxuli aqciebi, romelic sazogadoebis balansze iricxeba aqcioneris
gardacvalebamde, niSnavs sagadasaxado dabegvrisgan Tavis acilebas. kerZod, aqcion-
eris gardacvalebamde Senaxuli aqciebis Rirebulebis gamoTvlaSi saSemosavlo gamo-
qviTvebi ar monawileobs. ix. Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 771.
90
91
ix. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni, 531 muxli.
92
93
Shade J., Business Associations, USA, 2010, 411-413.
94
Oesterle D., Mergers and Acquisitions, USA, 2006, 60-62.
132
avtonomiurobis samarTlebriv farglebSi miRebis substanciur elements emyareba.95

Sesabamisad, aseTi aqcioneri sakuTari nebiT iboWavs Tavs da Sedis korporaciulsa-
marTlebriv saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi SemZen korporaciasTan.96 es ki niSnavs,
rom xelSekrulebis caveat emptor gamyidvel aqcionerzea. mcire aqcioneri makontro-
lebeli aqcioneris sapirispiro, pre- da posttranzaqciul, korporaciul mdgomare-
obaSia. konkretuli tipis tranzaqciis konstruirebisas mcire aqcioners mis gankar-
gulebaSi arsebuli mwiri kvalitaturi xmis uflebis realizebis Sansi SeiZleba ar mi-
eces. magaliTad, kerZo molaparakebis gziT xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa mniSvnelovani
nawilis SeZenisas, mcire aqcioners ar rCeba ekvaieri korporaciis dauflebisgan Tav-
dacvis saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT individualuri reagirebis SesaZlebloba.97 ekvaieris
mier zRvruli procentuli maCveneblis miRweva, sinergizmis gazrdisa da korporaci-
uli marTvis xarjebis Semcirebis survili98 disidenti aqcioneris sazogadoebidan ga-
Zevebis (cash-out) gadawyvetilebis miRebas ganapirobebs.99 Tumca, ekvaieris mier mcire
aqcioneris gaZevebis proceduruli realizmi kanonmdeblis mier ex ante gansazRvru-
li.100 es mcire aqcioneris deinvestirebis meqanizmis anu sazogadoebis datovebis Se-
saZleblobas qmnis.
normatiuli prevenciisgan gansxvavebiT, disidenti aqcioneris uflebis dacva,
samosamarTlo praqtikis gansakuTrebuli msjelobis sagnad, tranzaqciis Sesrule-
bisas makontrolebeli aqcioneris an menejmentis oportinistuli qmedebis Sedegad
miyenebuli zianisa da status kvos aRdgenis101 meTodologiuri segmentebia qceuli.102
95
sakontrolo paketis mflobel aqcioners fiduciuri uflebebi warmoeSoba sazoga-
doebisa da umciresobaSi myof aqcionerTa mimarT. ix. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of
Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 2, USA, 2010, 302-312. magram fuduciur movaleobaTa paralelurad,
makontrolebel aqcioners gansazRvruli uflebebi gaaCnia, rogorc sakontrolo pa-
ketis mflobels pirs, romelic mas aZlevs uflebamosilebas gaasxvisos sakontrolo
paketi fiduciur movaleobaTa darRvevis gareSe. Sedegad, kontrolis gasxvisebiT is
fuduciur valdebulebas ar arRvevs. ix. Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. I, Boston/
Chicago, 2009, 1171-1190.
96
ix. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 2, USA, 2010, 326-328.
97
Sdr. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 4, USA, 2010, 77-79.
98
99
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 762-764.
100
Cox J., Hazen T., Business Organizations Law, 3th ed., USA, 2011, 621. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi `gaZeveba~
mxolod savaldebulo miyidvis normaTa dispoziciaSi gamyarebul mowesrigebas ar gu-
lisxmobs. aq igulisxmeba Serwymis Cveulebrivi ganxorcielebis Sesrulebac. maT Soris
zRvari xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa sxvaobaze gadis: Tu savaldebulo miyidvis normis
aqtivacias aqciaTa 95%-ze metis floba sWirdeba da is imperatiuli saxis matarebelia,
Serwymis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa 75% kanonmdeblis dis-
poziciuri SemoTavazebaa, romlisgan gansxvavebuli kvorumis daTqmac partniorebs
sawesdebo SeTanxmebis doneze SeuZliaT. normatiulad dasaSvebi da dadgenilia Ser-
wymis ganxorcieleba, sadac SemZen kompanias samizne korporaciaSi gadawyvetilebis
miRebisaTvis sakmarisi xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa paketi aqvs. am paketis flobiT,
ekvaieri SerwymiT reorganizaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas yovelgvari dabrkolebis
gareSe iRebs. ix. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni, 144 muxlis 1-li, me-2 da me-3 punqtebi, 534 mux-
lis pirveli punqti.
101
ix. Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 429-431.
102
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. I, Boston/Chicago, 2009, 1568-1575.
133
paralelurad, sakontrolo paketis mqone aqcioneris mier kontrolis gayidvis premi-

umRirebulebis mcire aqcionerTaTvis gaunawileblobis fonze,103 mcire aqcionerma ar
unda ganicados zarali da minimum imis ekvivalenti unda miiRos, rasac is rekonstruq-
ciamdel sazogadoebaSi flobda.104 zarali pirdapir kavSirSia kontrolis Secvlas-
Tan. es ukanaskneli sazogadoebis qonebis menejmentze pirdapiri zegavlenis mopove-
bas gulisxmobs, raSic SemZeni premias ixdis.105 aRniSnuli mocemulobis samarTlebrivi
daculoba disidenturi, tranzaqciis SedegTa gaprotestebis (efraizalis) uflebis
mcire aqcionerTaTvis miniWebiT kombinaciis arasasurveli Sedegebisgan Tavdacvis
meore korporaciul meqanizms aformirebs.106
4.3.1. gasvlis strategiebi da maTi aqtivacia
4.3.1.1. aqciaTa gasxviseba, rogorc gasvlis strategia
korporaciuli kombinaciiT ukmayofilo aqcionerTa ranJireba ori mimarTule-

biT aris SesaZlebeli. pirveli, es aris aqcionerTa kategoria, romelic tranzaqciis
dadebisa da integrirebis procesSi emijneba mas, aprotestebs da iTxovs sazogadoe-
bis datovebas samarTliani kompensirebis koncefciis dacviT107 da meore, aqcioneri
ar aprotestebs SemZeni sawarmos aqcionerad gaxdomas, Tumca, àxal~ korporaciaSi
misi aqcionerad yofnis sarfianoba drois mcire monakveTSi aRmoCdneba stagnaciuri
da gadawyvets, gamoiyenos korporaciis datovebis organuli principi da gaasxvisos
aqciebi mesame pirze. orive SemTxveva umtkivneulo deinvestirebis meToduri midgo-
maa. pirvels ewodeba reorganizaciis procesis Sedegad wilis gatanis ufleba, xolo
meores – funqcionirebis etapze wilis gasxvisebis ufleba.108 strategiebi subieqtebi-
sa da samarTlebrivi regulaciebis klasificirebuli xasiaTis mixedviT gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan. saTanado Rirebulebis/kompensaciis miRebisas deinvestirebis dros
aqcioneri samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi korporaciasTan Sedis da konkretulad mas
sTxovs mis sakuTrebaSi arsebul aqciaTa gamosyidvas.109 am dros saxezea savaldebulo
aqceptireba da aqceptanti, romelic yovelTvis is mewarme subieqtia, romelTanac pi-
ri wevris statusiT dakavSirebulia da sadac mas wilobrivi sakuTreba gaaCnia.
aRniSnulis sapirispiro samizne subieqtia saxeze, rodesac aqcioneri wilis dein-
vestirebas gasvlis meore strategias, aqciaTa gasxvisebis meTods iyenebs. am SemTxve-
vaSi xelSemkvreli mxaris subieqturoba ganusazRvrelia: aqciebi sajaro vaWrobis
organizebul bazarzea daSvebuli, sadac uamravi potenciuri oferentia110 daregis-
103
Sdr. Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, Boston/Chicago, 2009, 1198-1199.
104
Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Economic Structure of Corporate Law, London, 1991, 139.
105
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, Boston/Chicago, 2009, 1199.
106
Hamilton R., Freer R., The law of Corporations, 6th ed., USA, 2011, 380-387.
107
Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Economic Structure of Corporate Law, London, 1991, 145-147.
108
Armour J., Hansmann H., Kraakman R., Agency Problems and Legal Strategies, Oxford, 2009, P. 40-41.
109
ix. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 531 pirveli punqti.
110
samarTlebrivad ufro gamarTulad rom iTqvas, aqciaTa sajaro SeTavazeba ofertze
mowvevaa, xolo potenciuri àqceptanti~ (mesame piri) aqciaTa mesakuTris mimarT ofer-
tis gakeTebiT aqcioners aqceptantad aqcevs.
134
trirebuli. es niSnavs, rom aqciis gasxvisebis gziT sazogadoebis datovebisas, xel-

Semkvreli mxare winaswar ucnobia, gansxvavebiT wilis gatanis pirveli strategiisgan.
amasTan, aqciiis gasxvisebis dros aqcioneris mier ganxorcielebulia mowveva ofer-
tze. Sesabamisad, savaldebulo aqceptze saubari SeuZlebelia. potenciuri myidveli
akeTebs oferts aqcioneris mimarT, romelic samarTliani da efeqturi sabazro piro-
bebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi ofertis aqceptirebas axdens.
wilis deinvestirebaSi, gatanis uflebamosilebis farglebSi, investirebuli ka-
pitalis saTanado Rirebulebis miReba moiazreba, romelic reorganizaciuli tipis
kontrolirebadi tranzaqciisgan aqcioneris gamijvniT warmoSobil efraizalis sa-
kanonmdeblo regulaciaze dayrdnobiT realizdeba.111 Rirebulebis deinvestirebis
meore strategiis ganxorcielebas wilis gasxvisebis uflebamosilebis strategiuli
midgomis praqticireba da likviduri kapitalis bazris arseboba uwyobs xels. `saja-
ro~ korporaciebSi yvela sajaro aqcioners sazogadoebis datovebis SesaZlebloba
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe aqvs. aqciaTa gasxvisebis strategiuli midgomis arsi
bazris maRali likvidurobiT determinirdeba. sabazro brunvaSi damkvirdebuli ten-
denciebisa da statistikis mixedviT, maqsimalurad adekvaturad aris SesaZlebeli di-
sidenti aqcioneris wilis samarTliani sabazro Rirebulebis dadgena. amitom, umrav-
lesi qveynis kanonmdebeli kapitalis organizebuli bazris efeqturobis pirobebSi,
rodesac SesaZlebelia wilis samarTliani da adekvaturi fasis farglebSi gasxviseba,
disident aqcioners efraizalis uflebas, anu gasvlis strategiis pirveli saxiT gamo-
yenebis uflebas, rogorc wesi, ar aniWebs.112 orive strategia mcire aqcioneris dacvis
korporaciuli uflebaa, romelic sakontrolo paketis mqone aqcionerTan substanci-
uri konfliqtis etapze mis uflebadamcav meqanizmad113 gamoiyeneba.114
111
Armour J., Hansmann H., Kraakman R., Agency Problems and Legal Strategies, Oxford, 2009, P. 41.
112
113
uflebadamcav meqanizmTa mimdinare analizi klasificirebulia arasasarCelo warmoeb-
is gziT uflebis dacvis samarTlebriv strategiebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom efraizalis
ufleba sasamarTlos gziT wilis samarTliani Rirebulebis dadgeniT xorcieldeba, is
mainc sakanonmdelo doneze mowesrigebuli institutia, sadac detalurad aris gaTv-
lili, rom samarTliani fasis `sazogadoebiseul~ odenobas ardaTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebelia sasamarTlosTvis mimarTva mxolod samarTliani Rirebulebis dadgenis
motiviT. àrasasarCelos~ xazgasma ganapiroba mxolod iman, rom substanciuri cvli-
lebis gamomwvevi tranzaqciis dadebisas menejmentisa da sakontrolo paketis mqone
aqcioneris winaaRmdeg mcire aqcioners SeuZlia fiduciur movaleobaTa darRvevis
braldebiT maT mimarT sarCeli Seitanos sasamarTloSi. Sedegad, efraizalis uflebis
realizeba, msgavsad fiduciur movaleobaTa darRvevisas sasarCelo warmoebis dawye-
bis gziT `samarTlianobis~ aRdgenis saSualebisa, gansxvavebulia gasvlis im strategi-
isgan, rogoricaa aqciebis gasxvisebis gziT sazogadoebis datovebis SesaZlebloba. ix.
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 769. miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, efraizalis
uflebasa da fiduciur valdebulebaTa sasarCelo warmoebas fundamenturi ganmasx-
vavebeli elementebi axasiaTebT. ix. Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, Boston/Chicago,
2009, 1648-1659.
114
Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 4, USA, 2010, 82-83.
135
4.3.1.2. efraizalis ufleba, rogorc gasvlis stategia
istoriul persperqtivaSi, yvela fundamenturi gadawyvetileba moiTxovs aqci-

onerTa erTxmian gadawyvetilebas. es uflebamosileba qmnis vetos uflebas, romelic
aqcioners korporaciis qmedebaze obstruqciis moxdenis Zalas aniWebs. imisaTvis, rom
ar ganxorcielebuliyo aqcioneris xmis uflebis borotad gamoyeneba, kerZosamar-
Tlebriv wiaRSi warmoSobili saxelSekrulebo da sakuTrebis uflebis mniSvnelobi-
dan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo praqtikaSi Seiqmna precedentebi,115 romlis mixedviTac
korporacias, individualuri aqcioneris winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, SeeZlo gane-
xorcielebina korporaciuli qmedeba.116 sul male, igi normatiul donezec gamyarda.
fundamenturi cvlilebis ganxorcieleba erTxmiani gadawyvetilebis arsebobis gare-
Sec aris SesaZlebeli.117
mis sapirwoned, mcire aqcioners gansazRvruli aqvs efraizalis (protestis)
ufleba, raTa kompetencia daabalansos da saerTo krebis gadawyvetilebaze vetos
Zalamosilebis dakargvis kompensireba moaxdinos.118 kompensireba pirdapiri gagebiT
gamoiyeneba da disidenti aqcioneris wilis sanacvlo samarTliani fasis moTxovnaa.
uflebamosilebis dadgena normatiul donezea Sesrulebuli.119 protestis uflebis
aqtivacia iseTi fundamenturi cvlilebisas xdeba, rogoricaa Serwyma, konsolidacia,
aqciaTa gacvlis tranzaqcia, mTliani qonebis gayidva da wesdebaSi gacemuli aqciis
uflebrivi restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb cvlilebebis Setana.120 is, ZiriTadad, `saja-
ro~ ss-is mimarT gamoyenebadi institutia, romlis realizebis meore safuZveli aqci-
oneris fundamenturi cvlilebisgan gamijvnaa.
aqcioneri, romelic ar eTanxmeba da emijneba korporaciaSi fundamentur cvli-
lebas, aprotestebs misi wilis Rirebulebas da kompanias Txovs saTanado kompensaci-
as.121 gamijvnis paradigma or stigmas moicavs. pirveli, kompensaciis moTxovnis ufle-
ba, upiratesad, bona fide Serwymisa da konsolidaciis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli, rodesac
`gadarCenil~ korporaciaSi mcire aqcioners mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli wilis daTmo-
bis kontribuciad aqciaTa sanacvlod ganesazRvreba naRdi fuli an sxva saxis anazRa-
ureba, magram ara xmis uflebis mqone aqcia. hipoTezur winapirobas ayalibebs kombina-
cia, sadac Serwymamde aqcioners dividendis saxiT ganesazRvreba naRdi fuli Serwymis
mowonebis sanacvlod, romelsac (fuls) Serwymis procesis an Serwymis tranzaqciis
daxurvis Semdeg Rebulobs.122 paralelurad, efraizalis normatiuli mowesrigebis
sfero da normis mizani unda ganimartos.
115
ix. Lauman v. Lebanon Valley Railroad, 30 Pa. 42 (1858).
116
Weiss A., The Law of Take Out Mergers: A Historical Perspective, 56 N.Y.U. L. Rev., 1981, 624-630.
117
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi aseT SesaZleblobas mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 54-e
muxlis 11 muxli qmnis. rac Seexeba konkretul tranzaqcias, es SeiZleba iyos `mokle
formis~ Serwyma, rodesac subsidiaris mcire aqcionerTa Tanxmoba mSobel kompania-
sTan mierTebis Sesaxeb ar moiTxoveba normatiuli marTlwesrigiT. ix. Fletcher W., Fletcher
Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 416.
118
119
mag. ix. M.B.C.A. §13.01, 13.02, 2009.
120
121
122
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, USA, 2009, 1569.
136
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, efraizalis ufleba normatiul doneze ganisazRvra

korporaciis saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebisa da aqcionerTa nebis avtonomiis maba-
lansirebeli miznebiT, raTa SesaZlebeli yofiliyo fundamenturi cvlilebis avto-
rizeba. normis miznobrivi ganmartebiT, disidenti aqcionerisTvis kompensaciis miRe-
bis dispozicia moicavs ara marto aqciidan gamomdinare saziano uflebriv reklasifi-
cirebas, aramed, Tu aqcioneri gaaprotestebs da ar daeTanxmeba SemZen korporaciaSi
aqciaTa miRebas, mis SesaZleblobas, moiTxovos wilis naRdi fuliT123 kompensireba.124
efraizalis istoriuli da miznobrivi dogmaturi ganmarteba mas mcire aqcio-
nerTa uflebebis damcav meqanizmad moiazrebs. misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis tenden-
ciebi ki miznobriobas arsobrivad cvlis. aRniSnuli miznobrioba moCvenebiTi bunebis
matarebelia.125 kerZod, protestis gamoyeneba reorganizaciuli tipis tranzaqciis
dadebas an integrirebas xels ar uSlis, rac imas niSnavs, rom disidenti aqcioneris
protestis ufleba sakontrolo paketis mqone aqcionerTa dacvis samarTlebrivi me-
qanizmia: isini gansazRvraven, deben da asruleben tranzaqcias TavianTi Sexedulebi-
samebr, raSic mcire aqcioners, Tu ara fiduciuri movaleobs darRvevis Sesaxeb sa-
sarCelo warmoebis dawyebis instituciuri dacvis meqanizmis xelmisawvdomoba, xelis
SeSla efraizalis uflebis gamoyenebiT ar ZaluZs.126
protestis uflebis realizebis normatiulad SezRuduli konstruqciis fonze,
mniSvnelovania misi gamoyenebis farglebis detalizacia.
4.3.1.2.1. efraizalis uflebis gamoyenebis farglebi
aqcioneris protestis gamoyenebis uflebis masStabi sakanonmdeblo donezea

dadgenili. misi gamoyenebis winapiroba korporaciuli marTlwesrigis mixedviT la-
virebs. efraizalis gamoyeneba disident, anu korporaciis/sakontrolo paketis mqo-
ne aqcionerTa mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo aqcioners SesaZleblobas
aZlevs sazogadoeba datovos saTanado, samarTliani kompensaciis miRebis pirobebSi.
protestis uflebis arsi misi gamoyenebis farglebiT gansxvavdeba. rogorc wesi, is ga-
moiyeneba Serwymis an konsolidaciis kombinaciisgan gamijnuli aqcioneris uflebaTa
dasacavad.127 magram misi gamoyeneba sxvadasxva instituciur darRvevaTa mimarT gata-
rebuli represiuli RonisZiebis saxedac SeiZleba. magaliTad, Tu ss-is mier aqciaTa
uflebrivi rekonstruireba xdeba an/da axali aqciebis gamoSveba arsebuli aqcione-
ris susti wilobrivi koncentraciis Seqmnas ganapirobebs, efraizalis uflebis ana-
logiiT gavrcelebaa SesaZlebeli.128 naTelia, rom sakiTxi exeba samizne sazogadoebis
SeZenis proceduruli warmarTvisTvis ekvaieris arasakmarisi avtorizebuli aqciebis
arsebobas da, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi aqciebis gamoSvebisa da axali aqciebiT tranzaq-
ciis dafinansebis (kontribuciis) saxed aqciaTa gamoyenebas. sakiTxi, misi induqciuri
ganmartebiT, Sinaarsobrivad kapitalisa da aqcionerTa struqturis Secvlas ukavSir-
123
124
125
126
127
mag. ix. M.B.C.A. §13.02(a)(1).
128
aSS-Si, analogiur SemTxvevaSi, miCiganis sasamarTlom disident aqcioners protestis
gamoyenebis uflebamosileba mianiWa. ix. Morley Brothers v. Clark, 361 N.W. 2d 763 (1984).
137
deba. aqcionerTa struqturis gadaxaliseba kontrolis gadanawilebis eventualur

Sedegebze aisaxeba da korporaciis menejmentis rotaciis ganxorcielebis safuZveli
xdeba. magram sakiTxi Tematurad rTuldeba, roca saqme wesdebaSi cvlilebas exeba.
qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, kapitalis raodenobisa da aqciaTa gansazR-
vra sazogadoebis sawesdebo Canaweris kuTvnilebaa. aqciaTa rekonstruireba an axali/
damatebiTi aqciebis gamoSveba, logikurad, wesdebaSi cvlilebas gulisxmobs. sain-
teresoa Semdegi sakiTxi: davis hipoTeturi garemoebebis arsebobisas, axali aqciebis
gamoSvebiT SemZeni sazogadoebis arsebul aqcionerTa originali wilobrivi koncen-
traciis Semcirebis Sedegad protestis uflebis gamoyeneba moTxovnis romeli safuZ-
vliT iqneba SesaZlebeli – aqciaTa gamoSvebis Sesaxeb saerTo krebis gadawyvetilebisa
Tu wesdebaSi `miRebeli~ cvlilebis ganxorcielebis safuZvliT?!
aSS-is federaluri modeluri kanoni aqciaTa klasobriv reklasificirebas an
uflebriv rekonstruirebas sawesdebo cvlilebaTa saxed pirdapir gansazRvravs.129
mis sapirwoned, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni mxolod wesdebaSi cvlilebebis generaluri
daTqmiT Semoifargleba da mis detalizacias sawesdebo nebis avtonomiurobis mowes-
rigebis sakiTxad tovebs.130 Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebisTvis aqciaTa samarTlian fasad
gamosyidvis prekondiciad kanonmdebeli reorganizacias an/da iseT gadawyvetilebas
gansazRvravs, romelic aqcioneris interess arsebiTad laxavs.131 es niSnavs, rom ro-
gorc axali aqciebis gamoSveba, ise wesdebaSi cvlileba SeiZleba miCneul iqnes intere-
sis arsebiT Selaxvad. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo praqtika protestis uflebis miniWebis
sakiTxze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas unda ganviTardes wesdebaSi cvlile-
bis Setanis postulatidan, ramdenadac axali aqciebis gacemis avtorizeba sawesdebo
regulirebis farglebSia moqceuli. protestis uflebis gamoyenebis sakanonmdeblo
mocemulobaTa miznobrivi ganmartebidan gamomdinare, sapirispiro msjeloba alogi-
kuria imdenad, ramdenadac àrsebiTi interesis~ Selaxvis safuZvlad sakontrolo pa-
ketis mflobeli aqcionerisa Tu menejmentis mier fiduciuri movaleobis darRveviT
miRebuli gadawyvetileba igulisxmeba.132
zemoaRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT, protestis samarTlebrivi buneba sxva kuTxi-
Tac povebs ganvrcobas. rogorc aRiniSna, protestis gamoyenebis farglebi, ZiriTa-
dad, tranzaqciaTa tipologiuri klasifikaciis mixedviT diferencirdeba. aSS-Si,
Statebis umravlesoba, korporaciis qonebis gasxvisebis tranzaqcias Cveulebriv sa-
mewarmeo saqmianobad ar Tvlis da disident aqcioners tranzaqciis gaprotestebis
uflebamosilebas aniWebs.133 aSS-is msgavsad, qarTul samarTlebriv realobaSi, TiT-
qmis mTliani (anu nawilobrivi) qonebis gasxviseba ar iTvleba Cveulebriv samewarmeo
saqmianobad. vinaidan qonebis arsebiTi nawilis gansxviseba reorganizaciis myari sa-
fuZvelia, is unda moiazrebodes aqcionerTa saerTo krebis im kompetenciaSi, rome-
lic reorganizaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebas gansazRvravs.134
129
M.B.C.A. §13.02(a)(4)(5).
130
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 54-e muxlis me-6 punqtis (a) da (b) qvepunqtebi.
131
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 531 muxlis pirveli punqti.
132
133
134
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 54-e muxlis me-6 punqtis (a) qvepunqti.
138
magram arsebobs protestis uflebis farglebis SezRudvis mniSvnelovani re-

gulaciebi. sakiTxi fasiani qaRaldebiT sajaro vaWrobis elementebs exeba. efraiza-
lis uflebis sakanonmdeblo nebadarTulobis paralelurad, gamonaklisi SemzRudavi
normebic arsebobs. aSS-is modeluri kanoni135 da delaveris sakorporacio samarTa-
li136 pirdapir awesebs im aqcionerTa protestis uflebis SezRudvis imperativizms,
romelTa aqciebic sajaro vaWrobisTvisaa daregistrirebuli da moqceulia kapita-
lis bazris samarTlis regulirebis sferoSi.137 protestis uflebis gamoyeneba SeuZ-
lebelia da ar aris saWiro, Tu disidenti aqcioneris wilis samarTliani Rirebulebis
gansazRvrisTvis efeqturi sabazro garemoeba arsebobs,138 sadac SeuZlia adekvaturi
kompensaciis miReba (e.w. market-out an market exception).139 garda amisa, konkretul winapiro-
baTa arsebobisas, sajaro aqcioneri protestis uflebis zogadi prekondiciuli pos-
tulatiT, romelic Serwymasa da konsolidacias moicavs, ver isargeblebs.140 sakiTxi
exeba specialurad gansazRvrul winapirobaTa arsebobas. magaliTad, Tu korporacia
kapitalis organizebul bazarze axorcielebs vaWrobas, romelsac hyavs minimum 2 000
aqcioneri da misi sabazro Rirebuleba minimum 2$ milionia,141 efraizalis ufleba ar
gamoiyeneba.
dabolos, protestis uflebis ganzomilebiTi farglebi mis gansakuTrebul saxes
warmoaCens. zemoT aRiniSna, rom efraizalis uflebis aqtivacias bona fide tranzaqcia-
Si kompensaciis araadekvaturi maCvenebeli ganapirobebs. magram, protestis ufleba
SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes TaRliTur da ukanono tranzaqciaTa mimarT.142 gamo-
yenebis specifika gamoixateba efraizalis, rogorc zianis anazRaurebis gansakuTre-
bul, eqskluziur saSualebad dakvalificirebaSi. amiT mosarCele aqcioneri cdilobs
Serwymis proceduras kidev erTi damatebiTi berketiT daupirispirdes.143 protestis
anazRaurebis saSualebad kvalificireba damokidebulia tranzaqciis samarTlebriv
Sefasebaze. is unda iyos marTlsawinaaRmdego, arakeTilsindisierad dadebuli an/da
fiduciuri movaleobis darRveviT dadebuli, magaliTad, tranzaqciis TaRliTuri
elementebis gamovlena, arakompetenturi da marTlsawinaaRmdego Serwymis an konso-
lidaciis gamoaSkaraveba, romelic, saboloo jamSi, gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirTa fi-
duciur valdebulebaTa darRvevamde deduqcirdeba.144 sainteresoa, rom, rogorc we-
si, fiduciuri movaleobis darRveva calke ganxilvis sagania, magram efraizalis kon-
kretuli Statebis regulatoruli meqanizmebi mas darRveul uflebaTa kompensirebis
ZiriTad saSualebad ganixilavs.145 protestis uflebis gamoyeneba, rogorc darRveu-
li uflebis restavraciis eqskluziuri saxe, sxvadasxva sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
135
M.B.C.A. §13.02(b)(1)(i), official comment, 2009, sec. 13, 23-36.
136
Del. Code Ann. tit. 8, §262(b).
137
138
M.B.C.A. §13.01, official comment, 2009, sec. 13, 8.
139
140
141
M.B.C.A. §13.02(b)(1)(ii).
142
143
144
145
139
mixedviT, gansxvavebulad ganimarta. ukanasknelidan pirveli saxis gadawyvetilebaTa

dedaarsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu aqcioneris moTxovna mxolod fiduciuri mova-
leobis darRvevas efuZneba da is ar momdinareobs marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebidan,
maSin protestis ufleba anazRaurebis gansakuTrebul saxes kargavs.146 sasamarTlo
praqtikis meore mimarTulebiT sruliad sapirispiro mtkicdeba. ganviTarebulma
tendenciam moicva debuleba, rom fiduciuri movaleobis darRvevis Tanadroulad ar
aris aucilebeli marTlwinaaRmdegobis faqtobrivi garemoebis arseboba da efraiza-
lis ufleba, rogorc samarTlebrivad daculi uflebis darRvevis Sedegad damdgari
zianis anazRaurebis saSualeba, mainc rCeba anazRaurebis eqskluziur saSualebad.147
fiduciur movaleobaTa darRveva, optimaluri xedvis TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia
mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli disidenti aqcioneris wilis kompensirebis samarTliani
Rirebulebis gansazRvis etapze. cxadia, rom sakanonmdeblo regulaciebis indiferen-
tuli pirobebis etapze praqtikac diferencirebulia.148
reziumes saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom efraizalis uflebis zogadi postulati re-
organizaciuli tipis tranzaqciaTa formirebasa da Sedegebs gamijnuli aqcioneris
uflebaTa sakanonmdeblo dacvis meqanizmia, romelsac axasiaTebs samarTlebrivi moq-
medebis koniunqturuli farglebi da gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
rogorc samosamarTlo praqtika, ise sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi cxadyofs, rom efra-
izalis uflebis praqticireba diferencirebulia da misi gamoyeneba konkretuli qvey-
nis normatiul midgomasa da sasamarTlo politikis orientirebzea damokidebuli.
4.3.1.2.2. wilis samarTliani RirebulebiT kompensireba da

misi gansazRvra
4.3.1.2.2.1. samarTliani fasis ganmsazRvreli subieqtebi
efraizalis uflebis Semadgenel elementTa Soris, zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebTan

erTad, centralur pozicias kompensirebis Tematika da misi gamoTvlis meqanizmebi ika-
vebs.149 efraizalis institutis daniSnulebas disidenti aqcioneris wilis samarTlia-
ni Rirebulebis fabula gansazRvravs. kanonmdebloba samarTliani fasis gansazRvris
eqskluziur uflebamosilebas sazogadoebas aniWebs, romelic sameTvalyureo sabWos
146
magaliTad, havais saapelacio sasamarTlom fiduciur valdebulebaTa darRvevis mi-
marT protestis uflebis gamoyeneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaTvala samarTlebrivad
sworad, Tu movaleobis darRveva iqneboda TaRliTuri an marTlsawinaaRdego. ix. M &
W, Inc., v. Pacific Guardian Life Insurance Co., WL 32685 (Haw. App. Ct. 1998). am gadawyvetilebiT,
man uaryo delaveris sasamarTlos mier veinbergeris precedentul gadawyvetilebaSi
gatarebuli Teza, rom nebismieri monetaruli anazRaureba, Cveulebriv, momdinareobs
efraizalis uflebidan, sadac, marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da TaRliTobis SemTxvevaSi,
protestis uflebis araadekvaturi kompensirebis arsebobas efraizalis gamomyeneb-
lis risks uwodebs. ix. Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 714 (Del. 1983). veinbergeris gad-
awyvetilebis efraizalis Sinaarsobriv konteqstSi ganxilvisTvis ix. Radin S., The Busi-
ness Judgment Rule, vol. II, Boston/Chicago, 2009, 1659-1662.
147
ix. Moon v. Moon Enterprises, Inc., 65 Ark. App. 246, 986 S. W.2d 134 (1999).
148
149
140
meSveobiT uzrunvelyofs sakiTxis gadawyvetis teqnikur mxares,150 xolo im aqcioners,

romelic ar daeTanxmeba sameTvalyureo sabWos gadawyvetilebas, SesaZlebloba aqvs
gaasaCivros/gaaprotestos fasi/Rirebuleba sasamarTloSi.151 am etapze diferencir-
deba protestis uflebis dualisturi buneba. pirvelia, zogadad, miRebuli gadawyve-
tilebiT ukmayofilo aqcioneris am gadawyvetilebisgan gamijvna. reorganizaciis an
tranzaqciis pirobebiT ukmayofilo aqcioneri aprotestebs mTlian tranzaqcias da
iTxovs saTanado kompensaciis miRebas. mimdinare etapze, qarTuli kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT, sazogadoebaa uflebamosili gansazRvros wilis samarTliani Rirebule-
ba. meore, es aris gamijnuli aqcioneris investiciis Rirebulebis sazogadoebis mi-
er gamoTvlis adekvaturobis sakiTxis eWvqveS dayeneba da misi gaprotesteba. meore
pirvelis Sedegia, magram pirveli meores gamoyenebas xels ar uSlis. aqcioneris mier
gaprotestebuli fasis adekvaturobis gansazRvra sasamarTlo msjelobis sagania.152
gaprotestebul fassa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT dadgenil fass Soris sxvaobis
kompensirebas kombinaciis Sedegad `gadarCenili~ Tu warmoSobili kompania axdens.153
amitom, protestis ufleba `gadarCenili~ korporaciis sakredito risks ganekuTvne-
ba.154 magram ra aris samarTliani fasi da ra kriteriumebiT ganisazRvreba igi (aseTis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi)?!
tranzaqciaSi monawileobis gaprotesteba Sefasebas moiTxovs. Sefaseba unda mox-
des samarTlian fasad, magram samarTliani fasis erTiani gansazRvreba ar arsebobs. is
ar aris zusti mecnierebis Seswavlis sagani da moicavs subieqtur da obieqtur kom-
pleqsur elementebs.155 mis subieqtivizms samarTliani fasis dadgenis individualizmi
ganapirobebs. adekvaturi kompensacia yoveli konkretuli garemoebisa da SemTxvevis
safuZvelze unda iqnes dadgenili. miuxedavad samarTliani Rirebulebis determina-
ciis erTiani sqemis ararsebobisa, aSS-is sakanonmdeblo da samosamarTlo sivrceSi mi-
si dadgenis sxvadasxva meTodi da saSualeba arsebobs. maT Soris umTavresia `delave-
ris blokis~ meTodi da `mniSvnelovan garemoebaze~ dafuZnebuli meTodi.
4.3.1.2.2.2. samarTliani Rirebulebis gansazRvra
yvelaze rTuli sakiTxi efraizalis uflebis samarTlebrivi gaazrebisas disi-

denti aqcioneris wilis samarTliani Rirebulebis dadgenaa. sazogadoebis mier dad-
genili wilis Rirebuleba, romelsac ar eTanxmeba mcire aqcioneri, unda gansazRvros
sasamarTlom.156 efraizalis konteqstSi ganxiluli wilis fass ewodeba `Rirebuleba~
150
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 531 muxlis me-4 punqti.
151
iqve, me-6 punqti.
152
153
magaliTad, hintmeni fred veberis winaaRmdeg saqmeze delaveris sasamarTlom 29%-iani
efraizalis premiumRirebulebis gadaxda daadgina. tranzaqciis fasi TiTo aqciaze
iyo 260 dolari, xolo gaprotestebis Sedegad sasamarTlos mier dadgenilma `samar-
Tlianma Rirebulebam~ 335 aSS-is dolari Seadgina. ix. Hintmann v. Fred Weber, Inc., Del. Ch.
Lexis 65, WL 376379 (2000).
154
155
iqve, 1584.
156
141
(value), `samarTliani Rirebuleba~ (fair value),157 `samarTliani fuladi Rirebuleba~ (fair

cash value) an `samarTliani sabazro Rirebuleba~ (fair market value).158 etimologiuri dife-
rencireba maT Soris substanciuri zRvris dadgenas, rogorc wesi,159 ar ganapirobebs.
termini `samarTliani~ aRniSnavs faqts, rom kapitalis bazarze kotirebuli wilis kon-
kretul dRes an drois gansazRvrul periodSi dadgenili Rirebuleba ar aris saboloo
Rirebuleba.160 aSS-is biznesskorporaciaTa modeluri kanoni adgens, rom korporaci-
uli qmedebis ZalaSi SesvlisTanave `samarTliani Rirebuleba~ subieqturi da Sefase-
bis arsebuli koncefciebisa da teqnikis gamoyenebiT dauyovnebliv unda dadgindes.161
paralelurad, delaveris sakorporacio samarTali `samarTliani Rirebulebis~ defi-
nicias sakanonmdeblo doneze ganmartavs, rogorc wilis Rirebulebas Serwymis dRes,
romelic moicavs uklebliv yvela Rirebulebas, rac Serwymis Sedegad warmoiSoba.162
`samarTliani Rirebulebis~ gamoTvlis bundovani sakanonmdeblo daTqmebma ganapiro-
ba samosamarTlo samarTlis aqtiuroba da xeli Seuwyo mis kreativizms.163
Rirebulebis gamoTvlis procesSi mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli korpora-
ciis wminda qonebis salikvidacio Rirebuleba; unda Sefasdes da mxedvelobaSi iqnes
miRebuli aqtivebi da pasivebi, gudvili, patentebi da savaWro niSnebi.164 salikvidacio
RirebulebasTan erTad mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli samomavlo biznesSesaZleb-
lobebi da korporaciis, rogorc gangrZobadi subieqtis Semosavlebis simZlavre.165 ef-
raizalis procesSi zogierTi kompaniis Sefaseba xSirad garTulebulia, radgan maT ar
aqvT Semosavlebis istoriis damadasturebeli sando wyaroebi, kontrolirebadi arian
aqcionerTa umravlesobis mier an/da maTi aqciebi likvidur kapitalis bazarze ar aris
ganTavsebuli.166 miuxedavad amisa, korporaciis Sefaseba, romelic valdebulia wilis
`samarTliani Rirebulebis~ dadgenis Semdgom mis gadaxdaze, mniSvnelovania imdenad,
ramdenadac disidenti aqcioneris wilis Rirebuleba dgindeba korporaciis savarau-
do nawilobrivi likvidaciis safuZvelze, agreTve ganisazRvreba da fasdeba is qone-
ba, romelsac miiRebda aqcioneri sawarmos, rogorc ekonomikuri erTeulis operaci-
uli funqcionirebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi. Sefasebis es meTodi sazogadoebis wminda
qonebrivi Rirebulebis dadgenis konservatiuli saSualebaa. is afasebs korporaciis
157
ix. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 4, USA, 2010, 93.
158
Cox J., Hazen J., Business Organizations Law, 3th ed., USA, 2011, 641.
159
arsebobs gansxvavebuli sasamarTlo praqtikiT gamyarebuli mosazrebebi, rom `samar-
Tliani Rirebuleba~ farTo cnebiTi kategoriaa da is aRemateba `samarTlian sabazro
Rirebulebas,~ ramdenadac protestis uflebas is aqcioneri iyenebs, romlis aqciebis
realizaciis likviduri bazari ar arsebobs, an aqciebi ar aris `gasavliani~ (likviduri).
aseT SemTxvevaSi samarTliani fasis dadgena mraval faqtorzea damokidebuli, magram
sabazro Rirebuleba nakleb rols asrulebs mis gansazRvraSi. ix. Balsamides v. Protameen
Chems, Inc., 734 A.2d 721-733, (N.J. 1999). aseve, ix. Swope v. Siegel-Robert, Inc., 243 F.3d 486, 492 (8th
Cir. 2001).
160
161
M.B.C.A. §13.01(4)(ii), official comment, 2009, sec. 13, 10-12.
162
Del. Gen. Corp. Law §262.
163
164
165
166
142
wminda qonebriv Rirebulebas da ar iTvaliswinebs qonebis going concern sinergetikul

Rirebulebas,167 maSin roca aqcioneris interesia reorganizaciuli tipis tranzaqcii-
dan misi wilis adekvaturi Rirebuleba miiRos, romelsac is ar daeTanxma. korporacia
unda Sefasdes going concern WrilSi, rogorc Serwymis procesSi `moqmedi realoba~.168
Sesabamisad, efraizalis procesis mizani unda iyos disidenti aqcioneris im interesis
Sefaseba, romelsac is miiRebda korporaciis going concern-is SemTxvevaSi. amitom, kor-
poracia unda Sefasdes rogorc operaciuli organizacia da going concern-is sawarmo,
rogorc sabazro seqtoris potenciuri warmomadgeneli.169
Rirebulebis adekvaturobis dadgenis mniSvnelovan teqnikad moiazreboda `de-
laveris blokis~ meTodiT cnobili Sefaseba.170 meTodi gulisxmobs oTxi saxis Rirebu-
lebis saSualo ariTmetikulis gamoTvlas. saSualo Sewonili ariTmetikuli cifris
misaRebad saWiro iyo korporaciis qonebrivi, sabazro, saSemosavlo da dividendebis
Rirebulebis gamoTvla.171 gamoTvlis procesSi ganixileboda nebismieri garemoeba,
romelic am Rirebulebebs ukavSirdeboda.172 sadac sabazro Rirebulebis kriteriumis
dadgena SeuZlebeli iyo, iq gamoiyeneboda kidev sami damatebiTi elementi – sabalan-
so Rirebuleba, qonebis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis debulebebisa da xelSekrulebidan
gamomdinare kompensaciis fuladi Rirebuleba.173 misi nakli wilis Sefasebis kriteri-
umTa gansakuTrebuli simkacre da sinergetikuli interesis gauTvaliswineblobaa.
magram `delaveris blokis~ meTodi uaryofil iqna delaveris uazenaesi sasamarTlos
mier veienbergis gadawyvetilebaSi,174 romelSic ganisazRvra, rom Rirebulebis Sefa-
sebisas yvela relevanturi garemoeba unda iqnes gamoyenebuli,175 garda fasis spekula-
ciuri elementebisa, romelic tranzaqciis Sedegad SeiZleboda warmoSobiliyo.176
efraizalis axalma meTodma wilis Sefasebis garkveuli SezRudvebic gamoiwvia.
delaveris sakorporacio samarTalSi arsebuli daTqma, rom wilis Rirebuleba moi-
cavs uklebliv yvela Rirebulebas/fass, rac Serwymis Sedegad warmoiSoba, uzenaesma
sasamarTlom disidenti aqcioneris sawinaaRmdegod ganmarta da Tqva, rom `samarTli-
167
168
169
ix. Applebaum v. Anaya, 812 A.2d 880 (Del. 2002).
170
171
Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Economic Structure of Corporate Law, London, 1991, 153.
172
173
174
Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701 (Del. 1983).
175
`relevanturia garemoeba~, romelsac zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia Sefasebaze. amitom,
sasamarTlom unda gamoiyenos yvela `relevanturi~ garemoeba da ara àucilebeli~
komponentebi, rogorc ama Tu im meTodisTvis Semadgeneli aucilebeli postulati.
sxva garemoebaTa kategoriaSi moiazreba disidenti aqcioneris wilis sadividendo
tarifi, SesaZleblobebi, rom dividenti SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes, akumulire-
buli namati, romelic dividendis gadaxdisTvis gamoiyeneba, korporaciis angariSebi,
misi biznesperspeqtivebi, aqciTa gasayidi (sabazro) Rirebuleba, sabazro pirobebi, ko-
rporaciis reputacia da nebismieri sxva garemoeba, romelsac zegavlenis moxdena Seu-
Zlia wilis Sefasebaze. ix. Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol.
15, USA, 2008, 461.
176
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, Boston/Chicago, 2009, 1591-1592.
143
ani Rirebuleba~ moicavs uklebliv yvela elements, romelic Serwymas Tan axlavs da
mis Sedegad warmoiSoba, rac niSnavs imas, rom konkretuli tranzaqciidan warmoSobi-
li sinergizmis efeqti ar unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli disidenti aqcioneris wilis
samarTliani Rirebulebis gamoTvlisas. es ukanaskneli koncefcia axsna imiT, rom di-
sidenti aqcioneri SeZenis SeTavazebuli tranzaqciis (rasac aprotestebs) sinergeti-
kul RirebulebaSi monawileobs da ara samizne sazogadoebis, rogorc erTeulis, `sa-
marTlian RirebulebaSi~.177
efraizalis procesis samizne obieqti korporaciaSi disidenti aqcioneris pro-
porciuli Rirebulebis gansazRvra unda iyos, rac ar niSnavs mxolod kuTvnili wilis
tranzaqciuli Rirebulebis gansazRvras.178 disidenti aqcioneris wilis fasi kuT-
vnili wilis salikvidacio Rirebulebidan gamoiTvleba. wilis salikvidacio Rire-
bulebis gamoTvlisas SesaZlebelia mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli mcire aqcionerTa
an likvidurobis diskonti.179 aqcioneris diskonti damokidebulia imaze, aris Tu ara
korporaciis qmedebisgan gamijnuli ZiriTadi paketis mflobeli aqcioneri, Tu mas
kompaniaSi mcire interesi (wili) gaaCnia. samarTliani Rirebulebis dadgenaSi diskon-
tirebis monawileoba damokidebulia sasamarTlos kreatiul midgomaze. Tu disidenti
aqcioneri mcire aqcioneria, mas ar gaaCnia kompaniis menejmentze zegavlenis moxdenis
uflebamosileba da misi wili naklebi Rirebulebis Semcvelia,180 vidre msxvili aqci-
oneris sakuTrebaSi arsebuli wili. mcire aqcioneris diskonti sakontrolo paketis
mqone aqcioneris premiumRirebulebis antonimia. makontrolebeli aqcioneri sazoga-
doebaze kontrolis efeqtur berkets flobs, rac mis Rirebulebas mniSvnelovanwilad
zrdis. mis sapirwoned, mcire aqcioners msgavsi efeqtis moxdenis realuri meqanizmi
ar aqvs. Sesabamisad, konkretul RirebulebiT fasdaklebas, e.w. diskonts ganicdis.181
mcire disidenti aqcioneris diskontirebis gamoyeneba sasamarTlozea damokidebu-
li.182 es niSnavs, rom korporaciis zemoaRniSnuli meTodebiT Sefasebisa da masSi mci-
re mewilis proporciuli Rirebulebis dadgenis Semdgom, miRebul fass gamoakldeba
mcire aqcioneris diskonti, ris Sedegadac miiReba efraizalis Rirebuleba, anu wilis
`samarTliani Rirebuleba~.183 mewarme subieqtisa da wilis Sefasebas yovelTvis fluq-
tuaciuri xasiaTi aqvs da damokidebulia konkretul garemoebebze. es ki aqcionerTa
diskontis fiqsirebuli maCveneblis gansazRvras SeZlebels xdis da es ukanasknelic
(diskonti) damokidebulia faqtobriv garemoebebze.184
rac Seexeba likvidurobis diskontirebiT wilis Rirebulebis Semcirebas da `sa-
marTliani Rirebulebis~ miRebas, meTodologiuri sistematizacia mcire aqcionerTa
diskontirebis analogiuria. wilis likvidurobis xarisxi mesakuTris mier misi re-
177
M.P.M. Enterprises, Inc. v. Gilbert, 731 A.2d 790, 795 (Del. 1999).
178
179
180
iqve, 468.
181
The Federal Estate Tax, 2011, 147-148.
182
Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 467, 469.
183
184
The Federal Estate Tax, 2011, 149.
144
alizebis sirTule/simartivis xarisxobrivi maCvenebliT gamoixateba. wilis arasa-

xarbielo salikvidacio garemoebis prekondicia SeiZleba iyos gasxvisebis sawesdebo
SezRudvebis arseboba, gayidvis praqtikuli sirTuleebi an bazarze potenciur myid-
velTa SezRuduli raodenoba. aRniSnuli garemoebebis arsebobisas wilis `samarTli-
ani sabazro Rirebuleba~ naklebia kompaniis salikvidacio Rirebulebaze. hipoTetu-
ri mocemuloba likvidurobis diskontis determinantia. likvidurobis diskontis
adresati orive rangis – rogorc makontrolebeli, ise mcire – aqcioneria. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi, firmis SefasebiT, disidenti aqcioneris proporciulad kuTvnili wilis
Rirebuleba Semcirdeba likvidurobis diskontis farglebSi.185 iseve rogorc aqcio-
nerTa diskonti, likvidurobis diskontis gamoyenebis186 praqtikuli tendeciebisa da
orientirebis gansazRvra sasamarTlozea damokidebuli.187
dabolos, efraizalis uflebis realizirebis procesTan korelatiul damoki-
debulebaSia makontrolebeli aqcioneris sakontrolo premiis firmis RirebulebaSi
gaTvaliswinebis sakiTxi. sakiTxis analitikuri mimarTulebis mimcemi `korporaciis
qonebis~ Teoriaa, romelic berlis mier XX saukuneSi iqna ganviTarebuli.188 aRniSnuli
Teoriis Tanaxmad, sakontrolo blokis gasxvisebiT warmoSobili premiumRirebuleba
sazogadoebis kuTvnilebaa da is unda dairicxos korporaciis balansze. `korporaci-
is qonebis~ Teoria cxadyofs, rom premiumRirebuleba sazogadoebis kuTvnilebaa.189
sasamarTlo praqtika, efraizalis uflebis sasarCelo warmoebisas, xsenebuli Teori-
is orientirebs daemorCila. delaveris uzenaesma sasamarTlom gonivrulad miiCnia,
rom korporaciis Rirebuleba gadaxdili premiumTanxiT izrdeba.190
saerTo jamSi, samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom mcire aqcioners mieces Serwymis Se-
degad warmoSobili sinergizmis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoangariSebuli wilis adekvaturi
kompensacia,191 xolo sasamarTlom funqcionalurad unda gansazRvros, aris Tu ara wi-
lis aseTi Sefaseba zomieri.192
185
The Federal Estate Tax, 2011, 151-152.
186
wilis aqcioneruli da sabazro likvidurobis diskontireba identuria àqciis arasa-
Tanado Sefasebis~ (~underprice~), rodesac samizne sazogadoebis wili realur sabazro
Rirebulebaze naklebia. wilis ùnderprice~ Tu diskontireba ekvaieri kompaniis mier sam-
izne sazogadoebis SeZenis motivatorad ganisazRvreba, ramdenadac, realur sabazro
Rirebulebasa da mimdinare sabazro Rirebulebas Soris sxvaoba SeZenis tranzaqciis
mogeba/sargebels utoldeba da warmoadgens tranzaqciidan misaRebi sargeblis wy-
aros. ix. Kraakman R., Discounted Share Price As A Source of Acquisition Gains, London, 1990, 29-62.
187
Cox R., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., Vol. 4, 2010, 102. amasTan aRsaniSnavia,
rom aSS-is bizneskorporaciaTa modeluri kanoni 1999 wlis cvlilebebis Semdgom aRar
iTvaliswinebs likviduri diskontis instituts. ix. M.B.C.A. §13.01(4), 2009.
188
Berle A., Control in Corporate Law, 58 Colum. L. Rev.,1958, 1212.
189
Sdr. Andrews R., The Stockholders’ Right To Equal Opportunity in the Sale of Shares, 78 Harv. L. Rev.,
1965, 505.
190
ix. Rapid-American Corporation v. Harris, 603 A.2d 796 (Del. 1992).
191
192
145
4.3.2. De facto Serwymis doqtrina
4.3.2.1. De facto Serwymis doqtrinis arsi
rekonstruirebis procesis saintegracio Sedegebisgan aqcionerTa dacvis ex post

strategiuli meTodia de facto Serwymis doqtrina. gasvlis generaluri strategia gan-
sazRvrul winapirobaTa arsebobisas aqtivirdeba. De facto Serwymis doqtrinis Camo-
yalibebisa da arsebobis arsi gasvlis strategiis gamoyenebis winapirobaTa analizs
gulisxmobs. amasTan, is efraizalis uflebis realizebis samosamarTlo diskreciis
sferos ganekuTvneba. is sasamarTlo praqtikis pirmSoa.193
aSS-is Statebis umravlesoba194 sakanonmdeblo daTqmas akeTebs korporaciis qo-
nebis araCveulebriv samewarmeo saqmianobis konteqstSi mTliani an TiTqmis mTliani
gasxvisebis SemTxvevaSi disidenti aqcioneris wilis samarTlian fasad kompensirebis
uflebamosilebis dadgenis Sesaxeb. delaverSi efraizalis ufleba Serwymisa da konso-
lidaciasTan mimarTebiT gamoiyeneba,195 gansxvavebiT, magaliTad, niu-iorkisa da ohaios
regulaciebisgan, iseve rogorc bizneskorporaciaTa modeluri kanonisa,196 sadac TiT-
qmis yvela fundamenturi cvlilebis mimarT SeiZleba efraizalis uflebis praqtikuli
gamoyeneba.197 delaveris sakorporacio samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli normati-
uli sivrce efraizalis uflebis farTo ganzomilebiT sibrtyes qmnis. iseve rogorc
aSS-is bizneskorporaciaTa modeluri kanoni, saqarTvelos mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni sa-
kanonmdeblo doneze uSvebs yvela fundamenturi cvlilebis gaprotestebisa da adekva-
turi kompensirebis miRebis uflebriv SesaZleblobas. yvela fundamentur cvlilebaze
aqcioneris reagirebas sazogadoebis datovebis kuTxiT, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni axor-
cielebs generaluri dispoziciuri daTqmiT.198 garda amisa, substanciuri qonebrivi
gasxvisebiT efraizalis uflebis warmoSobis Tavidan arideba sawesdebo avtonomiis
farglebSi SemovliTi gziTac SeiZleba. Tu partniorebi wesdebaSi gaakeTeben detalur
daTqmas, rom mTliani an TiTqmis mTliani qonebis gasxviseba sazogadoebis àraCveuleb-
riv~ samewarmeo saqmianobad ar CaiTvleba da mimdinare operaciul strategiad gansazR-
vraven mas, maSin disident aqcioners efraizalis uflebamosileba sawesdebo daTqmis
safuZvelze SeezRudeba.199 ismis kiTxva: ra kavSiri aqvs efraizalis uflebas de facto Ser-
wymis doqtrinasTan?! damakavSirebeli xazi gamoyenebis meqnizmze gadis.
193
Shade J., Business Associations, USA, 2010, 416.
194
garda delaverisa da kaliforniis Statisa, sadac efraizalis uflebis gamoyenebis
winapirobad Serwyma da konsolidaciaa dadgenili. ix. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of
Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 4, USA, 2010, 22.
195
Del. Code. Ann. tit. 8, §262.
196
M.B.C.A. §13.02.
197
198
` ...Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~. ix. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni, 531
muxlis pirveli punqti.
199
samewarmeo saqmianobis avtorizebuli arealis gansazRvris kompetencia aqcionerTa
saerTo krebis uflebamosilebis nawilia. Sesabamisad, dafuZnebis etapze an funqcion-
irebis dinamikaSi wesdebaSi cvlilebebis Setana aranair sakanonmdeblo dabrkolebas
ar ganicdis aqcionerTa mimarT. ix. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni, 54-e muxlis me-6 punqti.
aseve, ix. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., vol. 4, USA, 2010, 23.
146
4.3.2.2. De facto Serwymis doqtrinis gamoyeneba
De facto Serwymis doqtrina korporaciis qonebrivi gasxvisebis SemTxvevaSi val-

debulebaTa pirdapiri uflebamonacvleobis ararsebobis (garmocxvis) generaluri
wesidan samosamarTlo gamonaklisi SemTxvevis konstantirebas axdens.200 korporaci-
is qonebrivi dauflebis tranzaqciis SeTanxmebis sagania samizne sawarmos im valde-
bulebaTa katalogi, romelzec ekvaier korporacias surs aiRos pasuxismgebloba, anu
gaxdes xelSekrulebaSi gansazRvrul valdebulebebze uflebamonacvle da maTze pa-
suxismgebeli piri. aseTi tipis tranzaqcia xSirad sakontrolo paketis mqone aqcione-
ris individualuri gadawyvetis farglebSia moqceuli. gansxvavebiT individualurad
nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebisa, Serwymis an gaerTianebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba
saWiroebs aqcionerTa saerTo krebis gadawyvtilebas, rac niSnavs, rom aseTi gadawy-
vetilebis ararsebobis Sedegad konsolidirebuli sazogadoebebi de facto korpora-
cias Camoayalibeben.201 korporaciis de facto xasiaTi aqcioners ar aZlevs uflebas misi
daSlis Sesaxeb awarmoos samarTlebrivi aqtivoba, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu es sakanon-
mdeblo doneze pirdapir ar aris gansazRvruli. amitom, mis ZiriTad arsenals xarve-
ziani kombinaciisgan gamijvna warmoadgens.202 tranzaqciis gaprotestebis saukeTeso
saSualebaa Sesabamis sasamarTlo instanciaSi dava. im aqcioners, romelsac ar mieca
SeZenis/gasxvisebis tranzaqciaSi xmis micemis ufleba da ar Camoyalibda efraizalis
praqtikuli realizebis sakanonmdeblo normis dispoziciuri Semadgenloba, SeuZlia
tranzaqciis `realur~ bunebaze daiwyos sasarCelo warmoeba.203
korporaciuli kombinacia, romlis integrirebul Sedegebs iseTive ekonomikuri
efeqti aqvs, rogorc sakanonmdeblo Serwymas, magram formirebulia qonebis mTliani
an substanciuri nawilis SeZenis tranzaqcis saxiT, es aris korporaciaTa de facto Ser-
wyma.204 Serwymis an konsolidaciis SemTxvevaSi, sakanonmdeblo doneze, rogorc wesi,
pirdapiri daTqmiT wesrigdeba valdebulebaTa uflebamonacvleoba205 da efraizalis
uflebis gamoyenebis nebadarTuloba. mis sapirwoned, qonebrivi gasxviseba efraiza-
lis uflebas ar warmoSobs. Sesabamisad, rodesac menejmentis an sakontrolo paketis
mqone aqcionerTa mxridan xdeba tranzaqciis formirebis saxeze Sejereba, isini iTva-
liswineben SeZenis Rirebulebas, romelzec pirdapir aisaxeba efraizalis uflebis
Rirebuleba. aqedan generirdeba maTi survili: tranzaqcia imgvarad unda iqnes for-
mirebuli, rom gamoiricxos Serwymis Tanmdevi iseTi uflebamosilebis aqtivireba, ro-
goric efraizalis uflebaa, anu SeizRudos aqcioneris posttranzaqciuli reklasi-
ficirebul uflebaTa moqmedebis areali. msgavsi garigeba, faqtobrivad, emsgavseba
TvalTmaqcur garigebas – mxareebi realur mizans, gansxvavebuli meTodologiis ga-
moyenebiT, erTgvar `niRabs argeben~.
200
201
iqve, 353.
202
iqve, 354-355.
203
204
de facto Serwymis doqtrinis yvelaze cnobili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaa: Farris v. Glen
Alden Corporation, 143, A.2d 25 (Pa. 1958). aseve cnobili precendentebia: Shanoon v. Samuel
Langston Co., 379 F.Supp 797 (Mich. 1974), Marks v. Autocar Co., 153 F.Supp. 768 (1954), Pratt v. Ballman-
Cummings Furn. Co., 549 S.W.2d 270 (Ark. 1977).
205
147
qonebrivi SeZenis SedegTa Serwymis kombinaciaTa SedegebTan gaTanabrebas `ga-

darCenil~ korporaciaze samizne korporaciis valdebulebebze pasuxismgeblobis ga-
dasvlis Sesaxeb sakanonmdeblo daTqmis bazisze asrulebs. De facto Serwymis doqtrina,
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria iseTi qveynis kanonmdeblobisTvis, sadac efraizalis uf-
lebis gamoyenebis farglebi konkretuli saxis tranzaqciiTaa SezRuduli. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi, sasamarTlos msjelobis sagani SeiZleba gaxdes, qonebis SeZena gautoldeba
Tu ara Serwymis Sedegebs. Tumca, zogierTi StatSi, de facto Serwymis doqtrina sakanon-
mdeblo doneze normatiulad aris dauSvebeli.206 es niSnavs, rom aqcionerTa protes-
tis ufleba sakanonmdeblo farglebis dispoziciuri regulirebis nacvlad, impera-
tiuladaa mowesrigebuli da akrZaluli.
aRniSnuli instituti qarTul realobaSi nebis avtonomiis farglebSia moqce-
uli. Sesabamisad, samosamarTlo praqtika srulad aris damokidebuli mosamarTleTa
diskreciasa da sasamarTlo orientirebze. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, de facto Serwymis doq-
trinis gamoyenebas winapirobebi unda gaaCndes.207 ufro sworad, tranzaqcia de facto Ser-
wymad rom iqnes miCneuli, is unda akmayofilebdes ramdenime kriteriums. kriteriumTa
unificirebuli varianti ar arsebobs. is gansxvavebulia samarTlebrivi kuTvnilebisa
Tu erovnuli regulaciebis mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, tranzaqciis de facto Serwymad
kvalificirebas Semdegi elementebi unda axasiaTebdes.
pirveli, samizne sazogadoeba, rogorc sawarmo, qonebrivi gasxvisebis Semdgom
unda inarCunebdes funqcionirebis uwyvet tendencias. funqcionirebis gagrZeleba
niSnavs menejmentis uwyvetobas, personalis identobas, sawarmos adgilmdebareobis
ucvlelobas, qonebisa da biznessaqmianobis ZiriTadi operaciuli strategiebis uwy-
vetad ganxorcielebas. amasTan, Tu myidveli gamyidvel sazogadoebas gadauxdis naRd
fuls misi teqnika-danadgarebisa da samewarmeo saqmianobis konkretuli mimarTule-
bis (sferos) sanacvlod, maSin gamyidveli sawarmo rCeba biznesSi, ar wyvets funqcio-
nirebas, magram tranzaqcia ar iqneba de facto Serwymis doqtrinis samizne obieqti.208
meore, samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerTa statusis uwyvetoba unda iyos saxeze.
ekvaieri kompaniis mier anazRaurebis saxiT sakuTari aqciebis gacema samizne kompaniis
aqcionerTa SemoerTebas ganapirobebs. Sesabamisad, tranzaqcia aqcionerTa statusis
Sewyvetas ar iwvevs. amitom aRniSnuli doqtrina qonebrivi SeZenis tranzaqciis speci-
fikur saxeze vrceldeba.
mesame, posttranzaqciul etapze samizne sazogadoeba wyvets Cveulebriv same-
warmeo-operaciul saqmianobas da ganicdis likvidacias, an iSleba samarTlebrivad
dadgenili wesebis dacviT.209
meoTxe, Semsyidveli korporacia sakuTari nebiT iRebs samizne sazogadoebis im
valdebulebebs, rac Cveulebrivi samewarmeo saqmianobis Cveul reJimSi funqcionire-
bis gangrZobisTvis substanciuri da saWiroa. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu sasamarTlo
206
magaliTad, texasis Statis kanonmdebloba krZalavs de facto Serwymis doqtrinas. ix.
207
magaliTad, erT-erTma sasamarTlom tranzaqciis de facto Serwymis miCnevis winapirobad
SemZenis mier samizne sazogadoebisTvis anazRaurebis saxed ekvaieri kompaniis aqciebis
gadaxda gansazRvra. ix. Armour-Dial, Inc. v. Alkar Engineering Corp., 469 F Supp 1198 (Ed Wis 1979).
208
Parson v. Roper Whithey, Inc., 586 F Supp 1447 (Wd Wis 1984).
209
148
gamoiyenebs210 da daeyrdnoba de facto Serwymis doqtrinas, misTvis savaldebulo ar aris

yvela elementis arseboba imisTvis, rom tranzaqcia de facto Serwymad dakvalificir-
des.211 Tu zemoaRniSnuli yvela elementi iarsebebs, saxeze iqneba mSobel-Svilobil
kompanias Soris urTierToba. aseT dros samarTlebrivi meqanizmi, efraizalis ufle-
bis gamoyenebis sanacvlod, disident aqcioners an kreditors SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
mSobeli korporaciis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi daayenos subsidiaris valdebulebis-
Tvis gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis principis safuZvelze.212
msjelobam cxadyo, rom ori substanciuri funqciuri Sedegi gamomdinareobs
tranzaqciis de facto Serwymad kvalificirebidan. pirveli, SemZeni korporaciis aqci-
onerebi uflebamosili iqnebian saerTo kreba gamarTon da xma miscen (sasargeblod
an sawinaaRmdegod) Serwymis ganxorcielebas213 da meore, xmis micemaze uflebamosil
yvela aqcioners efraizalis uflebis gamoyenebis sakanonmdeblo `nebarTva gauCnde-
ba~.214,215
5. menejmentis rotacia
menejmentis rotacia korporaciis restruqturizaciis absoluturi Tanmdevi

Sedegia. aqcionerTa uflebebis posttranzaqciuli reklasificireba marTvis orga-
noTa Semadgenlobaze pirdapir aisaxeba. korporaciis ori substanciuri elementis,
210
samosamarTlo praqtika de facto Serwymis kuTxiT gansakuTrebulad diferencirebulia.
TviT aSS-Si de facto Serwymis doqtrinas sxvadasxva Statis samosamarTlo praqtika ar
iziarebs. ufro metic, misi gamoyeneba SezRudulia umravles StatSi. de facto Serwymis
doqtrina uaryofilia `damoukidebeli sakanonmdeblo mniSvnelobis~ (~independent statu-
tory significance~) doqtriniT (igive, èqual dignity~ doqtrina). aRniSnuli doqtrinis Tanax-
mad, saxelmwifoSi moqmedi sakorporaciosamarTlebrivi avtorizebuli regulaciebi
damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis matarebelia imdenad, ramdenadac erTi debulebis sub-
stanciuri efeqturoba da proceduruli moTxovnebi ar SeiZleba dabalansdes sxva de-
bulebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom mowesrigebis sfero da obieqti erTi da igive SeiZleba
iyos, magram mowesrigebis proceduruli moTxovnebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli.
logikurad, `damoukidebeli sakanonmdeblo mniSvnelobis~ doqtrinis mixedviT, Tu
korporaciis qonebrivi gayidva akmayofilebs tranzaqciis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil
moTxovnebs, maSin kontraqti CaiTvleba qonebis gayidvad da ara Serwymad. `damoukide-
beli sakanonmdeblo mniSvnelobis~ doqtrina gamoyenebul unda iqnes maSin, rodesac
qonebis gayidva ar iwvevs sazogadoebis daSlas da gamyidveli korporacia inarCunebs
samarTalsubieqtobas minimum im periodis ganmavlobaSi, rac sakmarisia miRebuli kon-
tribuciis sakuTar aqcionerebze ganawilebisTvis. ix. Cox J., Hazen T., Business Organizations
Law, 3th ed., USA, 2011, 614. aSS-Si yvelaze cnobili precedentuli gadawyvetileba, romel-
mac de facto Serwymis doqtrina uaryo, es aris Hariton v. Arco Electronics, Inc., 188 A.2d 123 (Del.
1963). ix. Oesterle D., Mergers and Acquisitions, USA, 2006, 79-80; Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed.,
USA, 2010, 614-617.
211
mag. ix. New York v. National Service Industries, Inc., 460 F.3d 201 (2d. cir. 2006), Berg Chilling Systemm,
Inc. v. Hull Corp., 435 F3d 455 (CA 2006), Forrest v. Beloit Corp., 278 F Supp 2d 471 (ED Pa 2003).
212
Kelly v. American Precision, Inc., 438 So 2d 29 . ix. Presser S., Piercing the Corporate Veil, USA, 2011, 99-
107.
213
214
ix. Heilbrunn v. Sun Chemical Corp. (Del. 1959).
215
149
kontrolisa da sakuTrebis gamijvnis, analizis analitikuri fabula menejmentis re-

konstruirebis safuZvelTa safuZvels warmoadgens. tranzaqciaSi monawile orive
(SemZeni da SeZenili) korporaciis menejmentis Semadgenloba gansxvavebuli xarisxiT
gadaxalisdeba.216 gadaxalisebis kompetencia kontrolis `kontrolis~ ganmaxorciele-
bel `zemdgomi~ organos xelSia. Sesabamisad, SemZeni sazogadoebis direqtoratisa Tu
sameTvalyureo sabWos Semadgenlobis cvlileba aqcionerTa nebazea damokidebuli.217
Tu samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerTa kontribucia SemZeni korporaciis òriginal~
aqcionerTa struqturas imdenad Seasustebs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze arsebiTi
gavlenis moxdena `Semosul~ aqcionerTa Zalauflebas daemorCileba,218 maSin ekvaieri
kompaniis direqtorati da sameTvalyureo sabWo fundamenturi gadaxalisebis obi-
eqtad iqceva.219 reorganizaciuli tipis tranzaqciisa Tu kontrolis gayidvis even-
tualuri Sedegi menejmentis cvlilebaa. amitom, tranzaqciis formirebisas, xSirad,
direqtorTa fiduciuri movaleobaTa dacva220 arsebuli menejmentis mxridan kiTxvis
niSnis qveS dgeba.221 mis sapirwoned, Tu ekvaieri sazogadoebis pretranzaqciuli xedva
da ucxo kompaniis dauflebis motivatori samizne kompaniis realuri Rirebulebis Se-
faseba da potencialis ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi analizia,222 sruliad SesaZlebelia,
rom potencialisa da sargeblis ganmapirobebel faqtorad araswori korporaciuli
marTvis elementebi, interesTa konfliqti da `principal-agentis~ problemebi gamo-
ikveTos.223 logikuria, rom aseT dros SemZeni sazogadoebis samizne sazogadoebasTan
kombinaciaSi Sesvlis perspeqtiva korporaciuli marTvis gaumjobesebiT ekonomikuri
efeqturobis maqsimizirebaa.224
korporaciuli marTva, ekonomikur konteqstSi, sawarmos marketingul marTvas
ukavSirdeba. `Ria~ korporaciaSi, romlis aqciaTa garkveul nawils direqtorati flobs,
araswori marTvis Rirebuleba izrdeba da is vrceldeba yvela aqcioneris sargebliano-
baze da sazogadoebis sruli Sewonili sargeblianobis magnitudis ganmsazRvrelia.225
bunebrivia, tranzaqciis momzadebis etapze ekvaieri korporaciis menejmentma ukve icis
da dagegmili aqvs sinergizmis miRwevis konkretuli strategia.226 Tu tranzaqciis mom-
216
217
Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol.5, USA, 2011, 489-503, 523.
218
aRweril situaciaSi ekvaieri korporaciisgan Tavdacvis saSualebad samizne sazoga-
doeba xSirad `gangrZobadi direqtoris~ (~continuing director~) an `mkvdari xelis~ (~dead
hand~) uflebis debulebas iyenebs, rac arsebuli menejmentis uflebamosilebis erT-
gvari gagrZelebis safuZveli xdeba, xolo samomavlo bordis kompetencias zRudavs,
ramdenadac aRniSnuli debuleba aqcionerTa uflebaTa gegmis Secvlas da masSi gan-
sazRvrul uflebaTa Semcirebas tranzaqciis gegmis miRebis dRes moqmedi menejmentis
eqskluziur kompetenciad gansazRvravs. ix. Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. III, Bos-
ton/Chicago, 2009, 3258-3292.
219
220
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. I, Boston/Chicago, 2009, 796-846.
221
222
Vishwanath R., Krishnamurti C., Value Drivers and Target Valuation, 2008, London, 57-63.
223
Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restructuring Activities, 5th ed., Los Angelas,
2010, 6.
224
iqve, 7-9.
225
iqve, 11-12.
226
150
zadebis etapze wina planze samizne kompaniis menejerialisturi segmentebis sisustea

wamoweuli, rasac finansuri da samarTlebrivi `due diligence~ kompetenturi daskvniT da-
adasturebs, maSin gardauvalia samizne korporaciis menejmentis rotacia.227 aRniSnuli
hipoTeturi msjeloba moqmedia mxolod qonebrivi an wilobrivi SeZenis dros, romel-
sac Serwyma ar mohyveba.228 Serwymis an konsolidaciis SemTxvevaSi, samizne sazogadoebis
menejmentis epoqa sruldeba, xolo aqcionerebi axali marTvis organoTa pirobebSi ag-
rZeleben, aseve, axal sazogadoebaSi kanonmdeblobiT, uflebamonacvleobaTa doqtri-
niTa Tu wesdebiT miniWebul da dadgenil uflebamosilebebs.229 nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
restruqturizebul sazogadoebaSi aqcionerTa struqturis cvlileba menejmentis
cvlilebis an sruliad axali wevrebiT formirebis safuZveli xdeba, rac yoveli kon-
kretuli faqtobrivi garemoebis analitikur obieqtivSi unda gatardes.
6. likvidacia
samizne sazogadoebis fuliT qonebrivi an wilobrivi SeZenis Sedegi, albaTobis

maRali xarisxiT, likvidaciaa.230 likvidacia231 gansxvavebulia partniorTa investi-
rebuli kapitalis sawyisi (originali) korporaciis funqcionirebis Sewyvetisgan,232
romelic reorganizaciisas aqcioneris statusis Sewyvetis gareSe sruldeba.233 lik-
vidaciis arsi,234 aragakotrebiT reJimSi,235 sazogadoebis qonebis nebayoflobiTi236 ga-
nawilebaa.237 likvidaciis procesSi xdeba kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da
narCeni qonebis aqcionerTa Soris wilTa pro rata bazisze ganawileba.238 korporaciaTa
restruqturizaciis gansakuTrebulad specifikur gamovlinebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
227
228
Oesterle D., Mergers and Acquisitions, USA, 2006, 7, 10-13, 16.
229
230
231
Vishwahath R., Krishnamurti C., Bankruptcy and Reorganization, London, 2008, 333.
232
Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 16A, USA, 2012, 352-359.
233
mas, sxvagvarad, àragakotrebiT reorganizacias~ uwodeben. ix. Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclo-
pedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 15, USA, 2008, 544-545.
234
SeZena/Serwymis posttranzaqciul etapze likvidacia xSirad gamoiyeneba `going concer~-
is Rirebulebisa da xarjebis Sesamcireblad im martivi mizezis gamo, rom, rogorc
wesi, likvidaciis Rirebuleba ufro naklebia, vidre sazogadoebis `going concer~-is xar-
jebi. bunebrivia, rom ukanaskneli garemoeba `daxuruli~ samewarmeo saqmianobis mqone
samizne sazogadoebis SeZenas exeba, romlis gansajaroeba dRis wesrigSi tranzaqciis
SedegTa integrirebis etapze dgeba. ix. Lopucki L., Mirick C., Strategies for Creditors in Bankruptcy
Proceedings, 2007, P. 10-12; Glenn G., The Law Governing Liquidition, New York, 2002, 68-70.
235
Tabb C., Bankruptcy Anthology, Cincinnati, 2002, 160-166.
236
`nebayoflobiToba~ aqcionerTa nebis Tavisufali gamovleniT korporaciis salikvi-
dacio reJimSi gadayvanas gulisxmobs, sadac sakanonmdeblo iZulebiTi likvidaciis
winapirobebi ar arsebobs. ix. Tabb C., Bankruptcy Anthology, Cincinnati, 2002, 141-155. qarTu-
li kanonmdebloba nebayoflobiTobis daTqmas mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis me-14 muxlis
pirvel punqtSi akeTebs. Sead. Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restruc-
turing Activities, 5th ed., Los Angelas, 2010, 621.
237
238
Lopucki L., Mirick C., Strategies for Creditors in Bankruptcy Proceedings, New York, 2007, 17, 204-207.
151
kompaniis likvidacia.239 gansxvavebiT samizne kompaniis aqciebiT mTliani qonebrivi Tu

wilobrivi SeZenis an Serwymis korporaciis samarTalsubieqtis ekonomikuri `TamaSis~
dasrulebisken mimarTuli bolo qmedebisgan,240 sadac aqcionerTa absolutur umrav-
lesobas investirebuli kapitalis axali menejmentisa da sxva samarTalsubieqtis sa-
SualebiT marTvis Sansi eZleva,241 likvidaciis etapze qreba arsebuli organizaciuli
warmonaqmni (xdeba reestridan amoSla, saidentifikacio kodis deaqtivacia),242 wydeba
aqcionerTa statusi da xdeba ekonomikur mimoqcevaSi arsebuli aqcionerTa kapita-
lis brunvidan amoReba.243 saxezea dafuZnebis reversuli proceduruli korporaciu-
li qmedeba. reorganizaciuli tipis tranzaqciaTa paralelur samarTlebriv reJims
daqvemdebarebul tranzaqciul kategoriad, integrirebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, sa-
marTalsubieqtobis srulad Sewyvetis bazisi, salikvidacio cvlileba unda iqnes gan-
xiluli, anu tranzaqciul qmedebaze dafuZnebul fundamentur cvlilebas salikvida-
cio efeqtis244 kombinacia unda ewodos.245
likvidacia, rogorc gansakuTrebuli fenomeni, mewarme subieqtTa organizaciul
samarTalSi Camoyalibebuli da damkvidrebuli institutia. misi `struqturul cvli-
lebaTa~ konteqstualur WrilSi ganxilva, miznobrivi da etimologiuri ganmartebiT,
ar xdeba.246 Tumca, likvidaciis gaanalizeba `konstruqciul cvlilebaTa~ ganzomile-
baSi swori divergensuli midgomaa. ukanaskneli mocemulobis argumentireba korpo-
raciulad mowyobili organizaciuli erTobis arsobrivi ganmartebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
pirTa organizebul kavSirs kanoni samarTlebrivi formiT (ekonomistTa gagebiT, `me-
TodiT~)247 uzrunvelyofs. winare saxelSekrulebo strategiebis iuridiuli statusis
mqone konstruqciaSi moqceviT pirTa Cveulebriv organizaciuli tipis gaerTianebas
konstruqciuli saxe eZleva da is gamyarebulia sakanonmdeblo imperativizmebis248 sa-
SualebiT.249 organizaciuli warmonaqmnis samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moqcevis momenti-
dan yalibdeba pirTa samarTlis normebiT organizebuli samarTlebriv-ekonomikuri
erToba, e.i. korporacia.250 korporaciis formireba normatiulad SemoTavazebuli da
dadgenili struqturuli elementebis praqtikul SemTxvevaze morgebiT aqtivacias
ganapirobebs. pirTa da qonebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze251 samarTalsubieqtis kon-
239
Sdr. Vishwahath R., Krishnamurti C., Bankruptcy and Reorganization, London, 2008, 333-337.
240
241
242
Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 14A, USA, 2008, 514.
243
Kuney G., Mastering Bankruptcy, Durham, 2008, 139-144.
244
aqcentis gakeTeba `salikvidacio efeqtze~ ganapiroba iman, rom samizne sazogadoebis
fuliT SeZenis Semdgom, korporacia avtomaturad ar iSleba. mas gaaCnia fuli qonebis
saxiT da SeuZlia funqcionirebis formaluri SenarCuneba. misi likvidacia partnior-
Ta nebazea damokidebuli, Tuki isini moindomeben miRebuli Semosavlis salikvidacio
divindis saxiT ganawilebas. ix. Maffia v. Americann Woolen Co., 125 F Supp 465 (SDNY). miTiTe-
bulia: Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 16A, USA, 2012, 14.
245
246
Sead. Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 16A, USA, 2012, 15-16.
247
Posner R., The Economic Analysis of Law, USA, 2007, 409.
248
Sdr. Gordon J., The Mandatory Structure of Corporate Law, in: Romano, Foundations of Corporate Law,
New York, 1993, 104-115.
249
250
251
ix. burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2010, 401-402.
152
struqciaSi moqceuli sue generis agregati,252 iuridiuli piris statusis miniWebisTa-

nave xdeba potenciur struqturul cvlilebaTa samizne obieqti.253 sxva sityvebiT,
dafuZnebis korporaciul-administraciuli aqtis bazisze yalibdeba pirTa speci-
fikuri gaerTianeba da iqmneba `konstruqciuli warmonaqmni,~ romelic gansazRvrul
struqturul mowyobas eqvemdebareba. `korporaciul konstruqciul warmonaqmnSi~,
misi funqcionirebisas, SesaZlebelia internaluri struqturuli cvlileba, dawyebu-
li aqcionerTa struqturidan damTavrebuli samarTlebrivi formis cvlilebiT, da
eqsternaluri cvlileba dawyebuli korporaciuli tranzaqciebiT da damTavrebuli
sabazro kontroliT.254 logikuria, rom pirTa gaerTianebis mewarme subieqtis statu-
sis arsebobis dros ganxorcielebuli nebismieri cvlileba ganxilul iqnes `struq-
turul cvlilebad~, romelic ar aris misi substanciuri, kerZod, `konstruqciuli
terminacia~.
struqtura emsaxureba korporaciis ekonomikur-samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi
monawileobas, e.i. is pirTa agregatis funqcionirebis berketia da xels uwyobs mewar-
me subieqts normatiulad Tu kapitalis bazarze dadgenil `TamaSis wesebs ahyves~ da
`korporaciul cxovrebaSi~ maTi adekvaturi adaptireba ganaxorcielos. organizaciis
ekonomikur da samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi aqtiuri monawileobis eventualuri Sede-
gebi korporaciis struqturaze udavod gavrceldeba. ufro metic, es misi ganviTare-
bisa da warmatebulobis aucilebeli wyaroa. magram aq saubaria mxolod `struqturul
cvlilebaze~. likvidaciis arsi ki struqturul cvlilebas arsobrivad gamoricxavs.
`likvidacia~ `TamaSidan~ kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesebis dacviT gasvlas gulis-
xmobs. azri sxva sityvebiT rom ganimartos, likvidacia dafuZnebisas formirebuli kon-
struqciuli warmonaqmnis opozituri korporaciuli qmedebaa. es aris dekonstruqcia
anu Camoyalibebuli struqturuli elementebis sakanonmdeblo doneze gansazRvruli
wesebiT `demontaJi~. is iwvevs pirTa `sue generuli~ gaerTianebis daSlas da mis Camomya-
libebel pirTa (aqcionerTa) mier dabandebuli kapitalis deinvestirebas. likvidaci-
is etapze figurirebs organizaciis dasrulebis organizebuli procesi. Sesabamisad,
ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes `likvidacia~ da `cvlileba~ urTierTCanacvlebad an/da
erTi da imave Sinaarsis amsaxvel or sxvadasxva terminad.255 isini proceduruli, arsob-
rivi da Sedegobrivi kuTxiT diferencirebuli korporaciuli aqtivobebia.
naRdi fuliT samizne sazogadoebis mTliani an TiTqmis mTliani SeZena likvida-
ciis gadawyvetilebis miRebis baziss warmoadgens. samizne sazogadoeba an/da misi aq-
cionerebi aqciaTa fulad gasxvisebas investiciis platformis Secvlis an deinvesti-
rebis motiviT asruleben. motivis dasrulebuli saxiT realizacia miRebuli fulis
ganawilebiTaa SesaZlebeli.256 fulis sanacvlod sazogadoebis qonebrivi Tu wilobri-
vi SeZenis Semdgom etapze miRebuli wminda Semosavlis aqcionerTa Soris ganawileba,
rogorc wesi, likvidaciis institutis gamoyenebiT xdeba.257
ganviTarebuli analizi cxadhyofs, rom tranzaqciaTa gansazRvruli speqtri
ganapirobebs reorganizaciuli tipis restruqturizacias, xolo meore tipis tran-
252
Gordon J., The Mandatory Structure of Corporate Law, New York, 1993, 103-108.
253
Glenn G., The Law Governing Liquidition, New York, 2002, 66-72.
254
Romano R., Foundations of Corporate Law, New York, 1993, 157-251.
255
Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, rev. ed., vol. 16A, USA, 2012, 8-10, 13-15.
256
257
153
zaqciebi – konstruqciul cvlilebas.258 reorganizaciuli rangis rekonstruqcia,

romlis subtipebi organizaciuli da tipologiuri konversiaa, salikvidacio efeq-
tis mqone anu dekonstruqciuli rangis cvlilebas oponirebs. isini erTmaneTisgan di-
vergensuli bunebiT ganirCevian. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aqcionerTa uflebebi emijne-
ba aRniSnul cvlilebebaTa SepirispirebiT warmoSobil kontrasts. orive SemTxvevaSi
uflebaTa daculoba sakorporacio da samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi regulaciebis obi-
eqts warmoadgens, rameTu investoris (aqcioneris) ufleba yvela tipis struqturul
cvlilebebsa Tu salikvidacio reJimSi gansakuTrebuli dacvis sferos ganekuTvne-
ba.259 uflebebisa da maTi dacvis specifika aqcioneris, rogorc sazogadoebis kapita-
liT uzrunvelmyofisa da mewarme subieqtis struqturuli erTeulebis maformirebe-
li `zemdgomi organos~ korporaciulad strategiul funqciaSi vlindeba, romelsac
sakuTrebaze pirdapiri kontrolis menejmentisaTvis delegireba da `kontrolis kon-
trolis~ meqanizmi, sakorporacio260 da kapitalis bazris samarTlSi,261 substanciur
funqciur da funqcionalur datvirTvas sZens.
7. daskvna
ss-is konstruqciul cvlilebaTa anTologia sawarmoTaSoris SeZena/Serwymis

tranzaqciis implementirebis interaqciul Sedegs warmoadgens. sawarmos struqtu-
rul elementTa posttranzaqciuli mdgomareoba tranzaqciis saxeobaTa cvlasTan er-
Tad lavirebs. ss-is strategiuli rekonstruqciis stigma organizaciul-samarTleb-
rivi formisa da misi funqcionaluri datvirTvis cvlilebaa. organizaciuli da fun-
qcionaluri rekonstruqcia, aqcionerTa reklasificirebis gareSe, gamoricxulia.
reklasificireba vrceldeba aqcionerTa struqturasa da maT uflebriv katalogze.
sakorporacio samarTalSi, uflebrivi devalvaciis strategiuli dacvis sistemurad
Camoyalibebuli meqanizmebidan, dominirebuli mdgomareoba gasvlis strategiasa da
deinvestirebis adekvaturi kompensaciis miRebis SesaZleblobis sagarantio norma-
tivebs ukavia. ra Tqma unda, struqturul cvlilebaTa paralelurad, korporaciuli
kombinacia iseTi klasis konstruqciul cvlilebasac iwvevs, rogoric likvidaciaa. es
ukanaskneli sawarmos funqcionirebis Sewyvetis bazisia.
258
Sead. Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restructuring Activities, 5th ed., Los An-
gelas, 2010, 615-618.
259
aqcionerTa uflebebis dacva menejmentis an/da likvidatoris mier salikvidacio pro-
cesis arasworad warmarTvis Sedegad warmoSobil interestTa konfliqts ukavSirdeba.
likvidaciis etapze korporaciis kreditori (korporaciis mimarT moTxovnis uflebis
mqone nebismieri mesame piri) ufro meti daculobiT sargeblobs, romelsac likvidaci-
is procesis kontrolis, arsebuli valdebulebis vadaze adre Sesrulebis da ceteris
paribus meqanizmebi sakanonmdeblo doneze aqvs miniWebuli. ix. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis
me-14 muxli. aseve, ix. Tabb C., Bankruptcy Anthology, Cincinnati, 2002, 361-398.
260
mag. ix. Jensen M., Meckling W., The Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Owner-
ship Structure, J. of Financial Economics, Oct., 1976, vol. 3, No. 4, 305-360; Romano R., Foundations of
Corporate Law, New York, 1993, 7-127.
261
Steinberg M., Understanding Securities Law, 5th ed., USA, 2009, 141-142.
154
ana xaraiSvili*
amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebaTa samarTlebrivi statusi

sistem-SedarebiT konteqstSi
1. Sesavali
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni eqvs mewarme subieqts gamoyofs, esenia:

individualuri mewarme, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (sps), komandi-
turi sazogadoeba (ks), SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (Sps), saaqcio sa-
zogadoeba (ss) da kooperativi. TiTeuli maTganisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikidan
gamomdinare, miCneulia, rom sps da ks1 personaluri, amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebia.
amxanaguri da kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebebis gamijvna TiTqmis yvela samarTlebri-
vi sistemisTvisaa (samewarmeo samarTlisTvis) damaxasiaTebeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
maT Soris demarkaciuli xazi erTi SexedviT garkveviT ivleba,2 mTeli rigi sakiTxe-
bi bundovans xdis am zRvars, miT umetes sistem-SedarebiT konteqstSi. Tanamedrove
samarTlebriv literaturasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi intensiurad ismeba Semdegi
kiTxvebi: aris Tu ara amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebi3 iuridiuli piris statusis mqo-
ne warmonaqmnebi; Sesabamisad, rogori sagadasaxado dabegvris reJimi moqmedebs maTze;
ra specifika axasiaTebs maT dafuZnebas; unda gavrceldes Tu ara am tipis sazogadoe-
bebis partniorebze xelmZRvanelTa fiduciuri valdebulebebi; aris Tu ara sps-is an
ks-is kapitalSi4 partniorTa wili (monawileoba) fasiani qaRaldi.5 swored am kiTxveb-
Tan dakavSirebiT msjeloba da maTi analizi mogvcems SesaZleblobas ufro meti si-
zustiT gamovkveToT amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.
amasTanave, naSromi umetesad orientirebulia zogadad amxanaguri sazogadoebebis sa-
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
1
TumcaRa komandituri sazogadoebis dafuZnebisTvis, personalurad pasuxismgebeli
partnioris (komplementaris) garda, savaldebuloa sagarantio Tanxis farglebSi
pasuxismgebeli partniori (komanditi), Sesabamisad, samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxor-
cielebis am formisTvis kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebis niSnebicaa damaxasiaTebeli,
ris gamoc mas hibridul sazogadoebasac uwodeben.
2
naTelia pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis sapirispiro regulacia amxanaguri da kapitaluri
tipis sazogadoebebisTvis, swored es aris umTavresi mijna am ori tipis sazogadoebis
gamijvnisas.
3
ufro metad solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebi.
4
an sxva romelime amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebis kapitalSi (naSromis Semdeg TavebSi
ganxilulia amerikuli partnership-is (rac amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebis zogadi Sesatyvi-
sia inglisur enaze) ramdenime saxe. amasaTanave, naSromSi terminebi – amxanagoba da amxa-
naguri (personaluri, personificirebuli) sazogadoeba sinonimebadaa gamoyenebuli).
5
amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebis irgvliv bevrad meti sakiTxis gamoyofa SeiZleba,
TumcaRa aRniSnuli cdeba naSromis SesaZleblobebs. amgvarad, mkiTxvels mxolod ze-
moT CamoTvlili Temebis analizs SevTavazebT.
155
marTlebriv statussa da bunebaze, vidre konkretuli formebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebis amomwurav CamoTvlasa da analizze.
naSromSi, logikuri da dogmaturi meTodebis garda, wamyvani roli SedarebiT-
samarTlebriv meTods akisria. amasTanave, kvleva upiratesad eyrdnoba amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebis samewarmeo samarTlis6 regulaciis analizs da miznad isaxavs ucxo-
uri gamocdilebis fonze qarTuli personaluri tipis sazogadoebebis dogmatur-Te-
oriul gamokveTas.
2. amxanaguri sazogadoebebis istoriuli warmomavloba
amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebis winaSe dRes arsebuli gamowvevebisa da struq-

turuli Taviseburebebis Zireuli analizisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba am
tipis sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis istoriuli sawyisebis gamokvlevas.7 amxanagobis
garkveuli formebi jer kidev im periodidan arsebobs, rodesac adamianebi saerTo miz-
niT produqciis Seqmnasa Tu gayidvaze SeTanxmdnen. Cvens welTaRricxvamde 2300 wels
antikur babilonSi aseTi gaerTianebebis arsebobas hamurabis kanonebi adasturebs.
swored es ukanasknelia pirveli samarTlebrivi wyaro, sadac amxanaguri tipis gaerTi-
anebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli urTierTobebia daregulirebuli. amxanagobis
samarTlis ganviTarebis me-2 etapi uZvelesi romis imperiasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
romauli societas,8 romelic personificirebul, amxanagur sazogadoebas warmoadgenda
da romlis momwesrigebeli danawesebi gaiusisa da iustinianes instituciebsa da diges-
tebSi moipoveba, saerTo komerciuli riskiTa da miRebuli mogebis ganawilebis mizniT
ori an meti piris SeTanxmebas gulisxmobda. romauli samarTlis mixedviT partniorebi
mxolod da mxolod sakuTar individualur qmedebaze (da ara sxva partniorebis moq-
medebisTvis) iyvnen pasuxismgebelni. Sesabamisad, pirebis SeTanxmeba, SeeqmnaT societas,
partniorebisgan gancalkevebul, damoukidebel subieqts (bunebrivia, iuridiul pir-
sac) ar afuZnebda. romis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg xmelTaSua zRvis garSemo ganviTa-
rebulma gaaqtiurebulma savaWro da komerciulma urTierTobebma amxanaguri sazo-
gadoebis axal fazaze gadasvlis saWiroeba gamokveTa. xangrZlivi ekonomikuri daR-
masvlis Semdgom Sua saukuneebi komerciuli saqmianobis aRdgeniTa da modernizebiT
xasiaTdeba. aRniSnuli savaWro samarTlis – lex meractoria-s damsaxureba iyo. kvlav ga-
moikveTa romauli societas daniSnuleba; TumcaRa savaWro samarTlis mixedviT Sua sau-
kuneebis amxanagur sazogadoebas commenda ewoda da, gansxvavebiT romauli societas-gan,
misi partniorebisagan damoukidebeli, gancalkevebuli identoba (statusi) iqna aRia-
rebuli. commenda-s koncefciiT, amxanaguri sazogadoeba ufro meti iyo, vidre pirTa
(partniorTa) ubralo erToba. amdenad, swored savaWro samarTalma misca uSualod sa-
6
igulisxmeba aSS-is samewarmeo samarTlebrivi unificirebuli aqtebi da sasamarTlo
precedentebi.
7
Maurice J. M., A New Personal Liability Shield for General Partners: But Not All Partners Are Treated the
Same, 43 Gonz. L. Rev. 369, 2007-2008, 371.
8
gamoiyofoda societas 4 forma: societas omnium bonorum; societas omnium bonorum quae ex quaestu
veniunt; societas alicius negotiatonis; societas unius rei – ufro detalurad ixileT, The Jersey Law
Commission, Consultation Paper No. 2/2008/cp, The Jersey Law of Partnership, 10-13, <hƩp://www.law-
comm.gov.je/>.
156
a. xaraiSvili, amxanaguri ti pis sazogadoebaTa samarTlebrivi statusi
zogadoebas SesaZlebloba Tavad Sesuliyo saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi, hqono-

da sakuTreba da SeeZina uflebebica da movaleobebic. aseTi sazogadoeba garkveuli
tranzaqciis farglebSi sakuTar partniorebTanac ki SeiZleboda mxared gamosuliyo.
swored savaWro samarTlis sxvadasxva nacionalur samarTlebriv sistemebSi inkorpo-
rirebam daudo safuZveli komerciuli samarTlis ZiriTad debulebebs. TumcaRa, ro-
gorc cnobilia, kontinenturi da angloamerikuli samarTlis qveynebma ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva gezi airCies.9
3. amxanaguri sazogadoeba – pirTa ubralo erToba Tu

gancalkevebuli piri
3.1. zogadad
amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebaze msjelobisas komentatorebi mis saxelSekrule-

bo bunebaze miuTiTeben, miaCniaT, rom personaluri sazogadoeba xelSekrulebidan
nawarmoebi, Sesabamisi ganzraxvis mqone partniorTa erTobaa, maSin roca korporacia
xSirad saxelmwifos mier Seqmnil iuridiul pirad10 aRiqmeba. personaluri sazogado-
ebis upiratesad saxelSekrulebo xasiaTi erT-erTma amerikulma sasamarTlo gadawy-
vetilebam11 gamokveTa. aRniSnuli precedentis mixedviT, mxareebis mier martooden
saerTo sakuTrebis floba an mogebis ganawileba amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebas ar
afuZnebs da miuxedavad imisa, rom minesotis Statis samarTali ganuxrelad savalde-
bulo tests ar iTvaliswinebs personaluri sazogadoebis arseboba-ararsebobis12 da-
sadgenad, mxareebs Soris SeTanxmebis (xelSekrulebis) ararseboba sazogadoebis ara-
arsebobis safuZvlad miiCneva. rac Seexeba kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebis bunebas, am
mxriv yvelaze gavrcelebuli midgoma jer kidev 1819 wels Camoayaliba umaRlesma mo-
samarTlem, marSalma, saqmeze Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward.13 mosamarTlem gan-
marta, rom korporacia `samarTlis qmnileba~14 iyo gamomdinare iqidan, rom mas iseTi
uflebebi hqonda, romlis miniWebac (mopovebac) xelSekrulebiT SeuZlebeli iyo.
9
ix., Maurice J. M., A New Personal Liability Shield for General Partners: But Not All Partners Are Treated
the Same, 43 Gonz. L. Rev. 369, 2007-2008, 371-373, amxanaguri sazogadoebebis samarTlis war-
moSobisa da ganviTarebis stadiebis Sesaxeb damatebiT ixileT: Story J., Commentaries on
the Law of Partnership, 6th Edition, Boston, “Little, Brown and Company~, 1868, 8; Drake J. H., Partnership
Society and Tenancy in Partnership: The Struggle for a Definition, “Michigan Law Review~, Vol. 15, 8, 1917,
609-630; Parsons T., A treatise On the law of Partnerships, 4th Edition (Revised by Beale J.H. Jr.), Boston,
“Little, Brown and Company~, 1893; Borden B.T., Aggregate-Plus Theory of Partnership Taxation, “Georgia
Law Review~, 43, 2009, 725-737.
10
state-created legal person, ar igulisxmeba sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri.
11
Bradley v. Bradley, 554 N.W.2d 76, 1996 Minn. App. LEXIS 1237.
12
amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebis arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxi, misi dafuZnebis gansx-
vavebuli midgomebidan gamomdinare, amerikul samewarmeo samarTalSi, gansxvavebiT
qarTuli samewarmeo samarTlisgan, sakmaod aqtualuria. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ixileT
naSromis Semdegi Tavebi.
13
17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518 (1819) - Ribstein L. E., The Evolving Partnership, Illinois Law and Economics Work-
ing papers Series, No. LE06-025, 2006, 5.
14
mere creature of law.
157
amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebis samarTlebriv statusTan dakavSirebiT iuridi-

ul doqtrinaSi ori Teoriaa ganviTarebuli – gaerTianebis Teoria (aggregate theory) da
organizaciis (organos) Teoria (entity theory).15 saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi tradiciu-
lad gavrcelebuli gaerTianebis TeoriisTvis amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebis rogorc
organizaciad, ise iuridiul pirad aRiarebis uaryofa iyo damaxasiaTebeli. am Teori-
isTvis amxanaguri tipis sazogadoeba sxva araferi iyo Tu ara pirTa ubralo gaerTia-
neba (SeerTeba). organizaciis TeoriisTvis sapirispiro midgoma iyo mamoZravebeli. am
midgomis mixedviT, amxanaguri tipis sazogadoeba gancalkevebuli, TiTqmis xelSesaxe-
bi organizaciuli erToba iyo. partnioris monawileoba sazogadoebaSi ganimarteboda
rogorc uflebaTa da valdebulebaTa wyeba, rac sazogadoebis, rogorc organizaciis
wevrobidan gamomdinareobda da erTgvarad korporaciis mimarT aqcionerTa urTier-
Tdamokidebulebas emsgavseboda.16
3.2. gaerTianebis Teoria
gaerTianebis Teoria, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saerTo samarTlis qveynebisTvis,

upiratesad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis regulaciisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, mag-
ram istoriulad aqac ar yofila sruli erTsulovneba.17 jer kidev me-20 saukunis Sua
wlebSi sxvadasxva StatSi sapirispiro midgomebis Sesabamisad oTxi gansxvavebuli
jgufi iqmneboda: 1. organizaciis Teoriis mimdevari Statebi;18 2. liberaluri gaer-
15
aRniSnuli Teoriebis dasaxelebebis qarTulenovan SesatyvisebTan dakavSirebiT arse-
bobs gansxvavebuli versiac. maxarobliSvili g. mewarme subieqtTa dogmatur-Teoriu-
li gamijvna kapitalur sazogadoebaTa sawyisebze, samarTlis Jurnali, Tb., 2011, №2,
102 – avtori iyenebs Semdeg Sesatyvisebs: agregatis Teoria – aggregate theory, gaerTiane-
bis Teoria – entity theory. vfiqrobT, umjobesi iqneba, Tu pirvels gaerTianebis Teorias
vuwodebT, xolo meores – organizaciis (organos) Teorias, gamomdinare iqidan, rom ag-
gregate-is TeoriisTvis amxanaguri tipis sazogadoeba swored rom pirTa ubralo erTo-
bamde, gaerTianebamdea dayvanili, maSin roca entity-is TeoriisTvis organos, rogorc
calke subieqtis arsebobis aRiarebaa gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis.
16
Weidner D. J., Florida State University Law Review: A Perspective To Reconsider Partnership Law, 16 Fla.
ST. U.L Rev.1, 1988, 3.
17
1893 wlisTvis amerikel iuristebs Soris gavrcelebuli amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebis
definicia calsaxad organizaciis (entity theory) Teorias emxroboda. 1893 wels parsonsis
avtorobiT gamoqveynebul naSromSi amxanaguri sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT
(Parsons T., A treatise On the law of Partnerships, 4th Edition (Revised by Beale J.H. Jr.), Boston, “Little,
Brown and Company~, 1893, 1) – amxanagoba es aris iuridiuli piri (erToba, organizacia),
romelic ori an meti piris gaerTianebis Sedegad iqmneba (Partnership is a legal entity formed by
the association of two or more persons). TumcaRa, mogvianebiT, 1914 wlisTvis, unificirebuli
amxanaguri sazogadoebis aqti (UPA, Sec. 6 (I), 25 (I)) ganmartavs – amxanagoba es aris ori an
meti piris gaerTianeba; partniori sxva partniorebTan erTad sazogadoebis (rogorc
erTgvari mflobelobis) specifikuri qonebis Tanamflobelia (A partnership is an associa-
tion of two more persons; A partner is co-owner with his partners of specific partnership property holding as
a tenant in partnership) – ix., Drake J.H., Partnership Entity and Tenancy in Partnership: The Struggle for a
definition, Michigan Law Review, Vol. 15, No.8 (Jun., 1917), 609-630.
18
Entity Theory States.
158
Tianebis Teoriis mimdevari Statebi;19 3. `sademarkacio zRvaris~20 midgomis mimdevari

Statebi; 4. mkacrad gaerTianebis Teoriis mimdevari Statebi.21 organizaciis Teoriis
mixedviT, amxanaguri tipis sazogadoeba yvela miznebisTvis gancalkevebul, damouki-
debel organizaciul erTobad ganimarteboda.22 magram, umravlesoba Statebisa gaer-
Tianebis Teoriis msubuqi, liberaluri modifikaciis mimdevari iyo. amasTanave, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom amxanaguri tipis sazogadoeba teqnikurad gancalkevebul iuridiul
pirad aRiarebuli ar yofila, garkveul SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlo aseTi statusis mi-
niWebasac ar erideboda. amdenad, yoveli konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas faqtebsa da
garemoebebs eniWeboda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. Statebis SedarebiT mcire raodenoba
`sademarkacio zRvaris~ Teorias emxroboda. aRniSnuli midgomac liberaluri gaerTi-
anebis Teoriis nairsaxeobaa garkveuli gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod, Tu ga-
erTianebis liberaluri Teoria amxanagur sazogadoebas calke subieqtad, iuridiul
pirad ar acxadebs, aramed mxolod garkveul SemTxvevebSi da miznebisTvis ganmartavs
aseTad, `sademarkacio zRvaris~ midgomis mixedviT, sazogadoeba zog SemTxvevaSi gan-
calkevebuli erTobaa, zogSi – ara. Sesabamisad, aseT regulaciebSi amxanaguri sazoga-
doebis statusi sakmaod bundovani rCeboda. mkacrad gaerTianebis Teoriis mixedviT,
amxanaguri sazogadoeba Tavisi bunebiT calsaxad ar warmoadgenda calke subieqts da
mxolod procesualur an qonebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT SeiZlebo-
da misi aseTad miCneva. Tumca, es ukanaskneli ar cvlida amxanaguri sazogadoebis, ro-
gorc pirTa ubralo erTobis (da ara calke subieqtis), bunebas.23
3.3. organizaciis Teoria
organizaciis Teoria ufro metad kontinenturi evropis samarTlis qveynebis-

Tvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca, dResdReobiT, mas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
ramdenime Static aRiarebs; metic R-s24 regulaciac garkveul SemTxvevebSi am midgo-
mas emxroba.25 magaliTisTvis, niu-iorkis Statis samewarmeo samarTali zogadad ar
cnobs amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebas iuridiul pirad, Tumca SesaZlebelia garkveu-
li miznebisTvis26 am statusis Sinaarsobrivi aRiarebac.27 amasTanave, miCneulia, rom am
tipis sazogadoebis damoukidebel pirad, organizaciad aRqma da daxasiaTeba amxana-
19
Liberal Aggregate Theory States.
20
Borderline States.
21
Strict Aggregate Theory.
22
TumcaRa, iSviaT, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebis damoukideb-
el subieqtad aRiarebis ugulebelyofasac hqonda adgili.
23
Peck D . L., Partnerships: The Nature of the Partnership Before the Law, 37 Marq. L. Rev. 66 (1953).
24
Revised Uniform Partnership Act (RUPA) 1994, amended – Sesworebuli unificirebuli Sez-
Ruduli amxanagobis aqti.
25
Rothenberg T., Melnikova T. V., American Business Law Journal, Comparative Forms of Doing Business in
Russia and New York State – Proprietorships, Partnerships, and Limited Partnerships, 40 Am. Bus. L.J. 563,
2003, 5.
26
magaliTad, personaluri sazogadoeba SeiZleba flobdes sakuTrebas sazogadoebis
saxeliT, aseve sazogadoebis saxeliT SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sarCeli sasamarTloSi, an
mis winaaRmdeg iqnes Setanili. iqve, 12.
27
iqve, 12,16.
159
guri tipis sazogadoebis samarTlis moqmedebis sxvadasxva miznebisTvis ganmartebas

emsaxureba; es ukanaskneli ar cvlis personaluri sazogadoebis bunebas da, miuxeda-
vad korporatiuli (kapitaluri) niSnebisa, is upiratesad saxelSekrulebo xasiaTis
gamomxatvelia.28
miuxedavad amerikuli samarTlis sapirispiro damokidebulebisa, Tanamedrove
samarTlebriv literaturaSi29 aRiarebulia, rom organizaciis Teoria amxanaguri sa-
zogadoebis privilegirebuli xedvaa. swored am privilegirebuli xedvis mimdevaria
qarTuli samarTalic. is amxanaguri tipis mewarme subieqtebs, kapitaluri tipis sa-
zogadoebebis msgavsad, iuridiul pirebad miiCnevs. Tumca, bolodroindel qarTul
samecniero samarTlebriv literaturaSi30 am midgomasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli
kiTxvebic daisva – kerZod, ramdenad Seesabameba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
24-e muxlSi mocemul iuridiuli piris legalur definicias sps-isa da ks-is samar-
Tlebrivi statusebi da partniorTa SeuzRudavi, personaluri pasuxismgeblobis
pirobebSi ramdenad akmayofilebs amxanaguri sazogadoeba `Tavisi qonebiT damouki-
debeli pasuxismgeblobis~ komponents. am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema amxanaguri sazo-
gadoebis istoriuli genezisisgan abstrahirebis meSveobiT martivadaa SesaZlebeli.
samarTlebrivi teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, raime usworobas, vfiqrobT, adgili ar aqvs.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom mewarme subieqts (garda individualuri mewarmisa) iuridiu-
li pirad vaRiarebT da calke identobas vaniWebT, imTaviTve vadgenT, rom yvela aseT
warmonaqmns sakuTari qoneba unda hqondes. Sesabamisad, amxanaguri sazogadoebebis
definiciis damdgeni muxlebi Semdegnairad unda ganimartos – pasuxismgeblobis dad-
gomis SemTxvevaSi kreditorebis interesebis dakmayofileba partniorTa piradi qo-
nebidan mxolod sazogadoebis qonebis amowurvis Semdeg xdeba, maSin roca kapitalu-
ri tipis sazogadoebebSi partniorTa piradi qoneba sazogadoebis qonebis amowurvis
Semdegac miuwvdomelia kreditorebisTvis. amdenad, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanoni adgens ra amxanaguri sazogadoebis partniorTa solidaruli, personaluri pa-
suxismgebobis princips, amiT is am tipis sazogadoebebSi pasuxismgeblobis specifiku-
robaze miuTiTebs da eWvqveS ar ayenebs sazogadoebis, rogorc warmonaqmnis qonebis
arsebobas. swored rom qonebis sakuTrebaSi verqona iyo gaerTianebis Teoriis zogi-
erTi mimdevari qveynisTvis amxanagobis calke subieqtad, iuridiul pirad aRiarebis
gamomwvevi winapiroba. TumcaRa, meore mxriv, personaluri sazogadoebis istoriul
warmomavlobasa (miT ufro angloamerikuli samarTlis qveynebSi) da geneziss (ukanas-
knel dromde) Tu gadavavlebT Tvals, davinaxavT, rom amxanaguri sazogadoebis qone-
bisa da misi partniorebis piradi qonebis separaciaze aqcenti saerTod ar keTdebo-
da da amosavali Teza swored is iyo, rom amxanagobis, rogorc pirTa ubralo erTobis
ukan partniorTa piradi qoneba idga. rogorc Cans, samewarmeo saqmianobis masStabebis
zrdam Tu sazogadoebrivi urTierToebebis garTulebam aRniSnuli midgomis saxecvla
gamoiwvia.
28
Ribstein L. E., The Evolving Partnership, Illinois Law and Economics Working papers Series, No. LE06-025,
2006, 6.
29
Borden B. T., Aggregate-Plus theory of Partnership Taxation, Georgia Law Review, Vol. 43:717, 20.
30
ix. qiria a., sakorporacio samarTlis sistema saqarTveloSi, sakorporacio samarTlis
krebuli, I, Tb., 2011, 15-67.
160
3.4. gaerTianebisa da organizaciis Teoriis Tanmdevi Taviseburebani
amxanaguri sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebisa da organizaciis Teoriis Sesa-

bamis gansxvavebul samarTlebriv midgomebs mxolod da mxolod dogmaturi mniSvne-
loba ar aqvT. imisda mixedviT, Tu romelma Teoriam pova asaxva ama Tu im qveynis sa-
marTlebriv sistemaSi, ganisazRvreba amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg kre-
ditorebis mxridan sarCelis aRZvris specifika, sagadasaxado dabegvris, partnioris
sazogadoebidan gasvlisa da sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa sagadasaxado samarTliT mowesrigebuli e.w. `bizne-
sis dabegvris~ sakiTxi. marTalia, amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebi, qarTuli samewar-
meo samarTlis mixedviT, iuriduli pirebi arian da, Sesabamisad, kapitaluri tipis sa-
zogadoebebis tolfasad ibegrebian (anu sagadasaxado samarTlisTvis gadamwyveti da
sakmarisia is, rom isini iuridiuli pirebi arian), amerikul samarTalSi sakiTxi ufro
rTuladaa. sawarmo, romelic amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebadaa klasificirebuli, er-
Ti donis taqsacias eqvemdebareba, xolo korporaciis tipis sawarmo e.w. ormagi dabeg-
vris31 obieqtia.32 amdenad, personificirebuli sazogadoeba amerikis Sida Semosavlebis
kodeqsis33 `k~ qveTavs34 daeqvemdebareba Tu `s~35 qveTavis mowesrigebis sagani gaxdeba, ga-
damwyveti mniSvnelobisaa. aRniSnul sakanonmdeblo aqtSi Sesuli cvlilebebis Sesaba-
misad, Tavad sazogadoebas (igulisxmeba arakapitaluri sazogadoeba) mieniWa ufleba,
sagadasaxado miznebisTvis airCios erT-erTi midgoma. swored am instituts uwodeben
check-the-box regulacias, gamomdinare iqidan, rom Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurSi (IRS) Se-
tanil orgverdian ganacxadSi martivad xdeba aRniSnuli arCevanis moniSvna.36
4. amxanaguri sazogadoebis tipebi
amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis SeuzRudaoba istoriulad

makvalificirebuli, arsebiTi mniSvnelobis niSani iyo. gansxvavebiT sakorporacio da
fasiani qaRaldebis amerikuli samarTlisa, romelic me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi in-
tensiur cvlilebebsa da formirebas ganicdida, personaluri tipis sazogadoebebis
31
ormagi taqsacia, rodesac dabegvra xdeba rogorc korporaciis, ise aqcionerTa
doneze.
32
aseTi gansxvavebuli midgoma, vfiqrobT, swored amxanaguri sazogadoebis, rogorc
pirTa ubralo erTobis, statusidan gamomdinareobs.
33
Internal Revenue Code, 1986 amended.
34
qveTavi, romelic amxanaguri sazogadoebis statusis (igulisxmeba pirTa ubralo er-
Toba) Sesabamis dabegvras iTvaliswinebs.
35
qveTavi, romelic kapitaluri sazogadoebis statusis Sesabamis dabegvras iTval-
iswinebs.
36
ix., Field H. M., Checking In On “Check-The-Box~, 42 Loy. L.A L.Rev. 451, 2009; Borden B. T., Aggregate-
Plus Theory Of Partnership Taxation, 43 Ga. L. Rev. 717, 2009. damatebiT ix., Yin G. K., The Taxation
of Private Business Enterprises: Some Policy Questions Stimulated by the “Check-the-Box~ Regulations, 51
SMU L. Rev. 1997, 125; Hamill S. P., The Taxation of Domestic Limited Liability Companies and Limited
Partnerships: A Case for Eliminating the Partnership Classification Regulations, 73 Wash. U.L.Q. 565, 1995;
Dean S. A., Attractive Complexity: Tax Deregulation, the Check-the-Box Election, and the Future of Tax Sim-
plification, 34 Hofstra L. Rev. 405, 2005 a.S.
161
maregulirebeli wesebi saukunis bolomde stabilurobas inarCunebda. me-20 saukunis

miwurulidan ki angloamerikuli samarTlis qveynebis37 Sesabamis regulaciebSi38 fu-
Zemdebluri cvlilebebi xorcieldeba, ris safuZvelzec asparezze amxanaguri tipis
sazogadoebis (Partnerhip) axali samarTlebrivi forma gamodis. am ukanasknelisTvis pa-
suxismgeblobis SezRudva iyo damaxasiaTebeli, ramac martivi amxanaguri sazogadoe-
bis (general partnership) mniSvnelobisa da daniSnulebis Semcireba gamoiwvia. im periodis
komentatorebi martivi amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebisa da SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeb-
lobis institutis mokvdinebazec ki saubrobdnen.39
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqmedi amxanagobis samarTlis mixedviT, gamoyo-
filia amxanaguri sazogadoebis 4 tipi:40 Cveulebrivi, martivi amxanagoba (general par-
tnership), SezRuduli amxanagoba (limited partnership – LP), SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis
amxanagoba (limited liability partnership – LLP) da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis SezRudu-
li amxanagoba (limited liability limited partnership – LLLP). miuxedavad imisa, rom amxanaguri
sazogadoebis samarTali Statebis samarTalia, anu TiToeuli Stati damoukideblad
gansazRvravs mas, umravlesoba Statebisa 2 ZiriTadi aqtis – Sesworebuli unificire-
buli amxanagobis aqtisa41 da Sesworebuli unificirebuli SezRuduli amxanagobis aq-
tis42 midgomas iziarebs. swored aRniSnuli aqtebis mixedviT, martivi amxanagoba (gene-
ral partnership43), romelic Tavisi Zireuli niSnebiT44 qarTul solidaruli pasuxismgeb-
lobis sazogadoebas emsgavseba, ori an meti piris xelSekrulebaSi nebayoflobiT Ses-
vlas gulisxmobs saqmianobis (biznesis) Tanamflobelebis statusiT ganxorcielebis
mizniT. amasTan, xelSekruleba SesaZloa iyos rogorc zepiri, ise werilobiTi formis.
sps-isgan gansxavebiT, zogadi amxanagobis dasafuZneblad saxelmwifos mxridan arana-
iri aqtiuri moqmedeba Tu aRiareba saWiro ar aris.45 amdenad, Cveulebrivi amxanaguri
sazogadoeba yvelanairi formalobis gareSe iqmneba, xolo partniorebi sazogadoebis
37
aq: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da didi britaneTi.
38
igulisxmeba amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebis maregulirebeli aqtebi (Partnerships Stat-
utes).
39
ix. Bradley C., Twenty-first century Anglo-American Partnership Law, 30 Comm. L. World Rev. 2001, 330.
40
naSromSi ganxiluli ar iqneba amerikuli SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba –
Limitid Libility Company (LLC), gamomdinare iqidan, rom is metadre korporaciis samarT-
lebriv niSnebTan avlens msgavsebas. TumcaRa, erT-erT saqmeze (In re Lake Country Invs.,
Nos. 99-20287, 00-6064, 2001 WL 267475, Bankr. D. Idaho Mar. 19, 2001) sasamarTlom ganmarta,
rom LLC arc Cveulebrivi korporaciaa da arc martivi Tu SezRuduli amxanaguri sa-
zogadoeba. is hibriduli formaa – ixileT, Ribstein L. E., Are Partners Fiduciaries? U. IlI. L. Rev.
209, 2005, 1.
41
Revised Uniform Partnership Act (RUPA) 1994, amended.
42
Uniform Limited Partnership Act (ULPA) 1916, amended.
43
amxanagoba, romelSic yvela partniori srulad monawileobs saqmianobis (biznesis)
warmarTvaSi da Tanabrad inawilebs mogebasa da zarals (TumcaRa partniorTa Senatani
SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes) – a partnership in which all partners participate fully in running the business
and share equally in profits and losses (thought the partners’ monetary contributions may vary) –Garner B. A.,
Black’s Law Dictionary, ninth edition, 2009. 1230.
44
umetesad partniorTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi igulisxmeba.
45
Maurice J. M., A New Personal Liability Shield for General Partners: But Not All Partners Are Treated the
Same, 43 Gonz. L. Rev. 369, 2007-2008, 369.
162
valdebulebebze srulad da SeuzRudavad ageben pasuxs. TumcaRa, aRsaniSnavia, rom

kreditorebma pirvel rigSi sazogadoebis aqtivebi unda amowuron (RUPA 306, 307).
SezRuduli amxanaguri sazogadoebis dafuZnebisTvis aucilebelia Statis Sesaba-
mis organoSi Sesabamisi dokumentaciis wardgena (Sevseba). amasTanave, savaldebuloa
minimum erTi generaluri da erTi SezRuduli partnioris arseboba (ULPA 201). iseve
rogorc qarTul samewarmeo samarTalSi, aqac pirveli tipis partnioris pasuxismgeb-
loba SeuzRudavia, xolo meoresTvis pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvaa damaxasiaTebeli.
amasTanave, SezRuduli partniori tradiciulad Camocilebulia sazogadoebis mar-
TvaSi aqtiur monawileobas, magram zogierT StatSi am mxriv kompetenciis gafarToeba
SeiniSneba. rac Seexeba SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis amxanagur sazogadoebas, e.w.
LLP -s, misi Camoyalibeba 1991 wlis texasis cnobilma biznesskandalma ganapiroba. swo-
red im periodSi dadga dRis wesrigSi Cveulebrivi amxanagobis ulimito personaluri
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis sakiTxi. Sesabamisad, formulirebuli cvlilebebis Sem-
dgom ormocdaaTma Statma gaiTvaliswina am tipis sazogadoeba. SezRuduli pasuxis-
mgeblobis amxanaguri sazogadoebis daarsebisTvis aseve aucilebelia Sesabamis ofi-
cialur organoSi dokumentaciis wardgena (RUPA 201(b), xolo saqmianobis etapze – yo-
velwliuri angariSis Sevseba (RUPA 1003 (C). rac Seexeba partniorTa pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxs, aq Statebis mixedviT regulaciebis variacias aqvs adgili. kerZod, Statebis
1/3-Si partniorebi mxolod sxva partniorebis mier Cadenili deliqtis (igulisxmeba
profesiuli daudevroba Tu sxva ufro mZime ukanono qmedeba) Sedegad warmoSobili
zianisTvis ar ageben pasuxs. danarCeni Statebi pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis koncef-
cias urTierTobaTa ufro farTo wreze avrceleben. miuxedavad amisa, pasuxismgeblo-
bis ulimito SezRudva TviT am StatebisTvisac araa damaxasiaTebeli. personaluri da
SeuzRudavi pasuxismgebloba Tavad partniorebis an maT pirdapir daqvemdebarebasa
da uSualo kontrol qveS myofi pirebis mier Cadenil daudevrobasa da kanondamrRvev
qmedebazea SenarCunebuli. SezRuduli amxanaguri sazogadoebis SezRuduli pasux-
simgeblobis SezRudul amxanagur sazogadoebad gardaqmnas TxuTmetiode Statis
samewarmeo samarTali iTvaliswinebs. indeferentulia am axali formis mimarT da mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom Cveulebriv da SezRudul partniorebs mijnavs, arc erTi maTgani
ar aris sazogadoebis valdebulebebisTvis pasuxismgebeli.46
rac Seexeba qarTuli samewarmeo samarTlebrivi sivrcisTvis damaxasiaTebel
amxanagur sazogadoebebs, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni gamo-
yofs solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas, romlis partniorebi sazogadoe-
bis valdebulebebisTvis personalurad ageben pasuxs; da komanditur sazogadoebas,
romelSic 2 tipis partniori SezRuduli da SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobiT (komanditi
da komplementari) axorcielebs saqmianobas.
5. amxanaguri sazogadoebis dafuZnebis Taviseburebani
amxanaguri sazogadoebis dafuZnebis Tavisebureba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da

gansxvavebulad daregulirebuli sakiTxia amxanaguri sazogadoebis amerikul da qar-
Tul samarTalSi. swored aq Cans yvelaze metad sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi statu-
46
ix., Siems M. M., Regulatory Competition in Partnership Law, working paper, International and Comparative
Law Quarterly,2009, 58, 767-802, (4-6).
163
sis sxvadasxva prizmaSi xedva da gamokveTilad vlindeba gaerTianebisa da organiza-

ciis Teoriis istoriuli gavlena moqmed kanonmdeblobaze. qarTveli kanonmdebeli,
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas47 miakuTvnebs ra iuridiul pirs48 da da-
fuZnebis etapze aranair ganmasxvavebel wesebs ar gamoyofs, amiT am sazogadoebaze
dafuZnebis iseTive moTxovnebs avrcelebs, rogoric sxva mewarme subieqtebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. maSasadame, partniorebi werilobiTi formiT deben SeTanxmebas, rom-
lis safuZvelzedac wesrigdeba sawarmos saqmianobasTan an/da partniorebis urTier-
TobebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.49 yvela partnioris mier xelmowerili da saTana-
do wesiT damowmebuli (igulisxmeba notariulad an uflebamosili administraciuli
organos mier damowmeba, an maregistrirebeli organos mier xelmoweris damowmeba)
saregistracio ganacxadi, romelic partniorTa SeTanxmebis nawilia, waredgineba ma-
registrirebel organos, kerZod, saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis
sferoSi moqmed sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs – sajaro reestris erovnul saa-
gentos.50 sabolood, mewarme subieqtis, e.i. maT Soris solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis
sazogadoebis, arseboba mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pi-
rebis reestridan amonaweriT dgindeba.51
rac Seexeba amerikuli amxanaguri sazogadoebis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul
dafuZnebis procedurebs, aq gansxvavebuli midgomaa damkvidrebuli da es midgoma am
tipis sazogadoebebis samarTlebrivi statusis saerTo samarTlis qveynebisTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli istoriuli gagebis (aRqmis) kanonzomieri Sedegia. miCiganis Statis erT-
erTi sasamarTlo precedenti saqmeze Byker v. Mannes52 naTlad warmoaCens am StatSi (da
ara marto) martivi, Cveulebrivi amxanagobis dafuZnebis specifikas. saqmis mokle fa-
bula aseTia: mosarCele baikeri da mopasuxe mane SeTanxmdnen ramdenime biznes inici-
ativis (sawarmos) sasargeblod (Sesaqmnelad) unarebis, Sromisa da kapitalis investi-
reba moexdinaT. amasTanave, am wamowyebis mogebas, zaralsa da danaxarjebs Tanabrad
inawilebdnen. TavianTi samewarmeo unar-Cvevebidan gamomdinare, mosarCelem da mopa-
suxem wlebis manZilze 5 damoukidebeli biznesgaerTianeba Seqmnes. maT Soris arsebuli
dauwereli konsesusiT, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen Tanabari monawileoba mieRoT am saqmia-
nobidan warmoqmnili mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebaSi, iseve rogorc personalurad,
piradad uzrunveleyoT am 5 gaerTianebis ramdenime sasesxo valdebuleba. Seqmnidan
ramdenime xanSi erT-erT gaerTianebas finansuri siZneleebi Seeqmna. mxareebma prob-
lemebis dasaZlevad damatebiTi kapitalis mozidva da sxvadasxva organizaciebidan
finansuri saxsrebis akumulireba moaxdines, TumcaRa situacia ver gamosworda. Sede-
gad, mopasuxem uari Tqva damatebiTi Tanxebis gaRebaze, mosarCele ki mopasuxisgan da-
moukideblad (manem araferi icoda) ramdenime individualur sasesxo urTierTobaSi
Sevida. sabolood, yvelanairi saqmiani urTierToba mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris
47
am SemTxvevaSi ganvixilavT da SevadarebT mxolod da mxolod qarTul solidaruli pa-
suxismgeblobis sazogadoebasa da amerikul zogad amxanagobas (general partnership), rad-
ganac yvelaze metad aq Cans Sinaarsobrivi Tu formaluri midgomebis sxvaoba.
48
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis (saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebebi, 1994 weli, 21-22) 2.3.
49
iqve, muxli 3.41.
50
iqve, muxlebi 4.2, 5.1, 5.3.
51
iqve, muxli 4.3.
52
Byker v. Mannes, 641 N.W. 2d 210 (Mich. 2002).
164
Sewyda. baikerma manes gaRebuli xarjebis ganawileba mosTxova, razec am ukanasknel-

ma uari ganacxada im safuZvliT, rom man araferi icoda Seusrulebeli valdebulebis
(vadamosuli gadauxdeli sesxis) arsebobis Sesaxeb. baikerma sarCeliT mimarTa sasa-
marTlos da miuTiTa, rom mxareebs amxanaguri sazogadoeba hqondaT Camoyalibebuli
da partniori (mane) valdebuli iyo daekmayofilebina misi moTxovna da gaenawilebina
sazogadoebis valdebulebebi. mopasuxem saerTod uaryo amxanaguri sazogadoebis ar-
seboba da ganacxada, rom is mosarCelesTan erTad mxolod da mxolod ramdenime biz-
neswamowyebas axorcielebda da amxanaguri sazogadoeba saerTod ar arsebula. aRniS-
nuli dava samive instanciis sasamarTloSi iqna gaanalizebuli.53 pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mxareebs Seqmnili hqondaT amxanaguri sazogadoeba, radga-
nac aseT dros gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa ara amxanaguri sazogadoebis Seqmnis survi-
li, aramed pirTa ganzraxva, mogebis miRebis mizniT erTad ganaxorcielon samewarmeo
saqmianoba. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris ar-
sebobda SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom isini partniorebi gaxdebodnen da mogebasa da
zarals gainawilebdnen. miCiganis saapelacio sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma am mosazrebas
da ganmarta – amxanaguri sazogadoebis Seqmnis ganzraxvis ararseboba ewinaaRmdegeba
miCiganis StatSi damkvidrebul samarTals imdenad, ramdenadac partniorTa saerTo
ganzraxva gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa sazogadoebis arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxis
gadawyvetisas. miCiganis uzenaesi sasamarTlo pirveldawyebiT (pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlos) gadawyvetilebas miemxro da amxanaguri sazogadoeba Camoyalibebulad
miiCnia. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, Tu mxareebi faqtobrivad SeTanxmdebian im urTi-
erTobis dawyebaze, romelic amxanaguri sazogadoebis definiciaSia moqceuli, àmxa-
naguri sazogadoebis~ iarliyis mimagreba aranair saWiroebas ar warmoadgens. amdenad,
aRniSnuli precedentis mixedviT, mxareTa moqmedebebi, maT Soris samewarmeo wamowye-
bisTvis finansuri saxsrebis gadacema, valdebulebebis uzrunvelyofa, yoveldRiuri
saqmianobisa da operaciebis warmarTva, miRebuli mogebis Segroveba, miCiganis uzenae-
si sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, formaluri dokumentaciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki
mxareTa nebaze miuTiTebs, imoqmedon, rogorc partniorebma. partniorebis statusiT
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ganzraxva, e.i. mogebis miRebis mizniT saqmis TanamesakuT-
reebis rangSi warmarTva ki erTaderTia, rac amxanaguri sazogadoebis SeqmnisTvisaa
aucilebeli (samarTliT moTxovnili).54
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, miTiTebul precedentSi sasamarTlom ramdenjerme
miuTiTa mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebis Sesaxeb mxareTa SeTanxmebaze; Tumca, am uka-
nasknel sakiTxs ufro metad texasis saapelacio sasamarTlo kveTs saqmeze Valero Energy
Corp. v. Teco Pipeline Co.55 ganxilvis Sedegad dadgenil iqna, rom mxareebi samuSao SeTan-
xmebis56 safuZvelze moqmedebdnen da maT Soris mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebis Sesa-
xeb SeTanxmebas adgili ar hqonia. saapelacio sasamarTlom aRniSnul saqmeze msjelo-
53
samive instanciis sasamarTlos pozicia, iseve rogorc saqmis fabula, uSualo sasa-
marTlo gadawyvetilebebis garda, agebulia Semdegi naSromis mixedviT – Mastrogiacomo
P. Jr., Business Law – Partnership Formation - A Partnership Is Formed By Parties Merely Intending To Carry
On Business For Profit As Co-Owners. Byker v. Mannes, 641 N.W. 2d 210 (Mich.2002).
54
iqve, 160-161.
55
Valero Energy Corp. v. Teco Pipeline Co. 2 S. W.3d 576 (Tex. App – Houston 14th Dist. 1999).
56
Operating Agreement.
165
bisas amxanaguri sazogadoebis dafuZnebisTvis aucilebeli Semdegi oTxi kumulatiu-

ri faza (niSani) gamoyo: samewarmeo saqmianobis interesTa erToba; mogebis ganawilebis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba; zaralis ganawilebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba; sazogadoebis kontrolisa
da marTvis saerTo ufleba.57 CamoTvlilTagan Tundac erTi elementis ararseboba am-
xanaguri sazogadoebis ararsebobaze (ardafuZnebaze) miuTiTebs. konkretuli gare-
moebebis mixedviT ki am oTxfazian tests mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebis SeTanxmebis
nawilSi mosarCele ver akmayofilebda, e.i. amxanaguri sazogadoebis dafuZnebasac ar
hqonia adgili.58
amdenad, rogorc vxedavT, amerikuli da qarTuli samewarmeo samarTali amxana-
guri sazogadoebis dafuZnebis etapzeve siRrmiseul sxvaobas avlens. magram yovelive
amas, vfiqrobT, swored amxanagobis, rogorc sazogadoebis statusis ZirSive gansxva-
vebuli midgoma ganapirobebs. marTalia, amerikul samarTalSi am tipis sazogadoeba
mewarme subieqts warmoadgens, magram aRniSnuli xarisxis mopoveba am konkretul Sem-
TxvevaSi sruliadac ar aris formalur moTxovnaze (igulisxmeba registracia an misi
tolfasi qmedeba) damokidebuli. rogorc ganxiluli sasamarTlo precedentebidan
davinaxeT, mTavari da sakmarisia mxareTa neba, mogebis miRebis mizniT partniorebis
statusiT ganaxorcielon saerTo saqmianoba. qarTul samewarmeo samarTlebriv siv-
rceSi ki es ukansakneli (mxareTa neba) mniSvnelovani, magram arasakmarisi faqtoria sa-
zogadoebis dafuZnebisTvis.
6. amxanaguri sazogadoebis partniorTa fiduciuri movaleobebi59
fiduciuri valdebulebebis analizs Tanamedrove korporaciuli marTvis samar-

TalSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdeblis mizani direq-
torebisa da menejerebisTvis am tipis valdebulebebis dakisrebisas, erTi SexedviT,
naTelia, Tavad fiduciuri valdebulebebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi dRemde msjelobis
sagania. aRniSnuli sakiTxi gansakuTreblad ikveTeba amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebSi
da miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebeli,60 rogorc wesi, aranair daTqmas, gamonaklissa
Tu ganmartebas ar iTvaliswinebs am kuTxiT, sakiTxi mainc dgeba kiTxvis niSnis qveS
57
A community of interests in the venture; An agreement to share profits; An agreement to share losses; A mu-
tual right of control or management of the enterprise.
58
Waters S. A., Bligh J., Partnerships, SMU Law Review, Vol. 54, 2001, 1547-1549.
59
fiduciuri valdebulebebis arsi naSromSi mxolod da mxolod amxanaguri tipis sa-
zogadoebebTan mimarTebiT, dogmaturad aris gaanalizebuli. zogadad fiduciur da
maT Soris sawarmos direqtorebis/menejerebis fiduciur valdebulebebze ixileT:
Block D. J., Barton N. E., Radin S. A., The Business Judgment Rule. Fiduciary Duties of Corporate Direc-
tors. Fifth Edition. Vol. I Aspen Law & Business, New York, 1998; Ribstein L. E., Symposium: The Role of
Fiduciary Law and Trust In the Twenty-First Century: A Conference Inspired By The Work of Tamar Frankel:
Panel I: The Nature of Fiduciary Law and Its Relationship to Other Legal Doctrines and Catefories: Fencing
Fiduciary Duties, 91 B.U.L. Rev. 899, 2011; Mariani F. J., Kammerer W. Ch., Guffey-Landers N., Under-
standing Fiduciary Duty, 84 Fla. Bar J. 20, 2010; Giannini M. R., “Punctilio of Honor~ or “Disintegrating
Erosion~? The Fiduciary Duty to Disclose For Partners, Corporate Directors, And Majority Shareholders, 27
Sw. U.L. Rev. 73, 1997; Steele M. M., Judicial Scrutiny of Fiduciary Duties in Delaware Limited Partnerships
And Limited Liability Companies, 32 Del. J. Corp. L. 1, 2007 a.S.
60
upiratesad igulisxmeba qarTveli kanonmdebeli.
166
– ekisrebaT Tu ara amxanaguri sazogadoebis partniorebs fiduciuri valdebulebe-

bi? kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebebis paralelurad moqmedebs Tu ara da unda moqme-
debdes Tu ara es valdebulebebi personificirebuli sazogadoebis partniorze? ra
udevs safuZvlad zemoT moyvanil kiTxvebs da ratom vaxdenT fiduciuri valdebule-
bebis institutis diferenciacias amxanaguri da kapitaluri sazogadoebebis mixed-
viT? swored am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mcdelobas eTmoba naSromis Semdegi Tavi.
Tavad termini `fiduciuri~ Tavdapirvelad iseTi situaciebis (urTierTobebis)
dasaregulireblad iqna gamoyenebuli, romlebSic trasti mizans ver aRwevda, xolo
urTierTobis erT-erTi mxare mindobili mesakuTris61 rolSi ar gamodioda. swored am
mizeziT, fiduciurma valdebulebebma praqtikuli gamoyeneba korporaciis tipis sa-
warmoebSi naxa.62 miCneulia, rom sasamarTlo, fiduciuri valdebulebebis danawesebis
mixedviT, pirs valdebulad miiCnevs, roca erTi piris uflebamosilebis (diskreciis)
kontrolis aucilebloba am ukanasknelis sxva pirTan (an pirebTan) urTierTobis xa-
siaTidan gamomdinareobs.63 Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTalSi – rogorc germa-
nulSi, ise amerikulSi – xelmZRvaneli organoebis movaleoba or did jgufad iyofa:
gulmodgine xelmZRvanelobis movaleoba (duty of care or duty of diligence, Sorgfaltspflicht) da
erTgulebis movaleoba (duty of loyalty, Treuepflicht). gulmodgine xelmZRvanelobisa da er-
Tgulebis movaleobebs amerikul samarTalSi ewodeba fiduciuri movaleobebi.64 yvela-
ze farTod gavrcelebuli Sinaarsobrivi ganmarteba im movaleobebisa, romlebic erT
partniors akisria meore partnioris mimarT, jer kidev 1928 wels niu iorkis Statis
mosamarTlem, kardozom, mogvca saqmeze Meinhard v. Salmon:65 samewarmeo saqmianobis (sa-
risko bizenssaqmianobis) erTad ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi, rogorc Tanapartniore-
bi, sawarmos arsebobis manZilze erTmaneTis mimarT erTgulebis movaleobas floben.
qcevis uamravi forma, romelic yoveldRiur garemoSi dasaSvebia distanciuri urTi-
erTobebis mWidrod daukavSirebeli pirebisTvis, partniorebisTvis, rogorc fidu-
ciuri valdebulebebiT SeboWili mxareebisTvis, akrZalulia. ndobiT aRWurvili piri
Tavis TavSi bevrad ufro mkacri moralis matarebelia, vidre es sabazro urTierTo-
bebSia damkvidrebuli; ara marto patiosneba TavisTavad, aramed yvelaze mgrZnobiare
pedanturi pativi da Rirseba warmoadgens am SemTxvevaSi qcevis standarts. aqedan ga-
momdinare, damkvidrebulia tradicia, romelic udreki da Seuqcevadia; erTgulebis
ganuyofeli movaleobisTvis Ziris gamoTxris mcdelobas sasamarTloebi ukompromi-
so simkacriT udgebodnen. mxolod da mxolod amitom SenarCunebul iqna fiduciaris
qcevis imaze maRali standarti, vidre es masebs axasiaTebs. aRniSnuli standarti am
sasamarTlos arc erTi gadawyvetilebiT ar daiwevs.66
mizanSewonili da kanonzomieria Tu ara fiduciuri valdebulebebis amxanagur
sazogadoebebze upirobod gavrceleba, dRemde sakamaToa. arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxva-
61
trustee.
62
Demott D. A., Beyond Metaphor: An Analysis of Fiduciary Obligation, Duke Law Journal, 1988:879, 5, 880.
63
iqve, 909-910.
64
Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 199.
65
Meinhard v. Salmon, 164 N.E 545, 546 (N.Y. 1928) – ixileT, Rickert J. M., Ohio’s New Partnership Law,
57 Clev. St. L. Rev. 783 2009, 789.
66
iqve, damatebiT ix., Ribstein L. E., Are Partners Fiduciaries? U. IlI. L. Rev. 2005, 209, 1.
167
oba, rasac am tipis valdebulebebTan mimarTebiT arsebuli gansxvavebuli midgomebi

asazrdoebs. magaliTisTvis, arsebobs mosazreba, rom SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis
amxanagur sazogadoebaSi (LLP) fiduciuri movaleobebi savaldebulo xasiaTs ki ar
unda atarebdes, aramed sazogadoebis dafuZnebis etapze partniorebis gadasawyveti
unda iyos, gaavrceleben Tu ara am moTxovnebs sazogadoebaze.67 miuxedavad aseTi mo-
sazrebebisa, fiduciuri movaleobebi amerikuli amxanaguri sazogadoebis samarTalSi
sakanonmdeblo donezea daregulirebuli. RUPA-s mixedviT, amxanaguri sazogadoebis
partniors akisria rogorc gulmodginebis, ise erTgulebis movaleoba. amasaTanave, aR-
niSnuli fiduciuri valdebulebebi im danawesebis kategoriaSi Sedis, romlis Secvlac
partniorTa SeTanxmebiT SeuZlebelia.68 erTgulebisa da gulmodginebis movaleobis
garda, RUPA keTilisindisierebisa69 da samarTliani, miukerZoebeli qcevis70 valdebu-
lebasac akisrebs partniorebs (miCneulia,71 rom aRniSnuli swored amxanaguri tipis
sazogadoebis saxelSekrulebo xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs). arc qarTuli samewarmeo
samarTali adgens raime sagamonakliso wesebs. marTalia, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-
los kanonSi amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebisTvis calke gamoyofili norma fiduciu-
ri movaleobebis Sesaxeb ar gvxvdeba,72 magram es mis ararsebobas ar niSnavs. kanonis me-9
muxlis 1-el punqtSi CamoTvlil xelmZRvanelobis uflebis mqone pirebSi SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis, saaqcio sazogadoebisa da kooperativis direqtore-
bis gverdiT solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebisTvis yvela partniori, xolo
komandituri sazogadoebisTvis sruli partniorebia (komplementarebia) miTiTebuli.
amave muxlis me-6 punqti ki zemoT CamoTvlil pirebs erTgulebisa da gulmodginebis
movaleobas akisrebs. aqedan gamomdinare, vaskvniT, rom aRniSnuli fiduciuri movale-
obebis mimarT qarTveli kanonmdebeli yvela mewarme subieqtis (garda individualuri
mewarmisa) xelmZRvanels erT doneze ayenebs da erTian regulaciaSi aqcevs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc amerikuli, ise qarTuli samewarmeo sakanonmdeb-
lo aqtebi fiduciur movaleobebs amxanaguri sazogadoebebis partniorebzec avrce-
lebs, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samecniero literaturaSi am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT
azri Sejerebuli ar aris. ganvixiloT profesor ribStainis73 mosazreba aRniSnul sa-
67
Steele M. M., Judicial Scrutiny of Fiduciary Duties in Delaware Limited Partnerships And Limited Liability
Companies, 32 Del. J. Corp. L. 1, 2007, 2-3.
68
TumcaRa gamonaklisi Statebic arsebobs, magaliTad, delaveris Statis regulaciiT,
fiduciuri movaleobebi ar Sedis im wesebis CamonaTvalSi, romlis Secvlac an gauqme-
bac partniorebs SeTanxmebiT ar SeuZliaT – Del. Code Ann. tit. 6, §§ 15-404.
69
good faith.
70
fair dealing.
71
Rickert J. M., Ohio’s New Partnership Law, 57 Clev. St. L. Rev. 783, 2009, 794.
72
gansxvavebiT amerikuli samarTlisgan, sadac cal-calkea gawerili kapitaluri da per-
sonificirebuli tipis sazogadoebebis maregulirebeli wesebi (amerikis samarTlis
institutis korporaciuli marTvis principebi – ALI da samewarmeo korporaciebis Ses-
axeb modeluri kanoni – M.B.C.A mxolod da mxolod kapitalur sazogadoebebze vrcel-
deba, xolo RUPA da RULPA amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebze).
73
ilinoisis universitetis samarTlis kolejis profesori, 170-ze meti naSromis avto-
ri, maT Soris ixileT: The Rise of the Uncorporation, New-York, “Oxford University Press~, 2010; The
Law Market, New-York, “Oxford University Press~ (with O’Hara E. A.), 2009; The Sarbanes-Oxley Debate
(with Butler H. N.), Washington, “American Enterprise Institute Press~, 2006; The Constitution and Corpora-
168
kiTxTan mimarTebiT. gansxvavebiT sxva komentatorebisgan, dasaxelebuli avtori Ta-

vis naSromSi74 ara mxolod im SemTxvevebs ganixilavs, rodesac fiduciuri valdebule-
bebi gamoyenebul unda iqnes, aramed im SemTxveebzec akeTebs aqcents, rodesac am tipis
movaleoebebis gamoyeneba gaumarTlebeli da aramizanSewonilia. misi azriT, fiduci-
uri movaleobebi mxolod im urTierTobebze unda vrceldebodes, romlebSic sxvis
sakuTrebaze farTo uflebamosilebaTa saxelSekrulebo delegirebas75 aqvs adgili.
farTo uflebamosilebaSi igulisxmeba menejeruli uflebamosileba, romelic dac-
lilia iseTi SezRudvebisgan, rogoricaa mesakuTris aqtiuri monitoringi an Zalmo-
silebis (moqmedebis Tavisuflebis) aRiareba. fiduciuri movaleobebi korporaciebis
direqtorebsa da aqcionerebs Soris urTierTobisTvisaa Sesaferisi da ar ergeba iseT
mxareebs Soris urTierTobas, romelTa aqtiuroba, tipuri, Cveulebrivi amxanaguri sa-
zogadoebis msgavsad, mosalodneli da nagulisxmevia. marTalia, fiduciuri urTier-
Tobebi ekonomikuri gagebiT warmomadgenlobis erT-erTi saxea, sadac sakuTrebisa da
kontrolis separacias aqvs adgili, magram aRniSnuli srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom
yvela (ekonomikuri gagebiT) warmomadgenloba fiduciuri urTierTobaa. fiduciur
valdebulebebs mxolod im SemTxvevebSi aqvs adgili, rodesac mesakuTre Ria dabolo-
ebis uflebamosilebas76 gadascems menejers. swored mesakuTris uunarobas – pirdapir
da yoveldRiurad daakvirdes, Seamowmos da Seafasos menejeris saqmianoba – ukeTebs
kompensacias da balansirebas samewarmeo samarTalSi fiduciuri valdebulebebis Se-
motana. amdenad, ribStainis azriT, mxolod centralizebuli mmarTvelobis mqone am-
xanagur sazogadoebaSi moqmed mmarTvel partniors ekisreba fiduciuri valdebule-
bebi.77 mTavari motivi aRniSnuli mosazrebisa mainc is aris, rom amxanagur sazogadoe-
baSi partnioris uflebamosileba fiduciuri urTierTobebis paradigmis Sesaqmnelad
arasakmarisia, radganac Tanapartniorebs mniSvnelovani da arsebiTi uflebebi aqvT,
aqtiurad Caerion da monawileoba miiRon sazogadoebis gadawyvetilebebSi, moipoon
sawarmosTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri informacia. magaliTisTvis, erT-erT saqmeze78
sasamarTlom uaryo mmarTvel partniorze fiduciuri valdebulebebis dakisreba im
motiviT, rom, miuxedavad am partnioris mxridan sazogadoebis yoveldRiuri saqmia-
nobis kontrolisa, yvela mniSvnelovani samomavlo finansuri gadawyvetileba yvela
partnioris monawileobiT moqmedi aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier miiReboda.79
amdenad, profesor ribStainis mosazreba amxanaguri sazogadoebis personifici-
rebuli xasiaTidan unda gamomdinareobdes. miseuli gagebiT, fiduciuri valdebule-
bebis amxanaguri sazogadoebis partniorebisTvis dakisrebisas xelmZRvaneli partni-
tion (with Butler H. N.), Washington, “American Enterprise Institute Press~, 1995; Bromberg & Ribstein on
Partnerships, with Bromberg A.R., Boston, “Little, Brown and Company~, 1988).
74
Ribstein L. E., Are Partners Fiduciaries? U. IlI. L. Rev. 209, 2005, 1.
75
contractual delegation of broad power over one’s property.
76
open-ended power.
77
ribStainis azriT, mosamarTle kardozos zemoT moyvanili mosazreba iman ganapiroba,
rom salmoni ara ubralo, aramed mmarTveli partniori iyo centralizebuli amxanaguri
sazogadoebisa.
78
saqme – 80., 985 F. 2d 1232 (3d Cir. 1993).
79
profesor ribStainis mosazrebani amxanaguri sazogadoebis partniorTa fiduciur
movaleobebze warmodgenilia misive zemoT miTiTebuli naSromis (Are Partners Fiduciaries?
U. IlI. L. Rev. 209, 2005) mixedviT.
169
orisTvis delegirebuli uflebamosilebis masStabi da masSi sxva partniorTa Carevis

farglebia gadamwyveti. gansxvavebiT msxvili korporaciebisgan, aseT sazogadoebebSi
xelmZRvanelis kontrolis bevrad meti praqtikuli da kanonismieri berketi arsebobs.
7. amxanaguri sazogadoebis wili, rogorc fasiani qaRaldi
7.1.zogadad
partniorTa wilobriv monawileobas amxanagur sazogadoebaSi araerTi ameriku-

li sasamarTlo precedenti mohyva da samecniero naSromSi aisaxa. marTalia, midgoma
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT droTa ganmavlobaSi garkveul saxecvlas ganicdis,
magram amosavali Teza mainc ucvlelia, kerZod, aris Tu ara wili amxanagur sazoga-
doebaSi sainvesticio xelSekruleba, maSasadame, fasiani qaRaldi. gamomdinare iqidan,
rom `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris~ Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonic, amerikuli analogis
msgavsad, sainvesticio xelSekrulebas fasiani qaRaldebis CamonaTvalSi miuTiTebs,
naSromis am nawilSi warmodgenili amerikuli regulacia da gamocdileba qarTuli sa-
mewarmeo samarTlebrivi sivrcisTvisac aqtualuri unda iyos.
fasiani qaRaldebis federaluri samarTali, kerZod, fasiani qaRaldebis aqti80
da fasiani qaRaldebis mimoqcevis aqti81 fasiani qaRaldebis farTo da amomwurav Ca-
monaTvals iZleva. aRniSnuli aqtebis mixedviT82, fasiani qaRaldi es aris nebismieri
wili, aqcia83 Tu sainvesticio xelSekruleba. rac Seexeba `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanons, is ganmartavs – fasiani qaRaldi es aris mimoqcevadi fi-
nansuri instrumentebi da uflebebi, romelTa sajaro SeTavazebac SesaZlebelia wi-
lobrivi Tu sasesxo fasiani qaRaldebis saxiT,84 aseve sainvesticio xelSekruleba.85
7.2. hoveis testi
amxanaguri sazogadoebis wilze aRniSnul aqtebSi gancalkevebulad araferia

naTqvami. swored amitom, amerikul sasamarTloebSi am tipis sazogadoebebSi partni-
80 Securities Act, 1933.

81 Securities Exchange Act, 1934.
82 romlebic aRniSnul nawilSi TiTqmis identuria.
83 sruli CamonaTvali ixileT – Securities Act, Section 2(1); Securities Exchange Act, Section 3(a)
(10).
84 sruli CamonaTvali ixileT – fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni,
me-2 muxli, 32-e punqti.
85 termini `sainvesticio xelSekruleba~ kanonSi mxolod erTxel gamoiyeneba, rodesac
terminis `fasiani qaRaldi~ ganmartebaSi saxeldeba. amdenad, sainvesticio xelSekrule-
ba fasiani qaRaldis erT-erT saxed miiCneva, romliTac investori axdens sainvesticio
saxsrebis (fuli, fasiani qaRaldebi an sxva ufleba sakuTrebaze, maT Soris, aramate-
rialuri qoneba) investirebas ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. amasTan, aucilebeli pirobaa,
rom investoris am moqmedebas Semosavlis (sargeblis) miRebis mizani gaaCndes, winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi is, ubralod, naCuqroba (maT Soris, granti) an Txoveba (maT Soris, up-
rocento sesxi) aRmoCndeba. ix. jibuti m., yoranaSvili q., `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis komentari, Tb., 2004, 53-54.
170
orTa wilis sainvesticio xelSekrulebad miCneva-armiCnevis sakiTxi gaxda ganxilvisa

da msjelobis sagani.86 am WrilSi yvelaze popularuli da SemdgomSi farTod gamoyene-
badi ganmarteba uzenaesma sasamarTlom 1946 wels erT-erT saqmeze87 gaakeTa. Sedegad,
e.w. hoveis testi damkvidrda, romelic amowmebda, iyo Tu ara partnioris wili amxana-
gur sazogadoebaSi fasiani qaRaldi (sainvesticio xelSekruleba). kerZod, sainvesti-
cio xelSekruleba ganimarta, rogorc kontraqti, tranzaqcia an proeqti, romlis Se-
sabamisadac fuladi saxsrebis sawarmoSi investireba im molodiniT xdeba, rom mogeba
mxolod da mxolod sxvebis ZalisxmeviT miiReba. Sesabamisad, hoveis testi fasian qa-
Raldad pasiuri partniorebis, investorebis wils miiCnevda. am gagebiT, Cveulebrivi
amxanaguri sazogadoebis wili arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar akmayofilebda hoveis tests, is
`mogebis mxolod da mxolod sxvisi ZalisxmeviT miRebis~ koncefcias ewinaaRmdegebo-
da, radganac aseT sazogadoebebSi partniorebi farTo menejeruli uflebamosilebiT
sargeblobdnen. 1981 wels amerikis me-5 olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom uiliamsonis
saqmeze88 gamoaswora da Seavso hoveis testi da miuTiTa, rom partnioris wili Cveu-
lebriv amxanagur sazogadoebaSic aseve SeiZleba iyos sainvesticio xelSekruleba, Tu
investori daamtkicebs, rom a) mxareebs Soris SeTanxmeba imdenad mcire Zalmosilebas
utovebs mas, rom misi mdgomareoba SezRuduli amxanaguri sazogadoebis SezRuduli
partnioris statuss emsgavseba; b) is imdenad gamoucdeli da ucodinaria konkretul
samewarmeo saqmianobaSi, rom mas inteleqtualurad ar Seswevs unari ganaxorcielos
Tavisi uflebamosilebebi; g) is imdenadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis menejeris (sxva
partnioris) gansakuTrebul da unikalur biznesunar-Cvevebze (alRoze), rom is Tavisi
uflebamosilebis ganxorcilebiT ver Caanacvlebs mas.
7.3. uiliamsonis saxecvlili testi
zemoT ganxiluli midgomebis (hoveisa da uiliamsonis testebis) Sesabamisad, iT-

vleboda, rom Cveulebrivi amxanaguri sazogadoebis wili umetes SemTxvevaSi fasian
qaRalds ar warmoadgenda, xolo SezRuduli amxanaguri sazogadoebis wili, rogorc
wesi, aseTad gvevlineboda.89 magram, UPA-sa da ULPA-s cvlilebebis Semdgom redaqci-
86
aRniSnuli sakiTxebi mocemul TavSi damuSavebulia upiratesad Semdegi naSromebis
mixedviT - Porter J. B., Modern Partnership Interests as Securities: The Effect of RUPA, RULPA, and LLP
Statutes on Investement Contract Analysis; 55 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 955 (1998), 985-993; Bamonte T. J.,
Partnership Interests As Securities Under Illinois Law, 19 S. Ill. U.L.J. 333, 1994-1995; Nahr C. J., What Is
a “Security~ For Purposes Of the U.S. Federal Securities Laws? An Analysis of Foreign Equity Interests, 17
Am. U. Int’l L. Rev. 723, 2001-2002.
87
SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293, 1946.
88
Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 404, (5th Cir. 1981).
89
SezRuduli amxanaguri sazogadoebis SezRuduli partnioris SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli
sakiTxi ufro martivad iyo, radganac SezRuduli patniori umetesad Camocilebulia
marTvas da pasiuri partnioris, investoris rolSi gvevlineboda. amdenad, naSromSi am
sakiTxs detalurad aRar ganvixilavT. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ixileT amerikuli
precedentebi, Youmans v. Simon, 791 F.2d 341 (5th Cir. 1986); Rodeo v. Gillma, 787 F.2d 1175 (7th Cir.
1986); Stainhardt Group Inc. v. Citicorp, 126 F.3d 144 (3d Cir. 1997. am saqmeze sasamarTlom gansx-
vavebuli msjeloba ganaviTara da SezRuduli sazogadoebis wili fasian qaRaldad ar
miiCnia).
171
ebSi (RUPA, RULPA) sazogadoebis damfuZnebel partniorebs meti Tavisufleba mieni-

WaT90. danawesebis is katalogi, romelic moqmedi aqtebiT, partniorTa SeTanmxebiT Se-
ucvlelia, sakmaod mwiria, amitomac miaCniaT91, rom SesaZlebelia (aqtebiT akrZaluli
ar aris, Tu partniorebi moisurveben) mkacrad centralizebuli Cveulebrivi amxana-
guri sazogadoebis Seqmna da arseboba, sadac srul partniorebs aranairi menejeru-
li uflebamosileba ar eqnebaT.92 aqedan gamomdinare, SemuSavda,93 uiliamsonis saxec-
vlili testi, romelic yvela tipis amxanagur sazogadoebas, miuxedavad sazogadoebis
struqturisa, ergeba da Sinaarsobrivi da ara formaluri niSnebiT amowmebs, gvaqvs Tu
ara saxeze fasiani qaRaldi. Cveulebrivi Tu SezRuduli partnioris wili Sesabamis sa-
zogadoebaSi fasian qaRaldad CaiTvleba, Tu partniori/investori daamtkicebs, rom:
a) partniorTa SeTanxmeba imdenad mcire uflebamosilebas utovebs mas, rom SeuZlebe-
lia sazogadoebaSi misi interesebis adekvaturi dacva; b) partniors imdenad naklebi
codna da gamocdileba aqvs sawarmos saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mas ar Seswevs
unari praqtikulad ganaxorcielos Tavisi uflebamosilebani; g) is imdenadaa damoki-
debuli mmarTveli partnioris unikalur biznesunar-Cvevebze, rom arsebiTi ufleba-
mosilebebis ganxorcielebas veRar axerxebs; g) sazogadoeba imdenad didia, xolo misi
interesi imdenad mcire, rom mas aranairi zegavlena ar aqvs sazogadoebis marTvis ar-
sebiT funqciebze.
8. daskvna
amdenad, naSromis mizani iyo amxanaguri, personificirebuli sazogadoebis samar-

Tlebrivi statusis SedarebiT, amasaTanave, amerikul samarTlTan SedarebiT, WrilSi
warmoCena. rogorc davinaxeT, dRevandel samarTlebriv sivrceSi moqmedi sazogado-
ebis es tipi bevrad ufro met msgavsebas avlens kapitalur sazogadoebebTan, vidre es
wlebis win iyo gamoxatuli. viwro, ojaxuri, xSirad garkveuli axlobluri urTierTo-
bebis niadagze aRmocenebuli bizneswamowyeba, dRes iuridiuli piris statusis mqone,
garkveul SemTxvevebSi mkveTrad centralizebul sazogadoebad gvevlineba, romlis
mmarTveli partniorebi fiduciuri movaleobebiT arian SezRuduli, xolo maTi wili
sazogadoebaSi fasiani qaRaldia.
naSromidan ikveTeba, rom, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli sawyisebisa, mTel rig sakiTxebSi
qarTuli da amerikuli amxanagobis samarTali (moqmedi) erTmaneTs kveTs, Tumca kanon-
zomieri istoriuli memkvidreoba arsebiT gansxvavebebsac inarCunebs.
90
iseve rogorc `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonic bolodroindeli cvlilebebis
fonze, umetesad dispoziciuri normebiTaa warmodgenili, maT Soris amxanaguri tipis
sazogadoebebTan dakavSirebuli regulaciac.
91
Porter J. B., Modern Partnership Interests as Securities: The Effect of RUPA, RULPA, and LLP Statutes on
Investement Contract Analysis; 55 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 955 (1998).
92
ix., Simpson v. Ernst & Young, 100 F. 3d 436 (6th Cir. 1996).
93
Porter J. B., Modern Partnership Interests as Securities: The Effect of RUPA, RULPA, and LLP Statutes on
Investement Contract Analysis; 55 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 955 (1998), 985-993.
172
ana ramiSvili*
korporaciuloba, rogorc qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis

sistemis ganmsazRvreli elementi
1. Sesavali
sakorporacio samarTali kerZo samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi ganStoebaa. misi

ganviTarebis perspeqtiva bevrad aris damokidebuli qveyanaSi mewarmeobis mdgoma-
reobasa da im gamowvevebze, romelTa winaSe imyofebian mewarmeebi, an momavalSi aR-
moCndebian TavianTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis procesSi. qarTuli sakorporacio
samarTlis sistema zogadi da kerZo nawilebisagan Sedgeba. qarTuli sakorporacio
samarTlis sistemis kerZo nawilSi Semavali samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciul-sa-
marTlebrivi formebi qveynis ekonomikis `majiscemis~ ganmsazRvrelebia. nebismieri
saxelmwifos gansakuTrebul interesSi moiazreba maTi saqmianobisaTvis mimzidveli
samewarmeo da sainvesticio garemos uzrunvelyofa. mimzidvelobis indikatori me-
warmeTa warmatebuli saqmianobaa, rac garkveulwilad saxelmwifos mxridan saTanado
xelSewyobis Sedegi unda iyos da daxvewili samarTlebrivi formebis SeTavazebaSi ga-
moixatebodes. am kuTxiT gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve samewarmeo saqmianobis monawile-
Ta mzardi miswrafeba TviTregulirebisaken.
samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebis efeqturi fun-
qcionirebis miRweva maTi efeqturi mowyoba-organizebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. organi-
zaciuli formis srulyofa TviTmizani araa, misi mniSvneloba samewarmeo saqmianobaze
arsebiTi gavlenis moxdenaSi gamoixateba.1 winamdebare statiis mizania korporaciu-
lobis prizmidan qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis sistemis gaanalizeba. aseTi ti-
pis analizi dagvexmareba samewarmeo saqmianobis samarTlebrivi formebis Tvisobrivi
maxasiaTeblebisa da funqciuri daniSnulebis srulyofil gansazRvraSi, rac, Tavis
mxriv, maTi efeqturi mowyoba-organizebis winapirobaa.
mocemuli miznis misaRwevad statiaSi ganxilulia korporaciulobis Sinaar-
sis ganmsazRvreli sakiTxebi. pirvel rigSi, naCvenebia korporaciis arsis istoriuli
genezisi da misi mimarTeba korporaciulobasTan; meore TavSi mimoxilulia mewarme-
Ta samarTalsubieqtobis arsebiTi kriteriumebi; mesame TavSi yuradReba gamaxvilda
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis principze, mis daniSnulebasa da moqmedebis fargleb-
ze. gaanalizebulia danarCen organizaciul-samarTlebriv formebTan SedarebiT ss-
is dominirebuli mdgomareoba da amis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi; kerZod, SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis principTan kavSirSi Seswavlilia aqciaTa Tavisufali gasxviseba-
dobis buneba, rogorc korporaciuli formis dafinansebis meqanizmi. bolos, gamoyo-
filia xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosilebis delegirebasTan dakavSirebuli arsebi-

1
Williamson O.E., The Modern Corporation: Origins, Evolution, Attributes, “Journal of Economic Literature~,
Vol. XIX, 1981, 1543.
173
Ti sakiTxebi da gaanalizebulia is, Tu ra gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia maT samewarmeo

sazogadoebebis warmatebul saqmianobaze. statiis dasasruls daskvnis saxiT gadmo-
cemulia qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis sistemis korporaciulobis prizmidan
gaanalizebis relevanturobis sakiTxi da aseTi saxis gaanalizebis Sedegi samewarmeo
saqmianobis samarTlebrivi formebis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebis axleburi kuTxiT
warmoCinebis TvalsazrisiT.
2. korporaciis arsisa da korporaciulobis urTierTmimarTeba
qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis sistemis guldasmiT gaanalizeba mizanSeuwo-

nelia iseTi sakvanZo sakiTxis Sexebis gareSe, rogoricaa korporacia. misi istoriul
retrospeqtivaSi mokle mimoxilva da Tanamedrove mniSvnelobis dadgena qarTuli sa-
korporacio samarTlis sistemis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebis warmoCena da maTi srul-
yofili ganxilva swored am gziTaa SesaZlebeli.
korporacia rTuli ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi institutia. mis gansazRvrebebSi2
aisaxeba im adamianTa msoflmxedveloba, romelTa mierac xdeba maTi gansazRvra. qar-
Tul kanonmdebelobaSi kiTxvaze – Tu ra moiazreba korporaciaSi – Semdegi pasuxi moi-
Zebneba: korporacia aris saaqcio sazogadoeba.3 am pasuxiT kanonmdebelma gaiziara kor-
poraciis, rogorc samewarmeo saqmianobis erT-erTi formis Tanamedrove mniSvneloba.
Tanamedrove mniSvnelobis SeZenamde korporaciam evoluciis rTuli gza gaiara.
korporaciuli formis istoriuli sawyisebi romis samarTalSi moiZebneba. romis sa-
marTlidan moyolebuli korporaciam transformaciis oTxi ZiriTadi cikli ganvlo.
pirvelad korporaciis, rogorc misi wevrebisagan gancalkevebuli subieqtis koncef-
cia ganviTarda. Semdgomi nabiji gaerTianebis samewarmeo miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba iyo.
mesame stadiaze moxda paradigmis cvlileba samewarmeo korporaciis xasiaTSi, ramac
daxuruli da Ria tipis korporaciebis warmoSoba ganapiroba. bolo etapi ki biznesSi
globalizaciis procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. transformaciis oTxive cikls Tan ax-
lda cvlileba korporaciis iuridiul koncefciaSi.4
korporaciis arsis istoriuli genezisi iZleva erTian pasuxs sakorporacio sa-
marTlis mniSvnelovan SekiTxvebze: ram ganapiroba samewarmeo gaerTianebebis dainte-
reseba korporaciuli statusiT. ra aris Tanamedrove ekonomikur pirobebSi samewar-
meo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad ss-is erT-erT yvelaze optimalur formad miCne-
vis winapirobebi. am SekiTxvebze pasuxs korporaciuloba da misi Tanamdevi upirate-
sobebi iZleva.5
2
ix.: Litowitz D., The Corporation as God, “The Journal of Corporation Law~, Vol. 30, Iss. 3, 2005, 501-538;
Mccall B.M., The Corporation as imperfect society, “Delaware Journal of Corporate Law~, Vol. 36, № 2,
2011, 509-573; Nesteruk J., Conceptions of the Corporation and the Prospects of Sustainable Peace, William
Davidson Working Paper № 423, 2001, 1-31.
3
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis 1-li punqti.
4
dawvrilebiT transformaciis oTxi ZiriTadi ciklis Sesaxeb ix.: Avi-Yonah R.S., The Cycli-
cal Transformations of the Corporate Form: A Historical Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility,
“Delaware Journal of Corporate Law~, Vol. 30, 2005, 767-818.
5
Mahoney P.G., contract or concession? An essay on the history of corporate law, “Georgia law review~, Vol.
34, 1999-2000, 874.
174
a. ramiSvili, korporaciuloba, rogorc qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis sistemis
ganmsazRvreli elementi
korporaciuloba sakorporacio samarTlis sistemis gaanalizebis qvakuTxedia.

korporaciis Tanamedrove mniSvneloba swored korporaciulobaSi vlindeba. iuridi-
uli piris statusi, SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba, centralizebuli marTva-gamgeoba
da Tavisuflad gasxvisebadi aqciebi korporaciulobis Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli maxa-
siaTeblebia.6 es is sakvanZo sakiTxebia, romelTa garSemo xorcieldeba sakorporacio
samarTlis sistemis organizeba. mocemuli arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi cal-calke da kom-
binaciaSi Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mravali mesakuTrisagan Semdga-
ri didi firmebis warmatebuli saqmianobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT maTi organizebis
efeqturobas ganapirobeben.7 maTi mizani, SeiZleba iTqvas, didi sawarmoebis ekonomi-
kuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaa.8 korporaciuli formis ZiriTadi niSnebis bu-
nebidan gamomdinare, maTi mTavari daniSnuleba ara imdenad sawarmoSi dasaqmebulTa,
kreditorTa, sxva mimwodebelTa, momxmarebelTa9 da mTlianobaSi sazogadoebis inte-
resebis gaTvaliswinebaa,10 ramdenadac sawarmos mier aqcionerTa interesebisadmi ga-
nuxrelad msaxurebaa.11
3. mewarmeTa samarTalsubieqtobis arsebiTi kriteriumebi
kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi CarTvisaTvis am urTierTobis monawileebs

fizikuri an iuridiuli piris statusi esaWiroebaT imis mixedviT, adamianTan Tu or-
ganizaciul warmonaqmnTan gvaqvs saqme. fizikuri an iuridiuli piris statusis mini-
6
Mahoney P.G., contract or concession? An essay on the history of corporate law, “Georgia law review~, Vol.
34, 1999-2000, 873.
7
Hansmann H., Kraakman R., The End of History for Corporate Law, Harvard Law School John M. Olin Cen-
ter for Law, Economics and Business, Discussion Paper Series, Paper № 280, 2000, 2.
8
Armour J., Hansmann H., Kraakman R., What is Corporate law? wignSi: Kraakman R., Armour J., Davies
P., Enriques L., Hansmann H., Hertig G., Hopt K., Kanda H., Rock E., The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A
Comparative and Functional Approach, 2nd ed., N.Y., 2009, 1 (SemdgomSi Kraakman R., Armour J., Davies
P., The Anatomy of Corporate Law).
9
samomxmareblo interesis Sesaxeb korporaciul samarTalSi ix.: Yosifon D. G., The Consumer
Interest in Corporate Law, “UC Davis Law Review~, Vol. 43, 2009, 253-313.
10
avtorebi aRniSnaven, rom mocemuli niSnebi aucileblad ar miuTiTeben, Tu rogor
unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili firmis sxva monawileTa interesebi. arc im saSualebebze
miuTiTeben, romelTa meSveobiTac aqcionerTa interesebis konfliqti unda iqnes gad-
aWrili, gansakuTrebiT ki makontrolebel da aramakontrolebel aqcionerTa Soris
wamoWrili konfliqtebi ix.: Hansmann H., Kraakman R., The End of History for Corporate Law,
Harvard Law School John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business, Discussion Paper Series, Paper
№ 280, 2000, 2. miuxedavad amisa, amave naSromSi avtorebi ganasxvaveben, korporaciaze
sruli kontrolis TvalsazrisiT, korporaciis or models. pirvel models, romelsac
isini standartul models uwodeben, warmoadgens aqcionerze orientirebuli modeli.
mis tradiciul alternatiul modelebs miekuTvneboda xelmZRvanelze, dasaqmebulze
da saxelmwifoze orientirebuli modelebi. meore models dainteresebul pirebze
(stakeholders) orientirebuli modeli warmoadgens, romelic aqcionerze orientirebuli
modelis ZiriTad alternativad ganixileba. dawvrilebiT ix.: Hansmann H., Kraakman R.,
The End of History for Corporate Law, Harvard Law School John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and
Business, Discussion Paper Series, Paper № 280, 2000, 3-11.
11
Hansmann H., Kraakman R., The End of History for Corporate Law, Harvard Law School John M. Olin Cen-
ter for Law, Economics and Business, Discussion Paper Series, Paper № 280, 2000, 2.
175
WebiT urTierTobis monawilis samarTlis subieqtad aRiareba xorcieldeba.12 ssk-Si

samarTalsubieqtoba uflebaunarianobasTanaa gaigivebuli.13 uflebaunarianoba ki
mxolod adamianis privilegiaa, mxolod adamiani SeiZleba iyos uflebebisa da movale-
obebis matarebeli,14 rac misi adamianurobidan15 gamomdinareobs da rac misTvis fizi-
kuri piris samarTlebrivi statusis mopovebis tolfasia.16
qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis sistemis kerZo nawilSi mocemuli samewarmeo
saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciuli formebi kerZosamarTlebrivi urTi-
erTobebis subieqtebi xdebian maTTvis iuridiuli piris statusis miniWebiT.17 samewar-
meo sazogadoebebisaTvis iuridiuli piris statusis miniWeba qarTuli sakorporacio
samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TvalsaCino Taviseburebaa. iuridiuli piris statu-
sis SesaZenad saWiroa mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unaris organizaciul-
samarTlebriv formebze gavrceleba. fiqciis Teoriis mizani swored aRniSnulis miR-
wevaa.18 adamianTa gaerTianebisaTvis pirovnulobis iuridiuli fiqciis Seqmna,19 anu ma-
Ti gapirovneba (personifikacia20), rasac samarTlebrivi konceptualizmi ìuridiul
pirovnulobaSi~21 moiazrebs, fiqciis Teoriis amosavali debulebaa. samarTlis safuZ-
velze Seqmnilma xelovnurma pirovnulobam uzrunvelyo adamianTa gaerTianebisaTvis
uflebaunarianobis miniWeba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyo adamianTa gaerTianebis
ufleba-movaleobaTa gamijvna masSi Semavali adamianTa ufleba-movaleobebisagan.
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi arsebuli adamianTa organizaciuli warmonaqmnebis
miCnevam adamianad ver uzrunvelyo maTi adamianTan sruli msgavseba.22 adamians mini-
12
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-8 muxlis 1-li nawili (SemdgomSi - ssk).
13
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 222.
14
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 2000,
127.
15
16
ssk-is me-11 muxlis 1-li nawili.
17
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis me-3 punqti.
18
211.
19
iqve, 212.
20
Krannich J. M.,The Corporate “Person~: A New Analytical Approach to a Flawed Method of Constitutional
Interpretation, “Loyola University Chicago Law Journal~, Vol. 37, № 1, 2005, 66.
21
iuridiuli pirovnulobis (legal personality) sakiTxi inglisur kompaniaTa samarTalSi
ganixileba SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis principTan kavSirSi, romlis safuZvelia
1897 wels miRebuli gadawyvetileba saqmeze salomoni salomonisa da kompaniis winaaRm-
deg Salomon v Salomon & Co [1897] AC 22 ix.: Mäntysaari P., Organising the Firm: Theories of Commer-
cial Law, Corporate Governance and Corporate Law, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2012, 63. korporaciul samar-
TalSi iuridiul pirovnulobas oTxi funqcia gaaCnia. pirveli funqcia korporaciis
saqmianobis uwyvetobis uzrunvelyofaa; meore funqcia gamoixateba korporaciisaT-
vis gansxvavebuli identurobis miniWebaSi; mesame funqciis mizania korporaciisa da
aqcionerebis qonebis gancalkevebulobis miRweva; bolo funqcia ki korporaciis mar-
Tvis samarTlebrivi meqanizmiT uzrunvelyofaa. dawvrilebiT funqciebis Sesaxeb ix.:
Blair M.M., The Four Functions of Corporate Personhood, “Vanderbilt Law and Economics Research Paper~
No.12-13, 2012, 1-43.
22
fizikur pirTan `gaTanabrebis~ Sesaxeb ix.: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi
sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 162-166.
176
Webuli uflebebiT sargeblobisa da dakisrebuli movaleobebis Sesrulebis unaric

aqvs. am garemoebas miaqcia yuradReba realuri kavSiris pirovnulobis Teoriam (or-
ganuli Teoria), romlis Tanaxmad, adamianTa kavSirebis realuri socialuri arseboba
TavisTavad ganapiroebebs maTi wevrebisagan gancalkevebuli pirovnulobis arsebo-
bas.23 isini ar saWiroeben samarTlis mier pirovnulobis fiqciis Seqmnas, vinaidan maT,
socialuri arsebobidan gamomdinare, gancalkevebuli pirovnuloba isedac gaaCniaT24
da, Sesabamisad, kavSiris wevrTagan gansxvavebuli identurobac. samarTalma adamianTa
kavSirebis socialur garemoSi ukve arsebuli pirovnulobis aRiarebiT mxolod maTi
socialuri realobidan iuridiul realobaSi gadayvana ganaxorciela. rogorc adami-
ans gaaCnia organoebi, ise adamianTa kavSirebs aqvT sakuTari organoebi, romelTa meS-
veobiTac isini TviTon iZenen uflebebs da Tavadve axorcieleben movaleobebs. Sesaba-
misad, `warmoadgenen nebisa da moqmedebis subieqts~.25
zemoT ganxorcielebuli Teoriuli mimoxilvis miuxedavad, romelmac iuridi-
uli piris qarTuli cnebis ori kriteriumi gamokveTa, gansxvaveba adamiansa da ada-
mianTa gaerTianebas Soris, romelsac samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcilebis mizani
amoZravebda, mainc TvalsaCino rCeboda. gansxvavebis mTavari mizezi uflebaunariano-
bis SezRuduli xasiaTi iyo, romelic mxolod qonebriv aspeqtze aqcentis gakeTebaSi
vlindeboda26 da adamianTa gaerTianebis miznidan gamomdinareobda. organizebul war-
monaqmnebze gavrcelebis Sedegad uflebaunarianobam, maTi bunebidan gamomdinare,
transformacia ganicada. samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi for-
mebis buneba ganapirobebs maTi sakuTari qonebis27 gareSe arsebobis SeuZleblobas,28
rac gaerTianebis wevrTa piradi qonebisagan gancalkevebuli qonebis arsebobis auci-
leblobas ayenebs dRis wesrigSi organizaciuli warmonaqmnisaTvis. gancalkevebuli
qonebis arsebobis aucileblobas ganapirobebs mewarmeTa damoukidebeli qonebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi,29 maSinac ki, rodesac yvela partnioris pasuxismgebloba
sazogadoebis valdebulebebisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe SeuzRudavia.30 pirvel rig-
Si, pasuxismgeblobis obieqti sazogadoebis qonebaa.31 mxolod mas Semdeg Tu sazoga-
doebis qoneba ar aris sakmarisi sazogadoebis vadamosuli valdebulebebis dasakma-
yofileblad, wamoiWreba partniorTa pirad qonebaze sazogadoebis pasuxismgeblobis
gadanawilebis sakiTxi da mxolod garkveuli saxis samewarmeo sazogadoebebSi da mxo-
lod garkveuli winapiroebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
23
Friedman W.G., Legal Theory, 5th ed., London, 1967, 557.
24
Oman N.B., Corporations and Autonomy Theories of Contract: A Critique of the New Lex Mercatoria, “Denv.
U. L. Rev.~, Vol. 83, Iss. 1, 2005, 116.
25
213.
26
iqve, 211.
27
sazogadoebis qonebisa da sawesdebo kapitalis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb ix.: burdu-
li i., qonebrivi urTierToba saaqcio sazogadoebaSi (gansakuTrebiT misi Camoyalibe-
bis procesSi) qarTuli da avstriuli samarTlis magaliTze, Tb., 2008, 94-95.
28
29
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 2000, 222.
30
31
177
sakuTari qonebiT pasuxismgeblobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia organize-

buli warmonaqmnis qonebis mkveTri gamijvna sazogadoebis partniorebis piradi qo-
nebisagan. Tu rogori simkveTriT mJRavndeba qonebis gamijvnis sakiTxi32 samewarmeo
sazogadoebebSi, SesaZlebelia maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis danaxva. gancalkeve-
buli qonebis arseboba miiRweva ori komponentis meSveobiT. mxolod orive komponen-
tis erTobliobiT SesaZlebelia partniorTa piradi qonebisagan sazogadoebis qonebis
mkveTri gamijvna.
samoqalaqo brunvis pirobebSi samewarmeo sazogadoebasa da mis partniorebs sa-
kuTari kreditorebi hyavT. kreditorTa TiTeuli jgufisaTvis sasicocxlo auci-
leblobas warmoadgens imis codna, Tu romeli qonebaa maTi moTxovnebis dasakmayofi-
lebad xelmisawvdomi.33 pirveli komponenti uzrunvelyofs samewarmeo sazogadoebis
qonebis dacvas partniorTa piradi kreditorebisagan da, Sesabamisad, mxolod susti
gamijvnis ganmapirobebelia. meore komponenti ki icavs sazogadoebis partniorTa qo-
nebas sawarmos kreditorTa moTxovnebisagan.34 rc erTi komponenti calke aRebuli ar
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis qonebisa da partniorTa qonebis mkveTr gancalkevebas.
samewarmeo sazogadoebis dafuZnebis etapze gancalkevebuli qonebis saxiT arse-
buli sawyisi kapitali, rasac samarTlebrivi terminologiiT sawarmos Tavdapirveli
sawesdebo kapitali ewodeba, iuridiuli piris statusis miRebis erT-erTi aucilebe-
li winapirobaa.35 sawesdebo kapitalis funqciebidan36 gamomdinare, misi mniSvnelo-
ba mxolod dafuZnebis etapiT ar Semoifargleba, rac misi Semdgomi SenarCunebisa da
dacvis37 kuTxiT gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamoCenis moTxovnis ganmapirobebelia.
mokled rom SevajamoT, mewarmeebisaTvis iuridiuli piris statusis mniSvnelo-
ba isaa, rom igi samewarmeo saqmianobaSi gamoyenebuli qonebis piradi qonebisagan ga-
mijvnis saSualebis rolSi gvevlineba.38
4. SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis iuridiuli da ekonomikuri Sedegi
samewarmeo sazogadoebaSi gancalkevebuli qonebis arsebobis uzrunvelyofis

meore komponenti, romelic icavs sazogadoebis partniorTa qonebas amave sazogadoe-
bis kreditorTa moTxovnebisagan, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobaa. SezRuduli pasuxis-
mgebloba qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis sistemis mkveTrad gamoxatuli princi-
pia. samewarmeo sazogadoebaTa klasificireba imis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli, Tu rogor
32
qonebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb ix.: Hansmann H., Kraakman R., The Essential Role of Organizational Law,
“Yale L.J.~, Vol. 110, 2000, 387-440. avtorTa azriT, qonebis gamijnuloba organizaciuli sa-
marTlis mTavari sakiTxia.
33
Mahoney P.G., Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law, “Georgia Law Review~,
Vol 34, 1999-2000, 876.
34
Kraakman R., Armour J., Davies P., The Anatomy of Corporate Law, 9-10.
35
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 2000, 221.
36
sawesdebo kapitalis funqciebis Sesaxeb ix.: burduli i., sawesdebo kapitali da misi
funqciebi, wignSi: Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 208-261.
37
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 29.
38
Blair M.M., Locking in Capital: What Corporate Law Achieved for Business Organizers in the Nineteenth
Century, “UCLA Law Review~, Vol. 51, № 2, 2003, 391.
178
vlindeba maTSi SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis principis moqmedeba. misi moqmedeba gan-

sakuTrebuli simkveTriT korporaciaSi iCens Tavs. swored amitom SezRuduli pasu-
xismgebloba korporaciuli formis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli niSani gaxda.39
SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba, rogorc piradi pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinidan
ganviTarebuli40 principi,41 moiazrebs, rom investori samewarmeo saqmianobidan war-
moSobili valebisa da sxva valdebulebebisaTvis piradad ar aris pasuxismgebeli,42
iseve rogorc sazogadoeba ar aris pasuxismgebeli partniorTa piradi valebisa da
valdebulebebisaTvis.43 partniorTa pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba mxolod im ode-
nobiT, ra odenobiTac man ganaxorciela investireba.44 investorTa aseTi saxis SezR-
uduli pasuxismgebloba sawarmoo saqmianobaSi resursebis mozidvis wamaxalisebeli
faqtoria.45 qarTul sakorporacio samarTalSi SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis princi-
pis safuZvelze samewarmeo sazogadoebis partniorTa ori kategoria gamoiyofa.46
korporaciul formaSi SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba, rogorc saxelSekrulebo
instrumenti,47 is meqanizmia, romelic korporaciis saqmianobis procesSi aqcionerTa
da xelmZRvanel pirTa cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT wamoWrili saxelSekrulebo prob-
lemebis gadawyvetas emsaxureba.48 SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba kapitalis bazris gan-
viTarebis faqtobrivi saWiroebaa. miuxedavad amisa, marto SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-
loba bolomde ver xsnis, Tu ra ganapirobebs im faqts, rom korporaciuli forma sa-
mewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis yvelaze optimalur formadaa miCneuli.
mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia darwmunebiT, rom SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba mxolod
erTi nawilia49 imisa, risi miRwevis mizani amoZravebT maT, vinc samewarmeo saqmianobis
ganxorcielebisaTavis irCeven korporaciul formas.50
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTadi naklovaneba isaa, rom is ar uzrunvel-
yofs sazogadoebis partniorTa qonebis absolutur dacvas sazogadoebis kredito-
rebisagan.51 SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis umniSvnelo rolze miuTiTeben im SemTxve-
39
Kraakman R., Armour J., Davies P., The Anatomy of Corporate Law, 9.
40
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis principis istoriuli mimoxilva ix.: Pettet B., Limited Liabil-
ity – A Principle for The 21st Century?, “Current Legal Problems~, Vol. 48, Iss. 2, 1995, 128-141.
41
Mahoney P.G., Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law, “Georgia Law Review~,
Vol 34, 1999-2000, 875.
42
Century, “UCLA Law Review~, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2003, 437.
43
Goulding S., COMPANY LAW, 2nd ed., London, 1999, 9.
44
Easterbrook F. H., Fischel D.R., The economic structure of corporate law, London, 1996, 40..
45
Pettet B., Limited Liability – A Principle for The 21st Century?, “Current Legal Problems~, Vol. 48, Iss. 2,
1995, 142
46
ix. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-2 da me-4 punqtebi
47
48
49
Alchian A. A., Demsetz H., Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization, “Am. Econ. Rev.~,
Vol. 62, 1972, 778.
50
51
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobidan gamonaklisia `gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis~ doqtrina
179
vaSic, rodesac saubaria iseT sazogadoebaze, romelsac mravali partniori hyavs da

maTi monawileoba sazogadoebaSi umniSvnelo xasiaTis matarebelia. partniorebisaT-
vis sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe mTeli maTi qonebiT piradi pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebis SemTxvevaSi am partniorTa piradi qonebis Sefaseba, kontroli da am qone-
baze aRsrulebis miqceva garTulebulia.52 Sesabamisad, aseT sazogadoebaSi SezRudu-
li pasuxismgeblobis reJimis arsebobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ekargeba. aseT
viTarebaSi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis dafuZneba uf-
ro sasurveli modeli xdeba.53 praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT kompaniisTvis sakmarisia sa-
zogadoebis kreditorebTan dasadeb TiToeul xelSekrulebaSi imis miTiTeba,54 rom
partniorebis pasuxismgebloba SezRudulia da maT ar SeuZliaT xelSekrulebidan
warmoSobili moTxovnebis dakmayofileba sazogadoebis partniorebis piradi qonebis
xarjze.55 im miznis miRweva, romelic ganapirobebs partniorTa dainteresebas SezRu-
duli pasuxismgeblobis reJimiT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes am formiTac.
aseTi midgoma sruliad exmianeba firmis, rogorc `nexus of contracts“-is saxiT warmod-
genas. miuxedavad amisa, sayovelTaod aRiarebulia is faqti, rom SezRuduli pasuxis-
mgeblobis principi aqciebis gasxvisebadobasTan tandemSi korporaciis dafinansebis
uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi saSualebaa.56
5. aqciis gasxvisebadoba – korporaciuli formis

konstituciuri niSani
aqciaTa Tavisufali gadacemadoba korporaciuli formis warmatebis ganmapiro-

bebeli faqtoria. korporaciuli forma konceptualurad swored am arsebiTi maxasi-
aTebliT imijneba sxva samewarmeo sazogadoebebisagan da misi mimzidveloba danarCe-
nebTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovanwilad im ekonomikuri sargeblianobis damsaxurebaa,
romelic aqciebis gamoSvebasa da maT Tavisufal gasxvisebadobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
aqcia ara marto misgan gamomdinare uflebebis gansaxierebaa, aramed aqcionerTa SezR-
uduli pasuxismgeblobis gamoxatulebac.57 aqciaTa gamoSveba sawarmoo saqmianobis sa-
Tanado specializaciis winapirobaa.58 aqcia umartivebs korporacias, erTi mxriv, im
ix.: burduli i., sawesdebo kapitali da misi funqciebi, wignSi: Tanamedrove sakorpora-
cio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, TinaTin wereTlis saxelmwifosa
da samarTlis instituti, Tb., 2009, 236-259.
52
Hansmann H., Kraakman R., Organizational law as asset partitioning, “European Economic Review~ Vol. 44,
2000, 814.
53
Sead.: Pettet B., Limited Liability – A Principle for The 21st Century?, “Current Legal Problems~, Vol. 48,
Iss. 2, 1995, 144
54
Kahan D.R., Shareholder Liability for Corporate Torts: A Historical Perspective, “Georgetown Law Journal~,
Vol. 97, № 4, 2009, 1090.
55
Hansmann H., Kraakman R., Organizational law as asset partitioning, “European Economic Review~, Vol. 44,
2000, 815.
56
57
Butler H.N., The Contractual Theory of the Corporation, “George Mason University Law Review~, Vol. 11,
№ 4, 1989, 107.
58
iqve.
180
pirTa mizidvas, romlebsac surT monawileoba korporaciaSi magram ar gaaCniaT mmar-

TvelobiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro kompetencia da meore mxriv, im
pirTa mozidvas, romlebsac aqvT mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis is
aucilebeli codna, gamocdileba da unar-Cvevebi, romelTa gansakuTrebuli saWiro-
eba arsebobs sakuTrebisa da xelmZRvanelobiTi funqciebis gancalkevebis pirobebSi
korporaciul formaSi.59
korporaciaSi sakuTrebis gadacema, rac aqciaTa Tavisufali gasxvisebadobis re-
Jimis arsebobaSi gamoixateba, moiazrebs, rom korporaciis arseboba damoukidebulia
aqcionerTa survilisagan, kerZod, uari ganacxadon korporaciaSi monawileobaze im
interesis dakargvis gamo, romelmac Tavis droze ganapiroba maTi daintereseba kor-
poraciiT, rac aqciaTa SeZenaSi gamoixata.60 korporaciisagan gansxvavebiT, amxanaguri
tipis sps-is, romlis kapitali wilebadaa dayofili, partnioris sawarmodan gasvlis
SemTxvevaSi sawarmos mimarT ixsneba gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoeba,61 maSin ro-
desac Sps-Si, romlis kapitali asevea wilebad dayofili, igive Sedegi ar dgeba, Tum-
ca arsobrivi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, aqciaTa Tavisufali gasxvisebis mocemulobaSi
Semavali erTi elementis mkrTali anarekli SeimCneva im normis danawesSi, romliTac
sawesdebo avtonomiis dacvis SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebulia Sps-s partniorebis uf-
leba wilis gasxvisebasa da datvirTvaze.62
aqciebis gadacemadobis koncefciaSi TavisTavad moiazreba aqciebad dayofili
sawesdebo kapitalis arseboba. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonma ss-is defini-
ciaSi swored am niSanze gaamaxvila yuradReba da gansazRvra, rom ss aris sazogadoe-
ba, romlis kapitali dayofilia wesdebiT gansazRvruli klasisa da raodenobis aqci-
ebad.63
aqciTa gasxvisebadobis ZiriTadi upiratesoba sam urTierTganmapirobebel gare-
moebaSi vlindeba. mocemuli principi, aqcionerTa identurobis cvlilebis miuxeda-
vad, samewarmeo saqmianobis uwyvetad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, amastan
uzrunvelyofs im garTulebebis Tavidan acilebas, rac amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebi-
dan partnioris gasvlisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aRniSnuli ori garemoeba erToblio-
baSi aqciaTa likvidurobis zrdisa da diversificirebuli sainvesticio portfolios
martivi gzebiT SenarCunebis winapirobaa.64
aqciebis sruli gasxviseba TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs maT Tavisufal vaWrobau-
narianobas kapitalis bazrebze,65 rac korporaciis ori gansxvavebuli tipis arsebobas
ganapirobebs. aqciebis Tavisufali vaWrobaunarianobis mTavari upiratesoba, kapita-
lis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT, maqsimalur moqnilobaSi gamoixateba.66
59
№ 4, 1989, 107.
60
Sprague R., Beyond Shareholder Value: Normative Standards for Sustainable Corporate Governance, “Wm.
& Mary Bus. L. Rev.~, Vol. 1, Iss. 1, 2010, 49.
61
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 31-e muxlis me-2 punqti.
62
63
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni 51-e muxlis pirveli winadadeba.
64
65
iqve.
66
iqve.
181
6. xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosilebis delegirebis

ZiriTadi aspeqtebi
6.1. sakorporacio samarTlis ZiriTadi diqotomia –

erTsulovneba Tu Zalaufleba
samewarmeo sazogadoeba, iseve rogorc nebismieri organizacia, efeqtur ga-

dawyvetilebaTa miRebis gaadvilebisaTvis saWiroebs xelmZRvanelobis sistemis ar-
sebobas. samewarmeo sazogadoebis dafuZnebis etapze, sawarmos saqmianobis gaZRolis
mizniT, sawarmos damfuZneblebis mier xorcieldeba sakuTar uflebamosilebaTa na-
wilis gadacema sazogadoebisaTvis, rac sazogadoebis konkretuli organoebisaTvis
xelmZRvanelobiTi da makontrolebeli uflebamosilebebis delegirebaSi gamoixate-
ba. samewarmeo sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu rogori sqemiT
xorcieldeba sazogadoebis organoebs Soris marTvisa da kontrolis funqciebis ga-
danawileba.
sawarmoSi xelmZRvanelobis sistemis arsebobis moTxovna arCevanis or SesaZleb-
lobas iTvaliswinebs. sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis sistema erTsulovnebis kriteriums
daeufuZneba Tu Zalauflebis67 – sawarmos damfuZneblebis arCevanis sagania. pirveli
ganisazRvreba rogorc organizaciis monawileTa ìndividualuri interesebis gaer-
Tianebis nebismieri gonivruli da misaRebi saSualeba~.68 meore xasiaTdeba centraluri
warmomadgenlobis arsebobiT, romelzec yvela saTanado informaciaa gadacemuli da
romelic mis xelT arsebuli yvela informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT uflebamosilia mi-
iRos gadawyvetileba.69 erTsulovnebaze dafuZnebuli marTvis organoTa struqtura
damaxasiaTebelia iseTi samewarmeo sazogadoebebisaTvis, romelTa wevrebs Sedarebadi
informacia da interesebi gaaCniaT. Zalauflebaze damyarebuli gadawyvetilebaTa mi-
Reba xorcieldeba im samewarmeo sazogadoebebSi, romlebSic mniSvnelovani informaci-
uli asimetria arsebobs, an sazogaodebis wevrebs konkurentuli interesebi gaaCniaT.
qarTuli sakorporacio samarTali mewarmeebs uzrunvelyofs yvela saxis orga-
nizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT – dawyebuli wminda erTsulovnebaze dafuZnebuli
xelmZRvanelobis organoTa struqturis mqone solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazoga-
doebidan damTavrebuli Zalauflebaze damyarebuli marTvis organoTa sistemis mqone
saaqcio sazogadoebamde. sps aris sazogadoeba, romelSic samewarmeo saqmianoba ramde-
nime partnioris mier erToblivad xorcieldeba70 da TiToeul partniors sazogadoe-
bis marTvaSi monawileobis Tanabari ufleba gaaCnia, romlis safuZvelia èrTi xma erTi
partnioris~ principi.71 sps-Si partniorTa saerTo krebis mier gadawyvetilebaTa didi
67
Kenneth J. Arrow, The Limits of Organization 68-70 (1974) citirebulia: Bainbridge S.M.,The New
Corporate Governance in Theory and Practice, Oxford, 2008, 3.
68
iqve, 69 citirebulia: Bainbridge S.M.,The New Corporate Governance in Theory and Practice, Oxford,
2008, 3 .
69
Bainbridge S.M.,The New Corporate Governance in Theory and Practice, Oxford, 2008, 3.
70
71
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-91 muxlis me-10 punqtis pirveli winadade-
ba, romlis Tanaxmad partniorTa saerTo krebaze sps-is TiToeul partniors TiTo xma
aqvs.
182
nawili miiReba umravlesobis wesiT, mxolod iseTi gadawyvetilebebisaTvis, romelTa

mniSvneloba scildeba sazogadoebis Cveulebriv saqmianobas,72 moiTxoveba erTsulov-
neba.73 gadawyvetilebaTa miReba erTxmad sakanonmdeblo moTxovnaa da gamoiyeneba im
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac misaRebi gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi qmnis araTanabar mdgomareo-
bas romelime partniorisaTvis anda xelyofs partnioris arsebiT interesebs.74 gadawy-
vetilebaTa miRebis amgvari wesi gamarTlebulia iqidan gamomdinare, rom sps-Si yvela
partniori Tanabrad monawileobs mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebaSi, rac identuri in-
teresebis arsebobas ganapirobebs. garda amisa, partniorebs informaciasTan wvdomis
Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvT. èrTi xma erTi partnioris~ principi moqmedebs aseve
komandituri sazogadoebis mimarTac mxolod SezRuduli saxiT,75 rac ks-is samarTleb-
rivi bunebidan gamomdinareobs. igi sps-is modificirebuli nairsaxeobaa.76 ks-Si, obieq-
turi garemoebebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia yvela partnioris erTsulovnebis miR-
weva.77 samewarmeo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad ks-is arCevisas momaval partniorebs
gacnobierebuli aqvT maT mier SerCeuli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis speci-
fika. Sesabamisad, isini ar miiswrafvian erTsulovnebis miRwevisaken. maTTvis ks mcire
kapitalisa da adamianuri resursebis efeqturi gaerTianebis formaa.
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebidan
srul Zalauflebaze damyarebuli marTvis organoTa sistemis mqone saaqcio sazo-
gadoebisken gardamavali formaa. Sps-Si Zalauflebis kriteriumi vlindeba wilebis
proporciulobis78 safuZlvelze partniorTa xmebis gansazRvraSi.79 Sps kapitalis
gaerTianebis Sedegad Seqmnili saSualo biznesis formaa. miuxedavad amisa, Sps-Si sa-
aqcio sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebiT Zalauflebis kriteriumi mkveTrad ar aris ga-
72
qarTvelma kanonmdebelma gaiTvaliswina, rom iseT sakiTxebze, romelTa mniSvneloba
scildeba sazogadoebis Cveulebriv saqmianobas, gadawyvetileba miRebul unda iqnes
yvela partnioris monawileobiT Catarebul krebaze. ix.: `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarT-
velos kanonis me-91 muxlis me-7 punqti.
73
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-51 punqti, romlis Tanaxmad,
Tu wesdebis cvlileba exeba partnioris xmis uflebas, mogeba/zaralSi wils an likvi-
daciisas mis uflebebs, aRniSnuli cvlileba miRebul unda iqnes erTxmad, Tu wesdebis
Sesabamisi nawiliT, romelic partniorebis mier erTxmad iyo miRebuli, sxva ram ar aris
dadgenili.
74
75
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-91 muxlis me-10 punqtis pirveli winadadeba,
romlis Tanaxmad, partniorTa saerTo krebaze ks-is mxolod srul partniors (komple-
mentars) aqvs TiTo xma, xolo SezRudul partniors (komandits) xmis ufleba saerTod
ar gaaCnia. maTTvis xmis uflebis miniWeba sagamonakliso wesiT SesaZlebelia mxolod
wesdebiT, rac sruli partniorebis mier keTili nebis gamoxatulebad SeiZleba CaiTva-
los. ix.: `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 37-e muxlis 1-li punqtis meore wina-
dadeba.
76
Wanaturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, me-3 gamoc., Tb., 2002, 252.
77
amis dadasturebaa `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 34-e muxlis me-4 punqti,
romlis Tanaxmad ks-is wesdebis miReba, masSi da saregistracio monacemebSi cvlilebis
Setanis ufleba aqvT mxolod srul partniorebs (komplementarebs).
78
Sps-Si proporciulobis principi mkacrad ar aris daculi. ix.: `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis 46-e muxlis me-2 punqti.
79
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-91 muxlis me-10 punqtis mesame winadadeba.
183
moxatuli. Sps-s xelmZRvanelobis organoTa gacilebiT martivi sistema gaaCnia maSin,

rodesac ss-is marTvis organoTa sistemaSi savaldebulo wesiT gaTvaliswinebulia
sameTvalyureo sabWos arseboba. korporacia swored is samarTlebrivi formaa, ro-
melSic gadawyvetilebebi sruli saxiT gamoxatuli Zalauflebis kriteriumis safuZ-
velze Seqmnili marTvis organoTa sistemis struqturuli erTeulebis mier miiReba.
`marTlacda es sakuTrebisa da kontrolis de jure gancalkevebuloba warmoadgens erT-
erT mTavar niSans, romelic ganasxvavebs korporacias samewarmeo organizaciebis sxva
formebisagan~.80
sakorporacio samarTlis ganxiluli diqotomia samewarmeo sazogadoebebs So-
ris arsebuli Sinaarsobrivi sxvaobis danaxvis kidev erTi SesaZleblobaa. erTsulov-
neba Tu Zalaufleba sasurveli samewarmeo saqmianobis samarTlebriv formis SerCevis
gaadvilebis saSualebaa. sakuTrebisa da marTvis mWidro kavSiri Tu sakuTrebisa da
kontrolis gancalkevebuloba, romelic Zalauflebis kriteriumis uSualo Sedegia,
mewarmeTa Tavisufali arCevanis gamoxatulebaa.
6.2. sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebulobisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli gamowvevebi
sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebuloba sakorporacio samarTlis mTavari

sakiTxia. sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebulobis gamokveTili xasiaTi korpo-
raciaSi vlindeba.81 `Tanamedrove korporaciis“ daxasiaTeba sakuTrebisa da kontro-
lis gancalkevebulobis prizmidan SemdegSi gamoixateba: `sakuTreba qonebaze Sesam-
Cnevi kontrolis gareSe da qonebis kontroli sakuTrebis gareSe“.82
korporaciaSi xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosileba profesionali direqtore-
bisa da menejerebis xelSia, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, saerTod ar gaaCniaT korpora-
ciis aqcia, an aqvT aqciaTa mcire raodenoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sakuTrebisa
da kontrolis gancalkevebulobaSi moiazreba is SemTxvevebi, rodesac korporaciis
saxeliT gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebi danaSTi moTxovnis83 mqone pirebs ar warmoad-
genen. Tavis mxriv, danaSTi moTxovnis mflobeli aqcionerebi menejmentze pirdapiri
kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas arian moklebulni. aseTi gancalkevebu-
loba koleqtiuri moqmedebis problemebs warmoSobs, romelic korporaciaSi gafan-
tuli saaqcio sakuTrebis uSualo Sedegia.
sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebulobis mniSvneloba ramdenime faqtoris
urTierTqmedebiT aixsneba. did firmebSi ierarqiuli gadawyvetilebis miReba konkre-
tuli pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi da calkeul gadawyvetilebebTan mimarTebaSi
ufro metad efeqturia, vidre sabazro garigebebi. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia optimalu-
ri sainvesticio strategia, rogorc is faqtori, romelic cvalebadi sabazro mdgo-
80
Bainbridge S.M.,The New Corporate Governance in Theory and Practice, Oxford, 2008, 4.
81
sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebulobis sakiTxi mxolod korporaciisaTvis ara
damaxasiaTebelia ix.: Fama E.F., Jensen M.C., Separation of Ownership and Control, “Journal of Law
and Economics~, Vol. 26, 1983, 301-325.
82
Berle, A., Means G., The Modern Corporation and Private Property, N.Y., 1932, 69.
83
Residual Claim.
184
mareobis sapasuxod investorisaTvis diversificirebuli politikis ganxorcielebis

SesaZleblobaa. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalke-
vebuloba is saSualebaa, romelic iseTi samarTlebrivi formis arsebobis winapirobaa,
romelSic firmis sidide, ierarqiuli organizacia da diversificirebuli da likvi-
duri kapitalia gaerTianebuli. mocemuli kombinaciidan gamomdinare, informaciuli,
garigebiTi da sawarmoo efeqturoba sxva organizaciul formebTan SedarebiT am for-
mis upiratesobas ganapirobebs.
sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebulobidan gamomdinare, problemebi jer
kidev Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma gansWvrita Tavis
magnum opus-Si, amasTan ivarauda, rom uyuradReboba da mflangveloba Tanamdevi iqne-
ba iseTi sazogadoebis saqmianobisa, romlis direqtorebi sxvaTa fulis mmarTvelebs
warmoadgenen.84 sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebulobidan warmoSobili prob-
lemebi xasiaTdeba rogorc saagento problemebi da mniSvnelovanwilad asocirebulia
saagento xarjebTan.85 saagento xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT, muSavdeba arerTi meqaniz-
mi, romelTa sakanonmdeblo regulirebaSi arsebuli konkurencia race to the bottom-is sa-
xelwodebiTaa cnobili. erT-erT aseT meqanizmad korporaciuli samarTali ganixile-
ba, romlis erT-erTi funqciaa sami tipis saagento problemis gadawyveta.86
sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebulobasTan dakavSirebulma sirTuleeb-
ma warmoSva korporaciuli marTvis, rogorc `korporaciis xelmZRvanelobisa da kon-
trolis sistemis“,87 arsebobis aucilebloba korporaciaSi.88 korporaciis marTvis
organoTa qarTuli sistema tradiciulad orsafexurovani iyo.89 kanonmdeblobaSi gan-
xorcielebulma cvlilebebma90 amerikuli samewarmeo korporaciisaTvis damaxiaTebe-
li bordis tipis organos Seqmnis SesaZlebloba gaaCina. am garemoebis mxedvelobaSi
miRebiT, bordis arsSi siRrmiseuli wvdoma interess moklebuli ar unda iyos. gundu-
ri warmoebis Teoria91 erT-erTi is Teoriaa, romelic amerikuli samewarmeo korpora-
84
Smith A., An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Electronic Classics Series, ed. by
Jim Manis, Portable Document File PA №18202, Pennsylvania State University, 2005, 606-607.
85
Jensen M. C., Meckling W. H., Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Struc-
ture, “Journal of Financial Economics~, October, 1976, Vol. 3, No. 4, 305-360 wignSi: Jensen M. C., A Theory
of the Firm: Governance, Residual Claims, and Organizational Forms, 2nd printing, Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Univercity Press, 2003, 86.
86
Armour J., Hansmann H., Kraakman R., Agency Problems and Legal Strategies wignSi: Kraakman R., Ar-
mour J., Davies P., Enriques L., Hansmann H., Hertig G., Hopt K., Kanda H., Rock E., The Anatomy of Cor-
porate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach, 2nd ed., N.Y., 2009, 35.
87
Modernising Company Law and Enhancing Corporate Governance in the European Union - A Plan to Move
Forward, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM (2003)
284 final, Brussels, 21.5.2003, 3.1.
88
No. 4, Summer 1989, 101.
89
90
igulisxmeba 2008 wlis 14 marts `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarvelos kanonSi cvlilebebisa
da damatebebis Setanis Taobaze saqarTvelos kanoniT ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi.
91
Team Production Theory.
185
ciis `yvelaze Zlevamosili da yvelaze mniSvnelovani organos“92 saintereso kuTxiT

danaxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
6.3. gunduri warmoebis Teoria
6.3.1. zogadi mimoxilva
gunduri warmoebis Teoria korporaciuli samarTlis93 Teoriaa, romelic cdi-

lobs axsnas direqtorTa bordis adgili, roli da mniSvneloba korporaciis xelmZRva-
nelobis sistemaSi.94 Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi agreTve Seexeba korporaciasa da
korporaciuli samarTlis calkeul aspeqtebs. Teoriis avtorTa mizani iyo korpora-
ciis mimarT sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli principal-agentis alternatiuli modelis
SemuSaveba. maTi rwmeniT, gunduri warmoebis midgoma korporaciis ekonomikuri da iu-
ridiuli funqciebis unikalurobis gaazrebis saTanado safuZvelia.
gunduri warmoebis analizi efuZneba dakvirvebas, romlis Tanaxmadac aqcionere-
bi ar warmoadgenen erTaderT jgufs, romelsac SeuZlia uzrunvelyos korporaciu-
li warmoeba resursebiT. maT garda xelmZRvanelebs, dasaqmebulebs, kreditorebsa da
adgilobriv sazogadoebasac ki, rogorc erTi korporaciuli `gundis wevrebs~, aseve
SeuZliaT Seitanon arsebiTi wvlili da gaaCndeT sakuTari interesi sawarmos warmate-
bul saqmianobaSi.95
gundSi erToblivi warmoebis organizebis problemebi wamoiWreba im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac samewarmeo saqmianobaSi gaerTianebuli investicia, anu resursebis ramdenime
tipi gamoiyeneba, romlebic sxvadasxva pirTa sakuTrebas warmoadgens da miRebuli Se-
degi, romelic ori an meti adamianis an jgufis koordinirebuli ZalisxmeviT miiRwe-
va, ar aris TiToeuli gamoyenebuli resursis gancalkevebadi Sedegebis jami.96 garda
amisa, gundur warmoebaSi, rogorc wesi, moiazreba iseTi warmoeba, romelSic warmoe-
bis Sedegebi aRemateba gundis wevrTa gancalkevebuli Sedegebis jamsa da amasTanave
92
Knapp, Die Treuepflicht der Aufsichtsratsmitglieder von Aktiengesellschaften und Directors von Corporati-
ons. S. 15 citirebulia: Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxism-
gebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 113.
93
korporaciuli samarTlis raobis Sesaxeb ix.: Kraakman R., Armour J., Davies P., The Anatomy of
Corporate Law, 1-34. korporaciuli samarTlisa da samewarmeo samarTlis gamijvnis Taoba-
ze dainteresebuli pirebis (Stakeholders), korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa
(corporate social responsibility) da korporaciuli marTvis konteqstSi ix.: Winkler A., Corporate
law or the law of business?: stakeholders and corporate governance at the end of history, “Law and Contem-
porary Problems~, Vol.67, №4, 2004, 109-134.
94
dawvrilebiT ix.: Blair M. M., Stout L. A., A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law, “Virginia Law
Review~, Vol. 85, No. 2, March 1999, 247-328 Teoriis kritikuli gaanalizebisaTvis ix.: Millon
D., New Game Plan or Business as Usual? A Critique of the Team Production Model of Corporate Law, “Vir-
ginia Law Review~, Vol. 86, 2000, 1001-1044 agreTve ix.: Meese A. J., The Team Production Theory of
Corporate Law: A Critical Assessment, “Wm. & Mary L. Rev.~, Vol. 43, Iss. 4, 2002, 1629-1702.
95
Blair M. M., Stout L. A., A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law, “Virginia Law Review~, Vol. 85, No.
2, March 1999, 250.
96
Alchian A. A., Demsetz H., Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization, “Am. Econ. Rev.~,
Vol. 62, 1972, 779.
186
faravs gunduri warmoebis organizebisa da gundis wevrTa disciplinirebis xarjebs.

gunduri warmoebis procesSi wamoWrili ZiriTadi problemebia gundis calkeul wev-
rTa mier movaleobebis Sesrulebisagan Tavis arideba da erToblivi muSaobis Sedegis
ganuyofloba. aRniSnuli problemebis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia Tu zedamxedvelis97
rolSi gamova neitraluri mesame98 - gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi – mxare, romelic Ta-
vad gundis wevri ar iqneba da romlis mieradac gundis wevrebis Senatanebis Sesrule-
bis Semowmeba ganxorcieldeba.99
6.3.2. korporaciis xedva da direqtorTa bordis roli
gunduri warmoebis analizis mixedviT korporacia moqmedebs rogorc `saSua-

mavlo ierarqia“, romlis sakuTrebaa gunduri warmoebis resursebi da Sedegebi. `sxva
sityvebiT, korporaciuli aqtivebi ara aqcionerebis, aramed Tavad korporaciis kuT-
vnilebaa“.100 mocemuli mosazreba dasabuTda korporaciis samarTalsubieqtobis iuri-
diuli da ekonomikuri Sedegis moxmobiT.101 ufro konkretulad ki korporaciuli pi-
rovnulobis iseT kriteriumze miTiTebiT, romlis mixedviTac korporaciis, rogorc
iuridiuli piris, arseboba damokidebulia sakuTari, aqcionerebis qonebisagan gan-
calkevebuli qonebis arsebobaze. am aqtivebis kontroli damoukidebeli `Suamavali
ierarqis“ mier xorcieldeba, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs maTi kontrolisa da gamoyene-
bis faqtobrivad absoluturi ufleba.
damoukidebeli `Suamavali ierarqi“ – es aris direqtorTa bordi, romlis ufleba-
mosilebebs miekuTvneba gundis wevrTa saqmianobis koordinireba, warmoebis Sedegebis
ganawileba da gundis wevrTa Soris warmoebis Sedegebis ganawilebis procesSi wamoWri-
li davebis mogvarebaSi Suamavloba.102 amasTanave gunduri warmoebis modeli ar gulis-
97
statiaSi xazgasmulia sityva monitor-is gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba im piris aRsaniSna-
vad, romelsac gundis wevrebis Senatanebis Sesrulebis Semowmebis movaleoba akisria.
maTi azriT, sityva monitor-is mniSvnelobaSi igulisxmeba yvela is funqcia, romelic am
pirs unda gaaCndes. Monitor-is funqciebs, garda misi ZiriTadi disciplinaruli funqci-
isa, ganekuTvneba: Sesrulebis Sedegebis gansazRva; sazRauris ganawileba; Senatanebis,
rogorc minimaluri produqtiulobis Sefasebisa da gansazRvris saSualebis gavlenaze
dakvirveba; xelSekrulebebis dadeba da maTi gadaxedva. dawvrilebiT ix.: Alchian A. A.,
Demsetz H., Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization, 62 Am. Econ. Rev., 1972, 782-783.
98
mesame mxaris sakuTrebis, rogorc firmaSi Zalauflebis erT-erTi wyaros, Sesaxeb
dawvrilebiT ix.: Rajan R.G., Zingales L.,Power in a Theory of the Firm, NBER Working Paper №6274,
November 1997, 35-36. organizaciaSi Zalauflebis sxvadasxva wyaroebis analizma aCvena,
rom kritikuli aqtivebis SezRuduli wvdoma specifikuri investiciebis motivaciis
erT-erT mZlavri saSualebaa, romelmac warmoaCina ierarqiis, rogorc Sida orga-
nizaciuli struqturis, mniSvneloba firmaSi Zalauflebis warmoqmnisa da gadan-
awilebis TvalsazrisiT. Rajan R.G., Zingales L.,Power in a Theory of the Firm, NBER Working Paper
№6274, November 1997, 37.
99
Alchian A. A., Demsetz H., Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization, “Am. Econ. Rev.~,
Vol. 62, 1972, 781.
100
Blair M. M., Stout L. A., A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law, ~Virginia Law Review~, Vol. 85, No.
2, March 1999, 251.
101
iqve, 292.
102
iqve, 251.
187
xmobs, rom direqtorTa bordi uangaro altruistebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic korpora-

ciis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi arian CarTuli da uzrunvelyofen gunduri warmoebis
namatidan Tanabari an samarTliani wilis gacemas yvela im pirisaTvis, vinc ganaxorci-
ela sawarmoo-specifikuri investicia. korporaciis amgvari xedva, Teoriis avtorebis
azriT, direqtorTa sabWos ekonomikuri funqciis xazgasmasa da axsnas erTdroulad
warmoadgens. damoukidebeli direqtorTa bordi korporaciuli formis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli savaldebulo niSania. swored savaldebulo arseboba ganasxvavebs korpo-
raciul formas samewarmeo saqmianobis sxva samarTlebrivi formebisagan.103
direqtorTa bordi amerikuli korporaciuli samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli institutia. mis xelSi Tavmoyrilia korporaciis xelmZRvanelobisa da kontro-
lis funqciebi.104 qarTul sakorporacio samarTalSi xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis
funqciebis gamijvnis savaldebuloba xazgasmulia im kriteriumebis CamonaTvaliT,
romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi sameTvalyureo sabWos, rogorc kontrolis ganmaxor-
cielebeli direqtoratisagan formalurad gancalkevebuli organos, Seqmnis moTx-
ovna savaldebulo xasiaTis matarebelia.105 kanonmdebelma iqve gaiTvaliswina sainte-
reso miTiTeba, romlis Tanaxmad formalurad sameTvalyureo sabWos calke ararse-
bobis SemTxvevaSi kanoniT dadgenili misi funqciebi da uflebamosilebebi wesdebiT
gadanawildeba sawarmos sxva organoebze.106 mocemuli miTiTeba kombinaciaSi or iseT
danawesTan, romelTa mixedviTac erT SemTxvevaSi dadgenilia, rom wesdebiT gansazR-
vrul SemTxvevaSi sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri SeiZleba iyos saaqcio sazogadoebis
direqtori107 da meore SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebulia direqtorTa funqciebis wesde-
biT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi sameTvalyureo sabWosTvis gadacemis SesaZleblo-
ba,108 iZleva amerikuli korporaciuli samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli direqtorTa
bordis Canasaxebis danaxvis SesaZleblobas farTo sawesdebo avtonomiis pirobebSi.
mocemuli normebis analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom sazogado-
ebis wesdebiT SesaZlebelia qarTul saaqcio sazogadoebebSi amerikuli direqtorTa
bordis msgavsi organos Seqmna. sxvagvarad rom gamovxatoT, iqmneba korporaciuli
marTvis erTsafexurovan da orsafexurovan sistemebs Soris arCevanis gakeTebis Se-
saZlebloba. korporaciuli marTvis monisturi sistemis arCevis SemTxvevaSi wamoiW-
reba xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis funqciebis mkveTri gaumijnaobis problema,
rac damoukidebeli direqtorebis institutis meSveobiT naxulobs gadawyvetas ame-
rikul korporaciul samarTalSi.
saSuamavlo ierarqiis midgomis Tanaxmad direqtorTa bordis Tavisufali moq-
medebis didi masStabi korporaciul samarTalSi aixsneba ara aqcionerTa pirvelobis
normiT109 an kidev mravalricxovani dainteresebuli pirebis interesebis gaTvaliswi-
103
104
105
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 55-e muxlis 1-li punqtis pirvel winadadeba.
106
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 55-e muxlis 11-li punqti.
107
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 55-e muxlis me-2 punqtis meore winadadeba.
108
109
ix.: Millon D. K., New Directions in Corporate Law, Communitarians, Contractarians, and the Crisis in Cor-
porate Law, “Wash. & Lee L. Rev.~, Vol. 50, Iss. 4, 1993, 1374.
188
nebis aucileblobiT, rogorc amas moiTxoven korporaciuli samarTlis `progresu-

li“ skolis warmomadgenlebi, aramed sawarmoo-specifikuri investiciebis waxalise-
bis motiviT. aqcionerTa interesebis pirvelobis damadasturebeli ori ZiriTadi me-
qanizmis detaluri ganxilvis Sedegad mividnen daskvnamde, rom miuxedavad derivatu-
li sarCelis aRZvrasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli procesualuri aspeqtisa, romelTa
safuZvelia mosazreba direqtorebis fiduciuri movaleobebis aqcionerebisadmi da
ara korporaciuli sawarmosadmi kuTvnilebis Taobaze, maT momwesrigebel iuridiul
normebs korporaciis, rogorc erTi mTelis, interesebis dacvis mizani amoZravebT, ra-
Sic avtomaturad igulisxmeba am korporaciuli koaliciis yvela wevris interesebis
dacva da maTTvis sargeblis motana. anu mosazreba, rom direqtorebs fiduciuri mo-
valeobebi gaaCniaT korporaciisadmi aRemateba aqcionerTa qonebis maqsimaluri gaz-
rdis movaleobas da TavisTavSi moicavs korporaciis sxva mravalricxovan monawileTa
interesebis gaTvaliswinebis movaleobasac, rac Tavad aqcionerebsac awyobT, rameTu
maTi grZelvadiani interesebis dacvis garantiaa. grZelvadiani interesebis dacva ki
zogierT SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs aqcionerebisa da dainteresebuli pirebis intere-
sebis xarjze ara maTTvis, aramed korporaciisaTvis saukeTeso gadawyvetilebebis mi-
Rebas.110 aseTi midgoma srulad exmianeba direqtorTa bordis wevrebis, rogorc min-
dobili mesakuTreebis, xedvasTan korporaciasTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa movaleobaa
aqcionerTa grZelvadiani interesebis gaTvaliswineba gansakuTrebiT korporaciis
dafuZnebis etapze, rac ubiZgebs im pirebs, romlebic momavalSi gaxdebian korporaci-
is dainteresebuli pirebi, CaerTon gunduri warmoebis procesSi sawarmoo-specifiku-
ri investiciebis ganxorcielebiT da, pirvel rigSi, daeuflon gunduri warmoebidan
miRebul namats.111 korporaciisaTvis da ara aqcionerebisa an/da dainteresebuli pi-
rebisaTvis saukeTeso gadawyvetilebebis miRebis aucileblobis dasabuTeba ganxor-
cielda `korporaciuli interesis~ argumentis moyvaniT, imis sailustraciod, rom
damoukidebeli ierarqi emsaxureba ara marto aqcionerebis interesebs, aramed korpo-
raciis, rogorc erTi mTliani gundis interesebs. korporaciis interesebSi moiazreba
yvela im piris saerTo keTildReobis funqcia, romlebmac ganaxorcieles firmaSi sa-
warmoo-specifikuri investicia da Tanaxma arian miiRon firmis farglebSi garesaxel-
Sekrulebo, Sida saSuamavlo procesSi monawileba,112 romelsac davis gadawyvetis sxva
gare meqanizmebTan SedarebiT ufro didi upiratesoba gaaCnia. mocemuli msjelobidan
gamomdinare, direqtorTa bordis arseboba ganpirobebulia ara TavisTavad aqcioner-
Ta, aramed korporaciuli `gundis~ yvela wevris, maT Soris aqcionerebis, xelmZRvane-
lebis, dasaqmebulebisa da kreditorebis sawarmoo-specifikuri investiciebis dacvis
aucileblobiT.113 rac Seexeba meore meqanizms, misma ganxilvam saarCevno uflebebis
umniSvnelo xasiaTi gamoavlina, gansakuTrebiT direqtorTa bordis wevrTa arCevis
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. xolo fundamenturi korporaciuli cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi
saarCevno uflebebi vetos uflebasTan iqna Sedarebuli. saboloo analizma aCvena sa-
110
2, March 1999, 291.
111
iqve, 305.
112
iqve, 288.
113
iqve, 253.
189
arCevno uflebebis instrumentuli da sakonpensacio buneba. zemoT aRniSnulidan ga-

momdinare, saSuamavlo ierarqiis midgomis Tanaxmad, direqtorTa bordis saSuamavlo
funqcia axdens konkurentuli interesebis dabalansebas ise, rom ar eqceva arc aqcio-
nerebis da arc sxva dainteresebuli pirebis pirdapiri kontrolis qveS.114
gunduri warmoebis Teoriis avtorTa azriT, saSuamavlo ierarqiis midgoma
korporaciis, rogorc `nexus of contracts~-is, xedvis Tanamimdevrulia. amave dros aRniS-
nuli midgoma korporaciis momwesrigebel samarTals ganixilavs meqanizmad, romelic
avsebs rTuli gunduri warmoebis procesSi arsebul im xarvezebs, romelTa Sevseba
gundis wevrebisaTvis mxolod xelSekrulebebis dadebiT rTuli an SeuZlebeli aRmoC-
nda. aqedan gamomdinare, gunduri warmoebis analizis mixedviT ufro zustia imis Tqma,
rom korporacia es aris `nexus of firm-specific investments~, romelSic gansxvavebul jgu-
febs SeaqvT arsebiTi specifikuri resursebi, romelTa dacva mxolod xelSekruleba-
Ta meSveobiT rTulia.115 Sesabamisad korporaciis, rogorc `saSuamavlo ierarqiis“ Ta-
viseburi gageba ufro metad Tanamimdevrulia im saSualebebisa, romelTa meSveobiTac
korporacia muSaobs, vidre korporaciuli samarTlis farTod gavrcelebuli saxel-
Sekrulebo interpretaciisa, romelic principal-agentis problemazea fokusirebu-
li. amgvarad, gunduri warmoebis modelis upiratesoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom gundis,
rogorc erTi mTlianis, warmoebiTi Sedegianoba aRemateba gundis calkeuli wevris
Sedegebis jams. aseTi saxis horizontalur urTierTobebSi principalisa da agentis
mkveTrad gamijvna ar xorcieldeba.116
6.3.3. korporaciuli samarTlis umTavresi mizani
gunduri warmoebis Teoriis avtorTa mtkicebiT, korporaciuli samarTali, ro-

gorc eqsplicituri da implicituri xelSekrulebebis institucionaluri Semcvleli,
gunduri warmoebis problemebis meorexarisxovani gadawyvetis saSualebaa.117 ZiriTadi
argumenti korporaciuli samarTlis mTavari funqciaa. Tumca firmis principal-agen-
tis modelisa da sakuTrebiTi uflebebis midgomisagan gansxvavebiT,118 gunduri warmo-
ebis analizis mixedviT korporacia gunduri warmoebis problemebis gadawyvetaa.
114
2, March 1999, 315.
115
iqve, 275.
116
iqve, 270.
117
iqve, 250.
118
firmis tradiciulma ekonomikurma analizma warmoqmna ierarqiis Teoria, romelmac
gamokveTa firmis “grand-design principal-agent~-is modeli, romelSic adgili aqvs vertika-
luri xasiaTis urTierTobebs `saSuamavlo ierarqiisagan~ gansxvavebiT, romlis mizania
gunduri warmoebis calkeuli formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli porizontaluri koor-
dinaciis problemebze reagireba dawvrilebiT ix.: Blair M. M., Stout L. A., A Team Production
Theory of Corporate Law, “Virginia Law Review~, Vol. 85, No. 2, March 1999, 258-265. “grand-design prin-
cipal-agent~-is modelis Tanaxmad firma iqmneba, rodesac mewarmis survilia sawarmoo-
specifikur investiciaze kontrolis SenarCuneba. porizontaluri da vertikaluri
ierarqiuli struqturis Sedareba ix.: Rajan R.G., Zingales L., The Firm as a Dedicated Hierarchy:
A Theory of the Origin and Growth of Firms, “Quarterly Journal of Economics~, Vol. 116, Iss. 3, 2001, 805-
851.
190
gunduri warmoebis midgomis Tanaxmad korporaciuli samarTlis sami aspeqtiT

ganpirobebulia damoukidebeli `Suamavali ierarqis“ mier `korporaciuli interesi-
sadmi“ msaxureba. pirveli aspeqti dakavSirebulia direqtorTa bordis wevrobisa da
kargi reputaciis SenarCunebis survilTan, risTvisac direqtorma unda uzrunvelyos
korporaciuli gundis yvela wevris minimaluri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. meore as-
peqti Seexeba korporaciuli samarTlis mier sakuTari interesebisadmi msaxurebis Se-
saZleblobis SezRudvas. mesame aspeqtSi ki igulisxmeba korporaciuli kulturis ise-
Ti normebi, rogorebicaa patiosneba da ndoba. korporaciuli samarTalis mocemuli
sami aspeqtiT iZulebuli damoukidebeli direqtorTa bordi iyos `Suamavali ierarqi“
miiRweva is mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri upiratesoba, romliTac aixsneba korporaciu-
li formis dominirebuli mdgomareoba samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebel sxva
samarTlebriv formebTan SedarebiT. garda amisa, saSuamavlo ierarqiis midgoma uz-
runvelyofs Tavad korporaciul samarTals myari Teoriuli safuZvliT, rogorc po-
zitiuri, ise normatiuli TvalsazrisiT.
gunduri warmoebis Teoriis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba isaa, rom Teoriam SeZ-
lo mkafiod ganesazRvra korporaciuli samarTlis mTavari amocana – erTi mTliani
`korporaciuli koaliciis“ dacva. manve gamokveTa korporaciuli formis, rogorc
samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi formis, warmatebis ganmsazRvreli
politikuri da istoriuli faqtorebis garda, gunduri warmoebis dinamika, rogorc
im unikaluri ekonomikuri upiratesobis uzrunvelmyofeli faqtori, romelic sxva
organizaciul-samarTlebriv formebTan SedarebiT am formis mimzidvelobasa da mi-
siT msxvili mewarmeebis dainteresebas ganapirobebs. calke aRsaniSnavia gunduri war-
moebis Teoriis TvalTaxedva korporaciis, rogorc politikuri institutis Sesaxeb,
romelSic korporaciuli gundis wevrebis interesebis dabalansirebisa da wamoWrili
konfliqtebis Semcirebis an gadawyvetisaTvis ekonomikuri, iuridiuli da kulturu-
li meqanizmebis garda, farTod gamoiyeneba politikuri meqanizmebic. da bolos, kidev
erTxel aRniSvnis Rirsia Teoriis is wvlili, romelic mas miuZRvis aqcionerTa pirve-
lobis normis dominirebis ganmapirobebeli faqtoris axsnaSi da misi uaryofis mcde-
lobis dasabuTebaSi.
6.3.4. kritika
gunduri warmoebis Teoriis kritikis ZiriTadi rakursi imaze miTiTebaa, rom

principal-agentis modeli, romlis safuZvelia aqcionerTa pirvelobis norma, kor-
poraciuli samarTlis gabatonebuli paradigmaa. da rom principal-agentis modeli
gunduri warmoebis ekonomikur Teorias Tavadac emyareba,119 romelic moiazrebs, rom
korporacia aris warmoebis mravali faqtoriT garSemotymuli `nexus of contracts~. aqedan
gamomdinare, miCneulia, rom, aqcionerTa pirvelobis tradiciuli modelis uaryofis
dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT, umjobesia misi normatiuli Teoriis saxiT warmodgena.120
119
Meese A. J., The Team Production Theory of Corporate Law: A Critical Assessment, “Wm. & Mary L. Rev.~,
Vol. 43, Iss. 4, 2002, 1634.
120
Millon D., New Game Plan or Business as Usual? A Critique of the Team Production Model of Corporate Law,
“Virginia Law Review~, Vol. 86, 2000, 1004.
191
miuxedavad amisa, kritikam eWvqveS daayena mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom korporaciulma
samarTalma ukve asaxa gunduri warmoebis modelis SemoTavazebuli aqcionerTa pirve-
lobis ukugdebis argumenti.121 damatebiT aRiniSna, rom aqcionerTa pirvelobis norma
ar niSnavs imas, rom gundis sxva wevrebis specifikuri investicia daucveli rCeba da
is argumenti, rom specifikuri investiciebis mozidvis transaction costs-i korporacia-
Si ufro dabalia, vidre sxva samarTlebriv formebSi, saSuamavlo ierarqiis midgomis
upiratesobis damadastureblad ver gamodgeba.122 im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu korporaciis
saSuamavlo ierarqiis midgoma Teoriulad dabal transaction costs-s uzrunvelyofs, ase-
Ti modelis miReba mainc mniSvnelovan ownership costs-Tan iqneba dakavSirebuli.123
gunduri warmoebis modelma realurad ver moaxerxa raime saxis mniSvnelovani
wvlilis Setana dainteresebuli pirebis dacvis saqmeSi direqtorTa bordis pasuxis-
mgeblobis kuTxiT. man mxolod asaxa Sidakorporaciuli urTierTobebis aqcionerTa
pirvelobis modelis standartuli xedva, romlis amosavali principia araaqcioneri
monawileebis uflebebis SezRudva im farglebamde, ra farglebic gaTvaliswinebulia
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobiT.124 am mosazrebis mtkiceba ganxorcielda imaze miTi-
TebiT, rom Tu direqtorTa bordi gundis wevrTa gansxvavebuli interesebis dabalan-
sirebisaTvis gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis dros eqceva politikuri (metaiuridiuli)
zegavlenis qveS, maSin korporaciuli gundis wevrebi, maT Soris aqcionerebic gundu-
ri warmoebis namatidan gamoimuSaveben mxolod im nawils da ufro meti danaxarjebiT,
romlis miReba SesaZlebeli iqneba bordze am metaiuridiuli zewolis ganxorciele-
bis gziT, rac rent-seeking-is125 gamomwvevi faqtori gaxdeba. garda amisa, bordze aqcio-
nerebis metaiuridiuli zewolis Sedegi `X-efficiency“-is Semcireba iqneba, vinaidan di-
reqtorTa bords daekargeba iseTi politikis warmarTvis stimuli, romelic daZlevs
ormxriv undoblobas da aqcionerebsa da dasaqmebulebs Soris TanamSromlobis xel-
Semwyobi iqneba.126
7. daskvna
nebismieri samewarmeo sazogadoebis saqmianobis warmatebis erT-erT ganmsazR-

vrel faqtors warmoadgens is, Tu rogor xorcieldeba sazogadoebaSi funqciebis ga-
danawileba. iuridiuli piris statusi, SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba, gasxvisebadi aq-
ciebi da xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosilebis delegireba es is arsebiTi sakiTxebia,
121
122
Meese A. J., The Team Production Theory of Corporate Law: A Critical Assessment, “Wm. & Mary L. Rev.~,
Vol. 43, Iss. 4, 2002, 1645.
123
iqve, 1646.
124
125
situacia, rodesac adamianebi drois, fulisa da sxva resuresebis gamoyenebiT ecilebi-
an erTmaneTs dovlaTis im odenobaze metis misaRebad, romelic maT kuTvnil individu-
alur wils aRemateba.
126
192
romlebic samewarmeo sazogadoebis SigniT funqciebis gadanawilebis formebis Sina-

arsa da xasiaTs gansazRvraven. swored amitom qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis sis-
tema am sakiTxebis garSemoa organizebuli. misi mizani, uzrunvelyos mewarmeebi maT
interesebsa da adamianur Tu materialur SesaZleblobebze morgebuli samarTleb-
rivi formebis mravalferovnebiT, qarTuli samarTalganviTarebis am etapze SeiZleba
iTqvas rom miRweulia. SemoTavazebul samewarmeo saqmianobis samarTlebriv formebSi
funqciebis Tvisobrivad swori mimarTulebiT gadanawilebis uzrunvelyofa mTavari
amocanaa.
iuridiuli piris statusis mopovebisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebis mokle
mimoxilvam naTlad warmoaCina qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis sistemisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli mTavari Tavisebureba. samewarmeo sazogadoeba samarTlis gancalkeve-
buli subieqtia, rac misTvis gansxvavebuli identobis miniWebisa da sakuTari qonebiT
pasuxismgeblobis winapirobaa. calke ganxilvis sagania sawyisi kapitalis odenoba da
misi mimarTeba samewarmeo saqmianobis wamowyebisa da sasurveli kursiT ganviTarebis
mizanTan kavSirSi. saintereso sakiTxia, ramdenad mizanSewonilia am mimarTulebiT ka-
nonmdeblis mier gadadgmuli nabijebi.
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis principis ganxilvam dagvanaxa samewarmeo sazoga-
doebebis misadageba mewarmeTa interesebTan im kuTxiT, Tu rogori formiT surT maT
samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcieleba da misgan gamomdinare safrTxeebis gadanawile-
ba. SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze dafuZnebis SesaZleblo-
ba ramdenad SesabamisobaSia mewarmis interesebsa da mis mier SerCeul samarTlebriv
formasTan. SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis principi aqciebis Tavisufal gasxvisebado-
basTan kavSirSi iqna ganxiluli, rogorc korporaciuli formis warmatebis ganmsazR-
vreli faqtori da rogorc misi dafinansebis meqanizmi.
xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosilebis delegirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis ganxil-
visas gamoyofil iqna sakorporacio samarTlis ZiriTadi diqotomiis gavlena samewar-
meo sazogadoebebis xelmZRvanelobis organoTa sistemaze. Zalauflebis kriteriumma
warmoSva sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebis aucilebloba korporaciaSi. sa-
kuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebulobam Tavis mxriv ganapiroba uSualod mar-
Tvisa da sameTvalyureo funqciebis gamijvnis xasiaTiT daintereseba. dRis wesrigSi
dadga sakiTxi Tu ramdenad mzadaa qarTuli realoba direqtorTa bordis tipis or-
ganos arsebobisaTvis maSin, rodesac kontrolisa da xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosi-
lebaTa gancalkevebulobis aRqmis erT-erT saSualebaSi moiazreba maTi formaluri
gancalkevebuloba, rac orive organos cal-calke arsebobaSi vlindeba.
iuridiuli piris statusi, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis principi, gasxvisebadi
aqciebi da xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosilebis delegirebis ganxiluli ZiriTadi as-
peqtebi erTobliobaSi korporaciulobis Sinaarss Seadgenen. korporaciuloba ki qar-
Tuli sakorporacio samarTlis mTeli sistemis gaanalizebis saTanado safuZvelia.
193
daviT maisuraZe*
hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebis sistemur-SedarebiTi analizi

(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva upiratesad delaverisa da
qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis magaliTze)
1. Sesavali
zogadi TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, sakorporacio samarTali samarTlis erT-

erTi yvelaze saintereso sferoa da sakuTriv sakorporacio samarTalSic SesaZlebe-
lia, rom moiZebnos rogorc ufro saintereso da problemuri, aseve, naklebad aqtua-
luri da, Sesabamisad, naklebad saintereso sakiTxic.
`sakorporacio samarTlis Teoria sazogadoebebs or ZiriTad kategoriad yofs:
amxanaguri (personaluri) savaWro-samewarmeo sazogadoebebi da kapitaluri sazoga-
doebebi~.1 amxanaguri tipis sazogadoeba wevrTa mdgomareobazeა damokidebuli, anu
masSi Semavali partniorebi, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod ageben pasuxs
sawarmos kreditorebis winaSe, aseve, yvela maTgans SeuZlia aqtiuri monawileoba mii-
Ros sawarmos marTvaSi, magaliTad, aseTi tipisაა solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazo-
gadoeba. rac Seexeba kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebas, rogoric aris SezRuduli pasu-
xismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba da kooperativi, anu sawarmoebi, sadac
kreditorebis winaSe pasuxismgebloba xdeba sawarmos qonebiT – aseTi tipis sawarmოეbSi
partniorebi piradi qonebiT ar ageben pasuxs sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe. aseve,
kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia kanonmdeblobiT gaTvalis-
winebuli iyos minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes regis-
traciis mometisTvis an daregistrirebidan garkveuli periodis manZilze Seqmnili sa-
zogadoeba. aseve, wesdebiT SesaZlebelia, partniorebma gansazRvron Senatanis odenoba,
romelic unda ganaxorcielos sawarmoSi partniorma, anu sawarmos kreditorebis winaSe
pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevaSi partniori riskavs dakargos mxolod Senatani, romelic
ganaxorciela sawarmoSi, xolo mis pirad qonebaze pasuxismgebloba ar gavrceldeba.
amxanagobis da kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebebs Soris sxvadasxva sakiTxTan mi-
marTebaSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani sxvaobaა, romelic dakavSirebulia, upirveles yov-
lisa, pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxTan – ageben Tu ara partniorebma pasuxs piradi qone-
biT, aseve, sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobasTan – ramdenad SeuZlia partniors miiRos
monawileoba sawarmos marTvaSi da partnioris uflebriv mdgomaroebasTan sawarmoSi
mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT, anu SeuZlia Tu ara moiTxovos partniorma sa-
warmos xelmZRvanelobisgan angariSi, aqvs Tu ara xmis ufleba, aseve, amxanaguri tipis
1
burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, tomi I, gamomcemloba `meridiani~, Tbilisi,
2010, 110.
194
d. maisuraZe, hibriduli ti pis sazogadoebebis sistemur-SedarebiTi analizi
sazogadoeba damokidebulia wevrTa mdgomareobaze, anu wevris cvlilebas SeiZleba

moyves sawarmos likvidacia an reorganizacia, xolo kapitaluri sazogadoeba ar aris
damokidebuli wevrTa mdgomareobaze. `mokled, ZiriTadad, oTxi mniSvnelovani maxa-
siaTebeli arsebobs, riTac korporacia sxva bizneswarmonaqmnebisgan gansxvavdeba. es
aris (a) mesame pirTa kreditorTa winaSe investorebisTvis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-
ba (riTic investiciis ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT es samarTlebrivi forma SeiZle-
ba mimzidveli iyos maTTvis), (b) wilTa (aqciaTa) Tavisufali gasxvisebis samarTlebri-
vi reJimi2, (g) e.w. perpetual life, anu uvado moqmedebis reJimi (aq igulisxmeba is, rom kor-
poraciis arseboba-funqcionireba ar aris damokidebuli masSi wevrTa cvlilebaze Tu
sxva faqtorze), (d) centralizebuli menejmenti~.3
sakorporacio samarTalSi amxanguri da kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebasTan er-
Tad aseve gvxvdeba `hibriduli~ tipis sazogadoebebi, romelSic gaerTianebulia am-
xanaguri da kapitaluri sazogadoebebis Tvisebebi. aseTi tipis sazogadoebaSi arian
rogorc iseTi partniorebi, romlebic mTeli Tavisi qonebiT ageben pasuxs da partni-
orebi, romlebic Tavisi SenatanebiT ageben pasuxs da, Sesabamisad, maT pirad qonebaze
pasuxismgebloba ar vrceldeba. partniorTa pasuxismgeblobis principidan gamomdina-
re, gansxvavdeba ufleba-movaleobebi, romelic TiToeul am partniors aqvs sawarmos
mimarT. Cveni naSromis mTavari mizania swored aseTi tipis sazogadoebebis daxasiaTeba
da sistemur-SedarebiTi analizis gakeTeba delaveris sakorporacio da zogadad aSS-
is sakorporacio samarTalTan. qarTul sakorporacio samarTalSi albaT erTaderTi
samewarmeo sazogadoeba, romelic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT hibriduli tipis sazogado-
ebas, komandituri sazogadoebaa, Sesabamisad, hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebis siste-
mur-SedarebiT analizs qarTuli komandituri sazogadoebis ganxilviT daviwyeb.
2. komandituri sazogadoeba
hibriduli tipis samewarmeo subieqtebis ganxilva hibriduli tipis qarTuli sa-

mewarmeo subieqtis ganxilviT daviwyoT – komandituri sazogadoeba anu sazogadoeba,
sadac partniorebad gvevlinebian SezRuduli partniori anu komanditi, romelic Ta-
visi SenataniT – sagarantio TanxiT agebs pasuxs, da komplementari partniori, rome-
lic mTeli Tavis qonebiT agebs pasuxs, da Sesabamisad, misi uflebrivi mdgomareobac
ufro farToa, vidre komanditis.4
hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebis ganxilvis dros ZiriTadad or, albaT, yvelaze
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs SevexebiT: es aris partniorTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, aqedan
2
Harwell Wells, The Rise of the Close Corporation and the Making of Corporation Law, 5 Berkeley Bus. L.J.
263, 2008: `Close corporations face organizational and managerial problems different from those of public
corporations. Public corporations can be owned by thousands of shareholders, so free transferability of shares
is the norm and desirable. Close corporations, however, are typically formed by individuals who know one
another well and who also work together at the corporation; thus, close corporation shareholders will seek
restrictions on transfer of stock so they can control who they have to work with~.
3
burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, tomi I, gamomcemloba `meridiani~, Tbilisi,
2010, 116.
4
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1994.
195
gamomdinare, TviTon sawarmos pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi da Semdgom, amis safuZvelze,

partniorebis uflebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvra. komandituri sazogadoebis gan-
xilvas swored partniorTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxiT daviwyebT.
2.1. partniorTa pasuxismgebloba
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 34-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, `komandituri

sazogadoeba es aris sazogadoeba, romelSic ramdenime piri erTiani safirmo saxel-
wodebiT eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas, Tu sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe erTi an
ramdenime partnioris pasuxismgebloba gansazRvruli sagarantio Tanxis gadaxdiT Se-
moifargleba – SezRuduli partniorebi (komanditebi), xolo sxva partniorebis pasu-
xismgebloba SezRuduli ar aris – sruli partniorebi (komplementarebi)~.5
rogorc `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 34-e muxlis pirveli punqtidan Cans, koman-
dituri sazogadoeba Sedgeba ori saxis partniorisgan: komanditisgan da komplementa-
risgan. partniorTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis ganxilvas komplementari partniore-
bidan daviwyeb.
komandituri sazogadoebis komplementari partniorebi pasuxs ageben mTeli Ta-
visi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod, rogorc solidaruli movaleebi. komandituri sa-
zogadoebis sruli partniorebis mimarT vrceldeba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis soli-
daruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis Sesabamisi wesebi (`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis
34-e muxlis meore punqti), `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis im TaviT, romelic exeba koman-
ditur sazogadoebas sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.6
komandituri sazogadoebis sruli partniorebi pasuxs ageben mTeli Tavisi qo-
nebiT. isini arian solidaruli movaleebi, anu pasuxs ageben mTeli Tavisi qonebiT da
SeuZliaT regresis ufleba gamoiyenon erTmaneTis mimarT. gansxvavebulia mdgomare-
oba komandit partniorebTan dakavSirebiT. komanditi partniorebi pasuxs ageben saku-
Tari SenataniT, romelic sagarantio Tanxis saxiT gamoixateba. komanditi (SezRudu-
li) partniorebi pasuxs ar ageben mTeli Tavisi qonebiT. Sesabamisad pasuxismgeblobis
principze dayrdnobiT, gansxvavebulia komplementari da komanditi partniorebis
uflebrivi mdgomaroebac. Tumca `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-6 punqtis
Tanaxmad, Tu komandituri sazogadoebis SezRuduli partniori borotad gamoiyenebs
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebriv formas, maSin kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs
agebs piradad, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT. `gamWoli pasuxismgebloba niSnavs~ SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis principidan gamonaklisis daSvebas im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac par-
tniori SezRudul pasuxismgeblobas an SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis organizaciul-
samarTlebriv formas borotad iyenebs~.7
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis zogadi nawilidan viciT (`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kano-
nis mesame muxlis me-5 punqti), rom samewarmeo sazogadoebaSi Senatani SeiZleba iyos
5
6
iqve.
7
burduli i. (red.), sakorporacio samarTlis krebuli, I, gamomcemloba `meridiani~,
Tbilisi, 2011, 25.
196
rogorc materialuri, aseve aramaterialuri, aseve momsaxurebis gaweva da samuSaos

Sesruleba.8 komanditur sazogadoebaSi komanditi partnioris Senatani SeiZleba iyos
dasaxelebuli oTxi Senatanidan erT-erTi, magram sabolood Setanis Semdeg Senatani
aucileblad unda gamoixatos sagarantio TanxaSi, romliTac pasuxs agebs komanditi.
ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu komanditur sazogadoebaSi sagarantio Tanxad gansazR-
vrulia, magaliTad, ormocdaaTi aTasi lari, xolo komanditma ganaxorciela asi aTasi
laris odenobis Senatani? ra TanxiT agebs pasuxs komanditi da aqvs Tu ara komandit
partniors regresis – ukumoTxovnis ufleba anu ufleba, rom sawarmos ukan mosTxo-
vos aRniSnuli ormocdaaTi aTasi lari? komanditi anu SezRuduli parntiori pasuxs
agebs faqtobrivad ganxorcielebuli Senatanis odenobiT anu asi aTasi lariT. regre-
sis ufleba, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonze dayrdnobiT, aqvT mxolod komplementar par-
tniorebs, rogorc solidarul movaleebs. komandit partniors regresis ufleba aqvs
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ukanaskneli aris wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli. Cveni az-
riT, im SemTxvevaSic ki (rogorc dasaxelebuli magaliTidan Cans), roca faqtobrivad
ganxorcielebuli Senatani gaTvaliswinebul sagarantio Tanxaze 2-jer metia, koman-
dit partniors aqvs regresis ufleba mxolod wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi,
radgan, kanonis safuZvelze, mas ukumoTxovnis ufleba ar aqvs.
2.2. partniorTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba9
komanditur sazogadoebaSi partniorTa uflebebi da movaleobebi eyrdnoba

swored pasuxismgeblobis princips. radgan saxezea ori partniori, romelTagan erTi
mTeli Tavisi qonebiT agebs pasuxs, xolo meoris pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba sa-
garantio Tanxis odenobiT, Sesabamisad, maTi uflebebic da movaleobebic nawildeba
Semdegnairad: srul partniorebs (komplementarebs) aqvT ufro farTo uflebamosi-
leba, SeuZliaT monawileoba sawarmos marTvaSi, aqvT xmis ufleba, xolo SezRuduli
(komanditi) partniorebi am uflebebiT ar sargebloben, mxolod wesdebiT SeiZleba ma-
Ti uflebebis nawilobriv gazrda, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSne `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 34-e muxlis meore punqtiT
gaTvaliswinebulia, rom komandituri sazogadoebis TavSi komplementar partnio-
rebTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi/movaleobebi vrceldeba komandituri sazogadoebis
srul partniorebzec. Sesabamisad, srul partniorebze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom komple-
8
9
Mary Siegel, Fiduciary Duty Myths in Close Corporate Law, 29 Del. J. Corp. L. 377, 2004. Ria da daxuru-
li tipis sazogadoebebSi gansxvavebulia partniorTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba. radgan
Ria tipis sazogadoeba gvevlineba sazogadoebad, romlis aqciebic SeiZleba savaWrod
iyos daSvebuli safondo birJaze, safondo birJa da korporaciis aqciebis Sesyidvis
ufro meti SesaZlebloba, vidre es daxuruli tipis sazogadoebebSia, iZleva umcire-
sobaSi myofi partnioris dacvis ukeTes meqanizms. am SemTxvevaSi paraleli SeiZleba
gavavloT amxanagur da kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebebTan im mxriv, rom amxanaguri ti-
pis sazogadoeba daxuruli tipis sazogadoebaa, xolo kapitaluri sazogadoeba ufro
Riaa, Sesabamisad, qmnis umciresobaSi myofi aqcioneris (Cveni statiis miznebidan gamom-
dinare, SezRuduli partnioris) uflebebis dacvis met garantiebs.
197
mentari partniorebi monawileoben sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobaSi, SeuZliaT pira-

dad gaecnon sazogadoebis saqmeebs da am mizniT Seamowmon sazogadoebis wignebi da sa-
buTebi. komplementari partniorebi arian amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebis niSani, anu
komplementari partniorebis arseboba niSnavs, rom sawarmo damokidebulia wevrTa
mdgomareobaze da sawarmodan erT-erTi partnioris gasvlis SemTxvevaSi iwyeba sawar-
mos reorganizaciis saqmis warmoeba.
komandit partniorebTan dakavSirebiT mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia. komanditi
pasuxs agebs mxolod mis mier ganxorcielebuli SenataniT – sagarantio TanxiT. koman-
diti partnioris qonebaze pasuxismgebloba ar vrceldeba, Sesabamisad, komandit par-
tniors aqvs SezRuduli uflebebi anu ar monawileobs sawarmos xelmZRvanelobaSi10
da ar monawileobs komandituri sazogadoebis wesdebis miRebaSi, wesdebasa da saregis-
tracio monacemebSi cvlilebis SetanaSi.11 Tumca `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 37-e mux-
lis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, `SezRuduli partniorebi xmis uflebiT sargebloben
mxolod sazogadoebis wesdebiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi~, aseve, amave muxlis meore
punqtis Tanaxmad, `Tu erT-erT SezRudul partniors (komandits) sawarmos wesdebiT
miniWebuli aqvs uflebamosileba, ganaxorcielos iuridiuli mniSvnelobis moqmedeba-
ni, romlebic scildeba Cveulebrivi mindobilobis farglebs, igi pasuxs agebs am kano-
nis me-9 muxlis me-6 punqtiT dadgenili wesebis mixedviT~. xolo amave kanonis me-9 mux-
lis me-6 punqtis Tanaxmad, keTilsindisierebis valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi,
valdebulebis damrRvevi pasuxs agebs mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod.12
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni ar aZlevs uflebas koman-
dit partniors, rom monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobaSi, aseve, `me-
warmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT, komandit partniors ar aqvs xmis ufleba komandituri sazo-
gadoebis mier wesdebis miRebis an wesdebaSi da/an saregistracio monacemebSi cvli-
lebis Setanis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni iTvaliswinebs komanditi
partniorisTvis wesdebiT xmis uflebis miniWebas, oRond mxolod gansazRvrul Sem-
TxvevebSi (am SemTxvevebSi ar Sedis zemoT dasaxelebuli wesdebis miReba an wesdeba-
Si da/an saregistracio monacemebSi cvlilebis Setana) da iuridiuli mniSvnelobis
moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebis miniWebas, ra Tqma unda, esec wesdebis
safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinare, marTalia komanditis pasuxismgebloba aris SezRu-
duli, magram wesdebiT SeiZleba mivaniWoT xmis ufleba da warmomadgenlobis ganxor-
cielebis uflebamosileba.13
10
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, 37-e muxli, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwye-
bani, 1994. miuxedavad imisa, rom `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis zogadi nawili saubrobs
– me-9 muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad, komandit partniorsac SeiZleba hqondes xelmZR-
vanelobis ufleba, kanonis 37-e muxli, rogorc specializebuli nawili, azustebs me-9
muxlis 1-li punqtis moqmedebas komandituri sazogadoebis mimarT.
11
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, 34-e muxli, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwye-
bani, 1994.
12
Tu ramdenime komandits hqonda iuridiuli mniSvnelobis moqmedebis ganxorcielebis
uflebamosileba, Sesabamisad, isini CaiTvlebian solidarul movaleebad da, ganxor-
cielebuli moqmedebis gamo, pasuxs ageben solidarulad, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirda-
pir da uSualod.
13
komanditisTvis aRniSnuli uflebebis miniWeba komplementarebis uflebamosilebaSi
Sedis. xmis uflebis sakiTxic da iuridiuli mniSvnelobis moqmedebebis ganxorcieleb-
198
komandit partniors, SezRuduli partnioris bunebidan gamomdinare, sxva uf-

lebebic aqvs, romelic gamoixateba komanditis mxridan kontrolis ganxorcielebaSi,
kerZod, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 36-e muxlis safuZvelze, `SezRudul partniorebs
(komanditebs) ufleba aqvT, moiTxovon wliuri angariSis asli da, sazogadoebis finan-
suri dokumentaciis gacnobiT, Seamowmon wliuri angariSis siswore~.14 Cemi azriT, da-
saxelebul punqtSi miTiTebuli – sazogadoebis finansuri dokumentaciis gacnobiT
wliuri angariSis sisworis Semowmeba – ar gulisxmobs, rom komanditebs am angariSis
sisworis Sesamowmebeli dokumentaciis moTxovnis uflebac aqvT. aRniSnuli, Cemi az-
riT, gulisxmobs mxolod wliuri angariSis aslis moTxovnis uflebas. rac Seexeba uSu-
alod finansuri dokumentaciis moTxovnis uflebas, amas azustebs 36-e muxlis meore
punqti, sadac saubaria, rom komandits sasamarTlos meSveobiT da mniSvnelovani sa-
fuZvlebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia moiTxovos sazogadoebis finansuri doku-
mentacia. cneba `mniSvnelovani safuZvlebi~ `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gansazRvru-
li ar aris. am cnebidan gamomdinareobs, rom komandits ara yovelTvis, aramed mxolod
gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia moiTxovos sazogadoe-
bis finansuri dokumentaciis gacnoba sasamarTlos meSveobiT.
daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba komandituri sazogadoeba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kano-
nis Tanaxmad. Cveni Temis mizania ara mxolod hibriduli tipis sazogadoebis bunebis
ganxilva da mis amxanagur da kapitalistur sawyisebze saubari, aramed Cven aseve unda
SevexoT sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad sicoclxisunariania saqarTveloSi hibriduli tipis sa-
zogadoeba da Tu am tipis sazogadoebebi mcire raodenobiT aris daregistrirebuli
– ra aris amis mizezi.
2.3. komandituri sazogadoebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi
2009 wlis cvlilebamde àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni iTvaliswinebda advokatebis

mier saadvokato saqmianobis organizebas im samewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis formiT, sa-
dac erTi partniori mainc ar iyo SezRuduli partniori, anu unda yofiliyo partniori,
romelic pasuxs agebda mTeli Tavisi qonebiT. kerZod, dasaxelebuli kanonis me-18 mux-
lis pirveli punqtis Tavdapirveli redaqcia JRerda Semdegnairad: `saadvokato saqmi-
anobis uflebis damadasturebeli mowmobis miRebis Semdeg advokats ufleba aqvs saad-
vokato saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad individualurad an sxva advokatebTan erTad
Seqmnas saadvokato biuro (ofisi, kantora, iuridiuli firma da a.S.) amxanagobis an im sa-
mewarmeo iuridiuli piris saxiT, romelSic aranakleb erTi partnioris pasuxismgeblo-
is uflebamosileba wesdebis safuZvelze SeiZleba mieniWos komandits, xolod wesdebis

miRebis, masSi da saregistracio monacemebSi cvlilebis Setanis ufleba aqvT mxolod
srul partniorebs (`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 34-e muxlis me-4 punqti).
14
dasaxelebul SemTxvevaSi saubaria kontrolis uflebis ganxorcielebaze komanditi
partnioris mxridan komplementar partniorTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze ufro martivi
formiT, rac wliuri angariSis aslis wardgenis moTxovnasa da am angariSis sisworis
Semowmebas gulisxmobs.
199
ba ar aris SezRuduli~.15 dasaxelebuli muxlidan gamomdinare, saadvokato saqmianobis

ganmaxorcielebeli iuridiuli firmis Sesaqmnelad saWiro iyo an solidaruli pasuxis-
mgeblobis sazogadoebad, an komanditur sazogadoebad daregistrireba.16 Sesabamisad,
saqarTveloSi arsebuli zogi iuridiuli firma daregistrirebulia komanditur sazo-
gadoebad, dakavSirebulia àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi arsebul CanawerTan, romelsac
mavaldebuli xasiaTi hqonda. 2009 wlis 17 noembris cvlilebiT, es danawesi Secvlilia
da saadvokato saqmianobis organizeba SesaZlebelia rogorc amxanagobis, aseve `mewar-
meTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli samewarmeo iuridiuli piris saxiT.17
dReis mdgomareobiT, mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirTa reestris mo-
nacemebze dayrdnobiT, saqarTveloSi mTlianad daregistrirebulia 162 komandituri
sazogadoeba, aqedan nawili likvidirebulia, xolo nawili arsebobs mxolod reestris
monacemebis safuZvelze, magram sinamdvileSi aRar axorcielebs saqmianobas.18 Sedare-
bisTvis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebad daregistrirebulia 111668 kom-
pania, aseve, 2586 aris saaqcio sazogadoeba da daaxloebiT analogiuri raodenoba so-
lidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi – 2778. kooperativis SemTxve-
vaSi gvaqvs 2898 kooperativi, anu, Sps-s garda, danarCeni samewarmeo iuridiuli pire-
bis raodenoba daaxloebiT erTmaneTis identuria, garda komandituri sazogadoebisa.
komandituri sazogadoeba, mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirTa reestris mo-
nacemebze dayrdnobiT, yvelaze naklebad popularuli samewarmeo iuridiuli piria.
Cemi azriT, samewarmeo kanonmdeblobis mizani unda iyos ara mxolod samarTleb-
rivi TvalsazrisiT srulyofili dokumentebis Seqmna, aramed iseTi dokumentebis Seq-
mna, romelic xels Seuwyobs ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas qveyanaSi da im
adamianebisTvis, romelTac surT biznessaqmianobis ganxorcieleba. Tu rogoria ko-
mandituri sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi da ekonomikur datvirTva saerTaSoriso mas-
StabiT amisaTvis aucilebelia SevadaroT da zogadad davaxasiaToT is hibriduli ti-
pis samewarmeo subieqtebi, romelic SegxvdebaT SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze.
15
aRniSnuli punqti Seicvala 2009 wlis 17 noembris kanoniT da dRevandeli formulire-
biT advokatebs saadvokato saqmianobis organizebis mizniT SeuZliaT, maTTvis sasur-
veli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma airCion.
16
miuxedavad imisa, rom `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sa-
zogadoebis momwesrigebeli normebi vrceldeba komandituri sazogadoebis srul
partniorebzec, àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis zemoT dasaxelebuli muxlis redaqciam
SesaZlebloba misca iuridiul kompaniebs daregistirebuliyvnen komanditur sazoga-
doebad erTi sruli partnioris monawileobiT.
17
àdvokats ufleba aqvs, saadvokato saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad individualurad,
sxva advokatebTan an sxva pirebTan erTad Seqmnas saadvokato biuro amxanagobis an `me-
warmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvruli samewarmeo iuridiuli piris sax-
iT~, - àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-18 mulis 1-li punqti.
18
<https://enreg.reestri.gov.ge/main.php?m=new_index&state=search>
200
3. hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebi delaveris sakorporacio

samarTlis mixedviT19
qarTul samewarmeo samarTalSi hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebis ukeT gaanali-

zebis mizniT, aucilebelia SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi analizis gakeTeba. SedarebiT-
samarTlebrivi analizisaTvis, Cveni naSromis miznebidan gamomdinare, gamoviyenebT
delaveris uniform partnership act-s, limited partnership act-s da limited liability company act-s, da-
vaxasiaTebT limited partnership-s da limited liability partnership-s, aseve SevexebiT limited liability
company-s da limited liability limited partnership-s.20
qarTuli komandituri sazogadoebisa da amerikuli hibriduli tipis sazogado-
ebis SedarebiT-sistemuri analizis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gveqneba gamaxvi-
lebuli SezRuduli partnioris uflebriv mdgomareobaze, aseve, SezRuduli partni-
oris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxze. amave dros SevexebiT sruli partnioris uflebebsa
da movaleobebs da pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxsac. delaveris sakorporacio samarTalSi
Cven gansakuTrebiT gvainteresebs hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebis mravalferovne-
ba, maTi sicocxlisunarianoba da, rac mTavaria, hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebis, ro-
gorc ekonomikuri aqtivobis wamaxalisebeli faqtoris, arseboba.
3.1. Limited partnership
amerikuli limited partnership albaT yvelaze metad hgavs qarTul komanditur sazo-
gadoebas. kapitaluri da amxanaguri tipis sawyisebis, rogorc hibriduli tipis sazo-
gadoebis, dasadgenad mniSvnelovania limited partnership-is gaanalizeba.
delaveris limited partnership act-is §17-101 (9) Tanaxmad, limited partnership aris amxana-
goba, romelic dafuZnebulia delaveris kanonmdeblobis mixedviT da Sedgeba ori an
meti partniorisgan, maTgan erTi an meti aris sruli partniori21 da erTi an meti SezR-
19
Ann E. Conaway, SYMPOSIUM: The Delaware General Corporation Law for the 21st Century: ARTICLE:
What We Can Learn From Other Statutory Schemes: Lessons to be Learned: How the Policy of Freedom to
Contract in Delaware’s Alternative Entity Law Might Inform Delaware’s General Corporation Law, 33 Del.
J. Corp. L. 789, 2008: `First, alternative entities generally avoid entity level taxation. n3 Second, Delaware
alternative entities benefit from the contractual flexibility that permits sponsors to create a public entity and to
install any managerial infra- structure desired. n4 This internal contractual freedom also extends to the ability
of investors to craft noneconomic ownership interests n5 or to eliminate all voting rights if preferred. n6 Third,
public alternative entities are subject to different rules and regulations than corporations under the stock ex-
changes as well as the federal securities laws-rules that affect the internal governance of an entity. n7 Fourth,
and most unique to Delaware, in 1990, 1992, and 2004, Delaware adopted a series of amendments to its al-
ternative entity acts that authorize owners to contractually limit or eliminate duties and liabilities, including
fiduciary duties of owners or managers to each other, the entity, or another person that is a party to the entity’s
private agreement, so long as no attempt is made to limit or restrict the implied contractual covenant of good
faith and fair dealing.“
20
<http://revenue.delaware.gov/services/Business_Tax/business_structures_table.pdf>
21
`General partners in limited partnerships are partners bound by the general fiduciary obligations of partners,
and they are more: they are managing partners, who, as such, owe their non-managing partners “one of the
highest fiduciary duties recognized in the law,~ Allan W. Vestal, A Comprehensive Uniform Limited Partner-
ship Act? The Time Hase Come, 28 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1195, 1995.
201
uduli partniori da, delaveris kanonmdeblobis miznebidan gamomdinare, moicavs limi-

ted liability limited partnership-sac.22
rogorc vxedavT, Tavidanve erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ganmasxvavebeli ni-
Sani limited partnership-sa da komanditur sazogadoebas Soris partniorTa raodenobis
sakiTxia. kerZod, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, qarTul komanditur sazogadoebaSi auci-
lebelia, minimum, ori sruli partnioris da erTi SezRuduli partnioris arseboba
komandituri sazogadoebis dasaarseblad, xolo limited partnership-isTvis aucilebeli
ar aris solidaruli movaleebis arseboba. erTi sruli partniori sakmarisia limited
partnership-is dasaarseblad, anu limited partnership-is daarsebisaTvis saWiroa minimum ori
partniori mainc, romelTagan erTi mTeli Tavisi qonebiT agebs pasuxs, xolo meore –
mxolod Tavisi SenataniT.
Limited partnership act-is §17-303 (a)-is Tanaxmad, SezRuduli partniori pasuxs ar
agebs sazogadoebis valdebulebisaTvis mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac is aseve aris sruli partniori, an, SezRuduli partnioris uflebamosilebis
ganxorcielebasTan erTad, monawileobas iRebs sawarmos marTvaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
SezRuduli partniori monawileobs sawarmos marTvaSi, is pasuxismgebelia mTeli Ta-
visi qonebiT mxolod imis winaSe, vinc biznessaqmianobas awarmoebs limited partnership-Tan
da keTilsindisierad sjera, rom SezRuduli partniori, Tavisi moqmedebis Sinaarsi-
dan gamomdinare, warmoadgenda srul partniors.23
limited partnership act-is §17-306-is Tanaxmad, amxanagobis xelSekrulebis darRvevis
gamo SeiZleba SezRudul partniors daekisros zianis anazRaureba. Tumca dasaxele-
bul debulebaSi zianis anazRaurebis dakisrebis safuZvlad miTiTebulia amxanagobis
xelSekrulebis (sawarmos wesdebis) darRveva an am xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
pirobebis dadgoma.24 limited partnership act §17-502 (g)-is Tanaxmad, erT-erTi sanqcia, ro-
melic SeiZleba SezRuduli partnioris mimarT iqnes gamoyenebuli, misi wilis odeno-
bis Semcireba an gauqmebaa im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ar ganaxorcielebs Senatans, romlis
Setanis valdebulebac hqonda aRebuli.
aseve, SenatanTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa delaveris kanonmdeblobis midgoma,
kerZod, qarTuli `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic, rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, komanditis Senatans aucileblad sagarantio Tanxis saxiT gamoxatavs, limited
partnership act-is §17-50-is Tanaxmad, partnioris Senatani SeiZleba gamoixatos rogorc
fuladi (qonebis an momsaxurebis) saxiT, aseve, partnioris mxridan valdebulebis aRe-
biT, rom Seitans Senatans fuladi an qonebis, an momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis saxiT.
sainteresoa aseve delaveris midgoma SezRuduli partnioris mxridan informa-
ciis mopovebis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT. limited partnership act-is §17-305-is Tanaxmad,
yovel SezRudul partniors aqvs ufleba, rom gonivruli standartebis dacviT (da am
standartebSi igulisxmeba, ra saxis informacia da dokumentebis unda iyos gacemuli
da vis xarjze, droisa da adgilmdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT), rogorc es iqneba gaT-
valiswinebuli wesdebaSi an dadgenili sruli partniorebis mier, gonivrul safuZvel-
ze dayrdnobiT, drodadro moiTxovos sruli partniorebisgan informacia, romelic
22
Limited Partnerships, 17-101 (9).
23
iqve, 17-303 (a).
24
iqve, 17-306.
202
exeba SezRuduli partnioris interesebs.25 amave debulebiT, informaciis CamonaTva-

li, romelic SeiZleba gacemuli iqnes SezRuduli partnioris moTxovnis safuZvelze,
SeiZleba moicavdes srul da swor informacias limited partnership-is biznes- da finansu-
ri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, aseve, federaluri, Statisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis
gadaxdis aslebs,26 partniorebis saxelebs da faqtobriv da iuridiul misamarTebs,
sawarmos wesdebis da saregistracio ganacxadis, aseve, maTSi Sesuli cvlilebebis as-
lebs. aseve, SezRuduli partniorisTvis SeiZleba cnobili gaxdes TiToeuli partnio-
ris mier ganxorcielebuli Senatanebis Sesaxeb informacia, aseTi Senatanebis odenoba
da Setanis dro da sxva nebismieri saxis informacia, romelic dakavSirebulia limited
partnership-Tan, rogorc samarTliani da gonivruli.27 Cemi azriT, aRniSnuli konkreti-
zacia xels uwyobs SezRuduli partnioris uflebebis ukeT dacvas da realizebas, ase-
ve, aRniSnuli CamonaTvali ufro farToa, vidre Cven mier zemoT dasaxelebuli `mewar-
meTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 36-e muxlSi miTiTebuli sakiTxebi.
delaveris limited partnership act-is §17-305 (b)-is Tanaxmad, srul partniors aqvs
ufleba, rom SezRuduli partniorisgan konfidencialurad Seinaxos nebismieri is in-
formacia, romelic, rogorc sruli partniori Tvlis, Seicavs savaWro saidumloebebs,
an keTilsindisierad swams, rom am informaciis gamRavneba ar aris limited partnership-is
saukeTeso interesebis Sesabamisi, an SeuZlia daazaralos limited partnership an misi biz-
nesi an limited partnership valdebulia, kanonis an mesame pirTan dadebuli xelSekrule-
bis safuZvelze, rom es informacia Seinaxos konfidencialurad.28 aseve, amave muxliT
komandit partniors miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, Seitanos sarCeli sasamarTloSi sruli
partnioris mier aseTi informaciis gacemaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi.29
25
Limited Partnerships, 17-305.
26
iqve, 17-305, (2) Promptly after becoming available, a copy of the limited partnership’s federal, state and
local income tax returns for each year.
27
iqve, 17-305, (6) Other information regarding the affairs of the limited partnership as is just and reasonable.
28
iqve, 17-305 (b), A general partner shall have the right to keep confidential from limited partners for such
period of time as the general partner deems reasonable, any information which the general partner reasonably
believes to be in the nature of trade secrets or other information the disclosure of which the general partner in
good faith believes is not in the best interest of the limited partnership or could damage the limited partnership
or its business or which the limited partnership is required by law or by agreement with a third party to keep
confidential.
29
aseve, amave muxliT Zalian kargad aris gawerili is formaluri safuZvlebi, romelze
dayrdnobiTac mimdinareobs SezRuduli partnioris mier informaciis gamoTxovis
procedura sruli partniorebisgan. kerZod, gaTvaliswinebulia, rom SezRuduli
partnioris mier informaciis moTxovna unda iyos aucileblad werilobiTi formiT
Sesrulebuli, xolo srulma partniorma am moTxovnas 5 dRis vadaSi unda gasces pasuxi
(wesdebiT SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyos rogorc ufro xanmokle, aseve SedarebiT
xangrZlivi periodi, Tumca dro ar unda aRematebodes 30-dRian vadas), xolo im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu sruli partniori pasuxs ar gascems, an uars ityvis informaciis miwodebaze,
SezRudul partniors ufleba aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlos da sasamarTlos meSveobiT
moiTxovos informaciis gamoTxova. sasamarTlo iRebs gadawyvetilebas, rom piri,
romelic iTxovs informacias, aris Tu ara uflebamosili, miiRos am saxis informacia.
Tumca aseve sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, SezRuduli partniorisaTvis SeiZleba
gaTvaliswinebul iqnes xarjebis anazRaureba, romelic aucilebelia SezRuduli part-
nioris mier dasaxelebuli informaciis misaRebad. rodesac SezRudul partniors unda
203
aseve, sakmaod sainteresoa sakiTxi, romelic dakavSirebulia SezRuduli par-

tnioris mier Semowmebisa da kontrolis uflebis ganxorcielebasTan, razec nawilob-
riv zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari.
qarTuli kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saubrobs kontrolisa da Semowmebis ufle-
bis zogad farglebze – finansuri dokumentaciis SemowmebasTan dakavSirebiT. ker-
Zod, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis mesame muxlis me-10 punqtis Tanaxmad, `yovel partni-
ors aqvs wliuri angariSis aslisa da sazogadoebis yvela publikaciis miRebis ufleba.
garda amisa, mas ufleba aqvs, Seamowmos wliuri angariSis siswore da am mizniT gaecnos
sazogadoebis dokumentacias uSualod an auditoris meSveobiT da sawarmos organo-
ebs mosTxovos ganmartebebi wliuri angariSis wardgenis Semdeg, magram am angariSis
damtkicebamde. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom angariSSi arsebiTi Secdomaa, am angariSis Semow-
mebis xarjebi ekisreba sawarmos. kontrolisa da Semowmebis es uflebebi SeiZleba Se-
izRudos mxolod am kanoniT, gafarToeba ki SesaZlebelia wesdebiT~. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSne, komandituri sazogadoebis SezRuduli partnioris mier kontrolisa da Se-
mowmebis uflebis ganxorcielebaze saubrobs `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 36-e muxli.
36-e muxli gansazRvravs SezRuduli partnioris mier kontrolis ganxorcielebis mi-
nimalur standarts, romlis kidev ufro SezRudva SeiZleba mxolod `mewarmeTa Sesa-
xeb~ kanoniT, xolo gafarToeba SeiZleba sawarmos wesdebiT. delaveris limited partner-
ship act §17-305 (v)-s Tanaxmad, sawarmos wesdebiT SesaZlebelia SeizRudos SezRuduli
partnioris mxridan informaciis mopovebis ufleba30 da es SezRudva ar unda iyos in-
terpretirebuli ise, rom SezRudos SezRuduli partnioris mier informaciis mopo-
vebis uflebaze sxva saSualebebiT SezRudvebis daweseba.31
zemomoyvanilma mokle mimoxilvam limited partnership-isa delaveris kanonmdeblo-
bis mixedviT da qarTuli komandituri sazogadoebis sakiTxebTan limited partnership-is
midgomebis Sedarebam warmoaCina orive kanonmdeblobis midgomebis upiratesi mxare-
ebi. vfiqrob, delaveris kanonmdebloba ufro liberaluria limited partnership-is debu-
lebebTan mimarTebaSi, rac limited partnership-is cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis da damkvidrebis
ufro met albaTobas qmnis, gansxvavebiT qarTuli komandituris sazogadoebisagan,
romlis magaliTebi Zalian cotaa. Sesabamisad, albaT, upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT
swored im midgomas, romelic sawarmoTa daarsebisa da ganviTarebis ufro met per-
speqtivas qmnis.
dasaxelebul debulebaSi moyvanili informaciis mopoveba, man ori garemoebis Tanxve-
dra unda daadasturos: pirveli, is, rom informacia, romelsac iTxovs, aris Cven mier
zemoT dasaxelebul CamonaTvalSi da is, rom moTxovnili informacia gonivruladaa
dakavSirebuli mis, rogorc SezRuduli partnioris uflebebTan. aseve, sasamarTlom
SeiZleba gansazRvros informaciis miwodeba SezRuduli partniorisaTvis konkretu-
li pirobebis dacviT da Sesabamisi SezRudvis dawesebiT.
30 faqtobrivad, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gansazRvruli kontrolisa da Semowmebis
uflebis ganxorcieleba swored SezRuduli partnioris mxridan sawarmos finansuri
dokumentaciasTan mimarTebaSi informaciis mopovebaSi gamoixateba.
31 Limited Partnerships: 17-305 (f) The rights of a limited partner to obtain information as provided in this
section may be restricted in an original partnership agreement or in any subsequent amendment approved or
adopted by all of the partners or in compliance with any applicable requirements of the partnership agreement.
The provisions of this subsection shall not be construed to limit the ability to impose restrictions on the rights
of a limited partner to obtain information by any other means permitted under this chapter~.
204
3.2. Limited Liability Limited Partnership
Limited liability limited partnership (LLLP) Tavisi SinaarsiT da bunebiT Zalian sainte-
reso sawarmoa. msgavsad limited partnership-isa LLLP-ic hibriduli tipis sazogadoebaa,
romelSic gxvdeba, rogorc SezRuduli, aseve sruli partniorebi. aseve, LLLP-isTan
dakavSirebiT sainteresoa is faqtic, rom LLLP-is samarTlebriv mdgomareobas awesri-
gebs rogorc delaveris Limited Partnership Act, aseve, delaveris Revised Uniform Partnership
Act. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, ra ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi aqvs LLLP-is sxva hibri-
duli tipis sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT.
dafuZnebis dros, partniorTa raodenobis kuTxiTac LLLP-s daaxloebiT identu-
ri mdgomareoba aqvs, iseve rogorc limited partnership-s. delaveris Limited Partnership Act-is
Tanaxmad, aucilebelia, rom minimum ori partniori mainc iyos, romelTagan erTi aris
sruli partniori, xolo meore SezRuduli.32 aseve, Delaware Limited Partnership Act-is §17-
214 (a) Tanaxmad, gansazRvrulia pirobebi, romlis mixedviTac, limited partnership SeiZle-
ba Camoyalibdes, rogorc LLLP.33 kerZod, limited partnership SeiZleba gaxdes limited liability
limited partnership im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es gansazRvrulia limited partnership-is wesdebiT, xolo
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es limited partnership-is wesdebiT gansazRvruli ar aris, maSin aucile-
belia rogorc sruli partniorebis, aseve, SezRuduli partniorebis Tanxmoba.34
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu limited partnership aris LLLP, mis srul partniorebs SeezRudebaT
pasuxismgebloba Delaware Revised Uniform Partnership Act-is safuZvelze, xolo SezRudul
partniorebs aRar eqnebaT valdebuleba zemoT dasaxelebuli limited partnership act-is
§17-303 (a)-is safuZvelze, ra drosac SezRuduli partniori pasuxs agebs mTeli Tavisi
qonebiT, Tu is monawileobs sawarmos marTvaSi.35
Delaware Revised Uniform Partnership Act-is §15-306 gansazRvravs partnioris pasuxis-
mgeblobis sakiTxs sawarmos valdebulebebTan dakavSirebiT, anu es muxli saubrobs
sruli partniorebis valdebulebebze. am muxlis (a) punqtiT gansazRvrul SemTxveveb-
Si (garda amave muxlis b da g punqtebisa) partniorebi solidarulad ageben pasuxs sa-
32
Limited Partnerships, 17-101(9), “Limited partnership~ and “domestic limited partnership~ mean a partner-
ship formed under the laws of the State of Delaware consisting of 2 or more persons and having 1 or more
general partners and 1 or more limited partners, and includes, for all purposes of the laws of the State of Dela-
ware, a limited liability limited partnership.
33
Lauris G.L. Rall, Closely-Held Business Symposium: The Uniform Limited Partnership Act: A General Part-
ner’s Liability Under the Uniform Limited Partnership Act (2001), 37 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 913, 2004: `…the
limited partnership must be certain to take the proper steps to choose the election. To elect LLLP status, the
limited partnership must make a statement in the certificate of limited partnership declaring the limited part-
nership a LLLP. The LLLP election should be included in the certificate of limited partnership delivered to the
appropriate Secretary of State for filing when the limited partnership is formed. The election may also be made
subsequent to the formation of the limited partnership. An existing limited partnership may elect to acquire
or relinquish LLLP status by amending the certificate of limited partnership and filing the amended certificate
with the appropriate Secretary of State. The amendment will become effective upon filing~.
34
Limited Partnerships, 17-214 (a).
35
Delaware Limited Partnership Act, 17-214 (c), Ìf a limited partnership is a limited liability limited partner-
ship, (i) its partners who are liable for the debts, liabilities and other obligations of the limited partnership
shall have the limitation on liability afforded to partners of limited liability partnerships under the Delaware
Revised Uniform Partnership Act [Chapter 15 of this title], and (ii) no limited partner of the limited partner-
ship shall have any liability for the obligations of the limited partnership under § 17-303(a) of this title~.
205
warmos valdebulebebis gamo, anu aRniSnuli muxli saubrobs limited liability partnership-is
partniorTa valdebulebebze, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven limited partnership-s Camova-
yalibebT limited liability limited partnership-ad, masze SeiZleba gavrceldes is upirateso-
bebi partniorebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rac gaTvaliswinebulia
limited liability partnership-isTvis36 Delaware Revised Uniform Partnership Act-is Tanaxmad.37 ra upi-
ratesobebzea saubari? kerZod, dasaxelebuli muxlis Tanaxmad, sruli partniori pa-
suxs ar agebs sawarmos valdebulebebis gamo, (b) Tu mis sawarmoSi srul partniorad
miRebamde warmoiSva es valdebuleba, an (g) sawarmos valdebuleba warmoiSva an dakav-
Sirebulia movlenebTan, an garemoebebTan, roca partnership aris limited liability partnership-i
da Tu es valdebuleba warmoiSva xelSekrulebidan an deliqtidan, aseT SemTxvevaSi es
valdebuleba aris partnership-is valdebuleba.38 partniori pasuxs ar agebs piradad, mxo-
lod imis gamo, rom is aris sawarmos partniori.39
rogorc vxedavT, limited liability limited partnership aris kidev erTi mcdeloba, rom
rac SeiZleba moqnili iyos ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis regulireba
SeerTebuli Statebis kanonmdeblobiT da iyos ufro meti xelSewyoba sawarmoTa gan-
viTarebis kuTxiT. uaRresad sainteresoa delaveris kanonmdeblobis mixedviT limited
liability partnership-is sakiTxic.
3.3. Limited Liability Partnership40
Limited liability partnership iqmneba msgavsad limited liability limited partnership-isa, oRond
limited liability limited partnership iqmneba ukve arsebuli limited partnership-isgan, xolo limited
liability partnership ukve arsebuli partnership-isigan.41
36
Limited liability partnership delaveris kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli kidev erTi hi-
briduli tipis sazogadoebaa, romelsac qvemoT SevexebiT.
37
Elizabeth S. Miller and Thomas E. Rutledge, The Duty of Finest Loaylty and Reasonable Decisions: The Busi-
ness Judgement Rule in Unincorporated Business Organizations? 30 Del. J. Corp. L. 343, 2005.
38
Sdr. Daniel S. Kleinberger, A Myth Deconstructed: The “Emperor’s New Clothes~ on the Low-Profit Lim-
ited Liability Company, 35 Del. J. Corp. L. 879, 2010.
39
Delaware Revised Uniform Partnership Act 15-306, `(b) A person admitted as a partner into an existing part-
nership is not personally liable for any obligation of the partnership incurred before the person’s admission as
a partner. (c) An obligation of a partnership arising out of or related to circumstances or events occurring while
the partnership is a limited liability partnership or incurred while the partnership is a limited liability partner-
ship, whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, is solely the obligation of the partnership. A partner is not
personally liable, directly or indirectly, by way of indemnification, contribution, assessment or otherwise, for
such an obligation solely by reason of being or so acting as a partner~.
40
Limited liability partnership-is momwesrigebeli pirveli aqti miiRes texasSi 1991 wels.
delaveri iyo mesame Stati, romelmac limited liability partnership-is maregulirebeli aqti
miiRo, ixile, Joseph S. Naylor, Is the Limited Liability Partnership Now the Entity of Choice for Delaware
Law Firms? 24 Del. J. Corp. L. 145, 1999.
41
Delaware Revised Uniform Partnership Act 15-1001 `(b) In order to form a limited liability partnership, the
original partnership agreement of the partnership shall state that the partnership is formed as a limited liability
partnership, and the partnership shall file a statement of qualification in accordance with subsection (c) of this
section. In order for an existing partnership to become a limited liability partnership, the terms and conditions
on which the partnership becomes a limited liability partnership must be approved by the vote necessary to
amend the partnership agreement and, in the case of a partnership agreement that expressly considers obliga-
206
rogorc aRiniSna, Delaware Revised Uniform Partnership Act-is §15-306 gansazRvravs par-
tniorebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs partnership-Si da limited liability partnership-Si. am mxriv
limited liability da limited liability limited partnership-is partniorebi sargebloben analogiuri
upiratesobebiT. kerZod, partnership-is valdebuleba, romelic warmoiSva an dakavSirebu-
lia garemoebebTan an movlenebTan, rodesc partnership arsebobda limited liability partnership-
is saxiT, miuxedavad imisa, es valdebuleba warmoiSva xelSekrulebisgan, deliqturi
valdebulebisgan an sxva mxriv, aris mTlianad partnership-is valdebuleba. partniori,
aRniSnuli valdebulebis gamo, pasuxs ar agebs piradad, pirdapir an arapirdapir, kom-
pensaciis an sxva saxiT, mxolod im mizezis gamo, rom iyo an moqmedebda rogorc par-
tniori.42 xolo dasaxelebuli muxlis (e) punqti saubrobs partnioris SesaZleblobaze,
aiRos valdebuleba, rom sawarmos valdebulebebis gamo pasuxi agos kompensaciis, Sena-
tanis an sxva saxiT, limited liability partnership-is romelime an yvela valdebulebis gamo.43
rogorc Tqvenc SeamCnevdiT limited liability partnership partniorebis pasuxismgeblo-
bis kuTxiT TiTqmis identuria limited liability limited partnership-isa.44 limited liability limited
tions to contribute to the partnership, also the vote necessary to amend those provisions, and after such ap-
proval, the partnership shall file a statement of qualification in accordance with subsection (c) of this section~.
42
Sdr., Carter G. Bishop, CLOSELY-HELD BUSINESS SYMPOSIUM: THE UNIFORM LIMITED PART-
NERSHIP ACT: The New Limited Partner Liability Shield: Has the Vanquished Control Rule Unwittingly
Resurrected Lingering Limited Partner Estoppel Liability as Well as Full General Partner Liability?, 37 Suf-
folk U. L. Rev. 667, 2004, During its storied existence, the control rule operated to make a limited partner
personally liable for the obligations of the limited partnership simply because s/he participated in the control
of the business. Often misunderstood, never defined, and inconsistently applied, the control rule operated to
undermine the limited partner liability shield, the hallmark of the limited partnership. Consequently, one of the
most laudable efforts of ULPA 2001 was to make the limited partner liability shield more secure by reducing
liability exposure merely because the limited partner participates in the control of the limited partnership’s
business. To this end, ULPA 2001 section 303 boldly declares that a limited partner is not personally liable for
an obligation of the limited partnership solely by reason of being a limited partner, “even if the limited partner
participates in the management and control of the limited partnership~.
43
Delaware Revised Uniform Partnership Act 15-306, `(e) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (c) of
this section, under a partnership agreement or under another agreement, a partner may agree to be personally
liable, directly or indirectly, by way of indemnification, contribution, assessment or otherwise, for any or all
of the obligations of the partnership incurred while the partnership is a limited liability partnership~.
44
magaliTisTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT saerTaSoriso iuridiuli firma Skadden, Arps,
Slate, Meagher & Flom <http://www.skadden.com/default.cfm>, romelic daregistrirebulia de-
laveris StatSi. delaveris saxelmwifo departamentis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia mov-
ZebnoT saregistracio monacemebi dasaxelebuli iuridiuli firmis <https://delecorp.dela-
ware.gov/tin/controller>. aRniSnul saregistracio monacemebSi Cans, rom iuridiuli firma
daregistrirebulia limited liability partnership-ad an limited liability limited partnership-ad. anu es
ori organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma Tavisi SinaarsiT Zalian msgavsia erTmaneTis,
Tumca limited liability partnership iqmneba partnership-is safuZvelze, sadac partniorebi iRe-
ben gadawyvetilebas, rom gardaqmnan TavianTi sawarmo limited liability partnership-ad, xolo
limited libility limited partnership iqmneba limited partnership-is safuZvelze, sadac partniorebi
iReben gadawyvetilebas, rom gardaqmnan sakuTari sawarmo limited liability limited partnership-
ad. aseve, SegviZlia vnaxoT imave firmis saregistracio monacemebi niu-iorkis saxelm-
wifo departamentis eleqtronul saZiebo vebgverdis meSveobiT <http://appext9.dos.ny.gov/
corp_public/CORPSEARCH.ENTITY_INFORMATION?p_nameid=2672856&p_corpid=2643032&p_en-
tity_name=%53%6B%61%64%64%65%6E%2C%20%41%72%70%73&p_name_type=%41&p_search_
207
partnership zogadad axali organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formaa da SeerTebuli State-

bis Statebis umravlesobaSi jer damkvidrebuli ar aris.
3.4. hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebis gavrceleba

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebi Zalian gavrcelebulia amerikis SeerTebul Sta-

tebSi, radgan es aris Zalian moxerxebuli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma, rome-
lic potenciur investorebs an axali biznessaqmianobis wamowyebis msurvel adgilob-
riv biznesmenebs lavirebis da efeqturi koordinaciis Zalian did saSualebas aZlevs.
msoflioSi wamyvani saerTaSoriso iuridiuli firmebi, adgilobrivi amerikuli kompa-
niebi Zalian xSirad irCeven hibriduli tipis sazogadoebis organizaciul-samarTleb-
riv formas, rogorc maTi biznessaqmianobis warmatebis gasaRebs. magaliTad, iseTi
kompania, rogoric aris CNN, daregistrirebulia swored hibriduli tipis sazogado-
ebis, kerZod, limited liamility limited partnership-is organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT.45
am SemTxvevaSic, Tu vnaxavT delaveris saxelmwifo departamentis samewarmeo iuri-
diuli pirebis saZiebo eleqtronul vebgverds, CNN-is organizaciul-samarTlebriv
formad dasaxelebulia limited liamility partnership an limited liamility limited partnership.46 ro-
gorc zemoT aRvniSne, es gamowveulia limited liamility partnership-isa da limited liamility limited
partnership-is TiTqmis identuri samarTlebrivi gamoxatulebiT, gansakuTrebiT partni-
orebis pasuxismgeblobis kuTxiT.
Cveni naSromis mTavari mizania, SeerTebuli Statebis da kerZod, delaveris sa-
korporacio da qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis SedarebiT analizis safuZvelze,
gamovitanoT samarTlebrivi daskvna, Tu ratom aris qarTul biznesgaremoSi naklebad
popularuli komandituri sazogadoeba da ra saxis samarTlebrivma cvlilebam SeiZ-
leba moaxdinos dadebiTi zegavlena da waaxalisos komandituri sazogadoebis gavrce-
leba saqarTveloSi.
4. qarTuli komandituri sazogadoebis samomavlo ganviTarebis

perspeqtiva
analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom komandituri sazogadoebis qarTu-

li modeli modifikacias da cvlilebebs saWiroebs.
pirvel rigSi, uari unda vTqvaT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul
iseT regulaciaze, sadac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sa-
zogadoebis maregulirebeli normebi aregulireben komandituri sazogadoebis srul
partniorebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
type=%43%4F%4E%54%41%49%4E%53&p_srch_results_page=0>, sadac Cans, rom iuridiuli

firma daregistrirebulia rogorc Foreign Registered Limited Liability Partnership, radgan
saxezea delaveris firma, daregistrirebuli niu-iorkSi.
45 < http://edition.cnn.com/>
46 <https://delecorp.delaware.gov/tin/controller>
208
meore, komandituri sazogadoebis regulaciis meti simartivisaTvis SesaZlebe-

li unda iyos erTi sruli partnioris monawileobiT komandituri sazogadoebis daar-
seba, anu ar unda iyos aucilebeli solidaruli movaleebis arseboba.
mesame, SesaZlebeli unda iyos, rom sruli partniori sawarmos yvela valdebu-
lebis gamo pasuxs mTeli Tavisi qonebiT ar agebdes, magaliTad, Tundac im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac ukve daarsebul komanditur sazogadoebas SemouerTdeba axali sruli par-
tniori.
meoTxe, gasamartivebelia sagarantio Tanxis sakiTxic. dRes moqmedi kanonmdeb-
lobiT, komanditis Senatani SesaZlebelia mxolod sagarantio TanxiT gamoixatos.
Cemi azriT, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis zogadi nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danawesi,
romelic Senatanis ganxorcielebis Tavisuflebas aZlevs partniors, unda gavrcel-
des komanditur sazogadoebazec da Senatani marto sagarantio TanxiT ar unda gamo-
ixatos. komanditis Senatani unda iyos rogorc materialuri, aramaterialuri, aseve
momsaxurebis gaweva da samuSaos Sesrulebac.
mexuTe, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT, unda gaizardos komanditi partnioris uf-
lebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes am uflebebis wesdebiT SezRudva. dRes es uflebe-
bi warmodgenilia kanoniT da SesaZlebelia wesdebiT gafarToeba, rac realobaSi nak-
lebad SeiZleba moxdes, vgulisxmob uflebebis gazrdas wesdebiT. amitom umjobesia
kanonmdeblobiT Tavidanve iyos gaTvaliswinebuli komanditi partnioris uflebebis
SedarebiT vrceli CamonaTvali.
aRniSnuli cvlilebebis garda, SesaZlebelia sxva kuTxiTac ganvsazRvroT cvli-
lebebi. SesaZlebelia qarTul samewarmeo samarTalSi SemovitanoT romelime Cven mier
zemoT dasaxelebuli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma an `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ ka-
nonis im TavSi, romelic eZRvneba komanditur sazogadoebas, gaviTvaliswinoT yvela
is upiratesoba, rac ganxilul organizaciul-samarTlebriv formebs aqvT.
5. daskvna
rogorc Cveni ganxilvidan Cans, hibriduli tipis sazogadoebebi sakmaod sainte-

reso sazogadoebebia, romlebic moicaven rogorc kapitaluri, aseve amxanaguri sazo-
gadoebis niSnebs.
amerikuli modelis garCevisas naTlad gamoCnda is upiratesobebi, romelic ame-
rikul hibridul sazogadoebas aqvs qarTulTan SedarebiT, rac, saboloo jamSi, al-
baT imasac ganapirobebs, rom hibriduli sazogadoeba SeerTebul StatebSi gacilebiT
ufro popularulia, vidre saqarTveloSi. zogadi TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba aseve iT-
qvas, rom aseTi saxis hibriduli sazogadoeba ufro moxerxebulia, vidre nebismieri
sxva amxanaguri an kapitaluri tipis sazogadoeba, radgan partniorebs meti lavirebis
saSualeba aqvT da damoukideblad SeuZliaT airCion sasurveli uflebrivi mdgomare-
oba sawarmoSi.
rogorc aRiniSna, qarTuli komandituri sazogadoebis `gasacocxleblad~ auci-
lebelia mTeli rigi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, rom komandituri sazogadoeba uf-
ro metad popularuli da momxiblavi gaxdes rogorc qarTveli, aseve ucxoeli mewar-
meebisaTvis.
209
kaxa falavandiSvili*
uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis warmoSobis transformacia

qarTul samarTalSi
1. Sesavali
sakuTrebis uflebis obieqtebi TavianTi bunebiT erTmaneTisagan Zalze gansxva-

vebulia.1 qonebis gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi buneba moiTxovs maT gansxvavebul re-
gulirebas.2 swored gansxvavebuli bunebis gamo samarTlebrivi sistemebis umravleso-
ba nivTebs yofs moZrav da uZrav nivTebad.3
ùZravad da moZravad nivTebis dayofa yvelaze mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo brun-
vaSi nivTebis monawileobis TvalsazrisiT da am kvalifikacias ukavSirdeba mniSvnelo-
vani samarTlebrivi Sedegebi~.4 moZravisagan gansxvavebiT, uZravi nivTebi gamoirCeva
socialuri daniSnulebiTa da, Sesabamisad, mniSvnelobiT, ramdenadac uZravi nivTebi,
moZravisagan gansxvavebiT, xasiaTdeba gare zemoqmedebis unariT, rac maT gaaCnia Tavi-
anTi bunebidan gamomdinare. es gansxvaveba gamoxatulebas poulobs qonebrivi samar-
Tlis bevr sferoSi, romelic ganasxvavebs uZravi da moZravi qonebis reJimebs.5
`moZrav da uZrav nivTebs Soris gansxvaveba yvelaze TvalsaCinod Cans maTze sa-
kuTrebis SeZenisas~.6 uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis warmoSobis wesi gansxvavdeba moZrav
nivTebze sakuTrebis warmoSobis wesisagan. gansxvaveba mniSvnelovnadaa ganpirobebu-
li moZravi da uZravi nivTebis fizikuri sxvadasxvaobiT, maTi socialuri da ekonomi-
kuri daniSnulebiT.
uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis Tanamedrove sistemebis dam-
kvidrebas xangrZlivi istoria gaaCnia. rogorc wesi, uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis war-
moSoba Zveli droidan garkveuli formalobebis dacvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Zvel
romaul, Zvel germanul samarTalSi mniSvneloba eniWeboda aseve sajaroobis elemen-
tebsac. unda daveTanxmoT mosazrebas, rom uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis warmoSobis sa-
jarosamarTlebrivi sawyisebi ganpirobebuli unda iyos uZravi nivTebis socialuri
funqciiT, misi gansakuTrebuli RirebulebiT.7
uZrav nivTebze sakuTebis uflebis warmoSobis evoluciis procesSi sabolood
gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi sistema – kerZo da saadgilmamulo wignis sistema.8 saqarTve-
lo, uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT ganmtkicebu-
li wesiT, saadgilmamulo wignis sistemis qveyanaa.9
1
Маттеи У., Суханов Е. А., Основные положения права собственности, Москва, 1999, 113.
2
iqve, 108.
3
iqve, 122.
4
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 144.
5
Маттеи У., Суханов Е. А., Основные положения права собственности, Москва, 1999 ,108.
6
7
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, meore gamocema, Tb., 2003, 137.
8
iqve, 138.
9
iqve, 141.
210
k. falavandiSvili, uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis warmoSobis transformacia
qarTul samarTalSi
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis warmo-

SobasTan dakavSirebiT, 2006 wlis dekembridan gaCnda garkveuli siaxle, romelmac
Secvala garigebis dadebis manamde damkvidrebuli wesi. kanonma uari Tqva garigebis
sanotaro wesiT damowmebis savaldebulo moTxovnaze,10 rac miCneulia `mravali gau-
gebrobisa da problemis warmoSobis~11 SesaZlo mizezad.
winamdebare kvlevis mizania uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis saqar-
Tvelos dRes moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsiT SemoTavazebuli wesis analizi, misi mniS-
vnelobisa da gavlenis garkveva uZravi qonebis Tanamedrove bazarze. SeiZleba iTqvas,
aRniSnulma siaxlem Tavisi gavlena ukve moaxdina uZravi qonebis brunvaze. qarTuli
sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi gaCnda sasamarTlo davebi, romlebic gamoiwvia am sakanon-
mdeblo siaxlem da Sedegad gaCnda sasamarTlo precedentebic. aqedan gamomdinare,
mocemul sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, TeoriulTan erTad, udidesi praqtiku-
li mniSvneloba aqvs. sakiTxis kvlevisas gamoikveTa problema, romelic arsebobs Ta-
namedrove qarTul kerZo samarTalSi uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis
wesTan mimarTebaSi. winamdebare naSromi problemis warmoCenis mokrZalebuli cdaa.
2. qarTuli samarTali – saadgilmamulo wignis sistemis nawili
`qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi ganamtkicebs saadgilmamulo wignis sistemas~.12

`saadgilmamulo sistemis dros uZravi sakuTrebis gadasvlisaTvis saWiroa mesakuT-
risa da SemZenis Tanxmoba sakuTrebis daTmobaze da misi registracia saadgilmamulo
wignSi~.13 samoqalaqo kodeqsis 183-e muxlis Tanaxmad ùZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucile-
belia garigebis werilobiTi formiT dadeba da SemZenze am garigebiT gansazRvruli
sakuTrebis uflebis registracia sajaro reestrSi~.14 aRniSnuli muxlidan gamomdi-
nare, uZravi nivTis gadacemis namdvilobisaTvis aucilebelia garigebis registra-
cia sajaro reestrSi anu saadgilmamulo wignSi. sajaroobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs, romelic gansazRvravs qarTuli samarTlis xasiaTs da ganapirobebs mis adgils
germanuli samarTlebrivi sistemis sivrceSi.15 sajaroobis winapiroba aris `saadgil-
mamulo wignis sistemis qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli~16 piroba, rom `miwis nakveTze
sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSoba SesaZlebelia mxolod Sesabamisi registraciis Sede-
gad~.17 sajaro reestris warmoebaze uflebamosili organo, warmoebis wesi da pirobebi
ki ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos kanoniT `sajaro reestris~ Sesaxeb~.18
10
11
iqve.
12
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, meore gamocema, Tb., 2003, 144.
13
iqve, 141.
14
saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis
Setanis Sesaxeb~, #3879, 08.12.2006, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 48, 2006 wlis 22
dekemberi.
15
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, meore gamocema, Tb, 2003, 141.
16
Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, Tb., 2001, 176.
17
iqve.
18
saqarTvelos kanoni `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~, #820, 19.12.2008, saqarTvelos sakanon-
mdeblo macne, 42, 2008 wlis 30 dekemberi, 1 muxli.
211
3. uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis wesi
3.1. qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis midgoma
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 183-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ùZravi nivTis SesaZe-

nad aucilebelia garigebis werilobiTi formiT dadeba da SemZenze am garigebiT gan-
sazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebis registracia sajaro reestrSi~.19 rogorc vxedavT,
mocemuli norma iTvaliswinebs garigebis werilobiT formas da uflebis sajaro rees-
trSi registracias. mocemuli norma ar iTvaliswinebs notariusis savaldebulo mo-
nawileobas garigebis dadebis procesSi. alternativis saxiT gaCnda sajaro reestris
organoSi uflebamosili piris TandaswrebiT xelmoweris SesaZlebloba. dadginda,
rom `Tu garigebis monawile mxareebi garigebas xels aweren maregistrirebel organo-
Si uflebamosili piris TandaswrebiT, maSin garigebis namdvilobisaTvis ar moiTxove-
ba garigebis an garigebis monawile mxareTa xelmowerebis namdvilobis damowmeba~.20 àm
siaxliT samarTlebriv usafrTxoebas, romelic uZravi nivTebis bazarze manamde arse-
bobda da minimalur doneze mainc icavda mxareTa interesebs, safrTxe daemuqra~.21
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 183-e muxlis xsenebuli redaqcia samoqmedod SemoRebul
iqna 2007 wlis 15 martidan.22 samoqalaqo kodeqsSi aRniSnuli cvlilebis ganxorciele-
bamde, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 183-e muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad, uZravi nivTis SeZenis
wesi Semdegnairad iyo mowesrigebuli: ùZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia sanota-
ro wesiT damowmebuli sabuTi da SemZenis registracia sajaro reestrSi...~23
garigebis damowmebis sanotaro wesisa da SemZenis sajaro reestrSi registraci-
is mizania uZravi nivTis SemZenis interesebis dacva, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebisa da
stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa.24 `garigebaTa zogierTi saxeobis sanotaro damowmebis
arseboba miznad isaxavs prevenciuli kontrolis ganmtkicebas, raTa xelSekrulebis
monawileebma ar dauSvan iseTi Secdomebi, romlebic SemdgomSi maTTvis saziano SeiZ-
leba aRmoCndes. kvalificiuri samarTlebrivi konsultaciis gaweva garigebaTa da-
mowmebisas notariusTa movaleobas warmoadgens~.25
unda aRiniSnos, rom germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis §925-is Tanaxmad, miwis nak-
veTze sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba `gancxadebul unda iqnes ori-
ve mxaris erTdrouli TandaswrebiT kompetenturi administraciuli organos winaSe.
19
dekemberi.
20
maisi, 3111-e muxlis me-2 punqti.
21
22
dekemberi.
23
saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi~, #786, 26.06.1997, parlamentis
uwyebani, 31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi.
24
25
iqve.
212
qarTul samarTalSi
sxva administraciuli organoebis kompetenciis SezRudvis gareSe, uZrav qonebaze

sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis damowmebisaTvis kompetenturia
nebismieri notariusi. SeTanxmeba uZrav qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis Sesa-
xeb SeiZleba aseve gancxadebul iqnes sasamarTlos morigebis aqtSi an kanonier Zala-
Si Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT dadasturebuli gakotrebis gegmiT~.26sayuradReboa, rom
`Tavdapirvelad `saTanado adgilad~ iTvleboda mxolod saadgilmamulo wignis sam-
saxuri. 1934 wlidan SemoiRes notariusebis fakultatiuri ufleba am Tanxmobis dasa-
dastureblad, xolo 1969 wlis 28 agvistos dokumentaciis damowmebis kanonis Semdeg
saadgilmamulo wignis samsaxuris adgili daikaves notariusebma. amJamad `saTanado
adgils~ warmoadgens notariusi~.27 rogorc Cans, uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis
gadacemis wesi germaniaSi notariuris monawileobis sasargeblod ganviTarda. sava-
raudod, mocemuli tendencia gaiTvaliswines qarTvelma kanonmdeblebma samoqalaqo
kodeqsis miRebisas, rodesac uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenisaTvis gani-
sazRvra garigebis sanotaro damowmebis savaldebulo wesi.28 dRes ki uZrav nivTebze
sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb garigebis dadebis procesSi notariusis sa-
valdebulo monawileobis moTxovnis gauqmeba unda CaiTvalos ukan gadadgmul nabi-
jad, romliTac qarTuli kerZo samarTlis sistema daubruna ganviTarebis etaps, ro-
melic daaxloebiT 50 wlis winaT ukve gaiara germaniis kerZo samarTalma.
garda imisa, rom mocemuli cvlileba uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis gada-
cemis wesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdego svlad SeiZleba Sefasdes, qmnis
aseve garkveul sirTuleebsa da winaaRmdegobebs, safrTxes uqmnis uZravi qonebis
brunvis usafrTxoebas, qmnis brunvis keTilsindisieri monawilis interesebis Selax-
vis safrTxes.
3.2. uZrav nivTze nasyidobis Rirebulebis gadaxdis

sajaro mowesrigebis mcdeloba
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxls daemata 21 punqti,29

romelic unda amoqmedebuliyo jer 2011 wlis pirveli ianvridan,30 xolo Semdgom 2012
wlis 1 ianvridan,31 bolos ki is gauqmebul iqna32 ise, rom praqtikulad arc amoqmedebu-
26
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT) (mTargmneli da re-
daqtori WeWelaSvili z.), §925, Tb., 2010, 189.
27
Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, meore gamocema, Tb., 2001, 177.
28
uwyebani, 31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi, 183-e muxli.
29
saqarTvelos kanoni `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi damatebebis Seta-
nis Taobaze~, #3966-Iis, 10.12.2010, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 74, 2010 wlis 24
dekemberi, 1 muxlis 1 punqti.
30
iqve, me-2 muxli.
31
nis Taobaze~, #2800, 23.03.2010, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 14, 2010 wlis 24 de-
kemberi, 1 muxli.
32
saqarTvelos kanoni `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi damatebebisa da
cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze~, #4208-Is, 22.02.2011, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macnes
vebgverdi: <htt/matsne.gov.ge/>, 110310025, 2011 wlis 10 marti, 1 muxlis me-2 punqti.
213
la. Tumca, sakiTxis mniSvnelobidan da am sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis principuli Seu-

Tavseblobidan gamomdinare, yuradReba unda mieqces ramdenime moments. aRniSnuli 21
punqtiT ganisazRvra, rom nasyidobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze uZrav nivTze sakuT-
rebis uflebis registraciisas, `gancxadebas sxva saregistracio dokumentebTan er-
Tad unda erTvodes sabanko dawesebulebaSi uZravi nivTis nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli fasis unaRdo angariSsworebis formiT gadaxdis damadasturebeli
dokumenti. aRniSnuli valdebuleba moqmedebs, Tu nasyidobis safasuris gadaxda mxa-
reebs Soris xdeba fuladi TanxiT~.33
rTulia zustad ganisazRvros mizani, Tu ra SeiZleba yofiliyo am novaciis re-
aluri mizezi. SesaZlebelia varaudi, rom mizani iyo xelSekrulebis Rirebulebis xe-
lovnuri Semcirebis SesaZleblobis SezRudva, an gamyidvelis interesebis dacva ris-
kisagan, an naRdi fulis brunvis Semcirebisa da Sesabamisad, sabanko operaciebis xel-
Sewyoba.
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili savaraudo mizani ar unda CaiTvalos mizanSewonil sa-
jarosamarTlebriv Carevad kerZo urTierTobebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom miTiTebuli
sakanonmdeblo moTxovna, erTi mxriv, ver uzrunvelyofs xelSekrulebis Rirebule-
bis xelovnuri Semcirebis SesaZleblobis SezRudvas, aseve gamyidvelis interesebis
dacvas. piri, Tu misi mizani aris realurad SeTanxmebuli fasisagan gansxvavebuli Ri-
rebulebis Cveneba, SeZlebs amis gakeTebas da kontrahents SeuTanxmdeba fasis or na-
wilad gadaxdaze, nawilis sabanko gadaricxviT, nawilis naRdi angariSsworebiT. moce-
muli garemoeba ki araTu daicavs gamyidvelis interesebs, aramed, piriqiT, qmnis misi
interesebis darRvevis winapirobas. meore mxriv, naRdi fulis brunvis Semcirebisa
da amiT sabanko operaciebis xelSewyobis mizniT, kerZo urTierTobebSi msgavsi Care-
va imdenad uxeSia, rom ar unda CaiTvalos mizanSewonilad. ra Tqma unda, Tanamedrove
samarTlisaTvis ar aris ucxo sajaro elementebis kerZo urTierTobebSi gamoyeneba,
Tumca mizani unda amarTlebdes sajarosamarTlebriv Carevas da sikeTe, romlis dac-
visaTvis xdeba SezRudvis daweseba, unda iyos misi proporciuli. SezRudva unda iyos
gamonaklisi da imdenad zomieri, rom ar moxdes kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi
gaumarTlebeli Careva.
4. qarTuli sajaro reestris samsaxuris kompetencia uZrav nivTebze

sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb garigebis dadebisas
4.1. sajaro reestris samsaxuris mniSvneloba
sajaro reestris mizani sajaroobis uzrunvelyofaa da magram, amave dros, saja-

ro reestris monacemebs garkveuli mtkicebiTi funqciac gaaCnia. `reestris monaceme-
bis mimarT moqmedebs utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia, e.i. reestris Canawerebi
iTvleba sworad, vidre ar damtkicdeba maTi uzustoba~.34 garkveulwilad, kanoni gan-
33
nis Taobaze~, #2800, 23.03.2010, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 14, 2010 wlis 24 de-
kemberi, 1 muxli.
34
saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi~, 786, 26.06.1997, parlamentis
uwyebani, 31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi, 312-e muxlis 1-li punqti.
214
qarTul samarTalSi
sazRvravs agreTve utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfciis farglebsac, ìm piris sa-

sargeblod, romelic garigebis safuZvelze sxva pirisagan iZens romelime uflebas da
es ufleba gamsxviseblis saxelze iyo reestrSi registrirebuli, reestris Canaweri
iTvleba sworad, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca am Canaweris sawinaaRmdegod Setanilia
saCivari, an SemZenma icoda, rom Canaweri uzustoa~.35
utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfciis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba eniWeba Canawerebis sizustes. uzusto Canaweris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis
safuZvelze moxdeba Semdgomi Canaweris ganxorcieleba, bunebrivia, gardauvalia ur-
TierTobaSi monawile romelime piris marTlzomieri interesebisa da uflebebis xel-
yofa. amitom udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, Seiqmnas iyos sakanonmdeblo winapiroba, rom
maqsimalurad gamoiricxos uzusto Canaweris ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. mocemu-
li miznis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia mxolod saregistraciod wardgenili dokumenta-
ciis sisworisa da sisrulis maqsimaluri uzrunvelyofiT. `sajaro reestris mizans
warmoadgens sajarooba, rac emsaxureba iuridiuli utyuarobis Seqmnas... igi unda em-
yarebodes udavo dokuments, romelic saimedod adgens mxareTa vinaobas, maT ufle-
bebsa da qmedunarianobas, agreTve qmedebis kanonTan Sesabamisobas. amgvar udavo aqts
warmoadgens damowmebuli garigeba~.36
rodesac sanotaro damowmeba, rogorc savaldebulo procedura, ar aris gan-
mtkicebuli kanoniT, ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli im xarisxis utyuarobis Seqmna, rac
uzrunvelyofs sajaro reestris Canawerebis saTanado sisrulesa da sizustes? am Se-
kiTxvaze pasuxi unda gasces `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis im nor-
mebma, romlebic gansazRvraven maregistrirebeli organos, registraciaze ufleba-
mosili piris kompetencias, pasuximgeblobis farglebs, Tundac mis kvalifikacias.
am TavSi sajaro reestris mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msjelobis mizani ar aris sajaro
reestris, rogorc saadgilmamulo wignis sistemis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli insti-
tutis, amomwuravi ganxilva. sakiTxi ganxilul iqna im moculobiT, rom SesaZlebeli
iyos sajaro reestris mniSvnelobis danaxva da am konteqstSi qarTuli samoqalaqo sa-
marTlis mier SemoTavazebuli uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis wesis
kvleva.
4.2. sajaro reestris samsaxuris uflebamosileba
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni praqtikulad arafers ambobs ma-

registrirebuli organos, misi uflebamosili piris mier garigebis damowmebis ufle-
bamosilebis Sesaxeb. masSi naTqvamia mxolod, rom `maregistrirebeli organo da misi
TanamSromeli pasuxs ar ageben warmodgenili saregistracio dokumentaciis namdvi-
lobaze. isini pasuxismgebeli arian mxolod registrirebuli monacemebisa da maTTan
35
uwyebani, 31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi, 312-e muxlis me-2 punqti.
36
merloti m., notariusebsa da registratorebs Soris kompetenciisa da pasuxismgeblo-
bis gamijvna, Jurn., `saqarTvelos notariati~, 3-4, 2003, maisi-ivnisi-ivlisi-agvisto,
rusulidan Targmna maka tyebuCavam Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: àrasabiujeto nota-
riatis ganviTareba ruseTSi: kvalificiuri daxmareba, moqalaqeTa da iuridiuli pire-
bis uflebaTa dacva~, moskovi, 2000 w., 25.
215
daculi saregistracio Tu sxva dokumentaciis urTierTSesabamisobasa da usafrTxo-

ebaze~.37 dokumentis damowmebis wesisa da pirobebis dadgenis uflebamosilebas ki
mTlianad gadascems iusticiis saministros, `...dokumentis damowmebis wesi da pirobe-
bi ganisazRvreba `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ instruqciiT...~38
instruqciis doneze iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadawyveta, rogoricaa uZrav
nivTebze garigebis damowmebis wesi da pirobebi, TavisTavad ar aris sasurveli movle-
na. mocemuli garemoeba TavisTavad qmnis arastabilurobisa da xSiri cvlilebis Se-
saZleblobis gancdas, Tumca mxolod es ar aris gamonaklisi, romelic SeiZleba CaiT-
valos problemad.
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ instruqcia iTvaliswinebs garigebis monawile mxare-
Ta mier maregistrirebel organoSi xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebis SesaZleblo-
bas.39
4.3. xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebaze uflebamosili pirebi
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ instruqciis Tanaxmad `xelmoweris namdvilobis da-

mowmebaze uflebamosili pirebi ganisazRvreba saagentos Tavmjdomaris samarTlebri-
vi aqtiT~.40 saagentos Tavmjdomaris brZaneba gansazRvravs xelmoweris namdvilobis
damowmebaze uflebamosil pirebs, Tumca masSi ar Cans kvalifikaciis Tu profesiuli
moTxovna. anusaagentos Tavmjdomares ufleba aqvs xelmoweris namdvilobis damowme-
baze uflebamosili piris saxiT gansazRvros nebismieri kvalifikaciis da profesiis
moxele. mocemuli garemoeba, ra Tqma unda, damatebiTi riskia, rac safrTxes uqmnis
reestris kvalificiur warmoebas.
4.4. sajaro reestris samsaxuris mier garigebaze xelmoweris

namdvilobis damowmebis pirobebi
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ instruqciis mixedviT, `xelmoweris namdvilobis da-

mowmeba xorcieldeba uflebis registraciasTan dakavSirebuli gancxadebis warmod-
genasTan erTad, uflebamosili piris TandaswrebiT~.41 `xelmoweris namdvilobis da-
mowmebas eqvemdebareba garigebis mxolod erTi egzemplari, romelic saregistracio
dokumentis saxiT, gancxadebasTan erTad unda Cabardes maregistrirebel organos~.42
garigebaze xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebis moTxovna uflebamosili piris Tandas-
wrebiT savsebiT kanonzomieri da mizanSewonili moTxovnaa, magram ar aris sasurveli,
damowmebas daeqvemdebaros garigebis mxolod erTi egzemplari. bunebrivia, mniSvne-
37
saqarTvelos kanoni `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~, #820, 19.12.2008, saqarTvelos saka-
nonmdeblo macne, 42, 2008 wlis 30 dekemberi, me-3 muxlis me-6 punqti.
38
39
ìnstruqcia sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~, damtkicebuli saqarTvelos iusticiis mi-
nistris 2010 wlis 15 ianvris #3 brZanebiT `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb instruqciis damt-
kicebis Taobaze~, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 6, 2010 wlis 20 ianvari, me-4 Tavi.
40
41
42
216
qarTul samarTalSi
lovania garigebis monawile xelmomwer pirebsac darCeT TiTo egzemplari xelmowe-

rili da damowmebuli garigebebisa. mocemul garemoebas gaaCnia ara marto Teoriuli,
aramed praqtikuli mniSvnelobac, rom garigebis xelmomwer pirs davis SemTxvevaSi ga-
aCndes meore mxaris mier xelmowerili da uflebamosili organos mier damowmebuli
originali dokumenti.
4.5. sajaro reestris samsaxuris mier garigebaze xelmoweris

namdvilobis damowmebis farglebi
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ instruqciis Tanaxmad, `xelmoweris damowmebas eqvem-

debareba nivTsa da aramaterialur qonebriv sikeTesTan dakavSirebuli werilobiTi
formis rogorc calmxrivi, aseve ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi kerZosamarTlebrivi ga-
rigebebi, garda mindobilobis, anderZis, samisdReSio rCenisa da saqorwino xelSek-
rulebisa da moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva garigebebisa, aseve ad-
ministraciuli xelSekrulebebi, romlebic warmoSoben, cvlian an wyveten nivTsa da
aramaterialur qonebriv sikeTeze sajaro reestrSi registracias daqvemdebarebul
uflebebs~.43
xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebaze uflebamosili piri amowmebs garigebaze
xelmoweris namdvilobas. mocemuli garemoeba gulisxmobs imis dadasturebas, rom
konkretul dokumentze konkretulma pirma namdvilad moawera xeli. `sajaro rees-
tris Sesaxeb~ instruqciiT ùflebamosili piris (saregistracio gancxadebis miRe-
bis) TandaswrebiT garigebaze xelmoweris dros uflebamosili piris mier xdeba mxo-
lod garigebaze xelmomweri piris identifikacia da am ukanasknelis mier xelmoweris
faqtis dadastureba...~44 mocemuli garemoeba gamoricxavs garigebis Sinaarsis kanoni-
erebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani garemoebebis Semowmebas. es aRniSnulia kidec xsenebul
normatiul aqtSi. masSi naTqvamia, rom xelmoweris faqtis dadastureba `...ar gulis-
xmobs garigebis Sinaarsis moqmed kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobis da mxareTa mier
nebis gamoxatvis namdvilobis dadgenas an sxva garemoebis Semowmebas...~45 garigebaze
xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebis aRniSnuli wesi praqtikulad, ver pasuxobs saad-
gilmamulo wignis sistemis moTxovnas, uZravi nivTis SemZenis interesebis dacvas, sa-
marTlebrivi usafrTxoebis da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofas.46 am SemTxvevaSi ar aris
uneblie Secdomisagan, Segnebuli aramarTlzomieri an arakeTilsindisieri moqmede-
bisagan da SesaZlo zianisagan dacvis meqanizmi kvalificiuri specialistis mier gari-
gebis Sinaarsis Semowmebis saxiT.
sakmaod sainteresoa da xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebasac, rom `sajaro reestris
Sesaxeb~ instruqcia ufro Sors midis da garigebaze xelmoweris namdvilobis damow-
mebaze uflebamosil pirs aZlevs uflebas, daamowmos SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqo-
43
nistris 2010 wlis 15 ianvris #3 brZanebiT `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb instruqciis
damtkicebis Taobaze~, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 6, 2010 wlis 20 ianvari, me-20
muxlis 1-li punqti.
44
iqve, 22-e muxli.
45
iqve.
46
217
ne pirisa da misi warmomadgenlis xelmoweris namdviloba.47 mocemuli uflebamosileba

TiTqos ar aris uCveulo zogadi uflebamosilebis konteqstSi, Tumca imis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, rom sajaro reestris uflebamosili piri ar aris specialuri ganaTlebis mqone
moxele, ar amowmebs garigebis Sinaarsis kanonierebas da aseve samarTlianobas, SezRu-
duli SesaZleblobis mqone piri48 aSkarad araTanabar mdgomareobaSia garigebis meore
mxaresTan SedarebiT. marTalia, gaTvaliswinebulia specialistis an warmomadgenlis
savaldebulo monawileoba, magram aRniSnuli ver axdens araTanabari SesaZleblobebis
kompensirebas. TviT warmomadgenlis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobac, samoqalaqo kanon-
mdeblobis Tanaxmad, garkveul samarTlebriv CarCoebSia moqceuli49 da garigebis da-
mowmebisas aucilebelia ara marto garigebis meore mxaresTan mimarTebaSi SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis mqone piris interesebis dacva, aramed warmomadgenelTan mimarTebaSic,
rac, saerTod, rCeba yuradRebis miRma garigebis damowmebis xsenebuli wesiT.
xazi unda gaesvas aseve qmeduunaro da SezRudulqmedunariani pirebis mier ga-
rigebaze xelmowerisa da warmomadgenlobasTan dakavSirebul garemoebebs. mocemul
sakiTxze `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ instruqcia marTalia gansazRvravs, rom xsene-
buli `... sakiTxebi ganisazRvreba moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT~,50 magram aRniSnuli miTi-
Teba moqmed kanonmdeblobaze ufro abstraqtuli Cans, vidre konkretuli da dasabu-
Tebulad gansazRvruli, vinaidan moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisi valdebulebebi
garigebis xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebaze uflebamosil pirs ar aqvs mocemuli,
amasTan kvalifikacia ar iZleva imis garantias, rom is gaiTvaliswinebs moqmed kanon-
mdeblobas.
mocemuli garemoebebi gacilebiT did mniSvnelobas iZens imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebaze uflebamosili piri ar amowmebs garigebis
Sinaarss, nebis gamoxatvis namdvilobas, romlis Semowmebac umTavresia SezRuduli Se-
saZleblobis, SezRuduli qmedunarianobis an qmeduunaro piris mier garigebis dade-
bisas, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi interesebis saTanadod dacva.
47
ìnstruqcia sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~, damtkicebuli saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris
2010 wlis 15 ianvris #3 brZanebiT `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis
Taobaze~, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 6, 2010 wlis 20 ianvari, 23-e muxli.
48
iqve, 23-e muxlis pirveli punqti Seexeba munjs, yrusa da yru-munjs, anu pirebs, rom-
lebsac fizikuri naklis gamo ar SeuZliaT garigebis damoukideblad dadeba da gaT-
valiswinebulia Sesabamisi specialistis aucilebeli monawileoba garigebis dadebis
procesSi, xolo me-2 punqti Seexeba pirebs, romlebic dokumentze xelmoweras ver
axorcieleben avadmyofobis, fizikuri naklis an sxva sapatio mizezis gamo da gaTva-
liswinebulia maTi davalebiT warmomadgenlis mier xelmoweris ganxorcieleba. moce-
muli wesi, garkveulwilad, ewinaaRmdegeba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 70-e muxls, romelic
iTvaliswinebs xelis moweris uflebamosilebis gadacemas oficialurad damowmebuli
mindobilobiT, gansxvavebiT davalebisagan, romelic mowesrigebulia samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis 709-722 muxlebiT.
49
ix.: saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi~, #786, 26.06.1997, parlamen-
tis uwyebani, 31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi, me-3 kari.
50
Taobaze~, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 6, 2010 wlis 20 ianvari, 24-e muxli.
218
qarTul samarTalSi
4.6. sanotaro wesiT damowmebul garigebaSi arasanotaro wesiT

cvlilebis Setanis SesaZlebloba
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ instruqciiT, ìm SemTxvevaSi, Tu uqmdeba an icvleba

garigeba, romlis Sinaarsic damowmebuli iyo notariusis mier, aRniSnulis Taobaze in-
formacia unda ganTavsdes saagentos oficialur vebgverdze, romelic xelmisawvdo-
mi unda iyos nebismieri dainteresebuli pirisaTvis~.51 mocemuli debuleba cxadyofs,
rom `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ instruqcia SesaZleblad miiCnevs notariusis mier da-
mowmebuli garigebis gauqmebis an masSi cvlilebis Setanis SesaZleblobas, Tumca, ase-
Ti uflebamosileba pirdapir ar aris miTiTebuli. am SemTxvevaSi pasuxi unda gaeces
SekiTxvas, SesaZlebelia Tu ara garigebis gauqmeba an masSi cvlilebis Setana gansxva-
vebuli wesiTa da formiT, vidre is aris dadebuli. mocemul SekiTxvaze pasuxi aris
uaryofiTi, vinaidan, magaliTad, garigebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebac
garigebaa, romelzec unda gavrceldes ZiriTadi garigebis dadebis dros mxareTa mier
gansazRvruli forma, vinaidan is unda CaiTvalos rogorc mxareTa mier garigebiT gan-
sazRvruli forma. am konteqstSi gaugebaria, Tu ras isaxavs miznad `sajaro reestris
Sesaxeb~ instruqciis zemoT xsenebuli danawesi saagentos oficialur vebgverdze in-
formaciis gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb. Tu ar SeiZleba gansxvavebuli formiT garigebis ga-
uqmeba an masSi cvlilebis Setana, vidre es garigeba aris dadebuli, mocemuli moqmede-
ba ver gamoricxavs baTilobis safuZvlebs.
4.7. pasuximgeblobis problema garigebis Sinaarsze
xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebaze uflebamosili piris funqciidan gamomdi-

nare, romelic Semoifargleba mxolod xelmomweri pirebis identificirebiT da maT
mier xelmoweris faqtis dadasturebiT, warmoSobs pasuxismgeblobis problemas gari-
gebis monawile uflebadarRveuli piris mimarT.
rogorc aRiniSna, garigebis Sinaarsi, nebis gamoxatvis namdviloba ar mowmdeba
sajaro reestris uflebamosili piris mier. garigebis Sinaarsis kanonwinaaRmdegoba
da nebis gamoxatvis nakli ki iwvevs garigebis baTilobas.52 anu, SesaZlebelia garige-
ba baTili iyos, xolo mis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli saregistracio Canawerebi sa-
adgilmamulo wignSi _ namdvili. masze imoqmedebs utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezum-
fcia da, Sesabamisad, mohyveba samarTlebrivi Sedegebi.
miuxedavad aramarTlzomieri safuZvlebiT samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisa,
ar ikveTeba pasuxismgeblobis subieqti, vinaidan xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmeba-
ze uflebamosili piri ar agebs pasuxs garigebis Sinaarsis moqmed kanonmdeblobasTan
Sesabamisobaze da nebis gamoxatvis namdvilobaze.
51
Taobaze~, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 6, 2010 wlis 20 ianvari, me-20 muxlis me-2
punqti.
52
355.
219
rasakvirvelia, notariusis mier garigebis Sinaarsis damowmebiT absoluturad

ar gamoiricxeba garigebis monawileTa uflebebis darRvevis albaToba, magram, buneb-
rivia, darRvevis riski maqsimalurad mcirdeba.
5. uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb garigebis

dadeba notariusis monawileobiT
5.1. notariusis roli garigebis dadebis procesSi
5.1.1. notariusis samarTlebrivi statusi
`notariatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, `notariati aris sajaro sa-

marTlebrivi instituti, romlis amocanaa saxelmwifos mier dadgenil farglebSi pi-
rebs Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisa da iuridiuli faqtebis dadastureba~.53
notariusi sanotaro da sxva, masTan dakavSirebul moqmedebaTa meSveobiT saxelmwi-
foebrivi uflebamosilebis ganmaxorcielebel pirad aris miCneuli.54 amave dros, ka-
noniT uzrunvelyofilia misi profesiuli saqmianobis Tavisufleba55, damoukideblo-
ba da miukerZoebloba.56 notariusi aris sajaro uflebamosilebis ganmaxorcielebeli
kerZo samarTlis subieqti. is saqmianobas axorcielebs Sesabamisi anazRaurebis safuZ-
velze.57 miCneulia, rom damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobis `garantiiT sargeblo-
bas didwilad notariusis saqmianobis sasyidliani xasiaTi ganapirobebs~.58
notariusis samarTlebrivi garantiebi da sanotaro moqmedebaTa sasyidliani
xasiaTi uzrunvelyofs mis damoukideblobasa da miukerZoeblobas. `notariusi damo-
ukidebelia da valdebulia kidec iyos damoukidebeli, raTa moipovos is ndoba, ris
gareSec igi ver Seasrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas~.59 mocemuli Tvisebebi SeiZleba CaiT-
valos notariatis institutis erT-erT umTavres Rirsebad, romlebic konfidencia-
lobasTan erTad ganapirobeben aseve mis mimarT gansakuTrebul ndobas.
53
saqarTvelos kanoni `notariatis Sesaxeb~, #2283, 04.12.2009, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeb-
lo macne, 46, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi, 1-li muxlis 1-li punqti.
54
iqve, me-3 muxlis 1-li punqti.
55
iqve.
56
57
iqve, 21-e muxli.
58
burduli i., sanotaro biuros finansebisa da notariusis Sromis anazRaurebis sakiTxi-
saTvis, Jurn., `samarTlis Jurnali~, 2, 2011, 35.
59
dekersi e., sanotaro saqme, deontologia da struqturebi, nawili meore, deontolo-
gia, Jurn., `saqarTvelos notariati~, #3-4, 2001, seqtemberi-dekemberi, Targmani roman
kupravasi, samecniero redaqcia oTar zoiZisa. Targmani Sesrulebulia Semdegi gamo-
cemis mixedviT: `La profession notariale, sa deontologie et ses structures, 2000, Edité par les soins de la
fondation pour la Promotion de la Science Notariale, Amsterdam~, 11.
220
qarTul samarTalSi
5.1.2. sanotaro moqmedebis konfidencialoba
`notariusi valdebulia saidumlod Seinaxos cnobebi, romlebic misTvis cnobi-

li gaxda samsaxurebriv saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. es valdebuleba ZalaSia notari-
usis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdegac~.60 miCneulia, rom `notariati ar arse-
bobs ndobis gareSe, xolo ndoba ver miiRweva konfidencialobis dacvis Tvinier~.61 zo-
gierTi qveynis samarTali, mowmis saxiT notariusis sasamarTloSi daZaxebis SemTxveva-
Si, ar akisrebs mas profesiuli saidumloebis gamJRavnebis valdebulebas.62 mocemuli
garemoeba konfidencialobis dacvis gansakuTebul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs.
5.1.3. notariusis pasuxismgebloba
notariuss ekisreba pasuxismgebloba, romelic gamoixateba samsaxurebrivi saq-

mianobiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisa63 da disciplinuri pasuxismgeb-
lobis64 saxiT.
miyenebuli zianis gamo notariusis kerZosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dad-
gomis SesaZlebloba uzrunvelyofs notariusis angariSvaldebulebas klientis wi-
naSe. angariSvaldebulebis da qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis uzrunvelyofis erTgvar
saSualebad unda CaiTvalos notariusis savaldebulo profesiuli dazRvevis valde-
buleba, rac ganmtkicebulia `notariatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT.65
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis savaldebulo dazRveva saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
lobaSi, rogorc Cans, evrokavSiris qveynebis Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis gamocdile-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT moxda. èvrokavSiris yvela wevr-qveyanaSi xelisufleba avalde-
bulebs notariusebs savaldebulo dazRveviT uzrunvelyon samoqalaqo pasuxismgeb-
lobis uzrunvelyofa~.66
notariusis disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebi, saxdelis saxeebi da
disciplinuri warmoebis wesi ganisazRvreba `notariusTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeb-
60
saqarTvelos kanoni `notariatis Sesaxeb~, #2283, 04.12.2009, saqarTvelos sakanonmde-
blo macne, 46, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi, me-8 muxlis 1-li punqti.
61
gia, Jurn. `saqarTvelos notariati~, #3-4, 2001, seqtemberi-dekemberi, Targmani roman
62
iqve, 24.
63
blo macne, 46, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi, me-3 muxlis me-6 punqti.
64
65
iqve, 23-e muxli.
66
221
lobis Sesaxeb~ debulebiT.67 notariusis disciplinuri pasuxismgebloblobis sakiTxi

ar aris qarTuli samarTlis Tavisebureba. mas icnobs sxva qveynebis samarTalic.68 dis-
ciplinuri pasuxiსmgeblobis dakisrebis SesaZlebloba, rogorc Cans, notariusis sa-
jaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis privilegiam gamoiwvia.
notariusis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis mowesrigeba xels uwyobs misi, rogorc
sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebis ganmaxorcielebeli piris, angariSvaldebu-
lebis xarisxis zrdas rogorc instituciur doneze, aseve klientis winaSe. es notari-
atis institutis pozitiur niSnad unda Sefasdes. miCneulia, rom `damoukidebloba,
miukerZoebloba, konfidencialoba da pasuxismgebloba Tavisufali misiiT aRWurvi-
li notariatis ganuyofeli da damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia~.69
notariusis pasuxismgeblobis SesaZlebloba qmnis garigebis damowmebis nawilSi
notariusis institutis sandoobis maRal xarisxs da metyvelebs mis upiratesobaze ga-
rigebaze xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebaze sajaro reestris uflebamosil pirTan
SedarebiT.
5.2. sanotaro moqmedebis mniSvneloba
5.2.1. sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli dokumentis mtkicebulebiTi Zala
xelSekrulebebis mimarT sanotaro formis dawesebis moTxovnis sasargeblo ar-

gumentad iTvleba is, rom `sanotaro forma icavs mxares aCqarebisagan~70 da `sanotaro
forma uzrunvelyofs samarTlebriv usafrTxoebasa da stabilurobas~.71
xelSekrulebis sanotaro damowmebis formas, inglisisa da saerTo samarTlis
sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, icnobs kontinenturi evropis samarTali.72 `kontinen-
turi evropis samoqalaqosamarTlebriv sistemaSi oficialuri, sanotaro wesiT da-
dasturebuli dokumenti warmoadgens ZiriTad mtkicebulebas, ufro meti Zalis mqo-
nes, vidre, magaliTad, mowmis Cveneba da sxva, romlis namdvilobis aRiarebisaTvis yo-
velTvis saWiroa mosamarTlis Sefaseba~.73 `notariatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos moqmedi
kanoniT, `sanotaro moqmedebas ... aqvs iuridiuli Sedegi. sanotaro wesiT damowmebul
67
`debuleba notariusTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb~, damtkicebuli
saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris 2010 wlis 31 martis #69 brZanebiT `notariusTa dis-
ciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb~ debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze~, saqarTvelos
sakanonmdeblo macne, 33, 2010 wlis 31 marti, 1-li muxli.
68
69
iqve, 34.
70
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni me-3 (Wanturia l.), Tb., 2001, 69.
71
iqve.
72
iqve, 111.
73
goloSvili g., sanotaro aqtis mtkicebulebiTi mniSvneloba da saaRsrulebo Zala,
Jurn. `saqarTvelos notariati~, #3-4, 2001, seqtemberi-dekemberi, 40.
222
qarTul samarTalSi
dokuments aqvs udavo mtkicebulebiTi Zala~.74 aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo debulebi-

dan Cans, rom kanoni upiratesobas aniWebs sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli dokuments
martivi formiT Sedgenil dokumentTan SedarebiT.
sanotaro formis daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sanotaro
wesiT damowmebul dokuments unda hqondes mtkicebulebiTi upiratesoba arasanota-
ro wesiT Sedgenil dokumentTan SedarebiT. xelSekrulebis dadebis procesSi TviT
notariusis monawileobis ideac, albaT, am miznidan momdinareobs. `notariuss ekisre-
ba udidesi roli da pasuxismgebloba fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis interesebisa da
uflebebis dacvaSi, maTi samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis, iuridiuli stabilurobisa da
garantirebis uzrunvelyofaSi~.75
ra Tqma unda, mtkicebulebiTi upiratesobis Sesaxeb sakiTxi maSin dgeba dRis
wesrigSi, rodesac arsebobs erTsa da imave saganze ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli
pirobebiT dadebuli xelSekruleba da erTi maTgani sanotaro wesiT aris damowmebu-
li. sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli dokumentis mtkicebulebiTi upiratesoba, rogorc
Cans, gamomdinareobs im varaudidan, rom notariusis monawileobiT dadebuli xelSek-
ruleba ufro daculia aramarTlzomieri zemoqmedebebisagan da, maSasadame, imsaxu-
rebs met ndobas, vidre martivi werilobiTi formiT dadebuli xelSekruleba. `...no-
tariusis Sedgenili da kanonis Sesabamisad damowmebuli sanotaro dokumenti xsnis
gaurkvevlobas mxareebs Soris urTierTobebSi, maT uflebebsa da movaleobebSi. amis
gakeTeba ki sanotaro dokuments maSin SeuZlia, Tuki igi kanoniT dadgenili wesebiT
adasturebs gansazRvruli faqtebisa da garemoebebis arsebobas an ararsebobas, riTac
safuZvels aclis maTTan dakavSirebuli davebis warmoSobas. am TvalsazrisiT sanota-
ro dokumenti warmoadgens `mza mtkicebulebas~ da Tanac sxvebTan SedarebiT ùfro
meti Zalis mqone `mtkicebulebas~.76
5.2.2. garigebis Sinaarsis sanotaro damowmebis mniSvneloba
uZravi nivTis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebisas `gayidvis nebisa da yidvis

nebis SeTanxmeba warmoadgens erTgvar xerxemals...~,77 romelic sami elementisagan Sed-
geba, kerZod, vinaobis dadgena, ufleba da qmedunarianoba da kanonTan Sesabamisoba~.78
mxareTa vinaobis mkafiod gansazRvra, qmedunarianobis Semowmeba, garigebis ka-
nonTan Sesabamisobis Rrma analizi79 unda gaxdes garigebis monawileTa marTlzomieri
interesebis dacvis garanti.
74
lo macne, 46, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi, me-5 muxlis 1-li punqti.
75
76
iqve.
77
bis gamijvna, Jurn. `saqarTvelos notariati~, #3-4, 2003, maisi-ivnisi-ivlisi-agvisto,
rusulidan Targmna maka tyebuCavam Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: àrasabiujeto notar-
iatis ganviTareba ruseTSi: kvalificiuri daxmareba, moqalaqeTa da iuridiuli pire-
78
iqve.
79
iqve.
223
sanotaro forma uzrunvelyofs uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis gadacemis Sesaxeb

garigebis dadebisas erTmaneTis pirispir mdgari araTanabar mdgomareobaSi myofi
pirebis interesebis dacvas.80 `sanotaro damowmebis savaldebulobis ganmtkicebiT
samoqalaqo samarTali icavs rogorc gamsxviseblis, aseve SemZenis interesebs~.81 ro-
gorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba garigebis Sinaarsis Sesabamisobis dadgena moq-
med kanonmdeblobasTan da garigebis monawileTa uflebamosilebis dadgena, rac iZle-
va SemZenis da gamsxviseblis interesebis realuri dacvis SesaZleblobas. miCneulia,
rom sanotaro damowmeba `ramdenime funqcias asrulebs: profilaqtikis funqcia (mxa-
reebma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilon garigebis mniSvnelobaze); naCqarevobisgan dacvis
funqcia (norma win eRobeba miwis gaiolebuli gasxvisebisa da SeZenis SesaZleblobas);
mtkicebiTi funqcia (werilobiTi forma SesaZleblobas iZleva advilad dadasturdes
garigebis arseboba). igi ara mxolod amgvari dasturia, aramed iZleva SesaZleblobas
advilad ganisazRvros garigebis Sinaarsi; samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis funqcia
(notariusis monawileoba aiolebs urTierTobaTa samarTlebriv uzrunvelyofas).
kerZod, igi garantiaa imisTvis, rom mxareebma ar dauSvan Secdomebi miwis gasxvisebis
garigebaTa gaformebisas da amiT Tavidan aicilon is uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac SeiZle-
ba amgvar moqmedebebs Sedegad mohyves. amiT igi ukavSirdeba Semdeg mniSvnelovan fun-
qcias. esaa garigebaTa namdvilobis uzrunvelyofis funqcia~.82
maregistrirebeli organos uflebamosili piri rTulia efeqturad da saimedod
gaumklavdes uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebul im uamrav sanivTo uflebas, romlebic sa-
Wiroeben registracias.83 amave dros mxolod sanotaro dokumentis arseboba ar unda
CaiTvalos sakmarisad, `sanotaro dokuments, rogorc mtkicebulebiTi Zalis mqone
aqts, unda gaaCndes iseTi ZiriTadi niSani, rogoricaa namdviloba~.84
namdviloba, ra Tqma unda, mxolod sakanonmdeblo doneze misi namdvilad aRiare-
biT ar miiRweva. `sanotaro dokumentis namdvilobaSi igulisxmeba mxareTa nebis, maTi
uflebebisa da valdebulebebis, saqmis garemoebebisa da faqtebis sruli, garkveuli
araorazrovani da obieqturi asaxva sanotaro dokumentSi~.85 notariusis mier, doku-
mentis namdvilobisaTvis aucilebeli, xsenebuli moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba SeuZ-
lebelia Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo reglamentaciis gareSe. kanoni unda qmnides wessa
da misi gamoyenebis samarTlebriv safuZvels.
80
81
Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, meore gamocema, Tb., 2001, 196.
82
iqve.
83
84
85
iqve.
224
qarTul samarTalSi
5.2.3. sanotaro moqmedebis formebi
saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, notariusis monawileoba garigebis dade-

bis procesSi ar aris erTgvarovani da TavisTavad ver uzrunvelyofs sanotaro wesiT
Sesrulebuli dokumentis namdvilobas, mis mtkicebulebiT Zalas. sanotaro moqmedeba
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva formiT, raSic igulisxmeba sanotaro moqmedebis
Sesrulebis moculoba, Sinaarsi. sanotaro damowmebis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare,
garigebis dadebis procesSi sanotaro moqmedebis farglebs sakvanZo adgili uWiravs.
ra Tqma unda, sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli dokumentis mtkicebulebiTi Zalis
Sesaxeb msjeloba ar iqneba srulyofili, sanotaro moqmedebis formebis Sesaxeb msje-
lobis gareSe. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi garigebis formis Sesaxeb msjelobi-
sas ambobs, rom `werilobiTi formis arsebobisas, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxve-
vebSi an mxareTa SeTanxmebiT garigeba an garigebis monawile mxareTa xelmowerebis
namdviloba unda daamowmos notariusma an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulma sxva pirma~.86
kanonmdebels xazgasmiT aqvs gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan garigeba da garigebis monawi-
le mxareTa xelmoweris namdviloba. garigebis damowmebaSi unda vigulisxmoT moqmed
kanonmdeblobasTan dokumentis Sinaarsis Sesabamisobisa da mxareTa uflebamosile-
bis Semowmebac. mocemuli norma samoqalaqo kodeqsSi gaCnda 2006 wlis dekembridan,
cvlilebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad.87 cvlilebamde moqmedi norma ki gansxvavebulad
awesrigebda sanotaro damowmebis sakiTxs, kerZod, `Tu garigebis forma moiTxovs sa-
notaro wesiT damowmebas, maSin damowmeba unda ganaxorcielos notariusma, mosamar-
Tlem an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulma pirma~.88 mocemuli norma ki garigebis sanotaro
damowmebaSi gulisxmobs garigebis damowmebas, anu Tu daveyrdnobiT Semdgom, cvli-
lebis ganxorcielebisas kanonmdeblis mier ganviTarebul msjelobas, unda igulis-
xmebodes garigebis Sinaarsis kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamosobisa da mxareTa ufleba-
mosilebis Semowmebac.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi 69-e muxlis moqmedi redaqcia, romelic mijnavs erTmane-
Tisagan garigebis an garigebis monawile mxareTa xelmowerebis namdvilobis sanota-
ro damowmebas, amave dros iTvaliswinebs daTqmas, rom damowmeba unda moxdes kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi an mxareTa SeTanxmebiT,89 magram amave dros saintere-
soa, Tu ra igulisxmeba daTqmaSi `kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebi~. am normis
wakiTxvisas TiTqos rCeba STabeWdileba, rom kanoni da maT Soris samoqalaqo kodeqsi
calkeul SemTxvevebSi akeTebs diferencirebas, Tu rodis unda moxdes garigebis da-
mowmeba da rodis – mxolod xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmeba, Tumca samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis calkeuli debulebebisa da sanotaro kanonmdeblobis analizis Sedegad Cans,
rom sakmaod bundovania kanonis damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi da ar aris mocemuli
termini erTgvarovnad gamoyenebuli.
86
uwyebani, 31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi, 69-e muxlis me-5 punqti.
87
dekemberi, 1-li muxli.
88
uwyebani, 31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi (pirveladi redaqcia), 69-e muxlis me-3 punqti.
89
iqve, 69-e muxlis me-5 punqti.
225
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis SesaZenad, zogadi

wesis mixedviT, ar aris aucilebeli garigebis sanotaro wesiT damowmeba,90 zogierTi
garigebis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs specialuri norma, romelic iTvaliswinebs sanotaro
damowmebis wess. magaliTad, samisdReSio rCenis SemTxvevaSi, `samisdReSio rCenis xel-
Sekruleba unda daidos werilobiT. uZravi qonebis gadacemis SemTxvevaSi xelSekru-
leba unda damowmdes sanotaro wesiT~.91 aseve, anderZis SemTxvevaSi, `sanotaro forma
moiTxovs, rom anderZi Sedgenil da xelmoweril iqnes moanderZis mier da dadastu-
rebuli notariusis mier, xolo iq, sadac notariusi ar aris, – TviTmmarTvelobis ad-
gilobrivi organos mier~.92 am ori debulebidan erT SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli saub-
robs garigebis sanotaro wesiT damowmebis Sesaxeb, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi garige-
bis sanotaro wesiT dadasturebis Sesaxeb, Tumca damowmebasa da dadasturebas Soris
sxvaobis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo kodeqsi arafers ambobs. zemoT xsenebuli, samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 69-e muxli ki am terminebis mixedviT gansxvavebaze arafers mianiSnebs da er-
TmaneTisagan mijnavs mxolod garigebisa da garigebis monawile mxareTa xelmowerebis
namdvilobis sanotaro damowmebas. amasTan, samoqalaqo kodeqsi zogierT SemTxvevaSi
dazustebiT miuTiTebs xelmoweris damowmebiT garigebis dadebis SesaZleblobis Se-
saxeb,93 rac Seesabameba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 69-e muxliT mocemul definicias, Tumca
amave dros samoqalaqo kodeqsis sxvadasxva muxlSi gamoyenebuli terminebi sanotaro
dadastureba94 da sanotaro damowmeba,95 aseve saTanado wesiT damowmeba,96 erTi da ima-
ve mniSvnelobiT aris gamoyenebuli. xsenebuli terminebis gamoyenebisas kanonmdebels
ar aqvs nafiqri maT Sinaarssa da datvirTvaze. am mosazrebas adasturebs norma, rome-
lic gansazRvravs sajaro reestrSi garigebis wardgenis wess da romlis mixedviT `niv-
Tsa da aramaterialur qonebriv sikeTeze Sesabamisi uflebis sajaro reestrSi regis-
traciisaTvis wardgenil unda iqnes werilobiTi formiT dadebuli garigeba. garigeba
an garigebis monawile mxareTa xelmowerebis namdviloba damowmebuli unda iyos kano-
niT dadgenili wesiT~.97 mocemuli garemoeba aseve miuTiTebs, rom kanonmdebeli arse-
biTad ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan termin `damowmebas~ da termin `dadasturebas~.
datvirTvidan gamomdinare ki, samarTalSi maT Soris gansxvavebas udidesi mniSvneloba
gaaCnia. amiT unda aixsnas `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ instruqciiT gaTvaliswinebuli
gamonaklisebi, roca ar SeiZleba sajaro reestris uflebamosili piris mier xelmowe-
ris namdvilobis damowmeba, igulisxmeba mindobiloba, anderZi, samisdReSio rCenisa
da saqorwino xelSekrulebebi.98 mocemuli SezRudva, rogorc Cans, ganpirobebul iqna
90
uwyebani, 31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi (pirveladi redaqcia), 183-e muxli.
91
iqve, 942-e muxli.
92
93
iqve, 2894-e muxlis 1-li punqti, 2894-e muxlis me-2 punqti, 3065 muxlis 1-li punqti.
94
iqve, 284-e muxlis 1-li punqti, 302-e muxlis me-31, 1357-e muxlis me-2 punqti, 1366-e mux-
li, 1367-e muxlis me-2 punqti, 1470-e muxlis 1-li punqti.
95
96
iqve, 35-e muxlis me-3 punqti, 198-e muxlis me-3 punqti.
97
iqve, 35-e muxlis me-3 punqti, 3111-e muxlis 1-li punqti.
98
nistris 2010 wlis 15 ianvris #3 brZanebiT `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb instruqciis damt-
kicebis Taobaze~, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 6, 2010 wlis 20 ianvari, me-4 Tavi,
me-20 muxlis 1-li punqti.
226
qarTul samarTalSi
aRniSnuli garigebebis specifikiTa da socialuri mniSvnelobiT, rom maTi gaformeba

mxolod xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebiT arasakmarisad iqna miCneuli. marTalia,
mocemuli instruqcia ar Seexeba notariusis saqmianobis wesebs, magram, savaraudod,
man da garigebaTa Taviseburebebma gansazRvres arsebul sanotaro praqtikaSi maTze
sanotaro moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis formac. anderZis, samisdReSio rCenisa da sa-
qorwino xelSekrulebis sanotaro damowmebisas mimarTaven garigebis Sinaarsisa da
uflebamosilebaTa Semowmebis gziT garigebis damowmebis formas. sxva SemTxvevebSi ki,
mxolod xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmeba xdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo
kodeqsi xSir SemTxvevaSi, anderZis, samisdReSio da saqorwino xelSekrulebebis msgav-
sad, gansazRvravs notariusis monawileobis valdebulebas garigebis dadebis proces-
Si da ar miuTiTebs raime gansxvavebul wesze.99
aRniSnuli garemoebebi cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeq-
si naTlad ar gansazRvravs, Tu rodis aris aucilebeli garigebis Sinaarsis damowme-
ba da rodis aris sakmarisi xelmowerebis namdvilobis damowmeba, rac mis naklad unda
CaiTvalos, Tumca mocemuli sakiTxis mowesrigeba albaT uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis
warmoSobisken mimarTuli garigebebis savaldebulo sanotaro formis dadgenis para-
lelurad unda gadawydes.
5.2.4. sanotaro damowmeba da sanotaro dadastureba
sanotaro moqmedebebis Sesrulebis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi ganisazRvreba `nota-

riatis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT.100 aRniSnuli normatiuli aqti ar akeTebs sanotaro damowme-
bisa da sanotaro dadasturebis zust ganmartebas, Tumca Seicavs zogierT iseT debu-
lebas, romlebic iZleva garkveuli daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas. SesaZlo sanotaro
moqmedebaTa CamonaTvalSi mocemulia, rom notariusi `kanoniT dadgenil SemTxveveb-
Si an mxareTa SeTanxmebiT adasturebs garigebebs~101 da àmowmebs dokumentze xelmo-
99
ix. saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi~, #786, 26.06.1997, parlamen-
tis uwyebani, 31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi, 35-e muxlis me-3 punqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris wesdebis saTanado wesiT damowmebis valdebulebas,
Tumca praqtikaSi xdeba xelmowerebis namdvilobis damowmeba; 198-e muxlis me-3 punqti,
romelic iTvaliswinebs moTxovnis (uflebis) Zveli mflobelis valdebulebas, moTxov-
nis safuZvelze SemZens gadasces uflebis da moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb saTanadod
damowmebuli sabuTi; 289-e muxlis me-3 punqti, romlis mixedviT ipoTekis xelSekrule-
ba, romelzedac mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gaicema ipoTekis mowmoba, unda damowmdes sanota-
ro wesiT; 284-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, giravnobis xelSekruleba, romelic
iTvaliswinebs giravnobis sagnis mogiravnisaTvis gadacemas da realizacias notariu-
sis mier gacemuli saaRsrulebo furclis safuZvelze, dadasturebul unda iqnes sa-
notaro wesiT; 302-e muxlis 31 punqtis mixedviT, Tu kreditoris da mesakuTris mier
garigebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba ipoTekiT datvirTuli uZravi nivTis kreditori-
saTvis gadacemisa da realizaciis SesaZlebloba notariusis mier gacemuli saaRsru-
lebo furclis safuZvelze, maSin aseTi garigeba dadasturebul unda iqnes sanotaro
wesiT.
100
lo macne, 46, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi, preambula.
101
iqve, 38-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqti.
227
weris namdvilobas~.102 xazgasmulia aseve, rom `...garigebis dadasturebis dros nota-

riusi amowmebs garigebis monawile pirTa uflebamosilebas da qmedunarianobas~.103
am daTqmebiT cxadia, termini `dadastureba~ gulisxmobs notariusis mier garigebis
Sinaarsis kanonTan Sesabamisobis, mxareTa qmedunarianobisa da uflebamosilebis Se-
mowmebas, termini `damowmeba~ ki gamoiyeneba, roca saubaria xelmoweris namdvilobis
Sesaxeb. `2009 wlis 4 dekembris kanonma notariatis Sesaxeb terminologiuri aRreva Se-
itana am gansxvavebaSi. imas rasac adre sanotaro damowmeba ewodeboda, am kanoniT da-
erqva sanotaro dadastureba~.104 amave dros, Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom `notaria-
tis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gansazRvruli maTi Sinaarsi ar Seesabameba imave terminebisadmi
samoqalaqo kodeqsiseul midgomas, rac zemoT iqna ganxiluli.
`notariatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni sanotaro aqtebis maklasificirebel
sxva normebs ar Seicavs. is akeTebs miTiTebas, rom `sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebis
wesi ganisazRvreba instruqciiT, romelsac saqarTvelos notariusTa palatis war-
dginebiT amtkicebs iusticiis ministri saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili we-
siT~.105 mocemuli instruqciiT saqarTvelos moqmed sanotaro samarTalSi sanotaro
aqtebis gansxvavebuli definicia gaCnda. Semovida sajaro da kerZo aqtebis cneba.106
`sanotaro moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb~ instruqciiT ìm aqtis dasa-
mowmeblad (garigebis, mowmobis da sxva), romlis namdvilobisaTvis saqarTvelos ka-
nonmdeblobiT dadgenilia sanotaro formis dacva, notariusi valdebulia, Seamowmos
mxareTa (warmomadgenelTa) vinaoba, uflebamosileba, qmedunarianoba, nebis gamovle-
nis namdviloba da uzrunvelyos garigebis kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisoba, mxareTa
nebis adekvaturi asaxva garigebaSi, mxareTaTvis garigebis Sinaarsis da samarTlebri-
vi Sedegebis ganmarteba, rCevis micema~107 da am wesiT Sesrulebul sanotaro aqts saja-
ro aqti ewodeba.108
sajaro aqtis formiT garigebis dadebisas notariusis mier garigebis Sinaarsis
kanonTan Sesabamisobis, mxareTa qmedunarianobisa da uflebamosilebis Semowmeba `no-
tariatis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul garigebis dadasturebas gulisxmobs. is
iTvaliswinebs notariusis valdebulebas, ganumartos sanotaro moqmedebis monawi-
les `sanotaro aqtis Sinaarsi da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi...~109
xelmomwer pirTa xelmowerebis namdvilobis damowmeba xorcieldeba kerZo aq-
tiT, romlis drosac notariusi amowmebs mxolod mxareTa piradobas da qmedunaria-
102
lo macne, 46, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi, 38-e muxlis 1-li punqtis `z~ qvepunqti.
103
104
105
lo macne, 46, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi, me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti.
106
ìnstruqcia sanotaro moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb~, damtkicebuli saqarT-
velos iusticiis ministris 2010 wlis 31 martis #71 brZanebiT `sanotaro moqmedeba-
Ta Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb~ instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze~, saqarTvelos saka-
nonmdeblo macne, 33, 2010 wlis 31 marti, me-15 muxli.
107
iqve, me-15 muxlis 1-li punqti.
108
109
228
qarTul samarTalSi
nobas.110 xazgasmulia, rom `notariuss ar ekisreba pasuxismgebloba kerZo aqtis kanon-

mdeblobasTan Seusabamobis, an kerZo aqtSi xelmomweris nebis araadekvaturad asaxvis
gamo~.111
sajaro da kerZo aqts, Sesabamisad, sanotaro dadasturebasa da xelmoweris nam-
dvilobis damowmebas Soris fundamenturi gansxvavebaa. sajaro aqtis Sedgenisas, no-
tariusis roli da adgili garigebis dadebis procesSi mniSvnelovnad didia, rac iZle-
va garigebis dadebis kanonSesabamisobis uzrunvelyofis maqsimalur SesaZleblobas,
xolo kerZo aqtis SemTxvevaSi notariusi ver axdens profesiul gavlenas garigebis
Sinaarsze. amis gamo notariusis monawileoba garigebis dadebaSi formalur donemde
dadis. is ver uzrunvelyofs notariusis funqcias garigebis dadebaSi.
garigebis Sinaarsis damowmebis forma gamoiyeneba, rogorc wesi, rTuli da mniS-
vnelovani garigebebis dros,112 Tumca damowmebis formis Sinaarsis gamoyenebis valde-
buleba ganmtkicebuli unda iyos normatiuli aqtiT. saqarTvelos kanoni `notariatis
Sesaxeb~ ar gansazRvravs garigebis damowmebisa da garigebis dadasturebis gamoyene-
bis winapirobebs, ufro sworad, masSi naTqvamia, rom `kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi
an mxareTa SeTanxmebiT adasturebs garigebebs~.113 kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi ki
ar igulisxmeba uZravi nivTebis SeZena.114 Sesabamisad, sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobas-
Tan dakavSirebuli, notariusis monawileobiT dadebuli nebismieri xelSekrulebac,
sajaro reestris uflebamosili piris mier garigebaze xelmoweris damowmebis msgav-
sad, SesaZlebelia dasruldes mxolod xelSekrulebis monawile pirTa xelmoweris
namdvilobis damowmebiT, maTi uflebamosilebisa da garigebis Sinaarsis kanonTan Se-
sabamisobis Semowmebis gareSe. mocemuli garemoeba ki safrTxes uqmnis uZravi qonebis
brunvis stabilurobas, radgan ver xdeba garigebis monawileTa im riskebisagan dacva,
romelTa prevenciisaTvis unda iqnas gamoyenebuli sanotaro moqmedeba.
gansxvavebuli midgomiT xasiaTdeboda `notariatis Sesaxeb~ 1996 wlis 3 maisis
kanoni, romelic icnobda mxolod garigebis dadasturebis SesaZleblobas.115 Tu ga-
viTvaliswinebT imasac, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 183-e muxlis 2006 wlis 8 dekemberis
cvlilebis ganxorcielebamde, uZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucilebeli iyo sanotaro we-
siT damowmebuli sabuTi da mis safuZvelze SemZenis registracia sajaro reestrSi,116
qarTulma samarTalma garkveulwilad regresi ganicada da ukve Camoyalibebuli, kon-
tinenturi evropis samarTlisaTvis Cveulebrivi mowesrigeba, Secvala naklebad dax-
110
ìnstruqcia sanotaro moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb~, damtkicebuli saqarT-
velos iusticiis ministris 2010 wlis 31 martis #71 brZanebiT `sanotaro moqmedeba-
Ta Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb~ instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze~, saqarTvelos saka-
nonmdeblo macne, 33, 2010 wlis 31 marti, me-15 muxlis me-6 punqti.
111
112
353.
113
lo macne, 46, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi, 38-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqti.
114
115
saqarTvelos kanoni `notariatis Sesaxeb~, #210, 03.05.1996, saqarTvelos parlamentis
uwyebani, 12, 1996 wlis 31 maisi, 41-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqti.
116
229
vewili, xarveziani sakanonmdeblo wesrigiT, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs uZrav niv-

Tebze sakuTrebis SeZenis saxelSekrulebo mxareebis interesebis dacvis garantiebs.
qarTuli samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, germanuli samarTali mkacrad mijnavs er-
TmaneTisagan terminebs sanotaro moqmedebis formebis mixedviT. germaniaSi moqmedebs
Sinaarsis dadasturebis117 Sesaxeb specialuri kanoni (Beurkundungsgesetz).118 xsenebuli
kanoni sanotaro dadasturebis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs termins `Notarielle Beurkundung~,119
xolo xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebis aRsaniSnavad Òffentliche Beglaubigung~120 da ka-
nonis moqmedebis sferod aRniSnulia notariusis mier sajaro dadasturebis SemTxve-
vebi.121 kanoni miuTiTebs, rom notariusi movalea izrunos, rom mxareTa neba naTlad
da gasagebad Camoyalibdes, amasTan miaqcios yuradReba, rom ar iqnes daSvebuli Sec-
domebi da ar iqnes Selaxuli garigebis gamoucdeli mxaris interesebi.122 germanuli
samarTali ufro Sors midis da notariuss avalebs, rom Tu arsebobs eWvebi kanonis
an monawile mxaris namdvil, WeSmarit interesebTan garigebis winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb,
acnobos monawiles amis Taobaze, xolo Tu mxareebis mainc moiTxoven garigebis dadas-
turebas, sanotaro aqtSi unda aRiniSnos mis mier micemuli rCevis Sesaxeb da amasTan
SeniSvnis saxiT unda daerTos mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba.123
germanuli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli sanotaro dadasturebis (Notari-
elle Beurkundung) procedura gvafiqrebinebs, rom notariusi garigebaze xelmoweramde
mxareTa TandaswrebiT ecnoba garigebis Sinaarss. kerZod, notariusis TandaswrebiT
xdeba nebis gamovlenis teqstis wakiTxva da Semdgom mxareTa xelis mowera.124 amasTan,
germanuli samarTali naTlad gansazRvravs SemTxvevebs, roca SesaZlebelia mxolod
xelmoweris damowmeba. Sinaarsis dadasturebis Sesaxeb kanonis (Beurkundungsgesetz) §36
sanotaro dadasturebas (Notarielle Beurkundung) iTxovs yvela SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu §39
sxva rames ar iTvaliswinebs,125 39-e muxli ki xelmoweris damowmebis SesaZlo SemTxve-
vebs, kerZod aslsa da sxva martiv dokumentebs.126
cxadia, germanuli samarTali gacilebiT naTlad gansazRvravs garigebaTa dade-
bis wesebs. mocemuli wesi uzrunvelyofs garigebaTa dadebisas kanonierebisa da samar-
Tlianobis dacvas, qonebrivi brunvis stabilurobas, rac gamarTlebulia samarTlis
miznidan gamomdinare. xelSekrulebis damowmeba iZleva misi namdvilobisa (sisworisa)
da sizustis varauds,127 e.i. ivaraudeba, rom xelSekruleba Sinaarsobrivad sworia da
namdvilia.128
117
winamdebare naSromSi `notariatis Sesaxeb~ moqmedi kanonis Sesabamisad termin `dadas-
turebas~ gamoviyenebT `garigebis Sinaarsis damowmebis~ aRsaniSnavad.
118
Beurkundungsgesetz, 28. August 1969, < http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/beurkg/ >
119
iqve, erster Abschnitt.
120
iqve, dritter Abschnitt.
121
iqve, § 1.
122
iqve, § 17.
123
iqve.
124
Schellhammer, Zivilrecht nach Anspruchsgrundlagen. BGB Allgemeiner teil und gesamtes Schuldrecht mix
Nebengesetzen., C. F. Müller Iuristischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1994, 698.
125
Beurkundungsgesetz, 28. August 1969, < http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/beurkg/ >, § 36.
126
iqve, § 39.
127
Larenz/Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerliechen Rechts., 8 Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, München, 1997,
523.
128
Helmux Köhler, BGB AT Kompakt, Verlag C. H. Beck, München, 2009, 81.
230
qarTul samarTalSi
qarTuli samarTali, germanulis msgavsad, ganamtkicebs sajaro reestris uty-

uarobis prezumfcias,129 Tumca moqmedi reJimiT, ver uzrunvelyofs sakuTrebis uf-
lebis utyuarobasa da sizustes. qarTuli samarTali praqtikulad winaaRmdegobaSi
modis Tavis TavTan, is sajaro reestrs, erTi mxriv, uflebis warmoSobis funqcias ani-
Webs, xolo meore mxriv mxolod statistikuri monacemebis registris rolSi gamoh-
yavs. kanoni sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobas ukavSirebs sajaro reestrSi registra-
cias, magram amave dros akninebs sajaro reestris mniSvnelobas, vinaidan garantia da
prezumfcia, rom yvelaferi kanonierad moxda, SeiZleba iTqvas, ikargeba. registracia,
rogorc sakuTrebis warmoSobisaken mimavali kanonieri gzis, procesis damagvirgvine-
beli aqti, Tu procesi iqneba ukontrolo, `SiSveli~ rCeba da masze konstituciuri
mniSvnelobis miniWeba gaumarTlebelia. sanotaro damowmebis formebis gansxvavebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, garigebis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, kanonma unda gansazRvros,
erTi mxriv, sanotaro moqmedebis ganxorcielebis valdebuleba da, meore mxriv, daad-
ginos sanotaro moqmedebis ganxorcielebis farglebi, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes no-
tariusis funqciis realuri gamoyeneba da registrirebul uflebaTa saTanado ndoba-
unarianobis uzrunvelyofa.
6. sanotaro damowmebis valdebulebis ararsebobis uaryofiTi Sedegebi
kanoni iZleva mxareTa SeTanxmebiT garigebis dadasturebis SesaZleblobas130 al-

ternativis saxiT, Tumca is iwvevs damatebiT xarjebs. sanotaro xarjebi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan garigebis dadasturebisa da xelmoweris namdvilobis da-
mowmebis dros. Tu garigebis dadasturebisas saნotaro moqmedebis sazpauri ganisazR-
vreba garigebis Rirebulebidan,131 xelmoweris namdvilobis damowmebis Rirebuleba ar
aris damokidebulis garigebis fasze.132 xSir SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi xarjebis Tavidan
acilebis cduneba ganapirobebs mxareTa mier garigebis arasanotaro formiT dadebis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebas, ise rom ar fiqroben gauTvaliswinebel Sedegebze,
riTac izrdeba Secdomis an romelime mxaris arakeTilsindiseri moqmedebis Sedegad
garigebis romelime monawilis uflebebisa da interesebis Selaxvis albaToba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb garigebebis sa-
valdebulo sanotaro damowmebis moTxovnis gauqmebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti
iyo sanotaro moqmedebisaTvis sazRauris arseboba. miCneul iqna, rom sanotaro sazR-
129
Курзински-Сингер Е., Зарандия Т., Рецепция Немецкого Вещного права в Грузии, Журн. «Вестник
гражданского права», №1, 2012, 253.
130
blo macne, 46, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi, 38-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqti.
131
`sanotaro moqmedebaTa SesrulebisaTvis sazRaurisa da saqarTvelos notariusTa pa-
latisaTvis dadgenili safasuris odenobebi, maTi gadaxdevinebis wesi da momsaxure-
bis vadebi~, damtkicebuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2011 wlis 29 dekembris `sanotaro
moqmedebaTa SesrulebisaTvis sazRaurisa da saqarTvelos notariusTa palatisaTvis
dadgenili safasuris odenobebis, maTi gadaxdevinebis wesisa da momsaxurebis vadebis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ #507 dadgenilebiT, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macnes vebgver-
di: <matsne.gov.ge>, 2011 wlis 30 dekemberi, me-3 muxlis 1-li da me-3 punqtebi, 23-e muxli.
132
iqve, 31-ე muxli.
231
auri gaumarTleblad zrdida garigebis dadebis xarjebs da saWiro iyo savaldebulo

sanotaro damowmebis moTxovnis gauqmeba.133 aseve cvlilebis miznad gacxadda xelSek-
rulebis absoluturi Tavisuflebis principis ganmtkiceba kanonmdeblobaSi.134 mo-
cemuli SexedulebiT, praqtikulad uari iTqva kanonis mier stabilurobisa da usaf-
rTxoebis uzrunvelyofis funqciaze da yuradRebis gadatana moxda mxolod xarjebis
dazogvaze, rac absoluturad gaumarTleblad unda iqnes miCneuli, vinaidan qoneba,
romelic SesaZloa dadges safrTxis qveS, SesaZloa bevrad didi Rirebulebis iyos,
vidre sanotaro xarji, romlis dazogva moxdeba notariusis monawileobis gareSe ga-
rigebis dadebiT. amave dros, Tu sanotaro momsaxurebis xarjebi iyo araTanazomie-
ri, SesaZlebeli iyo sanotaro momsaxurebis tarifebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb msjeloba,
nacvlad am motiviT garigebaTa savaldebulo sanotaro formis gauqmebisa, romelic
ver amarTlebs cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis mizans, miT ufro cvlileba aranairad
ar aris dakavSirebuli xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis ganmtkicebasTan. ga-
rigebis Sedegad warmoSobili uflebis sajaro reestrSi registraciis gamartivebis
nacvlad, dadga uZrav nivTebze sanivTo uflebaTa stabilurobis xelyofis safrTxe.
praqtikaSi gaCnda arasanotaro wesiT dadebuli garigebis negatiuri Sedegebi, aseve
misgan gamomdinare sasamarTlo davebi, rac, bunebrivia, yovelTvis ar aris uflebis
srulyofilad aRdgenis garantia.
baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiam 2010 wlis 3 dekem-
bers #2/645-09 saqmeze gadawyvetilebiT nawilobriv daakmayofila mosarCelis moTx-
ovna uZravi qonebis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis baTilobis Sesaxeb.135 sasamarTlom ba-
Tilad cno sawarmos direqtoris mier sawarmos saxeliT sakuTar TavTan dadebuli
nasyidobis xelSekruleba. baTilad iqna cnobili meore, ganvadebiT nasyidobis xel-
Sekrulebac, romelic imave sawarmos saxeliT daido mesame pirTan, Tumca saapelacio
sasamarTlom am nawilSi baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gaauqma da
xelSekruleba namdvilad CaTvala myidvelis keTilsindisierebis motiviT.136 mocemu-
li saqmidan Cans, rom baTili garigebis xelmomwer pirebs formalurad yvela moTxov-
na dakmayofilebuli hqondaT, maT Soris hqondaT partniorTa krebis gadawyvetileba
uZravi qonebis realizaciis Sesaxeb. xsenebuli partniorTa krebis gadawyvetileba ar
iZleoda sadavo garigebis im SinaarsiT dadebis uflebamosilebas, rogoric daido.
xelvaCauris raionuli sasamarTlos #2-344 saqmeze 2010 wlis 25 maisis gadawyve-
tilebiT137 baTilad iqna cnobili uZravi qonebis nasyidobis xelSekruleba, romliTac
sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema moxda realur Rirebulebaze mniSvnelovnad dabal fa-
sad nivTze mflobelobis realuri gadacemis gareSe, mesame piris mosaCveneblad.
133
ix. ganmartebiTi baraTi `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damate-
bis Setanis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis proeqtze, <http://civilin.org.ge/parliament/ccodexg.
php>, proeqtis #07-5/337, parlamentSi Sesvlis TariRi 20.10.06, 1.
134
iqve.
135
ix.: baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 3 dekembris gadawyvetileba, xelmisawvdo-
mia baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos arqivSi, 24.
136
ix.: quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 15 dekembris gadawyvetileba, xel-
misawvdomia baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos arqivSi.
137
ix.: xelvaCauris raionuli sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 25 maisis gadawyvetileba, xelmisawv-
domia xelvaCauris raionuli sasamarTlos arqivSi.
232
qarTul samarTalSi
zemoT xsenebuli garigebebi daido sajaro reestrSi garigebaze xelmoweris da-

mowmebaze uflebamosili piris meSveobiT. didi albaTobiT arc erTi maTganis dadebas
ar dauSvebda notariusi, garigebebis Sinaarsis damowmebis SemTxvevaSi.
rogorc Cans, sajaro reestris uflebamosilma pirma ar Seamowma partniorTa
krebis gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi, ar Seafasa partniorTa mier gamoxatuli neba da dak-
mayofilda mxolod partnioris gadawyvetilebis formaluri arsebobiT. meore Sem-
TxvevaSi ki ar miaqcia yuradReba xelSekrulebis Sinaarss. meore SemTxveva TvalTmaq-
cur garigebad iqna miCneuli sasamarTlos mier, rac SedarebiT ufro rTuli Sesafase-
belia, Tumca pirvel SemTxvevaSi partniorTa krebis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba gacile-
biT martivad SeiZleboda moexdina uflebamosil pirs misi wakiTxvis SemTxvevaSi.
rom ara uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis arasanotaro dadebis we-
si, sawarmos direqtori ver SeZlebda verc sakuTar TavTan garigebis dadebas da ver
mesame pirTan ganvadebiT nasyidobis gaformebas. savaraudod, notariusi SeZlebda
TvalTmaqcuri garigebis swor samarTlebriv Sefasebasac. Sedegad, Tavidan iqneboda
acilebuli sasamarTlo dava, rasac udavod didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, magram
gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia im garemoebas, rom uZrav qonebaze nasyidobis xel-
Sekrulebis dadebis moqmedi wesi praqtikulad Zirs uTxris registraciis sistemas. ver
sruldeba saadgilmamulo wignSi uZravi nivTis mesakuTrisa da uflebrivi tvirTis Se-
saxeb saimedo da myari monacemebis aRricxvis ZiriTadi mizani.138 arsebuli wesi iZleva
Sedegs, roca reestrSi ganxorcielebul Canawerebze aravin agebs pasuxs, rac sandoo-
bisa da utyuarobis princips pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba. aRniSnuli principebi gamofi-
tuli xdeba da daiyvaneba mxolod xelmowerebis sandoobamde. mniSvnelovani aris ara
ubralod uflebis registracia, aramed namdvili uflebis registracia, rac ver miiR-
weva arsebuli garigebis dadebisa da registraciis samarTlebrivi reJimiT.
7. daskvna
uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis Tanamedrove qarTulma siste-

mam, romelmac uari Tqva garigebis sanotaro damowmebis savaldebulo formaze, praq-
tikulad, ukan daixia da uari Tqva saadgilmamulo wignis sistemis erT-erT damaxasia-
Tebel niSanze. savaldebulo sanotaro damowmebis uaryofam negatiuri gavlena moax-
dina garigebis dadebis sandoobis xarisxze.
ganxiluli konkretuli praqtikuli magaliTebiTac ki naTlad Cans uZrav nivTeb-
ze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb garigebebis Sinaarsis sajaro aqtiT sano-
taro damowmebis upiratesoba. ar arsebobs xelSesaxebi, mniSvnelovani mizezi, romel-
mac ganapiroba sanotaro damowmebis valdebulebis gauqmeba da amiT garigebis dadebis
procesis sandoobis safrTxis qveS dayeneba.
uZrav nivTebze garigebaTa savaldebulo sanotaro dadasturebis wesis gacxa-
debuli mizani, romelic mocemulia kanonis proeqtze arsebul ganmartebiT baraTSi,
138
Schmidt R., Sachenrecht II, Immobiliarsachenrecht, Kreditsicherungsrecht, Verlag Dr. Rolf Schmidt, 1. Aufl.,
2004, 16. miTiTebulia: lafaCi e., sajaro reestri – uZrav nivTebze uflebaTa maregist-
rirebeli organo da am sferoSi ganxorcielebuli reformebi, Jurn. `samarTlis Jur-
nali~, #2, 2011, 80.
233
ver amarTlebs ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs da Sedegad iwvevs mxolod gaumarTle-

bel riskebsa da xarvezebs uZravi nivTebze sanivTo uflebaTa warmoSobis procesSi,
rac safrTxes uqmnis uZravi qonebis brunvis stabilurobas.
qonebrivi brunvis usafrTxoebis, SemZenis interesebis dacvisa da stabiluro-
bis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiroa sanotaro wesiT savaldebulo dadasturebis wesis
kvlav SemoReba, rac amave dros upasuxebs saadgilmamulo wignis sistemis moTxovnas.
calke unda aRiniSnos samoqalaqo kodeqssa da sanotaro kanonmdeblobaSi ter-
minebis `damowmeba~, `dadastureba~, `saTanado damowmeba~ aRreva, rac ukargavs maT
mniSvnelobas da qmnis araerTgvarovani interpretaciis SesaZleblobas. es ki saWiro-
ebs daxvewas da terminebis mniSvnelobis ganmartebas da SemdgomSi mis Sesabamis gamo-
yenebas.
234
zaqaria SveliZe*
SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulireba

qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT
1. Sesavali
diskriminaciis akrZalvis principis warmoSoba sazogadoebaSi farTod gazia-

rebul fundamentur moralur Rirebulebebs ukavSirdeba. am Rirebulebebis sawina-
aRmdego qmedebebze demokratiuli sazogadoebis reaqcia diskriminaciis amkrZalavi
kanonmdeblobis miRebaSi gamoixata.1 samarTlis es dargi adamianTa uflebebis dacvis
sferos miekuTvneba,2 romelic, problemis aqtualurobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SromiTi
urTierTobis maregulirebel normebSic damkvidrda.3 dResdReobiT SromiTi diskri-
minaciis akrZalvis instituti Tanamedrove Sromis samarTlis ganuyofeli komponen-
tia. `SromiTi diskriminaciis samarTali~ dinamikuri samarTlis mimarTulebaa, rom-
lis ganviTarebas, zogadad, sazogadoebaze, konkretulad ki biznessa da samuSaos Sem-
srulebelze didi gavlena aqvs.4
diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulireba SromiT urTierTobaSi saerTaSoriso aqte-
biTa da konvenciebiT miiRweva. amasTan, mravali qveynis erovnuli kanonmdebloba krZa-
lavs SromiT diskriminacias sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT. 2006 wels, saqarTveloSi axali
Sromis kodeqsis miRebis Semdgom, qarTuli Sromis bazrisaTvis aqamde ucnobi SromiTi
diskriminaciis akrZalvis principi amoqmedda. igi warmoadgens siaxles qarTul Sromis
samarTalSi da aRniSnuli normebis sworad gamoyenebas SromiTi urTierTobis subieq-
tebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. SromiT urTierTobebSi diskriminaciis akrZalva
gansakuTrebuli specifikiT xasiaTdeba. institutis regulirebis Tavisebureba ganpi-
robebulia konkretul qveyanaSi arsebuli garkveuli socialuri Tu ekonomikuri faq-
torebis zegavleniT. winamdebare statiis mizania SromiT urTierTobaSi diskrminaciis
amkrZalavi qarTuli kanonmdeblobis analizi da misi Taviseburebebis Sefaseba. axali
Sromis kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg aqtualuria gairkves, ra formiT axorcielebs Tana-
medrove qarTuli Sromis samarTali SromiTi diskriminaciis regulirebas. naSromis
mizania saqarTvelos SromiTi diskriminaciis samarTlis wyaroebis Seswavla, SromiTi
diskriminaciis regulirebis farglebisa da misi moqmedebis sferos dadgena, agreTve,
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, samarTlis mowveuli leqtori.
1
Brest P., In Defence of the Antidiscrimination Principle, in: Foundations of Employment Discrimination Law,
Donohue J. (Editor), New York, “Oxford University Press”, 1997, 17.
2
magaliTisaTvis ixile Ontiversos M., Employment Discrimination, in: Human Rights in Labour and
Employment Relations: International and Domestic Perspectives, Gross J., Compa L. (Editors), Champaign,
“Labour and Employment Relations Association”, 2009, 196-198.
3
Sural N., Country Studies: Turkey: Islamic Outfits in the Workplace in Turkey, A Muslim Majority Country,
“Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal”, Spring, 2009, 10.
4
Mcdonald J., Ravitch F., Sumners P., Employment Discrimination Law, Problems, Cases and Critical Perspec-
tives, New Jersey, “Pearson Prentice Hall”, 2006, Preface.
235
diskriminaciis niSnebis kategorizaciis Sedegad saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT akrZa-

luli diskriminaciis niSnebis farglebis garkveva da maTi maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofa.
wamoWril sakiTxze msjeloba saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikis analizTan erTad
ganxorcieldeba. mocemul viTarebaSi sainteresoa Sefasdes, SromiTi diskriminaciis
amkrZalavi normebi ramdenad iZleva Sromis bazarze maTi efeqturad gamoyenebis SesaZ-
leblobas.
2. SromiTi diskriminaciis regulirebis wyaro
2.1. saqarTvelos konstitucia
diskriminaciis akrZalvis institucionalizacia adamianTa Tanasworobis idei-

dan gamomdinareobs. Tanasworoba da diskriminacia medalis ori mxarea. Tanasworobis
uzrunvelyofa diskriminacias gamoricxvas. adamianTa Tanasworoba da diskriminaciis
akrZalva aRiarebulia rogorc fundamenturi da universaluri principi demokratiu-
li qveynebis konstituciebSi.5 diskriminaciis akrZalvis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis
sabaziso wyaros warmoadgens qveynis uzenaesi kanoni. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14
muxlis mixedviT, `yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia
ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexe-
dulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebri-
vi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa~. kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis
fundamenturi uflebis damdgeni es norma Tanasworobis universalur konstituciuri
norma-principia, romelic gulisxmobs adamianebis samarTlebrivi dacvis Tanabari pi-
robebis garantirebas. Tanasworobis idea emsaxureba SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis
uzrunvelyofas, anu adamianebis TviTrealizaciisaTvis erTnairi SesaZleblobebis
garantirebas. Tanasworobis ZiriTadi ufleba sxva konstituciuri uflebebisgan imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom is ar icavs cxovrebis romelime gansazRvrul sferos. Tanasworobis
principi moiTxovs Tanabar mopyrobas adamianis uflebebiTa da kanonieri interesebiT
dacul yvela sferoSi.6 Tanasworuflebianobis uzogadesi konstituciuri koncefcia
vrceldeba SromiT urTierTobazec.
SromiTi urTierTobis mimarT gamosayenebeli Tanasworobis fundamenturi prin-
cipis garda, zogierTi evropuli qveynis konstituciebSi SeiniSneba mamakacTa da qal-
Ta Tanabari Rirebulebis SromisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis uzrunvelmyofi debu-
lebebi. magaliTad, bulgareTisa7 da ungreTis8 konstituciebSi garantirebulia qa-
lisa da mamakacis Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis Tanabari anazRau-
5
Blanpain R., Equality and Prohibition of Discrimination in Employment, in: Comparative Labour Law and
Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (General Editor), 2nd Revised Edition, Deventer/Antwerp/London/Frankfurt/
Boston/New York, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers”, 1985, 451.
6
saqarTvelos sakonstitutcio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 27 dekemberis gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #1/1/493. gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
7 Mrachkov V., Bulgaria, in: International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Vol. 4, Blan-
pain R. (Editor in Chief), Deventer/Boston, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers”, 1995, 162.
8 Nagy L., Hungary, in: International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (Edi-
tor in Chief), Vol.7, The Hague/London/ Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 2000, 35-37.
236
z. SveliZe, SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulireba
rebis principi. imave normatiul aqtebSi dakonkretebulia anazRaurebis gansazRvris

ZiriTadi kriteriumi – Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi da raodenoba. Tanabari samuSa-
os SesrulebisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis miRebis uflebis garda, italiis konsti-
tuciaSi aRniSnulia, rom yvela dasaqmebul qals unda hqondes igive uflebebi, rac
mamakac dasaqmebulebs.9 iqve dakonkretebulia, rom qalebs gaaCniaT Tanabari Sromis
ufleba da Tanabari SromiTi pirobebis ufleba.10
zemoaRniSnuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Tanaswo-
ruflebianobis (da, Sesabamasad, diskriminaciis akrZalvis) mxolod zogadi principia
mocemuli. masSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris mamakacTa da qalTa Soris Tanabari Rire-
bulebis SromisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis gadaxdis Sesaxeb debuleba. saqarTvelo-
Si aRniSnuli ideis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT11 da
specialuri kanoniT miiRweva.12
2.2. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi
2.2.1. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebi
diskriminaciis akrZalvis instituti warmodgenilia araerT saerTaSoriso aq-

tSi. uSualod SromiT urTierTobebSi diskriminaciis amkrZalav aqtebs Soris aRsaniS-
navia Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebi.
qalisa da mamakacisaTvis Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaosTvis Tanabari anazRau-
rebis principi aRiarebul iqna jer kidev 1919 wlis Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaci-
is konstituciis teqstSi. amasTan, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis filadelfiis
1944 wlis deklaraciaSi dadginda diskriminaciis akrZalvis principi. sabolood, 1951
wels miRebul iqna 100 konvencia mamakacTa da qalTa Tanabari Rirebulebis SromisaT-
vis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.13 es konvencia ratificirebulia saqarTvelos par-
lamentis mier.14
Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaos arss, romelic gamoyenebulia konvenciis mier,
farTo gageba aqvs. #100 konvenciis ZiriTadi mizania, rom dasaqmebulis sqesi mxed-
velobaSi ar unda iqnes miRebuli dasaqmebulis anazRaurebis odenobis gansazRvri-
sas.15 Tanabari anazRaurebis principis implementaciasTan dakavSirebiT problemuria
is sakiTxi, rom zogierTi saxelmwifo ar ereva kerZo seqtorSi xelfasis gansazRvris
9
TreuT., Italy, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in
Chief), Vol.8, The Hague/London/ Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 1998, 82.
10
Mandruzzato P., Italy, in: International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-Chief),
3rd Edition, Volume IA (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (Non-NAFTA), Chicago, “BNA Books”,
2009, 6-87.
11
ix. winamdebare statiis 1.2.1 da 1.2.2. qveqveTavebi.
12
ix. winamdebare statiis 1.3.2.1 qveqveTavi.
13
Valticos N., Von Potobsky G., International Labour Law, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and
Industrial Relations, Vol. 3, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Deventer/Boston, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Pub-
lishers“, 1994, 118-209.
14
ix. saqarTvelos parlamentis 1996 wlis 29 maisis #153 dadgenileba.
15
Industrial Relations, Vol. 3, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Deventer/Boston, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Pub-
lishers“, 1994, 210.
237
procesSi. konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi valdebuli arian, uzrunvelyon Tana-

bari anazRaurebis principis danergva mxolod maSin, roca qveyanaSi moqmedebs anazR-
aurebis gansazRvris meTodi.16 saqarTveloSi 2006 wels, axali Sromis kanonmdeblobis
amoqmedebis Semdeg, aRar ar aris dadgenili dasaqmebulis anazRaurebis gansazRvris
meTodi an standarti (maT Soris minimaluri xelfasi). aRniSnuli sakiTxi mxareTa Se-
Tanxmebis sagania17 da regulirdeba Sromis bazris mier.18
1958 wels Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciam miiRo #111 konvencia Sromisa da
dasaqmebis sferoSi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb. konvencia ratificirebulia saqarTvelos
parlamentis mier.19 igi zogadi xasiaTisaa da miznad isaxavs xelSemkvrel saxelmwifo-
ebis erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT SromiTi diskriminaciis ak-
rZalvis danergvas.
2.2.2. èvropis socialuri qartia~
2005 wlis 1 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli iqna dadgenileba

#1876-rs strasburgis 1996 wlis 3 maisis evropis socialuri qartiis (Sesworebuli) da
misi danarTis ratificirebis Taobaze.20 dadgenilebis ZaliT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
savaldebulod aRiarebs qartiis zogierT muxls, maT Soris me-4 III muxls, romlis Ta-
naxmadac, Sromis samarTliani anazRaurebis miRebis uflebis efeqturi ganxorcielebis
mizniT, mxareebi valdebulebas iReben aRiaron qalTa da mamakacTa mier Tanabari Rire-
bulebis samuSaosaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis miRebis ufleba. ratificirebul normebs
Sorisaa me-20 I muxli, romlis mixedviTac dasaqmebisa da profesiuli saqmianobis sfe-
roSi sqesobrivi diskriminaciis gareSe, Tanabari SesaZleblobebisa da Tanaswori mopy-
robiT sargeblobis uflebis efeqtianad ganxorcielebis mizniT, mxareebi valdebule-
bas iReben aRiaron es ufleba da miiRon saTanado zomebi Semdeg sferoebSi – dasaqmebis
xelmisawvdomoba, samsaxuridan daTxovnisagan dacva da profesiuli reintegracia.
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 II,21 normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-7 III22
da Sromis kodeqsis 1-li I23 muxlebidan gamomdinare, Sromis saerTaSoriso organiza-
16
ix. konvenciis me-3 II muxli.
17
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 31-e I muxlis Tanaxmad, Sromis anazRaurebis forma da
odenoba ganisazRvreba SromiTi xelSekrulebiT.
18
Industrial Relations, Vol.3, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Deventer/Boston, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Pub-
lishers“, 1994, 210.
19
ix. saqarTvelos parlamentis 1995 wlis 4 maisis #738-11s dadgenileba.
20
gamoqveynebulia sakanonmdeblo macneSi #82, 2005 wlis 13 ivlisi.
21
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba
saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli
Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.
22
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebis, saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmebisa da
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebis mimarT moqmedebs Semdegi
ierarqia: a) saqarTvelos konstitucia, saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanoni; b) saqarT-
velos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba; g) saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba da
SeTanxmeba; d) saqarTvelos organuli kanoni; e) saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos pr-
ezidentis dekreti, saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamenti.
23
es kanoni awesrigebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze SromiT da mis Tanmdev urTierTobebs,
238
ciis #100 da #111 konvenciebs, aseve èvropis socialuri qartiis~ ratificirebul

normebs gaaCniaT upiratesi iuridiuli Zala SromiTi urTierTobis maregulirebel
qveynis Sida normatiul aqtTan mimarTebiT.
2.2.3. evropuli kavSiris direqtivebi
evropuli kavSiris samarTlis wvlili SromiTi diskriminaciis institutis ganvi-

Tarebis TvalsazrisiT uaRresad didia. dResdReobiT sadavo aravisTvisaa, rom Sro-
miTi diskriminaciis akrZalvis ideis pozitiuri ganviTareba evropis doneze evropu-
li kavSiris damsaxurebiT ganxorcielda.24 evropuli kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi
antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis miRebis ZiriTad maprovocirebel faqtorebs
warmoadgenda evropuli kavSiris direqtivebi, Sesabamisad, maTi gavlena25 erovnul ka-
nonmdeblobebze aSkaraa.26
pirvel etapze qalisa da mamakacis mimarT Tanabari anazRaurebis principis amsax-
veli norma27 evropuli kavSiris sadamfuZneblo romis xelSekrulebaSi gaCnda. evro-
puli kavSiris farglebSi SromiTi diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebul pirveli sasamar-
Tlo davisas,28 evropuli kavSiris sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom romis xelSekrulebis am
Tu isini gansxvavebulad ar regulirdeba sxva specialuri kanoniT an saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT.
24
Kilpatrick C., Emancipation Through Law or the Emasculation of Law? The Nation-State, the EU, and Gender
Equality at Work, in: Labour Law in an Era of Globalization, Conaghan J., Fischl R., Klare K. (Editors), New
York, “Oxford University Press”, 2002, 493.
25
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, evropuli kavSiris antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobaze
SeiniSneba aSS-is Sromis samarTlis garkveuli gavlena, rac, ZiriTadad, exeba SezRudu-
li SesaZleblobis safuZvliT diskriminaciis regulirebas. Fahlbeck R., Mulder B.J., Sweden,
in: International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors), Volume IIA, 3rd Edition, (Cover-
ing through 2007), Additional Economies (EU and Other European), Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2008,19-86.
26
Hepple B., Fredman S., Truter G., Great Britain, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial
Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol. 6, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”
2002, 181; Redmond M., Ireland, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations,
Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol. 8, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 1996, 135-137;
Adlercreutz A., Sweden, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain R.
(Editor in Chief), Vol. 13, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 1998, 123; Loosntra C.,
Van Arkel G., The Netherlands, International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-
Chief), Volume IIA, 3rd Edition (Covering through 2007), Additional Economies (EU and Other European),
Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2008, 16-74.
27
119-e muxli, romelic, amsterdamis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, warmodgenili iyo rogorc
141-e muxli, xolo dResdReobiT, lisabonis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, warmodgenilia,
rogorc 157-e muxli. motivacia aRniSnuli normis inicirebisa iyo safrangeTis saxelm-
wifosa da zogadad franguli sazogadoebis daJineba, rom, rogorc wesi, sxva evropul
qveynebTan SedarebiT, safrangeTSi qalebi Rebulobdnen dabal anazRaurebas, rac,
sabolood, evropuli qveynebis saerTo bazris konkurentunarianobis deformirebas
axdenda; amiT ki erTiani evropuli bazris konkurentuli uTanasworoba yalibdeboda.
Kilpatrick C., Emancipation Through Law or the Emasculation of Law? The Nation-State, the EU, and Gender
Equality at Work, in: Labour Law in an Era of Globalization, Conaghan J., Fischl R., Klare K., New York,
“Oxford University Press”, 2002, 490.
28
Case 43/75, Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) [1976] ECR 455.
239
normas gaaCnia pirdapiri moqmedebis Zala, rogorc vertikalurad (wevri saxelmwifos

mimarT), aseve horizontalurad (kerZo damsaqmebelTa mimarT).29 Sedegad, aRniSnuli
debuleba Camoyalibda, rogorc samuSao adgilze genderuli Tanasworobis uzrun-
velmyofi evropuli kavSiris miswrafebis ZiriTadi elementi.30 mecnierTa azriT, mi-
TiTebuli norma unda Sefasdes, rogorc specialuri gamovlineba Tanabari mopyrobis
zogadi principisa, romelic evropuli kavSiris samarTlebrivi wesrigisaTvis funda-
mentur Rirebulebas warmoadgens.31
1975 wlis Semdeg, dRemde, evropuli kavSiris farglebSi SromiTi diskriminaci-
is maregulirebeli araerTi mniSvnelovani direqtiva iqna miRebuli.32 am direqtive-
bis Sesruleba mxolod evropuli kavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisTvisaa savaldebulo.
Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia, rom 1997 wlis 2 seqtembris saqarTvelos parlamentis dadge-
nilebis Tanaxmad, 1998 wlis 1 seqtembridan saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli
yvela kanoni da sxva normatiuli aqti evropuli kavSiris mier dadgenil standartebsa
da normebs unda Seesabamebodes.33 amdenad, evropuli kavSiris direqtivebTan harmo-
nizacia da Sida kanonmdeblobis evropul kanonmdeblobasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana
qveynis samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis procesis aucilebeli komponentia.34
29
Hepple B., Fredman S., Truter G., Great Britain, International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial
Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol. 6, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”,
2002, 181. Kilpatrick C., Emancipation Through Law or the Emasculation of Law? The Nation-State, the EU,
and Gender Equality at Work, in: Labour Law in an Era of Globalization, Conaghan J., Fischl R., Klare K,
New York, “Oxford University Press”, 2002, 491-492.
30
Kenner J., The European Union, in: International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Edi-
tors-in-Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IA, (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (Non-NAFTA), Chicago,
“BNA Books”, 2009, 1-180.
31
Dougan M., Free Movement: The Workseekers as Citizen, “The Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal
Studies”, Vol. 4, 2001, 2002, 102.
32
Council Directive 75/117/EEC of 10 February 1975 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States
relating to the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women; Council Directive 76/207/EEC
of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards
access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions as amended by Directive
2002/73; Council Directive 79/7/EEC of 19 December 1978 on the progressive implementation of the prin-
ciple of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security; Council Directive 96/97/EC of 20
December 1996 amending Directive 86/378/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for
men and women in occupational social security schemes; Council Directive 97/80/EC of 15 December 1997
on the burden of proof in cases of discrimination based on sex; Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000
implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin; Council
Directive2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employ-
ment and occupation, Foster N., Blackstone’s Statutes EC Legislation, 17th Edition, 2006/2007..
33
kereseliZe d., saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evropuli kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan
harmonizaciis erovnuli programa, `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5/1-2002, 8.
34
saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi sistemis evropulTan daaxloebisaTvis umniSvnelovane-
si nabijia aseve `saqarTvelos da evrogaerTianebas da mis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris
dadebuli partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb” SeTanxmeba (PCA), romelic 1999
wlis 1 ivliss Sevida ZalaSi. saqarTvelos msgavsad, evrogaerTianebis SeTanxmeba part-
niorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb dadebuli aqvs saqarTvelos or mezobel saxelm-
wifosTan - somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan.
240
2.3. erovnuli kanonmdebloba
2.3.1. 1973 wlis Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi
2006 wlamde moqmedi 1973 wlis Sromis kanonTa kodeqsisTvis diskriminaciis ak-
rZalvis problema ucxo iyo. masSi mocemuli iyo SromiTi diskriminaciis regulirebis
erTgvari mcdeloba. Sromis kanonTa kodeqsis me-17 II muxlis Tanaxmad, `samuSaod mi-
Rebisas dauSvebelia adamianis uflebaTa pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri SezRudva an upi-
ratesobis miniWeba rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, religiis, politikuri da sxva Se-
xedulebebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi
da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT“. miTiTebuli norma
diskriminaciis akrZalvis erTi fragmentia, romelic vrceldeboda mxolod samuSaod
miRebis procesze da SromiTi urTierToba ar Tavsdeboda diskriminaciis akrZalvis
moqmedebis sferoSi.
2.3.2. 2006 wlis Sromis kodeqsi
saqarTveloSi SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalvis institucionalur doneze re-

gulireba ganxorcielda 2006 wlis axali Sromis kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg. kodeqsi uz-
runvelyofs diskriminaciis niSnebis, diskriminaciuli qmedebis da gamarTlebuli
mopyrobis reglamentacias. aRniSnuli normatiuli aqti winamdebare statiaSi deta-
luradaa ganxiluli.
2.3.3. specialuri kanoni
2.3.2.1. `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanoni
2010 wlis 26 marts saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebul iqna kanoni `genderu-
li Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~.35 2010 wlamde saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba SromiT urTier-
TobaSi genderuli diskriminaciis sistemur da specialur reglamentacias ar axden-
da. aRniSnul sferos jer kidev 1996 wlidan saqarTveloSi `mamakacTa da qalTa Tana-
bari Rirebulebis SromisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb~ Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis #100 konvencia aregulirebs. Tumca Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis
konvenciebi Tavisi arsiT TviTaRsrulebadi ar arian. maTi ratifikacia saxelmwifos
akisrebs valdebulebas, miiRos Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba, romelic aucilebelia misi
implementaciisaTvis.36 Sesabamisad, `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis miReba-
ze iyo damokidebuli #100 konvenciis efeqturi amoqmedeba.
`genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-2 muxlis mixedviT, kanonis mizans
warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi (maT Soris SromiT urTierTo-
35
saqarTvelos kanoni `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~, gamoqveynebulia 2010 wlis 12
aprilis saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macneSi, 18.
36
Blanpain R., Belgium, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain R.
(Editor in Chief), Vol.3, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International“, 2001, 90.
241
baSi) diskriminaciis dauSveblobis uzrunvelyofa, saTanado pirobebis Seqmna qalisa

da mamakacis Tanaswori uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis realizaci-
isaTvis. kanoni adgens qalisa da mamakacis saqarTvelos konstituciiT gansazRvruli
Tanaswori uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis ZiriTad
garantiebs, gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sesabamis sferoebSi uflebebis
ganxorcielebis samarTlebriv meqanizmebsa da pirobebs.
2.3.3.2. `profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni
`profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 1997 wlis

2 aprils iqna miRebuli. kanonSi mocemulia diskriminaciis amkrZalavi erTaderTi de-
buleba, romelic, kanonis miznidan gamomdinare, exeba mxolod profesiuli kavSiris
wevrobis niSniT ganxorcielebul diskriminacias. kanonis me-11 VI muxlis Tanaxmad,
`dauSvebelia damsaqmeblis mier muSakis diskriminacia profkavSiris wevrad yofnis an
aryofnis gamo~.
3. SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalva
3.1. SromiTi diskriminaciis Sinaarsi
diskriminacia adamianTa gaumarTlebeli, uTanasworo mopyrobaa.37 sityva dis-

kriminacia gulisxmobs garkveuli niSnis mixedviT adamianTa Soris gansxvavebas nega-
tiur konteqstSi. diskriminaciul qmedebaSi moiazreba subieqtis araTanabar mdgo-
mareobaSi Cayeneba, rac ar iarsebebda, rom ara diskriminirebuli piris specifikuri
niSani – maxasiaTebeli.38
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, diskriminaciuli qmedeba Tavisi arsiT Tanasworuflebia-
nobis darRvevas gulisxmobs. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, Tanabari mopyrobis uzrunvelyo-
fa nebismieri formis diskriminaciis akrZalvas niSnavs.39 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom `diskriminaciis sakiTxze msjelobisas sasamarTlom, pir-
vel rigSi, unda daadginos: 1) pirebi (pirTa jgufebi) warmoadgenen Tu ara arsebiTad
Tanasworebs; amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan es pirebi Sedarebad kategori-
ebs unda warmoadgendnen; isini ama Tu im SinaarsiT, kriteriumiT msgavs kategoriaSi,
analogiur garemoebebSi unda xvdebodnen, arsebiTad Tanasworni unda iyvnen konkre-
tul viTarebasa Tu urTierTobebSi; erTi da igive pirebi garkveul urTierTobasTan,
viTarebasTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba ganxilul iqnen arsebiTad Tanasworad, xolo sxva
garemoebebTan mimarTebiT – ara. 2) aSkara unda iyos arsebiTad Tanaswori pirebis mi-
marT gansxvavebuli mopyroba (an arsebiTad araTanaswori pirebis mimarT Tanaswori
37
Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (General Editor), 2nd Revised Edition, Deventer/Antwerp/London/Frankfurt/
Boston/New York, ”Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers”, 1985, 453.
38
Adlercreutz A., Sweden, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain R.
(General Editor), Vol.13, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 1998, 120.
39
(General Editor), Vol.3, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International“, 2001, 102.
242
mopyroba) ama Tu im niSnis safuZvelze, uflebebiT daculi sferoebis mixedviT~.40

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb msjelobas iwyebs akrZalu-
li niSnebis CamonaTvaliT, saidanac mxolod diskriminaciisgan dacul pirTa wris dad-
genaa SesaZlebeli. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, Sromis kodeqsis
me-2 III muxli akonkretebs diskriminaciis calkeul saxeebs.41
Sromis kodeqsis me-2 IV muxlSi SromiTi diskriminaciis Sinaarsobrivi ganmar-
tebaa warmodgenili. am normis mixedviT diskriminaciad CaiTvleba pirisaTvis iseTi
pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic pirdapir an arapirdapir auaresebs mis mdgomareobas ana-
logiur pirobebSi myof sxva pirTan SedarebiT. es debuleba ayalibebs uTanasworo,
diskriminaciuli mopyrobis zogad formulirebas da diskriminaciis arsebobas Tanas-
woruflebianobis darRvevas ukavSirebs.
diskriminacia Tavis arsiT damamcirebeli xasiaTisaa da Seusabamoa adamianis
RirsebasTan.42 Sromis kodeqsis me-2 IV muxlSi mocemulia SromiTi diskriminaciis ki-
dev erTi forma – Seviwroeba.43 diskriminaciad CaiTvleba piris pirdapir an arapirda-
pir Seviwroeba, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis damaSinebeli, mtruli, damam-
cirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas.
`genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanoni iTvaliswinebs diskriminaciis Semdeg
ganmartebas: `sqesis niSniT nebismieri gansxvaveba, gamijvna an/da SezRudva, romelic
gamoxatulia uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis gansxvavebuli aRiarebiT, Se-
saZleblobebis araTanabari warmoCeniT, SesustebiT an uaryofiT da xorcieldeba
pirdapiri Tu iribi diskriminaciis formiT~.
diskriminaciuli mopyrobis, ufro konkretulad ki, Seviwroebis gancalkevebu-
li kategoriaa seqsualuri xasiaTis Seviwroeba,44 rac sqesis niSniT pirdapiri diskri-
minaciis formas warmoadgens.45 saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT ar xdeba seqsualuri
xasiaTis Seviwroebis diskriminaciis specialur formad gamoyofa. igi regulirdeba
`genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-6 I.b muxliT – `SromiT urTierTobaSi ak-
rZalulia seqsualuri xasiaTis nebismieri arasasurveli sityvieri, arasityvieri an
40
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 27 dekemberis gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #1/1/493. gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
41
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 19 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze #as-549
-517-2010. gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
42
Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (General Editor), Vol.3, Deventer/Boston, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Pub-
lishers”, 1994, 118.
43
Harrasment.
44
seqsualuri xasiaTis Seviwroeba niSnavs nebismieri formis verbalur, araverbalur,
sxeulis qcevasTan dakavSirebul sqesobrivi xasiaTis Seuracxmyofel, damaSinebel da
Rirsebis Semlaxvel qmedebas/qcevas, romlis mixedviTac diskriminaciis ganmaxorcie-
lebelma pirma icis an unda scodnoda, rom es ewinaaRmdegeba qalis an mamakacis Rirse-
bas. Blanpain R., Belgium, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain
R. (General Editor), Vol.3, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International“, 2001, 102.
45
Prangli T., Liigus L., Estonia, in: Labor and Employment Law in the New EU Member and Candidate States,
Reitz Etgen A., United States of America, “American Bar Association”, 2007, 149.
243
fizikuri qceva, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs piris Rirsebis Selaxvas an misTvis
damamcirebeli, mtruli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas~.
SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalva SeuzRudavad moqmedebs im damsaqmeblis mi-
marT, romelic akmayofilebs Sromis kodeqsis mier dadgenil kriteriumebs.46 rogorc
gamonaklisi saerTo wesidan, aRsaniSnavia aSS-is kanonmdebloba, romelSic diskrimina-
ciis amkrZalavi 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqti vrceldeba mxolod im damsaqme-
belze, romelsac erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi arankleb 20 kvirisa yoveldRiurad daqira-
vebuli hyavs 15 an meti dasaqmebuli.47
3.2. pirdapiri diskriminacia
diskriminacia ori saxisaa – pirdapiri da arapirdapiri. pirdapiria diskrimina-

cia, rodesac Tanasworuflebianobis (Tanabari mopyrobis wesis) darRveva xorciel-
deba gamoxatuli niSnis mixedviT. pirdapiri diskriminaciisas gansxvavebuli mopyro-
bis safuZvelia subieqtis konkretuli niSani.48 pirdapiri diskriminaciis magaliTia
teqsti vakansiis gancxadebidan `mamakaci maswavlebeli”. aRniSnuli SezRudva warmo-
adgens pirdapir diskriminacias sqesis niSniT (am SemTxvevaSi qalebi arian araTanabar
mdgomareobaSi kacebTan SedarebiT, radgan maTi kandidatura ar ganixileba vakansi-
aze).49 pirdapiria diskriminacia, rodesac damsaqmeblis araTanabari mopyroba (maga-
liTad, samuSaod miRebaze an dawianurebaze uaris Tqma) xorcieldeba fizikuri piris
religiuri mrwamsis, politikuri Sexedulebis an nebismieri sxva konkretuli niSnis
safuZvelze.
3.3. arapirdapiri diskriminacia
arapirdapiri diskriminacia aris qmedeba, romelic pirdapir ar miuTiTebs ak-

rZalul niSanze, Tumca misi ganxorcieleba dakavSirebulia diskriminaciuli Sedegis
dadgomasTan. arapirdapiri diskriminaciis dros Tanasworuflebianobis darRveva
ar aris gamoxatuli, Tumca igi arapirdapir moqmedebs konkretuli niSnis mqone su-
bieqtebze. arapirdapiri diskriminaciisas neitraluri daTqma, qmedeba an raime saxis
mopyroba gavlenas axdens konkretul jgufze, ris gamoc aRniSnuli jgufi misTvis
46
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-3 II muxlis mixedviT, damsaqmebeli aris fizikuri an
iuridiuli piri, anda pirTa gaerTianeba, romlisTvisac SromiTi xelSekrulebis sa-
fuZvelze sruldeba garkveuli samuSao.
47
Goldmen A., United States of America, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Rela-
tions, Blanpain R. (General Editor), Vol.13, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International“, 1996,
178; Mickey P., United States, International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-
in-Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IB (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (NAFTA) and International
Issues, 2009, Chicago, “BNA Books”, 33g-6- 33g-50.
48
(Editor in Chief), Vol. 3, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International“, 2001, 102.
49
Callaghan P., UK, in: International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-Chief),
2009, 8-171.
244
damaxasiaTebeli niSnis gamo aRmoCndeba uTanasworo mdgomareobaSi.50 Sedegad, ara-

pirdapiri diskriminaciuli qmedeba adamianTa gansazRvrul jgufs, danarCenebTan Se-
darebiT, akisrebs gacilebiT mZime tvirTs.51 ufro cota qali an Savkaniani SeiZleba
SeirCes samuSaosaTvis an dawinaurebisaTvis ara imitom, rom damsaqmebels dadgenili
aqvs moTxovna mamakacis an TeTrkanianebis Sesaxeb, aramed sxva faqtori ayenebT qalebs
an Savkanianebs iseT mdgomareobaSi, rac uzRudavT maT SesaZleblobas, daakmayofi-
lon dadgenili krituriumi daqiravebisaTvis an dawinaurebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi ara
sqess an rasas, aramed neitralur faqtors SeiZleba hqondes araproporciuli gavlena
qalebze an Savkanianebze. magaliTad, vinaidan qalebs (maTi socialuri statusidan ga-
momdinare) mamakacebTan SedarebiT bavSvis movlis ufro meti valdebuleba gaaCniaT,
ufro nakleb qals, vidre mamakacs aqvs SesaZlebloba daakmayofilos samuSao moTxov-
na zeganakveTurad muSaobis an aranormirebuli samuSao reJimis Sesaxeb.52
Sromis samarTalSi arapirdapiri diskriminaciis koncefciis Camoyalibeba 1971
wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier miRebul gadawyveti-
lebas53 ukavSirdeba, romelSic sasamarTlos msjelobis sagani iyo damsaqmeblis mier
daqiravebisaTvis dawesebuli savaldebulo kriteriumi – saSualo ganaTleba. sasamar-
Tlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, dadgenili neitraluri moTxovna, TeTrkanianebTan
SedarebiT, arapirdapir diskriminaciul mdgomareobaSi ayenebda afroamerikelebs –
Savkanianebs, romlebsac socialuri an ekonomikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT ar
hqondaT SesaZlebloba saSualo skola daemTavrebinaT. sasamarTlos azriT, raxan sa-
Sualo ganaTlebis moTxovna zogadi iyo da pirdapir ar ukavSirdeboda samuSaos Ses-
rulebas (gamocxadebuli vakansia exeboda xeliT samuSaos Sesrulebas), damsaqmeblis
moTxovna miCneul iqna arapirdapir diskriminaciad imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dawese-
bul SezRudvas araproporciuli efeqti hqonda Savkanianebis mimarT.54
miTiTebuli saqmis Semdeg aSS-Si Camoyalibda gansxvavebuli gavlenis an gansxva-
vebuli efeqtis (Sedegis) Teoria (igive arapirdapiri diskriminacia). am Teoriis mixed-
viT, erTi SexedviT diskriminaciuli SromiTi praqtika, romelic araproporciulad
gamoyofs daculi jgufis did procents, ukanonoa, Tu ar damtkicdeba, rom es praq-
tika biznesis aucileblobidan gamomdinareobs, an samuSaos SesrulebasTan gamoxatu-
lad aris dakavSirebuli.55
50
(Editor in Chief), Vol.3, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International“, 2001, 102.
51
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekemberis gadawyvetileba sa-
qmeze #1/1/477.
52
Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.6, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International“,
2002, 188.
53
Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 404 US. 424 (1971)
54
Mickey P., United States, in: International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-
Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IB (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (NAFTA) and International Issues,
Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2009, 33g-9.
55
Industrial Relations, General Editor Blanpain R., 2nd Revised Edition, Deventer/ Antwerp/London/Frankfurt/
245
arapirdapiri diskriminaciis Sinaarsis ukeT gasarkvevad mizanSewonilia ucxo-

uri literaturidan ramdenime magaliTis dasaxeleba: teqsti vakansiis gamocxadebis
Sesaxeb gancxadebidan `maswavlebeli, romelic atarebs ulvaSs” warmoadgens arapir-
dapir diskriminacias sqesis niSniT, raxan qalebs ezRudebaT ufleba monawileoba mi-
iRon kandidaturis SerCevaSi imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mxolod mamakacebi atareben
ulvaSs.56 naxevar ganakveTze dasaqmebuli qalebis maRali proporciis gaTvaliswine-
biT, zomebi, romelic diskriminaciulia naxevar ganakveTze momuSave TanamSromelTa
winaaRmdeg, miCneulia, rogorc arapirdapiri diskriminacia (sqesis niSniT) qali dasaq-
mebulis winaaRmdeg.57 dasaqmebulTaTvis (romelTac aqvT Sexeba sakvebis momzadebasTan
an gadatanasTan) dawesebuli SezRudva wveris tarebis an samuSao adgilze samkaulebis
tarebis Sesaxeb, arapirdapiri diskriminaciaa im religiuri mrwamsis mqone adamianebi-
saTvis, romelTaTvisac savaldebuloa mudmivad wveris an religiuri samkaulebis –
aqsesuarebis tareba.58 igive SeiZleba iTqvas samuSao adgilze Cacmulobis SezRudvis
Sesaxeb, romelic iwvevs araproporciul gavlenas im religiuri mrwamsis mqone adami-
anTa mimarT, romelTa religia (magaliTad, siqebi – siqizmis mimdevrebi) specifikur
Cacmulobas moiTxovs (magaliTad, mudmivad qudis an specialuri tansacmlis tareba).59
damsaqmeblis mier dadgenili cvlianobis ganrigi, romelic mudmivad moiTxovs dasaq-
mebulis kvira dRes muSaobas, arapirdapir diskriminaciul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs im
pirebs, romlebsac, religiuri mrwamsidan gamomdinare, ar SeuZlaT mudmivad, yovel
kvira dRes muSaoba.60 samuSao moTxovna kandidatis asakis Sesaxeb – 17-28 weli, an sa-
muSao kriteriumad maqsimaluri asakis – 28 wlis daweseba, warmoadgens arapirdapir
diskriminacias sqesis niSniT imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mamakacebTan SedarebiT qale-
bisaTvis rTulia am moTxovnis dakmayofileba. mizezi isaa, rom, rogorc wesi, 18-dan
28 wlis asakamde qalebi srulad arian datvirTuli bavSvis aRzrdiT da, amgvarad, maT
ara aqvT am kriteriumis dakmayofilebis SesaZlebloba.61 damsaqmeblis moTxovna, kan-
56
2009, 8-171.
57
Case 170/84 Bilka Kaufhaus GmbH v. Karin Weber von Hertz [1986] ECR 1607 saqmeze damsaqmeblis
gadawyvetileba, romlis mixedviTac sapensio sqemidan gamoricxuli iyvnen naxevar ga-
nakveTze momuSave dasaqmebulebi, evropuli kavSiris sasamarTlos mier miCneul iqna
arapirdapir diskriminaciad sqesis niSniT. Weiss M., Schmidt M., Federal Republic of Germany,
in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.6,
The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 2000, 68; Kilpatrick C., Emancipation Through
Law or the Emasculation of Law? The Nation-State, the EU, and Gender Equality at Work, in: Labour Law
in an Era of Globalization, Conaghan J., Fischl R., Klare K. (Editor), New York, “Oxford University Press”,
2002, 493.
58
Singh v Rowntree Mackintosh, 1979; Kaur v Butcher & Baker Foods Ltd , 1997 (in Bell A., Employment Law,
Nutcases, 3rd Edition, London, “Thomson, Sweets & Maxwell”, 2007, 62).
59
Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol. 6, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”,
2002, 188.
60
Copsey v WWB Devon Clays Ltd., 2005 (in Bell A., Employment Law, Nutcases, 3rd Edition, London, “Thom-
son, Sweets & Maxwell”, 2007, 71).
61
Price v Civil Service Commission, 1978 (in Bell A., Employment Law, Nutcases, 3rd Edition, London, “Thom-
son, Sweets & Maxwell”, 2007, 58); Callaghan P., UK, in: International Labour and Employment Laws,
246
didatis minimalur simaRlesTan dakavSirebiT arapidapiri diskriminaciaa sqesis niS-

niT imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am kriteriums qalebisaTvis ufro uaryofiTi Sedegi
aqvs, vidre mamakacebisaTvis, radganac qalebis saSualo simaRle mamakacebis saSualo
simaRlesTan SedarebiT dabalia.62 gancxadeba vakansiis Sesaxeb, romelic Seicavs moTx-
ovnas – ùmaRlesi saswavleblis axaldamTavrebuli~. es kriteriumi aris arapirdapiri
diskriminacia ufrosi asakis mqone pirebis mimarT, radgan proporciulad ufro meti
ufrosi asakis mqone adamiani umaRlesi saswavleblis axaldamTavrebulobis Sesaxeb
moTxovnas ver daakmayofilebs.63
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs arapirdapiri diskriminaciis gan-
martebas. gansxvavebuli poziciaa arCeuli `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi,
romelSic mocemulia orive saxis diskriminaciis ganmarteba.64 aqve unda aRiniSnos sa-
qarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxli, romelic sakonstitucio sasamarTlos inter-
pretaciiT krZalavs rogorc pirdapir, ise arapirdapir diskriminacias.65 Sromis ko-
deqsSi arapirdapiri diskriminaciis regulirebis ararsebobis problema wamoWrilia
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebisa da rekomendaciebis gamoyenebis Se-
saxeb eqspertTa komitetis 2009 wlis moxsenebaSi (98-e sesia). am moxsenebaSi eqesper-
tTa komitetma SekiTxviT mimarTa saqarTvelos mTavrobas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba
qveyanaSi arapirdapiri diskriminaciis regulireba.66 2010 wlis moxsenebaSi (99-e sesia)
dafiqsirebulia saqarTvelos mTavrobis pasuxi, romlis Tanaxmadac, arapirdapiri
diskriminacia regulirdeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 142-e muxliT67
Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IA (Covering through 2007), Major Economies
(Non-NAFTA), Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2009, 8-171.
62
Blanpain R., Equality and Prohibition of Discrimination in Employment, in: Comparative Labour Law and In-
dustrial Relations, Blanpain R. (General Editor), 2nd Revised Edition, Deventer/Antwerp/London/ Frankfurt/
63
2009, 8-201.
64
`genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis mixedviT, pirdapiri diskriminacia aris
`samarTlebrivi aqtis, programis Tu sxva sajaro politikis safuZvelze piris sqesis
niSniT diskriminaciul mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba~. iqve iribi (arapirdapiri) diskrimina-
cia ganmartebulia, rogorc `samarTlebrivi aqti, programa Tu sxva sajaro politika,
romelic pirdapir ar miuTiTebs diskriminaciaze, magram romlis ganxorcieleba daka-
vSirebulia diskriminaciuli Sedegis dadgomasTan~.
65
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 27 dekembris gadawyvetileba saq-
meze 1/1/493. gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
66
<http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_
103484.pdf>, 378-379 [12.07.2012].
67
adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis darRveva maTi rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, religi-
isadmi damokidebulebis, aRmsareblobis, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebis, erovnuli,
eTnikuri, socialuri, romelime wodebisadmi an sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebisadmi kuT-
vnilebis, warmoSobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis an qonebrivi mdgomareobis gamo, ramac
arsebiTad xelyo adamianis ufleba, isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT
erT wlamde anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT or wlamde. igive qmedeba: a) samsaxure-
brivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT; b) ramac mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia, isjeba jarimiT an Tav-
isuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT sam wlamde, Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis
CamorTmeviT vadiT sam wlamde an uamisod.
247
da Sromis kodeqsis me-2 IV muxliT.68 Sedegad, eqspertTa komiteti, saqarTvelos mTav-

robis pasuxze dayrdnobiT, afiqsirebs mkacr rekomendacias antidiskriminaciuli
kanonmdeblobis Secvlis Sesaxeb imisaTvis, rom pirdapiri da arapirdapiri diskrimi-
naciis definicia saTanadod ganisazRvros.69 2012 wlis moxsenebaSi (101-e sesia) eqsper-
tTa komiteti kvlavindeburad moiTxovs pirdapiri da arapirdapiri diskriminaciis
specialuri ganmartebis inicirebas kanonmdeblobaSi.70
3.4 gamarTlebuli mopyroba – diferenciacia
SromiTi diskriminaciis regulirebis aucilebeli komponentia diferenciacia,

rac gulisxmobs gamarTlebul uTanasworo mopyrobas.71 diferenciaciis gareSe Sro-
miTi diskriminaciis akrZalvis institutis arseboba iqneboda utopiuri da misi re-
gulireba azrs dakargavda. erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos diskriminacia da obieqtu-
ri garemoebebiT ganpirobebuli diferenciacia. gansxvavebuli mopyroba TviTmizani
ar unda iyos. diskriminacias eqneba adgili, Tu diferenciaciis mizezebi auxsnelia,
moklebulia gonivrul safuZvels. diskriminacia mxolod TviTmiznuri (subieqtu-
ri) gaumarTlebeli diferenciaciaa. Sesabamisad, Tanasworobis ufleba krZalavs ara
diferencirebul mopyrobas zogadad, aramed mxolod TviTmiznur da gaumarTlebel
gansxvavebas.72
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi arsebobs iseTi samuSaoebi, romlis arsi da specifika
moiTxovs subieqtebis dasaqmebas maTi konkretuli niSnis – maxasiaTeblebis gamo an fi-
zikuri piris niSani arsebiTadaa dakavSirebuli Sesasrulebel samuSaos xasiaTTan.73 es
samuSaoebi, marTalia, araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs im adamianTa jgufebs, romelTac
ar axasiaTebT damsaqmeblis mier dawesebuli niSani, Tumca damsaqmeblis es moTxovna
gamarTlebulia obieqturi, gonivruli da legitimuri interesis gaTvaliswinebiT. sa-
68
diskriminaciad CaiTvleba piris pirdapir an arapirdapir Seviwroeba, romelic miznad
isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli
an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas, anda pirisTvis iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic
pirdapir an arapirdapir auaresebs mis mdgomareobas analogiur pirobebSi myof sxva
pirTan SedarebiT.
69
<http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---elconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms
_123424.pdf> 417-418, [12.07.2012].
70
iqve.
71
72
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 27 dekemberis gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #1/1/493. gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos sakons-
titucio sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
73
magaliTad, adamianis sqesi iseT samuSaobze, rogoricaa msaxiobi, modeli, mocekvave,
adamianis rasa iseT samuSaoze, rogoricaa mimtani Cinur restoranSi, politikuri Sexe-
duleba politikuri organizaciis TanamSromlisTvis, religiuri mrwamsi religiuri
organizaciis TanamSromlisaTvis da a.S. Blanpain R., Equality and Prohibition of Discrimination
in Employment, in: Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (General Editor), 2nd Edi-
tion, Deventer/Antwerp/London/Frankfurt/Boston/New York, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers”, 1985,
462-464.
248
qarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 V muxlis mixedviT, `diskriminaciad ar CaiTvleba pir-

Ta gansxvavebis aucilebloba, romelic gamomdinareobs samuSaos arsidan, specifiki-
dan an misi Sesrulebis pirobebidan, emsaxureba kanonieri miznis miRwevas da aris misi
miRwevis Tanazomieri da aucilebeli saSualeba~. imave xasiaTis normaa gaTvaliswine-
buli `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanonSic, romlis Tanaxmadac, `dasaqmebisas
da SromiTi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas dasaSvebia sqesobrivi niSniT pirTa araTana-
bar mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba an/da maTTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, rac gamomdinareobs
samuSaos arsidan, specifikidan an misi Sesrulebis pirobebidan, emsaxureba kanonieri
miznis miRwevas da aris misi miRwevis Tanazomieri da aucilebeli saSualeba~.
evropuli kavSiris direqtivebi, gansxvavebiT arapirdapiri diskriminaciisgan,
pirdapiri diskriminaciis gamarTlebis SesaZleblobas ar iTvaliswinebs.74 Sesabami-
sad, evropuli kavSiris Sromis samarTalSi ar aris daSvebuli pirdapiri diskrimina-
ciis gamarTleba.75 pirdapiri diskriminaciisas mopasuxe ar aris uflebamosili amtki-
cos, rom misi moqmedeba gamarTlebulia samuSaos interesidan gamomdinare, rogoc es
xdeba, magaliTad, arapirdapiri diskriminaciis dros.76 saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi
ar iTvaliswinebs msgavss SezRudvas da me-2 V muxli vrceldeba rogorc pirdapir, ase-
ve arapirdapiri diskriminaciis mimarT.
4. SromiTi diskriminaciis niSnebis kategorizacia
damsaqmeblis qmedebis diskriminaciad dakvalificirebisaTvis aucilebelia, dis-

kriminaciuli mopyrobis safuZveli iyos kanonmdeblobiT akrZaluli niSani.77 amdenad,
diskriminaciis niSnebis akrZalvasa da kanonmdeblobiT mis reglamentirebas arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 III muxlis mixedviT, `SromiT urTi-
erTobaSi akrZalulia nebismieri saxis diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, enis, eTnikuri
da socialuri kuTvnilebis, erovnebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareo-
bis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, asakis, sqesis, seqsualuri orientaciis, SezRuduli SesaZ-
leblobis, religiuri an raime gaerTianebisadmi kuTvnilebis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis,
politikuri da sxva Sexedulebis gamo~. am niSnebis ukeT Sesaswavlad SemoTavazebulia
niSnebis kategorizaciis meTodi qvemoT mocemuli principis mixedviT.78
74
tors-in-Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IA (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (Non-NAFTA), Chicago,
“BNA Books”, 2009, 1-238.
75
Bamforth N., Prohibited Grounds of Discrimination under EU Law and the European Convention on Human
Rights: Problems of Contrast and Overlap, “The Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies”, Vol. 9,
2007, 11; Blanpain R., Belgium, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations,
Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.3, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 2001, 102..
76
Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.6, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International“,
2002, 187.
77
Blanpain R., Equality and Prohibition of Discrimination in Employment, Comparative Labour Law and In-
78
msgavsi meTodi gamoyenebulia profesor rojer blenpeinis mier. ix. iqve.
249
4.1 sqesi, asaki
miuxedavad saerTaSoriso da erovnul doneze mravlad arsebuli sakanonmdeb-

lo akrZalvisa, Tanamedrove Sromis samarTalSi genderuli diskriminaciis problema
kvlavac aqtualuria. genderuli diskriminacia, umetes SemTxvevaSi, qalTa diskrimi-
nacias gulisxmobs, rac, ZiriTadad, qalebisaTvis dabali anazRaurebis gadaxdaSi ga-
moixateba.79 samuSao, romelic, tradiciulad, qalebis mier sruldeba, ufro naklebad
anazRaurebadia, vidre samuSaoebi, romelsac, rogorc wesi, mamakacebi asruleben.80
amasTan problemuria qalisa da mamakacis mier Sesrulebuli Tanabari Rirebulebis sa-
muSaosaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis principis dacva. mocemul SemTxvevaSi diskrimina-
ciis akrZalvis mizania, rom anazRaurebiT gamoxatuli gansxvaveba ar unda iqnes ganpi-
robebuli dasaqmebulis sqesiT. Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaos gansazRvris procesSi
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes dasaqmebulis codna da kvalifikacia, rac aucilebelia
samuSaos sworad SesrulebisaTvis. amasTan, ganmsazRvrelia Sesrulebuli samuSaos
xarisxi, moculoba da raodenoba.81 SromiT urTierTobebSi genderuli diskriminacia
SeiZleba aseve ganxorcieldes mamakacTan SedarebiT qalisaTvis ufro araxelsayreli
(gansxvavebuli) samuSao pirobebis dadgenaSi.
sqesobrivi diskriminacia, Sromis kodeqsTan SedarebiT, `genderuli Tanasworo-
bis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-6 muxlis ufro specialuri dacvis obieqtia. kanonSi mocemuli
ganmartebis Tanaxmad `SromiTi urTierTobebisas dauSvebelia piris diskriminacia,
devna an/da iZuleba, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis damaSinebeli, mtruli,
damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas~. kanonSi ase-
ve warmodgenilia qarTuli sakanonmdeblo sivrcisaTvis iseTi mniSvnelovani siaxle-
ebi, rogoricaa Tanaswori SesaZleblobebisa82 da Tanaswori mopyrobis83 regulireba.
kanoni iTvaliswinebs gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebis definiciasac.84
79
Blanpain R., Equality and Prohibition of Discrimination in Employment, Comparative Labour Law and In-
Boston/New York, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers”, 1985, 460 (24).
80
Fahlbeck R., Mulder B.J., Sweden, in: International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T.
(Editors-in-Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IIA (Covering through 2007), Additional Economies (EU and Other
European), Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2008, 19-89.
81
Jacobsen P., Updated by Hasselbalch O., Denmark, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and In-
dustrial Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.5, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law Interna-
tional”, 1998, 166.
82
Equal Opportunities. `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi Tanaswori SesaZleblo-
bebi ganmartebulia, rogorc qalisa da mamakacis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Ta-
nasworobis miRwevis saSualebebisa da pirobebis sistema.
83
Equal Treatment. `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi Tanaswori mopyroba ganmar-
tebulia, rogorc ganaTlebis, Sromisa da socialuri pirobebis dadgenisas, saojaxo
urTierTobebsa da sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi orive sqesis
pirTa Tanaswori uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis aRiareba, sqesis niSniT diskrimina-
ciis dauSvebloba.
84
RonisZieba, romelic miznad isaxavs diskriminaciuli Sedegebis gamosworebas da mimar-
Tulia pirTa wrisadmi, romelic saWiroebs gansakuTrebul dacvas genderuli Tavise-
burebebidan gamomdinare. kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebis ma-
galiTia qalTaTvis damatebiTi Svebuleba orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis
250
genderuli diskriminaciis sakiTxze msjelobisas calke unda aRiniSnos diskri-

minacia orsulobis safuZvelze. evropuli kavSiris sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebiT,
dadgenilia, rom SromiTi diskriminacia orsuli qalis mimarT aris pirdapiri diskri-
minacia sqesis niSniT.85 sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, vinaidan mxolod qalebs SeiZleba
eTqvaT uari dasaqmebaze (an gaTavisufldnen samsaxuridan) orsulobis gamo, aseTi
qmedeba yovelTvis ganixileba rogorc diskriminacia sqesobrivi niSniT.86 aSS-Si, 1964
wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis87 Tanaxmad, niSani sqesi, fexmZimobis garda, moicavs
bavSvis gaCenas da masTan dakavSirebul samedicino (janmrTelobis) mdgomareobas.88
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropuli kavSiris sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT, tran-
seqsualebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli uTanasworo mopyroba warmoadgens diskriminacias
sqesobrivi niSniT.89
asakobriv diskriminaciasTan mimarTebiT kanonmdebelis mizani (rogorc es evro-
puli kavSiris direqtivaSia miTiTebuli) unda iyos asakis niSniT samsaxuridan gaTavi-
suflebuli ufrosi asakis mqone adamianebis ricxvis Semcireba da, imavdroulad, uf-
rosi asakis umuSevari adamianebis dasaqmebis waxaliseba.90 imave ideas emsaxureba aSS-is
Sromis samarTalic, romelSic, 1967 wlis SromiT urTierTobaSi asakobrivi diskri-
minaciis Sesaxeb aqtis mixedviT, diskriminacia akrZalulia mxolod 40 wlis an ufro
didi asakis pirTa mimarT.91 amdenad, aSS-is kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, mxolod 40 wels
gadacilebuli asakobrivi jgufia daculi diskriminaciisgan.92 ganxilul niSnebTan
dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika Seicavs erTaderT SemTxvevas, ro-
desac mosarCeles miaCnda, rom samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba sapensio asakis gamo war-
moadgenda diskriminaciul mopyrobas.93
gamo, axalnamSobiarebi an meZuZuri qalis RamiT muSaobis akrZalva, meZuZuri qalisTvis
bavSvis kvebisaTvis damatebiT erTsaaTiani Sesvenebis ufleba.
85
Kenner J., The European Union, International Labour and Employment Laws, Editors-in-Chief Keller W.,
Darby T., Third Edition, Volume IA (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (Non-NAFTA), Chicago,
2009, 1-192.
86
Jansson O., Labor and Employment Law in Sweden, International Labor and Employment Law, Editors
Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T., Second Edition, Volume I (Europe), 2008, 315.
87
1978 wlis cvlilebis redaqcia.
88
Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (General Editor), 2nd Revised Edition, Deventer/ Antwerp/London/Frank-
furt/Boston/New York, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers”, 1985, 460.
89
“BNA Books”, 2009,1-218; Hepple B., Fredman S., Truter G., Great Britain, in: International Encyclopedia
for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.6, The Hague/London/Boston,
“Kluwer Law International“, 2002, 186.
90
McGlynn C., EC Legislation Prohibiting Age Discrimination: “Towards a Europe for All Ages”?, “The Cam-
bridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies”, Vol. 3, 2001, 295.
91
Goldmen A., United States of America, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations,
Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.13, The Hague/ London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International“, 1996, 191.
92
Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (General Editor), 2nd Revised Edition, Deventer/Antwerp/London, Frank-
93
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 20 Tebervlis ganCineba saqmeze №as-24-24-
2012. gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarT-
los oficialur vebgverdze.
251
4.2. rasa, kanis feri, eTnikuri kuTvnileba, erovneba, warmoSoba, ena
am qveTavSi mocemuli diskriminaciis niSnebis saerTo maxasiaTebelia is garemo-

eba, rom isini ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli arian gansxvavebul eTnikuri jgufebis arse-
bobasTan. èTnikur jgufSi~ igulisxmeba mosaxleobis is segmenti, romelic sxvebisa-
gan gansxvavdeba Cveulebebis, rwmenis, tradiciisa da niSan-Tvisebebis garkveuli na-
erTiT, rac momdinareobs maTi saerTo warsulidan.94 saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT,
akrZalulia diskriminaciuli mopyroba rogorc eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT, ase-
ve eTnikuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli romelime specifikuri niSnis (rasa an kanis
feri) safuZvelze.
Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis gaTvaliswinebiT, rasa, kanis feri, eTnikuri kuTvni-
leba SeiZleba urTierTdakavSirebuli iyos erTmaneTTan. es kavSiri arTulebs imis
identifikacias, konkretulad romeli niSnis safuZvelze ganxorcielda subieqtis
diskriminacia. aq, erTi mxriv, gasaTvaliswinebelia damsaqmeblis qmedeba, saidanac un-
da dadgindes gamoxatuli diskriminaciis niSani da, meore mxriv, gadamwyvetia, miekuT-
vneba Tu ara diskriminirebuli subieqti ama Tu im niSnis mqone adamianTa jgufs (maga-
liTad, rasas an eTnikur kuTvnilebas).
urTierTaRrevis didi riski arsebobs erovnebisa da warmoSobis niSnebs Sorisac.
zogadi ganmartebis mixedviT, erovnuli warmomavloba SeiZleba moicavdes dabadebis
qveyanas, winaprebis qveyanas, nacionaluri jgufis wevrobas, aseve im erovnuli jgufis
wevrobas, romlebsac damoukidebeli politikuri arseboba arasodes hqoniaT.95
winamdebare qveTavSi ganxiluli niSnebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praq-
tikaSi fiqsirdeba erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac, dasaqmebulis azriT, mis mimarT
ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis safuZveli megruli warmoSoba iyo. am saqmeze sasa-
marTlom daadgina, rom mosarCeles samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebas safuZvlad ar udevs
Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxliT diskriminaciulad miCneuli safuZvlebi, maT Soris eTni-
kuri kuTvnileba.96
4.3. politikuri da sxva Sexeduleba, religia,

gaerTianebisadmi kuTvnileba
am niSnebiT ganxorcielebuli diskriminacia, Tanasworuflebianobis darRvevis

garda, individis konkretuli uflebisa Tu Tavisuflebis SezRudvas iwvevs.97 akrZa-
94
Industrial Relations, General Editor Blanpain R., 2nd Revised Edition, Deventer/Antwerp/London/ Frankfurt/
95
Mickey P., United States, in: International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-
Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IB (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (NAFTA) and International Issues,
Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2009, 33g-28.
96
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 9 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze #as-1803-
1779-2011. gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
97
mag., profesiuli kavSiris wevrobis niSniT ganxorcielebuli diskriminacia imavdrou-
lad moicavs profesiul kavSirSi gaerTianebis uflebis SezRudvas. diskriminacia reli-
giuri niSniT gulisxmobs diskriminirebuli piris religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas.
252
luli niSani – religia moicavs adamianis rwmenas (konfesias), agnosticizms, aTeizms,

seqtis wevrobas98.99 aSS-Si, 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis100 Tanaxmad, niSan re-
ligiaSi moiazreba religiuri wesis dacvisa da praqtikis yvela aspeqti.101 did brita-
neTSi (iseve rogorc belgiis kanonmdeblobaSi)102 akrZalul diskriminaciis niSnebs
Soris religiisa da religiur mrwamsisgan gamoyofilia filosofiuri rwmena.103 rac
Seexeba gansxvavebul Sexedulebas, safrangeTis kanonmdebloba, miTiTebuli niSnis
garda, akrZalul niSnebs Soris calke gamoyofs piris moralur Sexedulebas.104
gaerTianebisadmi kuTvnilebis niSniT diskriminaciuli qmedeba gulisxmobs dis-
kriminacias gaerTianebis wevrobis an misgan ganyenebulobis (gaerTianebis arawevro-
bis) gamo. upirveles yovlisa, miTiTebuli niSanSi profesiuli kavSiris wevroba mo-
iazreba, Tumca igi aseve vrceldeba nebismieri sxva tipis gaerTianebis wevrobazec.
saqarTvelos sasamarTlos praqtikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia profesiuli kavSiris
wevrobis niSniT ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis Sesaxeb davebis simravle.105 amasTan,
arsebobs ramdenime magaliTi, rodesac dasaqmebuls miaCnda, rom mis mimarT diskrimi-
nacia ganxorcielda politikuri Sexedulebis106 an sxva (gansxvavebuli) Sexedulebis
gamo.107
98
Sural N., Labor Law in the Eastern Mediterranean: Employment Discrimination: Anti-Discrimination Rules
and Policies in Turkey, “Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal”, Winter, 2009, 2.
99
100
1972 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Semdgomi redaqcia.
101
102
Beverange C., Belgium, in: International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-
Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IA (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (Non-NAFTA), Chicago, “BNA
Books”, 2009, 3-98.
103
Healy K., Labor and Employment Law in United Kingdom, in: International Labor and Employment Law,
Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors), 2nd Edition, Volume I (Europe), United States of
America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 358.
104
Swartz S., Laborand Employment Law in France, in: International Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz
P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors), 2nd Edition, Volume I (Europe), United States of America,
“American Bar Association”, 2008, 99.
105
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 2 aprilis ganCineba saqmeze #as-680-1010-
07; 2008 wlis 2 aprilis ganCineba saqmeze #as-695-1025-07; 2008 wlis 7 noembris ganCineba
saqmeze #as-795-1010-08 ; 2009 wlis 28 maisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-358-677-09; 2011 wlis 1
dekemberis ganCineba saqmeze #as-343-327-2011. gadawyvetilebebi gamoqveynebulia da Se-
saZlebelia maTi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
106
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiis 2008 wlis 21 oqtombris
gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/1107-08, xelmisawvdomia mxolod sasamarTlo arqivSi ; saqar-
Tvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 24 ivnisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-519-493-2011.
igive dava, mxolod xelaxla ganxiluli uzenaes sasamarTloSi – 2012 wlis 9 ianvris gan-
Cineba saqmeze #as-1803-1779-2011. gadawyvetilebebi gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia
maTi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
107
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 19 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze #as-549-
517-2010. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
253
4.4. socilauri kuTvnileba, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareba, sacx-

ovrebeli adgili, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, seqsualuri orientacia
akrZaluli niSani – ojaxuri mdgomareoba moicavs dasaqmebulis saojaxo sta-

tuss – daqorwinebuli, ganqorwinebuli, dasaojaxebeli, qvrivi. aRsaniSnavia, rom kana-
dis provincia ontarioSi arsebuli ganmartebis mixedviT, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, ase-
ve, gulisxmobs qorwinebis gareSe sawinaaRmdego sqesis adamianTan Tanacxovrebas.108
ungreTis Tanabari mopyrobis aqtSi diskriminaciis niSnebs Soris ojaxur mdgomareo-
basTan erTad aseve miTiTebulia diskriminacia mSoblobis (Svilebis yolis) niSniT.109
SromiT urTierTobebSi diskriminaciuli niSnebs Soris seqsualuri orientaciis
gamoCena ukavSirdeba evropuli kavSiris amsterdamis xelSekrulebas, romelic Zala-
Si 1999 wlis 1 maiss Sevida. amis Semdeg damatebiT miRebul iqna evropuli kavSiris ori
direqtiva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi akrZalul niSnebs Soris
seqsualuri orientaciis dafiqsireba gamoiwvia.110 ungreTsa da SvedeTSi, seqsualu-
ri orientaciis garda, damatebiT akrZalulia diskriminacia seqsualuri (genderuli)
identobis niSniT.111
4.5. SezRuduli SesaZlebloba
`SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi112 ar-

sebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, `SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piri aris adamiani, ro-
melsac daavadebis, travmis, gonebrivi Tu fizikuri defeqtis Sedegad darRveuli aqvs
organizmis sasicocxlo funqciebi janmrTelobis met-naklebad moSlis gamo, rac gana-
pirobebs profesiuli Sromis unaris srul an nawilobriv dakargvas anda yofa-cxovrebis
arsebiT gaZnelebas~. aSS-is SezRuduli SesaZleblobis aqtSi SezRuduli SesaZlebloba
ganmartebulia, rogorc gonebrivi da fizikuri mdgomaroeba, rac arsebiTad zRudavs
108
Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (General Editor), 2nd Revised Edition, Deventer/Antwerp/ London/Frankfurt/
109
Riesz T., Labor and Employment Law in Hungary, in: International Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz
110
Kilpatrick C., Emancipation through Law or the Emasculation of Law? The Nation-State, the EU and Gender
Equality at Work, in: Labour Law in an Era of Globalization, Conaghan J., Fischl R., Klare K. (Editors), New
York, “Oxford University Press”, 2002, 494.
111
Riesz T.,Labor and Employment Law in Hungary, in: International Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz
“American Bar Association”, 2008, 148; Fahlbeck R., Mulder B.J., Sweden, in: International Labour and
Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IIA (Covering through 2007),
Additional Economies (EU and Other European), Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2008, 19-88.
112
kanoni miRebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 1995 wlis 14 ivniss (saqarTvelos par-
lamentis uwyebebi, 27-30, 1994-95, mux. 633), romlis Tavdapirvel saxelwodebas warmoad-
genda ìnvalidTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb“ kanoni. 2001 wlis 20 ivniss am kanonSi Seta-
nil iqna cvlilebebi da damatebebi, romlis mixedviTac kanonis saTaursa da teqstSi
sityva ìnvalidi” Seicvala sityvebiT `SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piri”.
254
piris erT an met cxovrebiseul aqtivobas, an miCneulia, rom mas aqvs aseTi efeqti.113
aRniSnuli niSniT ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis Sesaxeb davebis ganxilvisas
ganmsazRvrelia, ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebis
dasaqmeba konkretul samuSaoze. Sromis samarTali icavs SezRuduli SesaZleblobis
mqone pirebis uflebas, hqondeT saSualeba imuSaon iseT kompaniebSi, sadac SesaZle-
belia maTi dasaqmeba maTi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi.114 `SezRuduli SesaZleblo-
bis mqone pirTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanonis mixedviT, SromiTi xelSekrulebe-
biT dadgenili Sromis pirobebi, maT Soris Sromis anazRaureba, samuSao da dasvenebis
drois reJimi, wliuri da damatebiTi Svebulebebis xangrZlivoba ar unda auaresebdes
an zRudavdes SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa mdgomareobasa da uflebebs sxva
dasaqmebulebTan SedarebiT. garda amisa, imave kanonis ZaliT, `dauSvebelia SezRudu-
li SesaZleblobis mqone pirisaTvis SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebaze an samsaxureb-
riv dawinaurebaze uaris Tqma, administraciis iniciativiT misi daTxovna an SezRudu-
li SesaZleblobis mqone piris Tanxmobis gareSe sxva samuSaoze gadayvana SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis mqone pirobis motiviT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca, samedicino-so-
cialuri eqspertizis daskvniT, mis janmrTelobas vnebs profesiuli movaleobis Ses-
ruleba an saSiSroeba eqmneba sxva pirTa janmrTelobasa da Sromis usafrTxoebas~.
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis ganmartebis moqmedebis sferosTan dakavSirebiT aq-
tualuria SekiTxva – faravs Tu ara igi dasaqmebulis diskriminacias misi janmrTe-
lobis mdgomareobis (avadmyofobis) an/da fizikuri naklis gamo. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
mniSvnelovan koncefcias ayalibebs evropuli kavSiris sasamarTlo. erT-erT saqmeze
sasamarTlos msjelobis sagnad iqca sakiTxi: direqtiviT dadgenili SezRuduli Se-
saZleblobis ganmarteba faravda Tu ara piris avadmyofobas;115 sasamarTlom daad-
gina, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobis ganmarteba da idea gagebul unda iqnes rogorc
SezRudva, romelic iwvevs piris fizikuri, gonebrivi, fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis
gauaresebas da romelic SeuZlebels xdis piris monawileobas profesiul cxovreba-
Si. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, `SezRuduli SesaZleblobis~ gamoyenebiT kanonmdeblo-
bam mizanmimarTulad airCia iseTi termini, romelic gansxvavdeba àvadmyofobisagan”.
113 Goldmen A., United States of America, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Rela-
tions, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.13, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 1996,
190.
114
iqve.
115
Case 13/05, Chacon Navas vs Eurest Colectividades SA [2006] ECR I-6467. am saqmeSi mosarCele ga-
Tavisuflda samsaxuridan avadmyofobis gamo samsaxuris gacdenis safuZvliT. rad-
gan espaneTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT avadmyofoba ar iyo miTiTebuli akrZalul
niSnebs Soris, erovnulma sasamarTlom aRiara kavSiri SezRudul SesaZleblobasa da
avadmyofobas Soris. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, SezRuduli SesaZlebloba moicavs
nakls, qmedebis SezRudvas da socialur cxovrebaSi monawileobis Seferxeba-SezRud-
vas. sasamarTlos azriT, avadmyofoba miCneul iqna faqtad, romelsac Seswevs unari
gamoiwvios nakli, rac, Tavis mxriv, uzRudavs pirebs garkveul SesaZleblobas. sabo-
lood, erovnulma sasamarTlom SekiTxviT mimarTa evropuli kavSiris sasamarTlos,
raTa gaerkvia dasaqmebuli, romelic gaTavisuflda samsaxuridan avadmyofobis gamo,
ramdenad eqceoda direqtiviT dadgenili SezRuduli SesaZleblobis ganmartebis mo-
qmedebis sferoSi. Kenner J., The European Union, in: International Labour and Employment Laws,
Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IA (Covering through 2007), Major Economies
(Non-NAFTA), Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2009, 1-245-1-246.
255
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, avadmyofoba ar dakvalificirda direqtiviT

dacul SezRudul SesaZleblobad.116
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi krZalavs diskriminacias mimdinare (moqmedi) SezR-
uduli SesaZleblobis niSniT. slovakeTis Sromis kodeqsiT es niSani moicavs ara mxo-
lod mimdinare, aramed manamde arsebul SezRudul SesaZleblobas da diskriminacias
garegani (gamoxatuli) simptomebis Sedegad momavalSi SesaZlo damdgar (potenciur)
SezRudul SesaZleblobas.117 igive unda iTqvas 1990 wlis aSS-is SezRuduli SesaZleb-
lobis aqtzec, romelic moqmedebs SezRuduli SesaZleblobis istoriis (warsulis)
mqone pirebis mimarTac.118
diskriminaciis niSnebs Soris dafiqsirebis garda, Sromis samarTalSi SezRudu-
li SesaZleblobis mqone pirebi sargebloben pozitiuri diskriminaciiT.119 magaliTad,
safragneTSi,120 iseve rogorc zogierT sxva qveyanaSi, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia
kvota, romlis mixedviTac im kompaniebSi, sadac, magaliTad, dasaqmebulia 10-ze meti
subieqti, samuSao Zalis 3 procenti unda Seadgendes SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone
pirs.121
4.6. niSnebi, romlebic ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos Sromis

kodeqsiT
Sromis kodeqsis me-2 III muxlis CamonaTvalSi ar aris mocemuli evropul qveyneb-
Si gavrcelebuli122 niSani – janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. rogorc winamdebare statiis
3.5 qveTavSia ganxiluli, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis termini ar faravs piris avadmyo-
116
“BNA Books”, 2009, 1-245-1-246.
117
Rybár T., Hazucha B., Labor and Employment Law in Slovakia, in: International Labor and Employment
Law, Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors), 2nd Edition, Volume I (Europe), ), United
States of America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 278.
118
Goldmen A., United States of America, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations,
Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.13, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 1996, 190.
119
es termini aSS-Si cnobilia rogorc “affirmative action”, xolo did birtaneTSi – ”positive
discrimination”.
120
kereseliZe d., adeiSvili l., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis proeqti da kontinenturi
evropis qveynebis Sromis samarTlis zogierTi ZiriTadi principebi, `qarTuli samarT-
lis mimoxilva~ , #6/1-2003, 12.
121
Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (General Editor), 2nd Revised Edition, Deventer/Antwerp/ London/Frank-
122
Books”, 2009, 17; Örndahl J., Labor and Employment Law in Finland, in: International Labor and Employ-
ment Law, Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors), 2nd Edition, Volume I (Europe), United
States of America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 76; Swartz S., Laborand Employment Law in France,
in: International Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors), 2nd
Edition, Volume I (Europe), United States of America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 99. Riesz T., Labor
and Employment Law in Hungary, in: International Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen
A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors), 2nd Edition, Volume I (Europe), United States of America, “American Bar
Association”, 2008, 148.
256
fobas an janmrTelobis mdgomareobas. evropuli kavSiris sasamarTlos ganmartebiT,

diskriminaciis akrZalvis zogadi principi analogiis wesiT sxva niSnebis mimarT ver
gavrceldeba.123 aRsaniSnavia, rom belgiis kanonmdeblobaSi akrZalul niSnebs Soris
aseve moxseniebulia samomavlo janmrTelobis mdgomareoba.124
Sromis kodeqsSi gamotovebul diskriminaciul niSnebs Soris unda iqnes miCne-
uli piris garegnuli mdgomareoba, rac SeiZleba moicavdes fizikur naklsac.125 dam-
saqmeblis diskriminaciuli qmedeba dasaqmebulis garegnuli mdgomareobis, maT Soris
fizikuri naklis gamo yovelTvis ver dakvalificirdeba rogorc piris diskriminacia
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis (avadmyofobis) da, miT umetes, SezRuduli SesaZleblo-
bis gamo. fizikuri naklis garda, belgiis kanonmdebloba krZalavs diskriminacias da-
saqmebulis fizikuri an genetikuri maxasiaTebelis gamo.126 portugaliis kanonmdeb-
lobaSi aseve mocemulia niSani _ genetikuri memkvidreoba.127 aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-is
zogierT StatSi fizikuri naklisgan gancalkavebuli akrZaluli niSania fizikuri pi-
ris simsuqne.128
Sromis kodeqsis me-2 III muxlSi mocemuli akrZaluli diskriminaciis niSnebis Ca-
monaTvali amomwuravia. amdenad, Sromis kodeqsiT SezRudulia im niSnebis wre, rom-
lebzec vrceldeba araTanabari mopyrobis akrZalvis principi. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
sainteresoa saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msjeloba saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis me-14 muxlis Sinaarsis (daculi sferos) srulyofili ganmartebis Sesaxeb,
ra drosac, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, `kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis
uflebis arsidan unda gamovideT~. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ganmar-
tavs, rom konstituciis me-14 muxlSi arsebuli niSnebis CamonaTvali, èrTi SexedviT,
gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT, amomwuravia, magram normis mizani gacilebiT ufro mas-
Staburia, vidre mxolod masSi arsebuli SezRuduli CamonaTvalis mixedviT diskri-
minaciis akrZalva~. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos azriT, `mxolod viwro gramatikuli
ganmarteba gamofitavda saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxls da daakninebda mis
mniSvnelobas konstituciursamarTlebriv sivrceSi~.129 `konstituciis me-14 muxlSi
123
“BNA Books”, 2009, 1-245.
124
Books”, 2009, 3-98.
125
magaliTisaTvis Seadare safrangeTis kanonmdebloba. Swartz S., Laborand Employment Law in
France, International Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors),
2nd Edition, Volume I (Europe), United States of America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 99.
126
Beverange C., Belgium, in: International Labour and Employment Laws, Editors-in-Chief Keller W., Darby
T., Third Edition, Volume IA (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (Non-NAFTA), Chicago, “BNA
Books”, 2009, 3-98.
127
Sá Esteves C., Valente M., Labor and Employment Law in Portugal, in: International Labor and Employment
Law, Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors), 2nd Edition, Volume I (Europe), United States
of America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 262.
128
Kristen E., Addressing the Problem of Weight Discrimination in Employment, “California Law Review”, Vol.
90:57, 2002.
129
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 31 martis gadawyvetileba saqmeze
257
CamoTvlili niSnebis amomwuravad miCneva TavisTavad gamoiwvevs sasamarTlos mier

imis dadasturebas, rom nebismieri sxva niSniT diferenciaciis SemTxvevebi ar aris
diskriminaciuli, radgan ar aris daculi konstituciiT. bunebrivia, aseTi midgoma ar
iqneboda swori, radgan TiToeuli maTganis konstituciis me-14 muxlSi mouxsenieblo-
ba diferenciaciis dausabuTeblobas ver gamoricxavs~.130 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos warmodgenili ganmarteba Sromis kodeqsis me-2 III muxlTan mimarTebiT
ver iqneba gaziarebuli TviT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier gamoyenebuli me-14
muxlis konstituciursamarTlebriv sivrceSi Sefasebis gamo. sasamarTloSi nebismie-
ri uflebis srulyofili realizaciisa da efeqturi dacvisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvne-
loba aqvs normis Sinaarsisa da farglebis gansazRvras.131 imisaTvis, rom damsaqmeblis
diskriminaciul mopyrobas sasamarTlos mier davis adekvaturad gadawyveta moyves,
sasamarTlos mxridan aucilebelia, uzrunvelyofil iqnes samarTlebrivi Sefasebis
siswore, rac gulisxmobs dadgenili iuridiuli faqtebis Sesabamisobas samarTlis
normis SemadgenlobasTan, SinaarsTan.132 rodesac kanonmdeblobiT konkretuli niSa-
ni ar aris akrZaluli, sasamarTlos ara aqvs SesaZlebloba mosarCelis mier warmod-
genili samarTlebrivi argumentacia da faqtobrivi garemoebebi Sromis kodeqsis me-2
III muxlis Semadgenlobasa da Sinaarss miusadagos.133 amdenad, janmrTelobis mdgo-
mareobis da/an garegnuli mdgomareobis (fizikuri naklis) niSniT ganxorcielebuli
diskriminaciis msxverplni SezRudulebi arian sasarCelo moTxovnis samarTlebriv
safuZvlad miuTiTon kanonmdeblobiT akrZaluli diskriminaciis niSani. amis gareSe
darRveuli uflebis aRdgena SeuZlebelia.134 aRniSnuli xarvezis aRmosafxvrelad,
rogorc minimum, Sromis kodeqsSi diskriminaciis niSnebis konkretul CamonaTvalTan
erTad warmodgenili unda iyos daTqma `da sxva niSnis gamo~.
#2/1-392. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
130
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 27 dekembris gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #1/1/493. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqar-
Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
131
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekembris gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #1/1/477. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqar-
Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
132
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 17 martis ganCineba saqmeze #as-700-920-
08. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uze-
naesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
133
britaneTis sasamarTlos praqtikaSi yofila iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac subieqts,
romlis mimarTac ganxorcielda diskriminacia seqsualuri orientaciis niSniT, sasa-
marTlom uari uTxra moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze im safuZvliT, rom akrZalul niSnebs
Soris ar iyo dadgenili seqsualuri orientacia. sasamarTlo SesaZlebelia daeTanxmos
subieqtis mimarT diskriminaciul mopyrobas, Tumca imis gamo, rom konkretuli niSani
ar aris moculi (akrZaluli) kanoniT, sarCelis dakmayofileba SeuZlebeli xdeba. Smith
v Gardner Merchant Ltd., 1998, Grant v South-West Trains Ltd., 1998 (Bell A., Employment Law, Nutcases,
3rd Edition, London, “Thomson, Sweets & Maxwell”, 2007, 51-52).
134
Bernnan F., The Race Directive Recycling Racial Inequality, “The Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal
Studies”, Vol. 5, 2004, 321.
258
5. SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalvis moqmedebis sfero
5.1. winasaxelSekrulebo urTierToba
Sromis kodeqsis me-2 III muxlis pirveli winadadebis Tanaxmad, `SromiT urTier-
TobaSi akrZalulia nebismieri saxis diskriminacia“. normis pirdapiri formulirebi-
dan gamomdinare, diskriminaciis akrZalva vrceldeba mxolod SromiT urTierTobaze,
romlis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia SromiTi xelSekrulebis gaformebasTan135 da/an sa-
muSaos faqtobrivad dawyebasTan.136 Sesabamisad, arsebobs riski, rom winasaxelSekru-
lebo urTierTobis mimarT ar garvceldes diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulireba. am
problemis aqtualuroba wamoWrilia Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebi-
sa da rekomendaciebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb eqspertTa komitetis 2009 wlis moxsenebaSi
(98-e sesia). eqspertTa komiteti Sromis kodeqsis me-5 VIII muxlze137 miTiTebiT SeniSnavs,
rom diskriminaciis amkrZalavi norma, vrceldeba ra mxolod saxelSekrulebo urTier-
Tobaze, debuleba zRudavs kandidatis SesaZleblobas sasamarTlos gziT moiTxovos
winasaxelSekrulebo etapze diskriminaciis Sedegad darRveuli uflebis aRdgena.138
2010 wlis moxsenebaSi (99-e sesia) eqspertTa komiteti saqarTvelos mimarT afiqsirebs
mkacr rekomendacias antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis Secvlis Sesaxeb imisaTvis,
rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes diskriminaciis akrZalvis erTmniSvnelovnad gavrceleba
kandidatis daqiravebisa da SerCevis procesze.139 2012 wlis moxsenebiT (101-e sesia) ir-
kveva, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba ver xedavs am mimarTulebiT cvlilebis aucileblo-
bas imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Sromis kodeqsis moqmedi regulireba faravs kandidatis
daqiravebisa da SerCevis process. 2012 wlis moxsenebaSic eqspertTa komiteti imeorebs
pirvandel rekomendacias kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebis inicirebis Sesaxeb.140
Sromis kodeqsis me-2 III muxlis viwro interpretacia marTlac iZleva aseTi das-
kvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. Tumca sakiTxi ar SeiZleba Sefasdes gancalkevebulad,
mxolod erTi normis moqmedebis farglebSi. aRiarebulia, rom Sromis samarTali da
mis mier dadgenili standartebi da garantiebi vrceldeba rogorc dasaqmebulze, ase-
ve kandidatze.141 Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis diskriminaciis amkrZalavi kon-
135
Sromis kodeqsis me-2 II muxlis Tanaxmad, `SromiTi urTierToba warmoiSoba mxareTa Ta-
nasworuflebianobis safuZvelze nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad miRweuli SeT-
anxmebiT~.
136
Sromis kodeqsis me-7 muxlis mixedviT, `SromiTi urTierToba warmoiSoba dasaqme-
bulis mier samuSaos Sesrulebis faqtobrivad dawyebis momentidan, Tu SromiTi
xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gansazRvruli~.
137
am normis mixedviT, damsaqmebeli valdebuli ar aris, daasabuTos Tavisi gadawyvetile-
ba dasaqmebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb.
138
103484.pdf> 378-379, [12.07.2012].
139
123424.pdf> 417-418, [12.07.2012].
140
<http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/documents/meetingdocument/
wcms_174843.pdf>, 511, [12.07.2012].
141
Klare K., The Horizons of Transformative Labour and Employment Law, in: Labour Law in an Era of Global-
ization, Conaghan J., Fischl R., Klare K. (Editors), New York “Oxford University Press”, 2002, 10.
259
venciebi aRiarebs Tanabari mopyrobis wesis SeuzRudavad moqmedebis princips, rom-

lis Tanaxmadac igi vrceldeba yvela adamianis mimarT, saqmianobis yvela sferoze, maT
Soris, sajaro samsaxurze, kerZo seqtorze, TviTdasaqmebulebze, damoukidebel kon-
traqtorebze da anazRaurebad dasaqmebulebze.142 evropuli kavSiris sasamarTlom da-
adgina, rom samuSaos maZieblebi, dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT, sargeb-
loben Tanabari mopyrobis uflebiT.143 samuSaos Zebna sakmarisia imisTvis, rom, Tanaba-
ri mopyrobis wesis dacvis miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kandidatis mimarT gavrceldes
Sromis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis garantiebi.144 amdenad, eWvgareSea, rom
Sromis kodeqsis me-2 III muxlSi mocemuli diskriminaciis akrZalva vrceldeba winasa-
xelSekrulebo urTierTobazec. sakanonmdeblo TvalsazrisiT, miTiTebuli proble-
midan garkveuli gamosavali SemoTavazebulia Sromis kodeqsis 1-li I muxlis daTqmaSi
– ès kodeqsi awesrigebs SromiT da mis Tanamdev urTierTobebs~. `mis Tanamdev urTi-
erTobebSi~ winasaxelSekrulebo urTierToba igulisxmeba. amdenad, Sromis kodeqsis
moqmedebis sferos zogadi debuleba winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobaze diskrimina-
ciis akrZalvis principis gasavrceleblad sakmarisi safuZvelia.145
5.2 samuSaos Sesrulebis procesi
diskriminaciis akrZalvis moqmedebis sferoa SromiT urTierTobaSi arsebuli

dasaqmebulis mier kanonmdeblebiT dadgenili uflebebis gamoyenebis procesi.146 Sro-
mis kodeqsSi diskriminaciis maregulirebeli normebi mocemulia I karSi `zogadi debu-
lebebi~ da I TavSi `Sesavali debulebebi~. Sromis kodeqsSi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi
normebis sistemuri adgili uzrunvelyofs mis gavrcelebas SromiT urTierTobebSi
subieqtebis mier kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul yvela uflebis, valdebulebebisa Tu ro-
melime debulebis gamoyenebaze.
diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulirebis sagania dasaqmebulisaTvis anazRaurebis
odenobis gansazRvra,147 SromiTi pirobebis daweseba (maT Soris samuSao da dasvenebis
142
Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.3, Deventer/Boston, “Kluwer Law and Taxation Pub-
lishers”, 1994, 123.
143
Dougan M., Free Movement: The Workseekers as Citizen, “The Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal
Studies”, Vol. 4, 2002, 94.
144
Kraamwinkel M., Imagined European Community: Are Housewives European Citizens?, in: Labour Law in
an Era of Globalization, Conaghan J., Fischl R., Klare K. (Editors), New York, “Oxford University Press”,
2002, 334.
145
igive problema SeiniSneba `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanonSic, romelSic dis-
kriminaciis akrZalvis ganmartebis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi gavrceleba TiTqos SezRudu-
lia winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobis mimarT. Tumca imave kanonSi arsebuli ramdenime
norma garkveulwilad gamoricxavs aseTi daskvnis SesaZleblobas. kanonis me-6 II mux-
lSi aRiarebulia, rom `saxelmwifo xels uwyobs dasaqmebis Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas
orive sqesis pirTaTvis”. amasTan, me- 4 II. z muxlis Sesabamisad, genderuli Tanasworobis
dacvis mizniT, diskriminaciis gareSe uzrunvelyofilia profesiis an samuSaos saxeo-
bis Tavisuflad arCeva.
146
(Editor in Chief), Vol.3, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 2001, 103.
147
Sommer U., Labor and Employment Law in Switzerland, in: International Labor and Employment Law,
260
dro, anazRaurebadi Svebulebis gacemis pirobebi),148 damsaqmeblis mier dasaqmebuli-

saTvis miTiTebis micema da samuSao davalebebis ganawileba,149 dasaqmebulis dawinau-
reba,150 sxva samuSaoze gadayvana,151 dasaqmebulis gadamzadeba-treningi,152 dasaqmebu-
lis mier profesiul kavSiris Seqmna da masSi gawevrianeba153 da a.S.
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika diskriminaciuli mopyrobis mimarTulebiT
mravalferovania. yofila SemTxveva, rodesac dasaqmebuli diskriminaciis arsebobas
sxva TanamSromlebTan SedarebiT ufro nakleb xelfasze muSaobas ukavSirebda.154 er-
T-erT saqmeze dasaqmebuli araTanabar mopyrobas amtkicebda im faqtiT, rom damsaqme-
beli zeganakveTuri samuSaoebis SesrulebisaTvis sxva dasaqmebulebs uxdida premias,
mas ki ara.155 imave saqmeze dasaqmebuli diskriminaciul mopyrobad aseve akvalifici-
America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 339; Kenner J., The European Union, in: International Labour
and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-Chief), 3rd Edition, Volume IA (Covering through
2007), Major Economies (Non-NAFTA), Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2009, 1-241.
148
Örndahl J., Labor and Employment Law in Finland, in: International Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz
“American Bar Association”, 2008, 76; Blanpain R., Belgium, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour
Law and Industrial Relations, Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.3, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law
International”, 2001, 102-103; Sommer U., Labor and Employment Law in Switzerland, in: International
Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors), 2nd Edition, Volume I
(Europe), United States of America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 339.
149
Berenstein A., Mahon P., Switzerland, in: International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations,
Blanpain R. (Editor in Chief), Vol.13, The Hague/London/Boston, “Kluwer Law International”, 2001, 143.
150
America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 339; Kenner J., The European Union, in: International Labour
and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-in-Chief ), 3rd Edition, Volume IA (Covering through
2007), Major Economies (Non-NAFTA), Chicago, “BNA Books”, 2009, 1-241.
151
Örndahl J., Labor and Employment Law in Finland, Iin: nternational Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz
152
America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 339; Örndahl J., Labor and Employment Law in Finland, in:
International Labor and Employment Law, Berkowitz P., Reitz Etgen A., Muller-Bonanni T. (Editors), 2nd Edi-
tion, Volume I (Europe), United States of America, “American Bar Association”, 2008, 76.
153
“BNA Books”, 2009, 1-241.
154
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 20 maisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-1112-1376-
09. am davaSi kasatori diskriminaciis arsebobas ukavSirebda im garemoebas, misi misi xel-
fasi iyo ufro naklebi, vidre sxva TanamSromlebisa. amis Taobaze sasamarTlom ganmarta,
rom SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze mxareTa mier garkveuli xelfasis SeTanxmeba
ar niSnavs, rom diskriminacias aqvs adgili. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZle-
belia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
155
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 24 ivnisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-519-
493-2011. dasaqmebulis ganmartebiT, zeganakveTuri samuSaoebis SesrulebisaTvis sxva
dasaqmebulebs aZlevdnen premias, mas ki ara. miuxedavad imisa, rom mosarCele asruleb-
261
rebda mis daqveiTebas (ufro dabal poziciaze gadayvanas).156 erT-erT saqmeze, dasaq-
mebulis azriT, damsaqmeblis mier ganxorcielebuli diskriminacia gamoixateboda,
sxva dasaqmebulebisagan gansxvavebiT, misTvis 24-dRiani Svebulebis micemiT.157 Svebu-
lebis kompensaciasTan dakavSirebul saqmeze dasaqmebuli amtkicebda, rom mis mimarT
ganxorcielebuli araTanabari mopyroba, gansxvavebiT sxva pirebisgan, mosarCelesaT-
vis gamouyenebeli Svebulebis kompensaciis gadauxdelobaSi gamoixateboda.158 iyo Sem-
Txveva, rodesac mosarCeles miaCnda, rom igi diskriminaciis msxverpli iyo, vinaidan
134 dasaqmebulidan damsaqmebelma mxolod mas ar gaugrZela (yovelTviurad ganaxle-
badi) 1-Tviani SromiTi xelSekruleba.159 xelSekrulebis vadasTan dakavSirebul erT-
erT saqmeze gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi Cayenebad dasaqmebuli akvalificirebda im
faqts, rom damsaqmebelma dasaqmebulTa nawils SromiTi xelSekruleba daudo xuTi
wlis, xolo danarCenebs – erTi wlis vadiT.160 erT-erTi sasasamarTlo davisas, mosar-
Celes miaCnda, rom igi uTanasworo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda im TvalsazrisiT, rom,
sxva TanamSromlebTan SedarebiT, mxolod mas SeuCerda SromiTi urTierToba.161 sak-
da zeganakveTur samuSaos dilis 9 saaTidan saRamos 9-10 saaTamde SabaT-kviris CaTv-

liT, mas premia ar miuRia. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gac-
noba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
156
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 9 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze #as-1803-1779-
2011. mosarCelis mosazrebiT, garda gaTavisuflebisa, mis mimarT diskriminaciuli
moyproba gamoxatuli iyo ufro dabal poziciaze – seqtoris asistentad gadayvanaSi.
gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
157
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 15 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze #as-832-
1047-08. sasamarTlom dadgenilad cno, rom mosarCeles mieca Svebuleba 24 samuSao
dRis odenobiT, rac SesabamisobaSia saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 21-e muxlis moTx-
ovnebTan. amdenad, sasamarTlom damsaqmeblis qmedeba ar miiCnia SromiT kodeqsiT gaT-
valiswinebul diskriminaciad. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi
gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
158
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 24 maisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-326-304-
2010. am saqmeze mosarCele amtkicebda, rom mis mimarT adgili hqonda diskriminacias,
vinaidan damsaqmebelma samuSaodan gaTavisuflebul sxva pirebs sadavo Tanxa (gamouy-
enebeli Svebulebis kompensacia) aunazRaura. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da Sesa-
Zlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
159
gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/1107-08, xelmisawvdomia mxolod sasamarTlo arqivSi.
160
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 20 ivlisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-138-113-
2010. mocemul SemTxvevaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom udavod dadgenilad miiCnia, rom mx-
areTa Soris SromiTi xelSekruleba dadebuli iyo ganusazRvreli vadiT. amdenad, dis-
kriminaciis faqti ar dadasturda. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia
misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
161
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 7 ivnisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-401-374-
2010. am saqmeze sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom sawarmos dasaqmebulebTan SromiTi urTier-
Tobis SeCereba gamowveuli iyo sawarmos mZime finansuri mdgomareobiT. mosarCelis
garda, samsaxurebrivi uflebamosileba SeuCerda sxva TanamSromlebsac. amdenad, misi
gancxadeba, rom araTanabar pirobebSi imyofeboda sxva TanamSromlebTan SedarebiT
da mis mimarT diskriminacias hqonda adgili, ar dasturdeboda saqmis masalebiT. ga-
dawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sa-
samarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
262
maod saintereso SemTxveva dafiqsirda saqmeze, sadac, mosarCelis azriT, diskrimina-

ciuli mopyroba damsaqmeblis mier xelSekrulebis moSlisas Sromis kodeqsis gamoye-
nebaSi gamoixateboda, xolo analogiur pirobebSi dasaqmebul pirebTan damsaqmebelma
`sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ kanoni gamoiyena.162
5.3. samuSaodan gaTavisufleba
diskriminaciis akrZalva vrceldeba damsaqmeblis iniciativiT SromiTi urTi-

erTobis Sewyvetaze.163 saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul Sewyvetis sa-
fuZvlebis gaTvaliswinebiT diskriminaciuli niSniT SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyveta
SeiZleba dafiqsirdes, rogorc xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlisas, aseve xelSekrulebis
moSlisas.
5.3.1. SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyveta xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis

safuZvliT
xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis gamo SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetis mimarT dis-

kriminaciis akrZalvis gavrceleba problemur sakiTxs warmoadgens. xelSekrulebis
dadebis Tavisuflebis (igive Sromis Tavisuflebis) zogadi principis gaTvaliswine-
biT, rTulia damsaqmeblis gadawyvetilebaSi gaimijnos damsaqmeblis diskriminaciu-
li mopyroba da misi Tavisufali neba axali xelSekrulebis dadebaze (anu gagrZlebaze)
uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. nebis avtonomiis principi xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis safuZ-
vliT SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetis mimarT diskriminaciis akrZalvis moqmedebi-
saTvis qmnis erTgvar Semakavebel bariers. am TvalsazrisiT sakiTxs arTulebs Sromis
kodeqsis me-5 VIII muxli, romelic (winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobis garda) gamoiye-
neba maSinac, roca aw ukve yofil dasaqmebuls damsaqmebeli aRar uxangrZlivebs Sro-
miT xelSekrulebas. Sesabamisad, damsaqmebeli ar aris ra valdebuli daasabuTos ga-
dawyvetileba xelSekrulebis vadis gagrZlebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, diskriminaciis
akrZalvis gavrceleba aseT SemTxvevebze praqtikulad azrs moklebulia.164
162
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 5 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze #as-702-657-2010.
miTiTebul davaze mosarCele aRniSnavda, rom igi sxva dasaqmebul pirTan identur mdgo-
mareobaSi imyofeboda, romlis mimarTac, `sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ kanonze dayrdno-
biT, gansxvebuli gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli. mosarCelis azriT, damsaqmebelma sxva-
dasxvagvarad gadawyvita erTnair mdgomareobaSi myofi pirebis dasaqmebis sakiTxi da mis
mimarT gamoiyena Sromis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli xelSekrulebis moSlis normebi,
rac warmoadgenda kidec diskriminacias. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebe-
lia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
163
Kenner J., The European Union, International Labour and Employment Laws, Keller W., Darby T. (Editors-
in-Chief), Third Edition, Volume IA (Covering through 2007), Major Economies (Non-NAFTA), Chicago,
“BNA Books”, IL, 2009, 1-241.
164
am SemTxvevebSi gadamwyvet faqtors warmoadgens mtkicebis tvirTis sakiTxi diskrimi-
naciuli davebis dros. Tu diskriminaciuli mopyrobis ararsebobis Sesaxeb mtkicebis
tvirTi dakisrebuli aqvs damsaqmebels, diskriminaciis akrZalva SesaZlebelia gavr-
celdes xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis safuZvliT SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetis
SemTxvevaze.
263
imave pozicias iziarebs saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika iseT saqmeebze, ro-

desac xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis safuZvliT SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyveta dasaq-
mebulis mier diskriminaciuladaa Sefasebuli. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 II da
37-e I.b muxlebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom SromiTi xelSekrulebis
vadis amowurvisas SromiTi urTierTobis gagrZeleba mTlianad damokidebulia mxare-
Ta nebaze da damsaqmebeli yovelTvis uflebamosilia ar gaagrZelos dasaqmebulTan
SromiTi urTierToba.165 sasamarTlos miTiTebiT, TavisTavad, samuSaos Sesrulebis va-
dis gasvla da amis gamo samuSaodan gaTavisufleba ar niSnavs, rom diskriminacias aqvs
adgili.166
5.3.2. SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyveta xelSekrulebis

moSlis safuZvliT
xelSekrulebis moSlis safuZvliT SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetis mimarT dis-

kriminaciis akrZalvis gavrceleba udavoa. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo ganmar-
tavs, rom damsaqmeblis mier Sromis xelSekrulebis moSlis Sesaxeb nebis gamovleniT
ar unda irRveodes piris ZiriTadi uflebebi da samarTlis zogadi principebi. nebismi-
eri samoqalaqo ufleba Semofarglulia misi ganxorcielebis marTlzomierebiT. dam-
saqmeblis iniciativiT SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSlis SemTxvevaSi uflebis ganxor-
cielebis marTlzomiereba gulisxmobs im garemoebas, rom damsaqmeblis nebis gamovle-
niT ar unda dairRves saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebuli adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, maT Soris Sromis kodeqsiT dadgenili diskriminaciis
dauSveblobis principi.167
saqarTvelos uaxlesi sasamarTlo praqtika168 gadatvirTulia iseTi saqmeebiT,
rodesac gaTavisuflebul dasaqmebulebs (mosarCeleebs) miaCniaT, rom Sromis kodeq-
sis 37-e I.d da 38-e III muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sromis xelSekrulebis moSla yovel-
gvari mizezis miTiTebisa da gafrTxilebis gareSe aris diskriminaciuli mopyroba. am
kategoriis davebisas, mosarCeleTa gagebiT, xelSekrulebis umizezod moSla warmo-
adgens diskriminaciuli qmedebas. am SemTxvevebSi samuSaodan daTxovna ùmizezod~,
yovelgvari motivaciis gareSe aRqmulia Tanasworuflebianobis darRvevad.169 sapasu-
165
gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/1107-08, xelmisawvdomia mxolod sasamarTlo arqivSi.
166
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 13 ivlisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-250-235-
2010. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos uze-
naesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
167
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 1 dekembris ganCineba saqmeze #as-343-
168
igulisxmeba 2006 wels axali Sromis kodeqsis amoqmedebis Semdeg damkvidrebuli sasa-
marTlo praqtika.
169
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 13 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze #as-265-
250-10; 2011 wlis 4 ivlisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-596-562-2011; 2011 wlis 10 oqtombris
ganCinebaSi saqmeze #as-908-948-2011; 2011 wlis 31 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze #as-
890-933-2011; 2011 wlis 24 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze #as-1265-1285-2011; 2012 wlis
18 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze #as-1597-1593-2011; 2012 wlis 17 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze
264
xod, sasamarTloebs dausabuTeblad miaCniaT dasaqmebulTa mosazreba, rom, TavisTa-

vad, xelSekrulebis moSla, romelsac safuZveli ar gaaCnia, warmoadgens diskrimina-
ciis faqtis gamovlenas.170 dasaqmebulTa aseTi pretenziis mimarT sasamarTloebs ga-
aCniaT martivi pozicia, rom gaTavisuflebuli dasaqmebulebi araTanabar pirobebSi
ar arian Cayenebuli sxva TanamSromlebTan mimarTebiT, radgan saqarTvelos Sromis
kodeqsi Tavisi normebiT – 37-e da 38-e muxlebiT – yvela dasaqmebuls erTnair piro-
bebSi ayenebs.171
mocemuli SemTxvevebis mimarT unda aRiniSnos, rom dasaqmebuli apelirebs dis-
kriminaciul mopyrobaze, Tumca ar uTiTebs konkretul diskriminaciis niSanze.172
mosarCeleTa amgvari pozicia ewinaaRmdegeba diskriminaciis arss, rac gulisxmobs
Tanasworuflebianobis darRvevas diskriminaciis msxverplisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnis safuZvelze. imisaTvis, rom damsaqmeblis mier xelSekrulebis moSla dakvali-
ficirdes diskriminaciul mopyrobad, aucilebelia, rom dasaqmebulma waradginos
pretenzia konkretuli niSnis safuZvelze xelSekrulebis moSlis Sesaxeb. aseT dros
mxolod mizezis miTiTebisa da gafrTxilebis gareSe xelSekrulebis moSlaze apeli-
reba ver CaiTvleba diskriminaciul mopyrobad. amis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo marTebulad
ganmartavs, rom diskriminacia faqtis samarTlebrivi Sefasebaa, ra drosac unda arse-
bobdes saTanado faqtobrivi wanamZRvrebi.173
6. daskvna
saqarTveloSi SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulirebis amosavali wya-

roa saqarTvelos konstitucia. SromiTi diskriminaciis erTian samarTlebriv baza-
Si Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebsa da èvropis socialur qartias~
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. SromiTi diskriminacia akrZalulia specialuri aqte-
biT – `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT da `profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb~
kanoniT. `SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanoni
#as-1605-1599-2011. gadawyvetilebebi gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia maTi gacnoba

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
170
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 13 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze #as-265
-250-10. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba saqarTvelos
171
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 3 seqtembris ganCineba saqmeze #as-1177-
1322-08; 2010 wlis 28 aprilis ganCineba saqmeze #as-864-1150-09. gadawyvetilebebi gamo-
qveynebulia da SesaZlebelia maTi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficia-
lur vebgverdze.
172
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 8 ivlisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-115-
109-10; 2010 wlis 25 noembris ganCineba saqmeze #as-510-479-2010; 2012 wlis 20 ianvris
ganCineba saqmeze #as-1636-1626-2011; 2012 wlis 13 Tebervlis ganCineba saqmeze №as-1840
-1813-2011; 2012 wlis 22 martis ganCineba saqmeze №as-271-262-2012; 2012 wlis 17 maisis
ganCineba saqmeze #as-339-324-2012. gadawyvetilebebi gamoqveynebulia da SesaZlebelia
maTi gacnoba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze.
173
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 aprilis ganCineba saqmeze #as-864-
265
aseve Seicavs SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa mimarT araTanabari mopyrobis

akrZalvis garkveul elementebs. qveyanaSi SromiTi diskriminaciis maregulirebeli
ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo aqtia saqarTvelos organuli kanoni – Sromis kodeqsi. igi
uzrunvelyofs SromiTi diskriminaciis rogorc sistemur, aseve institucionalur
regulirebas. Sromis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs diskriminaciis Sinaarsobriv ganmartebas
da SromiTi diskriminaciis aucilebeli komponentis – gamarTlebuli mopyrobis reg-
lamentacias. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi ar aris warmodgenili arapirdapiri dis-
kriminaciis definicia. Sromis kodeqsi Seicavs diskriminaciis niSnebis CamonaTvals,
sadac warmodgenilia yvela is niSani, romelic socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtore-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT adekvaturia qarTuli Sromis bazrisTvis. Tumca diskriminaci-
is niSnebs Soris ar aris moxseniebuli evropaSi farTod gavrcelebuli da qarTuli
Sromis bazrisaTvis potenciurad aqtualuri niSani – janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
da piris garegnuli mdgomareoba (fizikuri nakli). akrZalul niSnebs Soris miTiTe-
buli niSnebis ararseboba gamoricxavs janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa da piris gareg-
nuli mdgomareobis (fizikuri naklis) safuZvliT ganxorcielebuli SromiTi dis-
kriminaciiT damdgari darRveuli uflebis aRdgenas. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
diskriminaciis niSnebis CamonaTvali amomwuravia. Sesabamisad, kodeqsiT SezRudulia
(CamoTvlili niSnebis garda) nebismieri sxva niSniT ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis
msxverplisaTvis sasamarTloSi uflebis dacva. mocemul viTarebaSi mizanSewonilia,
Sromis kodeqsSi, diskriminaciis niSnebis konkretul CamonaTvalTan erTad, warmod-
genili iyos daTqma `da sxva niSnis gamo~. aseTi SemTxvevaSi kodeqsi gaxsnis diskrimina-
ciis regulirebis samarTlebriv sivrces da nebismieri sxva niSnis safuZvelze ganxor-
cielebul diskriminaciis msxverpls mieniWeba SesaZlebloba idavos diskriminaciuli
mopyrobis Taobaze.
qarTul Sromis samarTalSi mocemuli diskriminaciis amkrZalavi normebi vrcel-
deba winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobaze. marTalia, Sromis kodeqsi me-2 III muxlis
sityvasityviTi interpretacia gamoricxavs aseTi daskvnis SesaZleblobas, Tumca ima-
ve Sromis kodeqsis 1-li I muxli (kodeqsis gavrceleba SromiT da mis Tanamdev urTi-
erTobaze), aseve SromiTi diskriminaciis samarTlis zogadi principi (diskriminaciis
akrZalvis SeuzRudavad gavrceleba yvela adamianze, maT Soris samuSaos maZiebelzec)
aRniSnuli eWvis gaqarwylebis safuZvelia. SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalva faravs
SromiTi urTierTobis yvela etaps, rac moicavs dasaqmebulis mier kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenili uflebebis gamoyenebis process. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, diskrimi-
naciuli mopyrobis akrZalva aseve vrceldeba dasaqmebulis samuSaodan daTxovnaze.
xelSekrulebis moSlis safuZvliT SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetisgan gansxvavebiT,
xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis safuZvliT SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetaze diskrimi-
naciis amkrZalavi normebis efeqtur, arsebiTi gamoyenebisaTvis xelis SemSlel faq-
tors warmoadgens xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebis principi. xelSekrulebis
vadis gasvlisas, xelSekrulebis vadis gagrZelebis an axali xelSekrulebis dadebis
Sesaxeb damsaqmeblis negatiur gadawyvetilebaSi rTulia sazRvris gavleba damsaqmeb-
lis diskriminaciul qmedebasa da mis Tavisufal nebas Soris.
statiaSi warmodgenili msjeloba adasturebs, rom SromiTi diskriminaciis ma-
regulirebeli kanonmdebloba saqarTveloSi ukve saxezea. diskriminirebuli subi-
266
eqtebi (garda janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa da garegnuli mdgomareobis (fizikuri

naklis) niSniT diskriminirebuli pirebisa) aRWurvili arian sakanonmdeblo berketiT
damsaqmeblis ukanono qmedebisgan Tavis dasacavad an darRveuli uflebis aRsadgenad.
imavdroulad, damsaqmebelTaTvis savaldebuloa kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli
diskriminaciis akrZalvis principis dacva. Sedegad, 2006 wels axali Sromis kodeqsis
miRebiT qveyanaSi SromiTi diskriminaciis sferos daregulirebis mizani garkveulwi-
lad miRweulia. misi Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia erovnuli kanonmdeb-
lobis harmonizacia evropuli kavSiris SromiT antidiskriminaciul kanonmdeblobas-
Tan. amasTan, diskriminaciuli normebis efeqtianad moqmedebisaTvis mniSvnelovania,
rom darRveuli uflebis dacvis procesSi mosarCeleebma (dasaqmebulebma) sworad
gaigon diskriminaciis institutis arsi da Sesabamisad gamoiyenon igi. sasamarTlo
praqtika adasturebs, rom xarvezi am mimarTulebiT araerTia. Tavis mxriv, 2006 wlam-
de qveynis Sromis bazrisaTvis, diskriminaciis amkrZalavi normebis ararsebobis gaT-
valiswinebiT, SromiTi diskriminaciis sferos ganviTarebisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia sa-
samarTlos mier diskriminaciis maregulirebeli normebis aqtiuri gamoyeneba da maTi
sworad ganmarteba.
267
guram naWyebia*
obieqturi Seracxvis problema sisxlis samarTalSi
1. Sesavali
statiaSi kritikuladaa ganxiluli e. w. òbieqturi Seracxvis“ problema, misi

Zlieri da susti, wanaaRmdegobrivi mxareebi, masTan kavSirSi – e. w. normatiuli mize-
zobriobis idea, romelic, germaneli kolegebisa da maTi mimdevrebisadmi Rrma pati-
viscemis miuxedavad, vfiqrobT, normativistul gadamlaSebad da bralis ideis dak-
ninebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tumca, dasmuli sakiTxis saboloo gadawyveta Semdgom
gaRrmavebul kvlevas moiTxovs.
2. Seracxvis cneba
daviwyoT Seracxvis cnebiT. prof. o. gamyreliZe wers, rom Seracxvis cnebaze

qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi araferi iwereba. misi mtkicebiT, Seracxva proce-
sia, `moqmedebaa, roca sasamarTlo mavansa da mavans Tavis marTlsawinaaRmdego namoq-
medars, ese igi sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas, bralad Searacxavs da pasuxismgeb-
lobas daakisrebs~.1
amrigad, termini `Seracxva“ subieqtis mier Cadenili sisxlis samarTlis kano-
niT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisa da misi SedegebisaTvis am subi-
eqtze negatiuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas niSnavs.
3. pasuxismgebloba rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria
pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba iyos mxolod braleuli. bralis gareSe pasuxismgeb-

loba ki, rogorc irkveva, winaaRmdegobrivi gamonaTqvamia. marTlac, brali aris pa-
suxismgeblobis pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqtebis kavSiris forma, roca subieqti,
erTi mxriv, moqmedebs upasuxismgeblod, nacvlad imisa, rom emoqmeda pasuxismgeblu-
rad, ese igi, misi pirovnuli mowodebisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT, xolo, meore mxriv,
Tavisi upasuxismgeblo qmedebiT negatiur pasuxismgeblobas afuZnebs. ramdenadac
`pasuxismgebloba“ socialuri filosofiis kategoriaa, amdenad, brali, rogorc pasu-
xismgeblobis pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqtebis kavSiris forma, socialuri filo-
* iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis sadisertacio sabWos wevri,
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi.
1
gamyreliZe o., Seracxvis problema sisxlis samarTalSi da bralis normatiuli cnebis
dasabuTebis cda, `sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis reformisa da Tanamedrve krimi-
nologiis problemebi~, Tb., 2006, 8.
268
g. naWyebia, obieqturi Seracxvis problema sisxlis samarTalSi
sofiis kategoriacaa.2 samwuxarod, iuridiul mecnierebaSi pozitiuri pasuxismgeb-

lobis idea, rogorc wesi, an uaryofilia, an ugulebelyofili, maSin roca pozitiuri
pasuxismgeblobis marTebulad gagebis gareSe TviT negatiuri pasuxismgeblobis mar-
Tebuli gageba SeuZlebelia. kerZod, pozitiuri pasuxismgebloba – esaa normatiulad
dadgenili valdebulebisadmi subieqtis pasuxismgebluri damokidebuleba, ese igi,
roca subieqti am valdebulebas ekideba misi Sesrulebis Sinagani mzaobiT. aqedan ga-
momdinare, saqme exeba danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis gamo sisxlissamarTlebrivi ur-
TierTobis ideas, romlis Tanaxmad, sisxlis samarTlis subieqti saxelmwifos winaSea
valdebuli, moqmedebdes marTlzomierad da mowodebulia, am valdebulebas pasuxis-
mgeblurad, ese igi, misi aRsrulebis Sinagani mzaobiT moekidos.
samwuxarod, germaneli kolegebi danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis gamo sisxlissa-
marTlebriv urTierTobaze arafers amboben da, maSasadame, maT arc pizitiuri pasu-
xismgeblobis idea awuxebT. amis gamoa, rom brali, rogorc saxelmwifos winaSe subieq-
tis upasuxismgeblobis aqti, maTTvis gasagebi da logikuri ver iqneba.
3.1. upasuxismgebloba, rogorc bralis sinonimi
samwuxarod, iSviaTi araa, roca subieqti marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebas

ekideba upasuxismgeblod anu braleulad. pozitiuri pasuxismgebloba rom ara, misi sa-
pirispiro termini ùpasuxismgebloba“ SeuZlebeli iqneboda, xolo upasuxismgeblobis
gareSe negatiuri pasuxismgebloba SeuZlebelia, radgan upasuxismgeblobis, rogorc
bralis sinonimis, gareSe negatiuri pasuxismgebloba obiqturi Seracxva iqneboda.3
3.2. bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis logikuri SeuZlebloba
rogorc vnaxeT, termini `Seracxva“ braleul pasuxismgeblobas aRniSnavs, xolo

bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba SeuZlebelia. marTlac, Tu brali aris pasuxismgeblo-
bis pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqtebis kavSiris forma, rogorc upasuxismgeblobis
sinonimi, maSin gasagebia, rom bralis gamoricxva logikurad gamoricxavs pasuxismgeb-
lobas rogorc pozitiuri, ise negatiuri aspeqtiT.4
4. termin òbieqturi Seracxvis~ marTebulad gagebis problema
termini òbieqturi Seracxva“, erTi SexedviT, bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas

unda niSnavdes, magram, sinamdvileSi, rogorc samarTlis doqtori merab turava aR-
niSnavs, laparakia qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis etapze Sedegis obieqtur Se-
racxvaze.5 ase rom, termini òbieqturi Seracxva“, rac logikurad bralis gareSe pasu-
xismgeblobas unda niSnavdes, ise Cans, TiTqos ufro sxva raimea, vidre bralis gareSe
2
naWyebia g., brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria, Tb., 2001.
3
naWyebia g., sisxlis samarTali, saxelmZRvnelo, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 53-54.
4
naWyebia g., bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis logikuri SeuZleblobis sakiTxisaTvis,
prof. r. Sengelias dabadebidan 70-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb.,
2012, 502.
5
turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, merve gamocema, Tb., 2008, 93.
269
pasuxismgebloba. amaze metyvelebs iohanes veselsisa da verner biolkes erToblivi

saxelmZRvaneloc, romelSic ganxilulia obieqturi Seracxvis problema da gakeTebu-
lia daskvna, rom obieqturi Seracxvis ideam yvelaze didi aRiareba gaufrTxilebeli
deliqtebis sferoSi pova.6 amasve aRiarebs m. turavac. misi mtkicebiT, obieqturi Se-
racxvis Teoria farTo mxardaWeras gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis dros imsaxurebs, ma-
Sin roca ganzraxi danaSaulis dros misi praqtikuli mniSvneloba SedarebiT dabalia.7
aSkaraa, rom termini òbieqturi Seracxva“ bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas ar
niSnavs, radgan am mimarTebiT Tu ganzraxva, rogorc bralis forma, ara, gaufrTxi-
lebloba mainc igulisxmeba. vimeorebT, saqme exeba qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis
etapze marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis subieqtisaTvis Seracxvas. erTi sityviT, gamo-
dis, rom `konkretuli Sedegi obieqturad im SemTxvevaSi Seeracxeba vinmes, Tu man sa-
marTlebrivad mniSvnelovani iseTi safrTxe Seqmna, romelic qmedebis Semadgenlobis
Sesabamis Sedegamde ganviTarda.8
4.1. termin òbieqturi Seracxvis“ saboloo Sinaarsi
amrigad, òbieqturi Seracxva~, wminda iuridiuli gagebiT, bralis gareSe pasu-

xismgeblobas aRniSnavs, magram, rogorc Cans, `normatiuli gagebiT“, mas gaufrTxileb-
lobis sferoSic SeiZleba hqondes adgili. Tumca, Seracxva mainc obieqturi anu bra-
lis gareSea, ramdenadac am Seracxvas adgili aqvs qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis
etapze subieqtisaTvis damdgari Sedegis Seracxvis saxiT. Tu imas gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom brali, danaSaulis cnebis germanuli modelis mixedviT, qmedebis Semadgenlobisa
da am qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis gareTaa, aq obieqturi Seracxva ukve udris bra-
lis gareSe pasuxismgeblobasac.
4.2. òbieqturi Seracxvis“ tradiciuli dasabuTebebi
amrigad, obiqturi Seracxva, erTi mxriv, rogorc wesi, gaufrTxilebel deliq-

tebSi iCens Tavs, da, maSasadame, bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas ar utoldeba, mag-
ram, meore mxriv, raki qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis etapze subieqtisaTvis Se-
degis Seracxva gaufrTxilebel bralamde xdeba, Seracxva mainc bralis gareSea. amas
imiT asabuTeben, rom Turme mizezobriobis problematikis gagebaSi moxda radikalu-
ri cvlileba. kerZod, mizezobriobis tradiciul gagebaSi Sedegis ganWvretadoba bra-
lis etapze unda momxdariyo. es gageba ki dReisaTvis araefeqturia, gansakuTrebiT
iseTi SemTvevebisaTvis, roca konkretuli Sedegi aramarTvadi SemTxveviTobis gamo
dgeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi ubedurebasa da umarTlobas Soris zRvari obieqturi kuTx-
idan unda gavavloT.9
sainteresoa: rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?
6
veselsi i., biolke v., sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, danaSauli da misi agebuleba,
Tb., 2011, 95.
7
turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, merve gamocema, Tb., 2008, 106.
8
veselsi i., boilke v., sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, danaSauli da misi agebuleba,
Tb., 2011, 96.
9
iqve, 97.
270
m. turava termins òbieqturi Seracxva“ kategorias uwodebs, ese igi, gamodis, rom
saqme exeba kategorialur azrovnebas. rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs cnebiTi azrovne-
bac, xolo cneba iyofa zogadisa da kerZos, gvarisa da saxis mixedviT. kategorias ki,
rogorc azris erT-erT logikur formas, amnairi dayofa ar gaaCnia. amitomaa, rom ka-
tegoria azrovnebis ama Tu zogad da uzogades sferoSi uzogades cnebas warmoadgens.
4.3. `normatuli mizezobriobis“ problema
vfiqrobT, am mokle meTodologiuri CanarTidan ufro saintereso Cans m. tu-

ravas mtkiceba, rom tradiciuli gageba mizezobrivi kavSirisa saRReisod sakmarisi
araa, ris gamoc mizezobrivi kavSiri yvela SeTxvevaSi unda Seicvalos obieqturi Se-
racxvis kategoriiT.10 sakiTxavia: ra kategoriaa es? irkveva, rom obieqturi Seracx-
va, Tu mTlad normatiuli kategoria araa, igi normatiuli aspeqtebis mqonea.11 ufro
metic, avtori askvnis, rom obieqturi Seracxvis problema wydeba or etapad: pirvel
etapze unda dadgindes kauzaloba qmedebasa da Sedegs Soris. aq saqme ar exeba speci-
alistis codnas, radgan mizezobrivi kavSiri aq wminda naturalisturia. obieqturi
Seracxvis etapze ki, saqme exeba wminda SefasebiT-samarTlebriv kategorias, roca su-
bieqtis qceviT gamowveuli Sedegi mas normatiuladac unda Seeracxos, rogorc saku-
Tari qmnileba, ese igi, rogorc personaluri umarTloba.12
pirveli Sualeduri daskvna. amrigad, obieqturi Seracxva, marTalia, gauf-
rTxileblobis sferoSic SeiZleba Segvxvdes, ris gamoc wminda saxiT bralis gareSe
pasuxismgblobas ar warmoadgens, magram, meore mxriv, Seracxva mainc obieqturia, ese
igi, bralis tradiciuli formebis gareSea, rac winaaRmdegobrivia, radgan bralis ga-
reSe pasuxismgebloba, rogorc ukve iTqva, logikuradac SeuZlebelia.
amrigad, SesaZlebelia Tu ara arsebobdes samarTlebrivi mizezobrioba?
5. sakTxis dasma pasuxismgeblobis zomisa da dacvis zomis

mimarTebis Sesaxeb
sakiTxavi isicaa, xom araa aq pasuxismgeblobis zomisa da e.w. dacvis zomis aR-
reva? samoqalaqo samarTalSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben dacvis zomas, romelic
bralis gareSea, da pasuxismgeblobas, romelic mxolod bralis safuZvelze fuZndeba.
SemTxveviTia Tu kanonzomieri, roca normis dacvis mizani specialuradaa ganxiluli
obieqturi Seracxvis problematikaSic? i. veselsi da v. boilke specialurad ixila-
ven normis dacvis mizans, roca subieqti qmnis samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovan safrTxes
imiT, rom subieqti samarTlebrivi sikeTis damcveli normis farglebs gadaabijebs.
avtorebs moaqvT aseTi magaliTi: a-m miunxenSi avtomanqanis marTvis siCqares gadaa-
Warba, xolo niurnbergSi mas bavSvma gadaurbina, bavSvi daiRupa, romlis Tavidan aci-
leba mocemul SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iyo. xom araa miunxenSi siCqaris momateba mize-
10
turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi, 2011,
216.
11
iqve, 217.
12
iqve, 259.
271
zobriv kavSirSi bavSvis sikvdilTan, radgan iq rom siCqare ar ganeviTarebina, bavSvi

samSvidobos iqndeboda gasuli. magram am SemTxvevaSi normis dacvis mizani konkretul
monakveTze safrTxisgan dacvaa, xolo miunxenSi manqanis siCqaris momatebas bavSvis-
Tvis konkretuli safrTxe ar Seuqnia.13
samagierod, normis dacvis mizani sxva SemTxvevaSi gaxda obieqturi Seracxvis
safuZveli. magaliTad, raixis sasamarTlom velosipedis Suqfaris gamo miiRo sainte-
reso gadawyvetileba. kerZod, RamiT vinme p. da j. Suqfarebis gareSe gaunaTebel gzaze
velosipedebiT seirnobdnen. p. marjvena mxares midioda, j. ki mis ukan, odnav marcxniv,
Tumca oriveni gzis Sua nawilSi moZraobdnen. j. saprispiro mimarulebiT aseve Suqfa-
rebis gareSe moZravi velosipedists k-s Seejaxa da mas Tavis qalis sasikvdilo dazi-
aneba miayena. am SemTxvevaSi j-s es Sedegi obieqturad unda Seeracxos, radgan velo-
sipedis rigiani ganaTeba amgvari Sedegebis Tavidan acilebis mizans emsaxureba. gamo-
ricxuli araa, rom p-s rom Suqfariani velosipediT evlo, j. mas SeamCnevda da dajaxe-
bac ar moxdeboda, magram saqme isaa, rom 222-e paragrafi rigiani ganaTebis movaloebas
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZravs ukve aRar akisrebs.14
5.1.normatiulad dadgenili valdebulebisadmi subieqtis

pasuxismgebluri damokidebulebis cneba da mniSvneloba
zemoT dasaxelebuli magaliTis mixedviT, j-m, rogorc Cans, daarRvia Suqfaria-

ni velospediT moZraobis valdebuleba da amitom mas es Sedegi obieqturad unda See-
racxos. Tu es asea, maSin ratom ar unda hqonoda am pirs am valdebulebisadmi pasuxis-
mgebluri damokidebuleba da, maSasadame, ratom ar unda Sefasdes es qmedeba, rogorc
upasuxismgeblo, anu, braleuli? Tu es ase araa, maSin aq saqme marTalc dacvis zomas
xom ar exeba da ara obieqtur Seracxvas?
xsenebul naSromSi dasaxelebulia sxva magaliTic, roca obieqturi Seracxva da-
uSvebelia, da, piriqiT, roca is aucilebelia. magaliTad, Weqa-quxilis dros vinmes
gareT gaSveba im angariSiT, rom mexi mas daecema, es marTalac rom moxdes, Seracxva
gamoricxulia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba bunebis umarTav Zalas. magram Tu mem-
kvidre ZmisSvili Tavis biZas daiyolebs, gaemgzavros TviTmfrinaviT, romelSic saa-
Tismeqanizmiani bombia damaluli, xolo, ZmisSvilisaTvis es cnobilia, `maSin, TviT-
mfrinavis afeTqebiT gamowveuli katastrofis SemTxvevaSi, ZmisSvilis xelT arsebu-
li gadamfarveli informaciisa da, aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kauzaluri procesis
marTvis dadasturebis safuZvelze, obieqturi Seracxva unda vaRiaroT.~15
sakiTxavia: ratomaa aq òbieqturi Seracxva,~ ese igi, ratomaa gamoricxuli gan-
zraxva, roca ZmisSvili iTvaliswinebda biZis am gziT daRupvis SesaZleblobas da mas
surda kidec am Sedegis dadgoma?
meore Sualeduri daskvna: amrigad, obieqturi Seracxva mizezobriobis sfe-
ros xelovnurad afarToebs, masSi faqtobrivad Seaqvs bralis momenti, roca subieq-
13
Tb., 2011, 98.
14
iqve, 98-99.
15
iqve, 100.
272
tis qmedeba dasaZraxia. es gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia maSin, roca saqme exeba piradi pa-
suxismgeblobis principiT qmedebis Sefasebas. yoveli adamiani mxolod sakuTari saq-
cielisaTvis agebs pasuxs. aq igulisxmeba SemTxveva, roca dazaralebuli Tu msxverpli
TviTonaa pasuxismgebeli sakuTari Tavis safrTxeSi Cagdebisa Tu dazianebisaTvis. am
SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba mesame pirebs ar ekisrebaT. normis dacvis funqcia, ro-
ca saqme mesame pirebisagan dacvas exeba, mTavrdeba iq, sadac piradi pasuxismgeblobis
sfero iwyeba. magaliTad, a-m b-sgan gadacemuli heroini SeiSxapuna, xolo, misi momak-
vdinebeli zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi b-s 222-e paragrafiT ver davsjiT.16
sxvaa SemTxveva, roca sakuTari Tavis safrTxeSi Cagdeba xdeba dazaralebulis
TanxmobiT. magaliTad, a-m neba darTo b-s misTvis heroini SeeSxapunebina, xolo a garda-
icvala. maSin 222-e parafrafis mixedviT b. daisjeba.
aq ganxilulia is sakiTxic, roca movlenaTa msvlelobaSi mesame pirebis pasuxis-
mgebloba erTveba.
amrigad, obieqturi Seracxva mTlad obieqturi araa, ramdenadac saqme adamianis
marTvad qmedebas exeba, roca mas SeuZlia movlenaTa ganviTrebaSi Careva, roca saziano
Sedegi misi sakuTari qmnilebis nawilia, ris gamoc pasuxismgeblobas Tavs ver daaRwevs.
6. òbieqturi Seracxvis“ dadebiTi mniSvneloba
Cveni azriT, òbieqturi Seracxvis“ saxelwodebiT zemoT ganxiluli problema-

tika imaze metyvelebs, rom germaneli kolegebi tradiciuli dogmatikis farglebs ga-
reT gasvlas cdiloben, rac, cxadia, maTi mecnieruli Rirsebaa. miT ufro, rom òbieq-
turi Seracxva“ SeiZleba iyos pirobiTi cneba, rogorc braleuli Seracxvis erT-erTi
meTodi, roca bralis dadgenamde winaswarve xdeba qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis
srulyofilad dadgena, rogorc modeli imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba Seracxva iyos obi-
eqturi Semadgenlobis mxriv amowuruli.
6.1. òbieqturi Seracxvis“ winaaRmdegobrivi buneba
òbieqturi Seracxva“, Tu is bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas niSnavs, vimeorebT,

logikuri winaaRmdegobis Semcvelia, radgan Seracxva, rogorc negatiuri pasuxis-
mgeblobis sinonimi, mxolod braleuli SeiZleba iyos.
mesame Sualeduri daskvna: sabolood, Cven mainc vfiqrobT, rom kargi iqne-
boda, Tu samoqalaqo samarTalSi arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, dacvis zoma pasu-
xismgeblobisagan sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSic iqneboda gamijnuli. SemTxveviTi
araa, rom i. veselsisa da v. boikles erTobliv saxelmZRvaneloSi naxsenebia samoqala-
qo samarTali, romelSic obieqturi Seracxva `normis dacvis miznis“ da marTlwinaaR-
mdegobis urTierTobis WrilSi Turme didi xania aRiarebuli.17 samwuxarod, Cven ar
gvaqvs SesaZlebloba, es sakiTxi germanuli samoqalaqo samarTlis Teoriis moSvelie-
biT gavaRrmaoT. amdenad, es sakiTxi Semdgomi kvlevis sferoa.
16
Tb., 2011, 100-103.
17
iqve, 88.
273
7. `normatiuli mizezobriobis“ ideis winapiroba
gavbedavT da vityviT, rom e. w. òbieqturi Seracxvis“ problematikaSi `normati-

uli mizezobriobis“ idea iman warmoSva, rom bralis tradiciuli cneba, rogorc raRac
abstraqtuli gakicxva Tu gasakicxoba, mizezobriobis principisgan mowyvetili aR-
moCnda, ris gamoc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba da misi Sedegi mizezis, rogorc raRac
obieqturis, mieraa gamowveuli da, maSasadame, brals am obieqtur qmnilebaSi araviTa-
ri wili ar miuZRvis. cxadia, `normatiuli mizezobrioba“ mizezobriobis problema-
tikaSi wminda wylis normativizmia, iseve rogorc wminda wylis normativizmia bralis
normatiuli cneba, rogorc wminda Sefaseba. jer erTi, mizezobriobis problematikaSi
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT mizezi da piroba. `mizezi“ pirobiTi cnebaa, radgan
raime Sedegi erTi romelime mizeziT ki araa gamowveuli, aramed pirobaTa urTierTga-
daxlarTvis Sedegia. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-18 muxlSi SemTxve-
viT araa naTqvami, rom danaSaulis momzadebad iTvleba danaSaulis CadenisaTvis pi-
robebis ganzrax Seqmna. aqedan gamomdinare, zemoT dasaxelebul magaliTebSi, roca,
vTqvaT, vinmem velosipediT Rame Suqfarebis gareSe gaiseirna da amis gamo Seejaxa mo-
pirdapire mxares aseve Suqfarebis gareSe moZrav velosipedists, aq am Sejaxebis mize-
zi marto erTi velosipedistis (Semjaxeblis) gamo ki ar moxda, aramed imis gamoc, rom
am Sejaxebis msxverplmac saTanado Suqfarebis gareSe imoZrava. am ukanasknels Suqfa-
rebiT rom evlo, maSin mas damjaxebeli SeamCnevda da dajaxebac aRar moxdeboda. mag-
ram, amis miuxedavad, am Sejaxebis Sedegi mxolod damjaxebels unda Seeracxos, radgan
normis dacvis mizani, rogorc Cans, ufro am ukanasknels avaldebulebs, emoZrava Suq-
farebiT, vidre meores. aqedan gamomdnare, Tu moxdeboda piriqiT, ese igi, am magaliT-
ze dajaxebis msxverpli TviTon daejaxeboda pirvels da aseTive dazianebas miayeneb-
da mas, es Sedegi am ukanasknels Seeracxeboda. gamodis, rom velosipedze Suqfarebis
dayenebis valdebuleba orivem daarRvia, magram, rogorc Cans, marTlsawinaaRmdego
Sedegi imas Seeracxeba, vinc dajaxeba moaxdina da sasikvdilo Sedegi gamoiwvia. norma-
tulad ufro dasaZraxi am viTarebaSi swored es qmedebaa.
sakiTxavia: Tu subieqtis qmedeba mocemul SemTxvevaSi normatiulad dasaZraxia,
ratom ar SeiZleba, rom mas brali davdoT windaxedulobis normis darRvevaSi, roca is
Ramis sibneleSi Suqfarebis gareSe velosipediT gavida quCaSi? an: ratom ar SeiZleba,
rom adamians, romelmac darwmunebiT icis, rom TviTmfrinavSi asafeTqebeli bombia
damontaJebuli, vinmes urCia, imogzauros swored am TviTmfrinaviT, brali davdoT
sxvisi sicocxlis marTlsawinaaRmdegod da ganzrax mospobaSi, Tu is, visac urCies
swored am TviTmfrinaviT mgzavroba, TviTmfrinavis afeTqebis gamo daiRupeba?
meoTxe Sualeduri daskvna: erTi sityviT, jer erTi, òbieqturi Seracxva~,
rogorc bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba, kidev erTxel vimeorebT, logikuradac wi-
naaRmdegobrivia, radgan brali sxva araferia, Tu ara pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri da
negatiuri aspeqtebis kavSiris forma, xolo, bralis gamoricxva logikurad gamoricx-
avs pasuxismgeblobas rogorc pozitiuri, ise negatiuri aspeqtiT. meorec, dacvis zo-
ma zogjer bralis gareSec SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, maSin roca pasuxismgebloba
(rogorc Seracxva) bralis gareSe SeuZlebelia. mesamec, marTlsawinaaRmdego Sede-
gis gamomwvev pirobaTa normatuli Sefaseba SeiZleba, magram mxolod maSin, Tu am pi-
274
robaTa Soris subieqtis bralic monawileobs rogorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisa

da misi Sedegis erT-erTi subieqturi mizezi. meoTxec, `normatiuli mizezobrioba“
iseTive normativizmia, rogoric, magaliTad, hans kelzenis moZRvrebaSi `normatiu-
li nebisyofa,~ romelsac nebisyofis fsiqologiur cnebasTan araviTari kavSiri ara
aqvs. meoTxec, brali, rogorc wminda normatiuli cneba (rogorc marTlsawinaaRmde-
go qmedebisTvis abstraqtuli gakicxva Tu gasakicxoba), mizezobriobisagan mowyveti-
li aRmoCnda, ris gamoc brali danaSaulebrivi qmedebisa da misi Sedegebis gamomwvev
pirobaTa Soris ar monawileobs. am viTarebaSi, rogorc Cans, bralis adgili mizezSe-
degobrivi kavSiris normatiulma Sefasebam daikava.
sxvaTa Soris, e. w. normatiuli mizezobriobis idea àr axalia, Zvelia.~ magali-
Tad, prof. T. wereTeli kritikulad ganixilavda neokantianuri mimarTulebis germa-
neli kriminalistebis mosazrebas, rom mizezobrivi kavSiris filosofiuri gageba sis-
xlis samarTals, rogorc normatiul sistemas, ar gamoadgeba da rom am ukanasknelma
mizezobriobis sakuTari gageba unda SeimuSaos. prof. T. wereTeli am mxriv imowmebs
`finaluri Teoriis“ iseT cnobil warmomadgenels, rogoric gaxldaT mauraxi. misi az-
riT, sisxlis samarTals ainteresebs ara is, Tu rodisaa adamianis moqmedeba danaSau-
lebrivi Sedegis mizezi, aramed is, Tu ra xasiaTs unda atarebdes es kavSiri imisaTvis,
rom piri sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi mieces.18
prof. T. wereTeli akritikebs im neokantianur ideebs, romelTa Tanaxmad, arssa
da jerarss Soris Rrma ufskrulia, ris gamoc samarTlis normebi sinamdvilis samya-
rosganaa gamxoloebuli. amis gamo brali mizezobriv kavSirSi ver CaerTveba, xolo am
pirobebSi normatiuli mizezobrivi kavSiri sxva araferia, Tu ara bralisa da mizezob-
rivi kavSiris gaigiveba, rogorc es, rogorc Cans, revoluciamdel rus kriminalits,
n. Sergievsks, gamouvida.19 prof. T. wereTlis mtkicebiT, yovelgvari cda imisa, rom
Seqmniliyo mizezobrobis cneba sisxlissamarTlebrivi gagebiT, mizezis filosofi-
uri cnebaze uaris Tqma da mizezobrobis specialuri samarTlebrivi mizezobriobis
dadgena iyo.20
gasagebia, rom aq mizezobriobis ori cneba arsebobs: erTi - folosofuri, meore
– samarTlebrivi. raki mizezobriobis filosofiuri cneba sisxlis samarTals, am Teo-
riis mixedviT, ar gamoadgeba, maSasadame, `samarTlebrivi mizezobriobis~ cnebas mize-
zobriobis filosofiur cnebasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. maSasadame, `samarTlebrivi
mizezobriobis“ cneba tipuri normativistuli dualizmia, roca mizezobriobis ori
cneba erTmaneTTan raime kavSiris gareSe arsebobs. aqedan ki, Tavis mxriv, gamomdina-
reobs daskvna, rom e. w. òbieqturi Seracxva“, romelic `normatiuli mizezobriobis~
safuZvelze xorcieldeba, bralis ideis ugulebelyofas (bralis problemidan mize-
zobriobis problemaze gadarTvas) da `bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis“ winaaRmde-
gobrivi debulebis aRiarebas moaswavebs.
18
Церетели Т. В., Причинная связь в уголовном праве, sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, tomi
me-3, Tb., 2012, 89.
19
iqve, 336.
20
iqve, 87.
275
8. brali da mizezobrivi kavSiris problema
sul sxvaa saqmis viTareba im SemTxvevaSi, roca brali gagebulia garkveuli instan-
ciis winaSe subieqtis upasuxismgeblobad, sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi – marTlzomie-
ri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebad, romelic
ganzraxvis an gaufrTxileblobis formiT (zogjer maTi erTianobiTac) vlindeba. Tu
ganzraxva subieqtze dakisrebuli pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis Segnebuli uaryofaa
(sakuTari Tavidan am pasuxismgeblobis moxsnis amao mcdeloba), gaufrTxilebloba am
pasuxismgeblobis ugulebelyofiT vlindeba, roca subieqti windaxedulobis normis
moTxovnebs ekideba upasuxismgeblod. aqedan gamomdinare, brali sisxlis samarTlis
sferoSi, rogorc marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeb-
lo damokidebuleba, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawina-
aRmdego qmedebis subieqturi mizezia. marTalia, mizezi, rogorc aseTi, obieqturia,
magram brali wminda subieqturic araa. miT ufro, rom qarTul enaze termin `brals“
xSirad `mizezis“ mniSvnelobiTac iyeneben. magaliTad, visac alkoholis borotad ga-
moyenebis gamo RviZli dauzianda, etyvian, rom misi es daavadeba alkoholis borotad
gamoyenebis bralia. aq isic igulisxmeba, rom subiets SeeZlo alkoholis borotad ga-
moyenebisgan Tavi Seekavebina, xolo raki Tavi ar Seikava, maSasadame, mas brali sakuTa-
ri janmrTelobis dazianebaSi TviTonve miuZRvis.
bralis problematika aq arsebiTad ver gaRrmavdeba, magram mokled mainc aRvniS-
navT, rom, roca subieqti pozitiuradaa pasuxismgebeli marTlzomieri qmedebisTvis
da saxelmwifo subieqtisagan marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi pasuxismgeb-
lur damokidebulebas moelis, gana Znelia imisi gageba, rom marTlzomieri qmedebis
valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba marTlsawinaaRmdego
qmedebis subieqturi mizezia? aq zedmeti ar iqneba, movitanoT Semdegi filosofiuri
debuleba: `sityva `mizezi~ sxvadasxva enaSi gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli – dawyebuli imiT, rac iwvevs, rac qmnis, da damTavrebuli danaSaulisa da
bralis mniSvnelobiT~. iqve isicaa naTqvami: rom `mizezad miiCneven imas, rac aqtiuria,
rac iwvevs Sedegs, rasac Tavisi aqtiurobiT `brali~ miuZRvis Sedegis miRebaSi.~21
rogorc Cans, aq mizezis rolSi gamoyvanili brali brWyalebSia Casmuli, rac imas
niSnavs, rom bralisa da mizezis sruli gaigiveba dauSvebelia, magram arc imisi uar-
yofa SeiZleba, rom brali, danaSaulis Cadenis genezisis mixedviT, win uswrebs mar-
Tlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebis darRvevas, rogorc marTlzomieri qmedebis val-
debulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba, romelic marTlsawinaaR-
mdego qmedebis subieqturi mizezia. marTlac, rom ara subieqtis upasuxismgebloba,
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cadenili ar iqneboda. magaliTad,
TviTimedovnebisas subieqti acnobierebs imas, rom misi qmedeba marTlsawinaaRmde-
goa, magram Tavis Tavs usafuZvlod, anu, upasuxismgeblod aimedebs, rom mocemul
SemTxvevaSi marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi ar dadgeba, maSin roca es Sedegi obieqturi
mxriv garduvalia, xolo, am garduvalobas subieqti ar iTvaliswinebs da swored imi-
tomaa TviTimedovneba gaufrxileblobis erT-erTi saxe. maSasadame, subieqtis bralia,
rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi is marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomis garduvalobas ar
21
avtorTa koleqtivi, dialeqtikuri materializmi, Tsu, 1970, 354.
276
iTvaliswinebs, maSin roca windaxedulobis normisadmi pasuxismgebluri damokidebu-

lebis viTarebaSi subieqti marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis garduvalad dadgomas gaiT-
valiswinebda da, maSasadame, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas ar Caidenda. aqedan gamom-
dinare, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Cadena, msgavs viTarebaSi, subieqtis upasuxis-
mgeblobis, anu, bralis gareSe ar xdeba da amitom qmedebisa da misi Sedegebis gamomwvev
pirobaTa Soris subieqtis brals gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, Suris-
Ziebis motivs, romelic, vTqvaT, mkvlelobis xerxiT xorcieldeba, win uswrebs TviT
msxverplis mxriv mkvlelis mimarT raime uRirsi saqcieli, magram mkvlelobis gadawy-
vetileba mainc subieqtis nebis saqmea, ris gamoc es gadawyvetileba fasdeba, rogorc
upasuxismgeblo, raki subieqts SeeZlo es gadawyvetileba ar mieRo da, maSasadame, am
mkvlelobis msxverplisaTvis samagiero ar gadaexada. gasagebia, rom es gadawyvetileba
rom ara, mkvleloba mocemul SemTxvvevaSi Cadenili ar iqneboda. am viTarebaSi bralis
xarisxi, anu marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis subieqturi mizezi, ufro maRalia, vidre
maSin, roca mkvlelobis gadawyvetilebas win uswrebs TviT msxverplis mxriv mkvlelis
mimarT (an am ukanasknelis axlo naTesavis mimarT) marTlsawinaaRmdego Zaladoba,
mZime Seuracxyofa an misi araerTgzisi marTlsawinaaRmdego da amoraluri saqcieliT
gamowveuli fsiqikuri tramva (mkvleloba uecari, Zlieri sulieri aRelvebis mdgoma-
reobaSi – e. w. fiziologiuri afeqti – saq. ssk 111-e muxli). e. w. paTologiuri afeqtis
mdgomareobaSi ki subieqtis brali gamoricxulia da, maSasadame, am qmedebisa da misi
Sedegebis gamomwvevi subieqturi mizezi ar arsebobs.
cxadia, bralis fsiqologiuri Teoria, rogorc qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi
subieqtis fsiqikuri damokidebuleba, am qmedebis Cadenis subieqturi mizezi rom iyos,
maSin `fsiqikuri mizezobriobis“ idealisturi koncefcia unda gveRiarebina. mag-
ram roca saqme exeba gadawyvetilebas, romelic, nacvlad imisa, rom iyos pasuxismgeb-
luri, piriqiT, upasuxismgebloa, maSin marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisa da misi Sedege-
bis subieqturi mizezia, romlis gareSe es qmedeba da misi Sedegebi ar warmoiqmnebod-
nen. maSasadame, brali, rogorc marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi subieqtis
upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba, qmedebisa da misi Sedegebis gamomwvev pirobaTa So-
ris gadamwyvetia, romlis gareSe aranairi `normatiuli mizezobrioba“ ar arsebobs.
9. daskvna
Cven veTanxmebiT prof. o. gamyrelZes, rom qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis Teori-

aSi Seracxvis problemaze marTlac araferi iwereba, magram amjerad òbieqturi Se-
racxvis“ winaaRmegobriv xasiaTze ufro darwmunebiT visaubreT, xolo dasmuli prob-
lema Semdgom gaRrmavebas moiTxovs, miT ufro, rom `normatiuli mizezobriobis“ idea
mizezobrivi kavSirisa da bralis mimarTebis problemas mTeli sigrZe-siganiT war-
moqmnis.
277
qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi*
danaSaulis Cadenis adgilis problemisaTvis mediis sisxlis

samarTalSi
mediis sisxlis samarTali sisxlis samarTlis axali dargia.

misi problematikisaTvis qarTul iuridiul sazogadoebas yuradReba
jer ar miuqcevia. es patara statia sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis
erTi sakiTxis axali rakursiT danaxvis pirveli mcdelobaa.
pirvel statias mediis sisxlis samarTalSi didi pativiscemiT da
mowiwebiT vuZRvni Cems Zvirfas maswalebels,
profesor aka ki la bar tya vas.
1. Sesavali
danaSaulis Cadenis adgili klasikur sisxlis samarTalSi erTxel da samudamod

garkveul sakiTxad iTvleba da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi amomwuravadaa Camoyali-
bebuli. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis moqmedebis sferos saqarTvelos
ssk me-4 da me-5 muxlebi exeba. ssk me-4 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad (sisxlis sa-
marTlis kanonis moqmedeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cadenili danaSaulis mimarT),
vinc danaSauls saqarTvelos teritoriaze Caidens, pasuxs agebs am kodeqsis mixedviT.
„suyvelganobis“ anu „sayovelTaobis“ TeoriiT, romelic ssk-is me-4 muxlis me-2 na-
wilSia mocemuli, saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cadenilad CaiTvleba is danaSauli, ro-
melic daiwyo, grZeldeboda, Sewyda an damTavrda saqarTvelos teritoriaze.Tu da-
naSaulebrivi qmedeba ganxorcielda erTi saxelmwifos teritoriaze, Sedegi ki meore
saxelmwifos teritoriaze dadga, teritoriulobis principis mixedviT, danaSaulis
Cadenis adgilad orive saxelmwifo iTvleba. sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi moy-
vanili klasikuri magaliTis mixedviT, Tu msxverpls sawamlavi saqarTvelos terito-
riaze daalevines da igi sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze gardaicvala, danaSaulis Ca-
denis adgilad iTvleba rogorc is saxelmwifo, sadac qmedeba ganxorcielda, aseve is
saxelmwifoc, sadac Sedegi dadga.1 damnaSavis gasamarTleba moxdeba im saxelmwifos
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, romel saxelmwifos xelSicaa igi.2 Tu danaSaulebrivi qme-
debiT gamowveuli cvlileba garesamyaroSi qmedebis Semadgenlobis nawili araa, Sede-
gis dadgomis adgili danaSaulis Cadenis adgilad ar CaiTvleba.
*
berlin-branderburgis socialur mecnierebaTa kvlevis centris mecnier-muSaki, Tsu-
is mowveuli leqtori.
1
gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, 2005, 63; turava m.,
sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, 2010, 42; turava m., danaSaulis moZRvre-
ba, 2011, 104, velis nomeri 186; tyeSeliaZe g. da sxva, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili,
2007, 83-89.
2
qmedebis adgilis Sedegis adgilTan upiratesobis Sesaxeb ix. turava m., danaSaulis
moZRvreba, 2011, 105, velis nomeri 187;. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis
mimoxilva, 2011, 42.
278
q. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis Cadenis adgilis problemisaTvis mediis
sisxlis samarTalSi
aqtiuri personalurobis (moqalaqeobis) principis mixedviT, qarTuli sisxlis

samarTali gamoiyeneba maSinac, rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia sazRvargareT saqar-
Tvelos moqalaqis (an saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone piris)
mier. amasTan es qmedeba danaSaulad unda iyos aRiarebuli im saxelmwifos sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, sadac is Caidines (ssk-is me-5 muxlis 1-li nawili). saqar-
Tvelos moqalaqis mier Cadenili qmedeba, romelic danaSaulad ar iTvleba im saxel-
mwifos kanonmdeblobiT, sadac is Cadenilia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis iuris-
diqcias mxolod maSin daeqvemdebareba, rodesac es aris saqarTvelos interesebis wi-
naaRmdeg mimarTuli mZime an/da gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulebi (ssk-is me-5 muxlis
me-3 nawili).
Tanamedrove sainformacio-teqnikuri saSualebebi xels uwyobs ara mxolod in-
formaciuli sazogadoebis formirebas da msoflio ekonomikis da bazris globaliza-
cias, aramed afarToebs danaSaulis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebsac. sainformacio
revolucia eWvqveS ayenebs klasikuri sisxlis samarTlis tradiciul Sexedulebebs da
qmedebis danaSaulebriobisa da dasjadobis gadasawyvetad araerT sakiTxs wamoWris,
romelzedac swori pasuxis gacema sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis amocanaa. Tanamed-
rove mediis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba sisxlis samarTliT daculi sikeTis xel-
yofa distanciurad an globalur kibersivrceSi ise, rom pirma arc ki gadalaxos saku-
Tari saxelmwifos sazRvari. sakiTxavia, Tu romeli qveynis sisxlis samarTlis iuris-
diqcias daeqvemdebareba es piri, Tu mis sakuTar qveyanaSi es qmedeba dasjadi saerTod
araa da qmedebis Semadgenlobis Sedegis dadgomis sakiTxi problematuria?
2. danaSaulis Cadenis adgili globalur kibersivrceSi
2. 1. danaSaulis Cadenis adgili transsasazRvro xelyofis deliqtebSi
germanul sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi danaSaulis Sedegis adgilis gan-

sazRvis problematurobis Sesaxeb Semdegi magaliTi mohyavT: Tu poloneTisa da ger-
maniis sasazRvro polonur qalaqSi poloneli zeZlieri fotokameriT suraTs gadau-
Rebs germaniaSi, oderis frankfurtSi sakuTar saZinebel oTaxSi gaSiSvlebul qals,
igi axorcielebs germaniis ssk-is 201 a paragrafiT gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas (uaR-
resad piradi cxovrebis sferos xelyofa).3 am normis Tanaxmad, dasjadia pirisaTvis
unebarTvod suraTis gadaReba, romelic binaSi an sxva dacul mflobelobaSi imyofe-
ba. daeqvemdebareba Tu ara polonelis mier germaniaSi suraTis gadaReba germaniis iu-
risdiqcias? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia davadginoT Semdegi sakiTxi:
sad dadga qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegi, anu uaRresad piradi
sacxovrebeli arealis xelyofa? iq, sadac moqmedebda piri da sadac man sauraTi gada-
iRo, anu Seqmna SiSveli qalis gamosaxuleba (poloneTSi), Tu iq, sadac es SiSveli qali
imyofeboda (germaniaSi), warmoiSoba Semdegi problema: ra aris am paragrafiT dacu-
li obieqti, anu ra igulisxmeba „uaRresad pirad sacxovrebel arealSi“. SesaZlebelia
mtkiceba imisa, rom radgan es muxli dasjadad acxadebs ara mxolod vizualur dak-
virvebas TavisTavad aRebuls (mag., ara binokliT adamianze dakvirvebis warmoebas misi
3
Verletzung des höchstperönlicher Lebensbereichs, §201a dStGB.
279
nebarTvis gareSe), aramed fotografirebas, qmedebis Sedegi fotosuraTis Seqmnaa. am

normis mizania, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli unebarTvod suraTis gadaReba (normis te-
leologiuri ganmarteba). amitomac cxovrebis areali sivrcobrivad ar unda gavigoT.
danaSaulis Cadenis adgili, am Sexedulebis mixedviT, poloneTi iqneba. qmedebaze ger-
maniis sisxlis samarTlis kanoni ar gavrceldeba, rasac piris qmedebis dausjeloba
mohyveba.
`zepersonaluri sacxovrebeli areali“, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, sivrcobri-
vad ar unda gavigoT. amitomac zepersonaluri arealis xelyofad CaiTvleba ara ada-
mianis portretireba mis saZinebel oTaxSi, aramed mis mier ganxocielebuli zeperso-
naluri (uaRresad piradi) cxovrebis procesis fotodokumentacia (seqsualuri qme-
debani, sxva intimuri qmedebani, sikvdilis procesi da sxv.). es is qmedebania, romelTa
fotografirebas da gaxmaurebas piris prestiJisTvis safrTxis Seqmna SeuZlia. ami-
tomac germaniis ssk-is §201 a sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi miiCneva rogorc Sedegian,
aseve abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtad. es Sexeduleba gasakritikebelia, radgan da-
naSaulTa dayofas safrTxis da xelyofis (anu damazianebel) deliqtebad safuZvlad
udevs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semadgenloba da ara is
Sedegebi, rac qmedebis obieqturi mxaris miRmaa.
sakiTxis sxvagvari gadawyvetisaTvis SegviZlia moviSvelioT wereTliseuli Se-
xeduleba danaSaulis obieqtis da danaSaulis sagnis erTmaneTisgan gasxvavebis auci-
leblobis Sesaxeb.4 am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, germaniis ssk-is §201 a-Si gaTvaliswi-
nebuli danaSaulis uSualo obieqtia adamianis Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba „uaR-
resad pirad sacxovrebel arealSi~.5 aravis ar unda hqondes SiSi imisa, rom misi moqme-
deba sakuTar oTx kedelSi an sxva dacul adgilas fotografirebuli iqneba, rom vinme
mis „uaRresad pirad arealSi“ vizualurad SeiWreba da am SeWras daafiqsirebs kidec.
rac Seexeba suraTs, esaa mxolod da mxolod danaSaulis Cadenis sagani, anda SesaZle-
belia, sxva SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis Cadenis iaraRadac gamodges. aqedan gamomdinare,
danaSaulis Cadenis adgili iqneba ara suraTis (anu danaSaulis sagnis) Seqmnis adgili
(anu poloneTi), aramed iq, sadac irRveva sisxlis samarTlis wesiT daculi zepersona-
luri moqmedebis Tavisufleba, anu germaniaSi.6 am Sexedulebas piris qmedebaze germa-
niis iurisdiqciis gavrcelebasa da qmedebis dasjadobamde mivyavarT. am Sexedulebis
dogmatikuri gamarTulobis miuxedavad, kritikis safuZveli arsebobs, radgan igi me-
tismetad afarToebs germaniis iurisdiqcias.
sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi Sedegian deliqtebSi danaSaulis Cadenis
adgilis problematurobis Sesaxeb sxva magaliTic mohyavT: Tu safrangeTSi mcxov-
rebi frangi germaniaSi myof germanels Seuracxmyofel werils miswers, mis mimarT
germaniis iurisdiqcia gavrceldeba (Seuracxyofa, ssk-is §185) radgan germaniis ssk-
is §7 meore abzacis 1-li nomriT, germanelis mimarT sazRvargareT ganxorcielebuli
qmedebisaTvis germanuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac qme-
debis Cadenis adgilas es qmedeba dasjadia. amasTanave, germaniis sisxlis samarTlis
4
wereTeli T., tyeSeliaZe g., moZRvreba danaSaulze, 1969, 157-60.
5
Hoyer A., Die Verletzung des höchstpersönlichen Lebensbereichs bei §201a StGB, ZIS 2006, 1(4); Mitsch W.,
Medienstrafrecht, 2012, §1/Rn. 6.
6
Hoyer A., Die Verletzung des höchstpersönlichen Lebensbereichs bei §201a StGB, ZIS 2006, 2-3.
280
sisxlis samarTalSi
iurisdiqcia Cadenil qmedebaze imitomac unda gavrceldes, rom Seuracxyofa Sedegi-

ani deliqtia da danaSaulis Sedegi, anu dazaralebulis an mesame piris mier Seuracx-
yofis aRqma germaniaSi xdeba. danaSaulis Cadenis xerxi danaSaulis xasiaTs ar cvlis
da qmedebis kvalifikacia ar Seicvleba, Tu frangi germanels Seuracxyofas telefo-
nis an mailis saSualebiT miayenebs.7 yvela am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia frangis mimarT
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis gamoyeneba.
gacilebiT saintereso iqneba am magaliTis Semdegi variacia: saqarTveloSi myofi
germaneli saqarTveloSi myof germanels Seuracxyofas sxvadasxva xerxiT miayenebs:
sityvierad, werilis xelze gadacemiT, telefoniT, mailiT da bolos, mis suraTs You-
Tube-ze atvirTavs da gaukeTebs warweras „Rori“. am suraTis naxva Sesabamisi warweriT
SesaZlebelia rogorc saqarTveloSi, sadac Seuracxyofa araa sisxlis samarTlis de-
liqti, aseve germaniaSic, sadac pirovnebis pativis da Rirsebis dacva sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis saSualebiT xdeba (§ 185 Seuracxyofa; §186 boroti Wori, §187 ciliswa-
meba, §188 sajaro piris mimarT boroti Woris gavrceleba da ciliswameba). Seuracxyo-
fa Sedegiani deliqtia da damTavrebulad iTvleba maSin, rodesac igi dazaralebulis
an mesame piris mier aRiqmeba.
im sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, daeqvemdebareba Tu ara sityvierad, werilis xelze
gadacemiT, telefoniT da mailiT miyenebuli Seuracxyofa germaniis iurisdiqcias,
germaniis sasamarTlom aqtiuri da pasiuri personalurobis principi unda moiSveli-
os, radgan rogorc Seuracxmyofeli, aseve Seuracxyofili germaniis moqalaqea, qme-
deba germaniaSi ar xorcieldeba da Sedegic germaniaSi ar dgeba. rogorc aqtiuri, ase-
ve pasiuri personalurobis principis Tanaxmad (germaniis ssk-is §7-is pirveli abzaci
da meore abzacis 1-li nomeri), germanelis mier an germanelis mimarT sazRvargareT
Cadenili qmedeba germaniis iurisdiqcias mxolod maSin daeqvemdebareba, rodesac es
qmedeba misi Cadenis adgilis sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT dasjadia. radgan qarTuli
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi Seuracxyofis dasjadobas aRar iTvaliswinebs, amitomac
dasaxelebuli qmedeba, klasikuri sisxlis samarTlis mixediT, ar daisjeba.
sainteresoa YouTube-ze Seuracxmyofeli informaciis atvirTvis iuridiuli Se-
faseba. riTi gansxvavdeba igi Seuracxyofis sxva xerxebisagan, werilobiTi Tu mailis
saSualebiT Seuracxyofisagan? werilobiTi da mailis saSualebiT Seuracxyofis dros
danaSaulis Cadenis adgilia qmedebis ganxorcielebis (saqarTvelo) da Sedegis dadgo-
mis, anu dazaralebulis mier am informaciis gacnobis (saqarTvelo) adgili. rac Seexe-
ba germanul enaze Seuracxmyofeli informaciis atvirTvas, igi virtualur sivrceSi
pirTa ganusazRvrelma wrem SeiZleba naxos. Tavad is faqti, rom informacia germanul
enazea, migvaniSnebs imaze, rom adresatTa (mesame pirTa) wre ZiriTadad germanuleno-
van qveynebSi unda veZeboT. miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc Seuracxmyofeli, aseve Seu-
racxyofili saqarTveloSi imyofeba da qmedeba anu suraTis atvirTva saqarTveloSi
xdeba, danaSaulis Cadenis adgili germaniacaa da ara marto saqarTvelo, radgan meore
Sedegi – mesame pirTa mier am Seuracxmyofeli informaciiT datvirTuli suraTis nax-
va – germaniaSi dgeba. aqedan gamomdinare, am qmedebaze meore Sedegis dadgomis adgi-
lis, anu germaniis iurisdiqciac gavrceldeba da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi.8
7
Mitsch W., Medienstrafrecht, 2012, §1/Rn. 12.
8
Hilgendorf E., Überlegungen zur strafrechtlichen Interpretation des Ubiquitätsprinzips im Zeitalter des Inter-
nets, NJW 1997, 1873 (1876); ders., Die Neuen Medien und das Strafrecht, ZStW 113 (2001), 650 (669).
281
2.2. danaSaulis Cadenis adgilis problematuroba transasazRvro

abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebSi
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebs miekuTvneba is deliqtebi, romlebic tipurad

saSiS qmedebs moicaven da SemadgenlobaSi konkretuli safrTxis anu Sedegis arsebo-
bas ar iTvaliswineben.9
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis
winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulad Tvlis mosaxleobis erTi nawilis winaaRmdeg siZul-
vilisaken waqezebas (§130 Volksverhetzung) da holokostis uaryofas. germaniis sisxlis
samarTlis literaturaSi azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba mohyva Semdeg SemTxvevas: avstra-
liis qalaq adelaideSi avstraliis erTma moqalaqem avstraliis serverze antisemi-
turi Sinaarsis, holokostis uarmyofeli, teqstebi atvirTa. am teqstebis wakiTxva
germaniaSic SeiZleboda. man am qmedebiT germaniis ssk-is §130-is mesame nawili – holo-
kostis uaryofa – ganaxorciela. germaniis sasamarTlos winaSe dadga Semdegi prob-
lema – daeqvemdebareba Tu ara es qmedeba germaniis sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqcias?
qmedebis ganxorcielebis adgili yovelTvis is adgilia, sadac qmedebis ganmaxorcie-
lebeli piri imyofeba, anu am SemTxvevaSi avstralia da ara germania.10 es qmedeba, ho-
lokostis uaryofa, abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtia da sisxlis samarTlis litera-
turaSi gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, rogorc zemoT ukve iyo naTqvami, abstraqtuli
safrTxis deliqtebi Sedegs ar moicaven.
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi avstralielis mier Cadenili qmedebis adgilTan
dakavSirebiT ramdenime diametralurad gansxvavebuli azri Camoyalibda. germaniis
federaluri sasamarTlos da mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, Sedegis is cneba, rac am
normaSia gaTvaliswinebuli, ar emTxveva qmedebis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb zogad moZR-
vrebas, romelic safuZvlad udevs deliqtebis dayofas sxvadasxva tipebad – Sedegia-
ni da SedeggareSe deliqtebi. germaniis federalurma sasamarTlom am qmedebaze ger-
maniis iurisdiqciis gasavrceleblad Sedegis axali cneba SemoiRo da miuTiTa, rom
amgvari qmedebis Sedegia misi vargisianoba, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos sazogadoebrivi
azris ganviTarebaze.11 qmedebis vargisianoba sazogadoebrivi mSvidobianobis xelyo-
fisaTvis swored is Sedegia, rasac germaniis ssk-is §9 (danaSaulis Cadenis adgili)
gulisxmobs.12 es Sedegi iq dgeba, sadac konkretul qmedebas qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi
aRwerili samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna SeuZlia.13 danaSaulis Sede-
gis terminis Sinaarsi am gagebiT qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi gaTvaliswinebul obieqtur
cvlilebaze ki ara, arsebul konteqstzea damokidebuli.14 amgvarad, aRniSnuli deliq-
ti abstraqtuli ki ara, abstraqtul-konkretuli da Sedegiani deliqtia.
9
Ebert U., AT, 2001, 41.
10
MK-Ambos, §9/Rn. 29.
11
BGHSt 46, 212 (220). Sieber U., Internationales Strafrecht im Internet. Das Territorialitätsprinzip des §§ 3, 9
StGB im globalen Cyberspace, NJW 1999, 2065 (272).
12
BGHSt 46, 212 (221).
13
BGHSt 46, 218 (221).
14
Hecker B., Die Strafbarkeit grenzüberschreitender Luftverunreinigung im deutschen und europäischen Um-
weltstrafrecht, ZStW 115 (2003), 880 (888); Hörnle, T., Verbreitung der Aufschwitzlüge im Internet, NStZ
2001, 305 (310).
282
sisxlis samarTalSi
mxardaWeras imsaxurebs kriminalistebis nawilis Sexeduleba, romlis mixedvi-

Tac abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebi qmedebis imanentur Sedegs anu abstraqtuli
safrTxis lokalizacias ar iTvaliswineben. qmedebis Sedegi germaniis ssk-is §9-is 1-li
abzacis mixedviT aris qmedebis Semadgenlobis Sesabamisi qmedebisagan sivrcobrivad
da drois mixedviT gamoyofadi cvlileba gare samyaroSi, rac daculi samarTlebrivi
sikeTis konkretul xelyofaSi an mis mimarT konkretuli safrTxis SeqmnaSi gamoixa-
teba.15 „xerxi, romelic sazogadoebrivi mSvidobianobis xelyofisaTvisaa gamosadegi“,
Sedegis aRsawerad ar gamogvadgeba. Sedegis amgvari farTo gaazreba Zalian Sors midis
da germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis 103-e muxlis meore abzaciT da germaniis sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis §1-iT akrZalul analogias warmoadgens, amitomac holokostis uar-
yofa avstraliaSia Cadenili da ara germaniaSi da germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kanoni
masze ar gavrceldeba.16
sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi didi dava gamoiwvia Tanamedrove mediebTan
dakavSirebulma kidev erTma SemTxvevam, romelmac eWvqveS daayena klasikuri sisxlis
samarTlis debulebebi danaSaulis Cadenis adgilis Sesaxeb. 1999 wels berlinis saape-
lacio sasamarTlos warmoebaSi iyo Semdegi saqme:17 poloneTis qalaq zabJaSi germaniis
da poloneTis qveynebis fexburTis gundebs Soris gamarTul fexburTis matCze ram-
denime germanelma matCis yurebisas stadionze Tavisi emocia „hitleruli misalmebis“
JestiT gamoxata.18 „hitleruli misalmeba“, romelic germaniis mosaxleobam televizi-
is saSualebiT aRiqva, germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §86 a 1-li abzacis pirve-
li nomriTaa akrZaluli (arakonstituciuri organizaciebis propagandis saSualebe-
bis gavrceleba).
sisxlis samarTlis praqtikis da mecnierebis winaSe dadga Semdegi sakiTxi: rad-
gan qmedebis dasjadoba qmedebis Cadenis adgilzea damokidebuli, sadaa Cadenili es
qmedeba? germaniis ssk-is §7 meore abzaci ki (sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedeba
sazRvargareT Cadenil danaSaulTa mimarT) germaniis moqalaqes sazRvargareT Cadeni-
li qmedebisaTvis mxolod maSin sjis (aqtiuri personalurobis principi), rodesac es
qmedeba danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze sasjelis muqariTaa akrZaluli. sxeulebrivi moZ-
raoba, anu dasjadi qmedeba pirma poloneTSi ganaxorciela. poloneTis sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsi amgvar danaSauls ar iTvaliswinebs. amgvarad, aqtiuri personalurobis
principi berlinis saapelacio sasamarTlos aRniSnul pirTa dasasjelad ar gamoadge-
boda. sasamarTlom sakiTxi Semdegnairad gadawyvita: man germaniis sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis §86 a 1-li abzacis pirveli nomriT akrZaluli qmedeba (arakonstituciuri
organizaciebis propagandis saSualebebis gavrceleba) abstraqtul deliqtad miiC-
nia, romelic Sedegs ar iTvaliswinebs. amasTanave man miuTiTa, rom radgan televiziis
saSualebiT am qmedebis vizualuri aRqma germaniaSic iyo SesaZlebeli, swored es aR-
qmaa dasjadi qmedebis Semadgenlobis nawili da amitomac danaSaulis Cadenis adgilad
15
nets, NJW 1997, 1873 (1876).
16
17
KG, Zeigen des „Hitlergrüßes“ bei Fußbalspiel im Ausland, NJW 1999, 3500.
18
<http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlergru%C3%9F>.
283
germaniac unda miviCnioT. amgvarad, telemediam saSualeba misca germaniis sasamar-

Tlos, poloneTSi Cadenili danaSauli germaniaSi Cadeniladac gamoecxadebina da am
pirTa dasjadobis sakiTxi dadebiTad gadaewyvita.19
germanul sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi am gadawyvetilebam didi diskusia
gamoiwvia. dogmatikosTa azri orad gaiyo. specialistTa erTi nawili sasamarTlos ga-
dawyvetilebas daeTanxma da igi dogmatikuri argumentebiT gaamdidra. isini miuTiTe-
ben, rom abstraqtuli safrxis deliqtebic moicaven „Sedegs, romelic qmedebis Semad-
genlobas ekuTvnian da germaniaSic swored amgvari Sedegi dadga.“20
dogmatikurad ufro dasabuTebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT ki „hitleruli mi-
salmeba“ mxolod poloneTSi ganxorcielda, radgan piri danaSaulis Cadenisas mxo-
lod da mxolod iq moqmedebs, sadac igi fizikurad imyofeba. amitomac, am Sexedulebis
mixedviT, am qmedebis dasjadoba saapelacio sasamarTlos unda uareyo.21 dasjadoba
Sedegis dadgomis adgilis mixedviTac ver dasabuTdeboda, radgan qmedebis Semadgen-
lobas mxolod is faqtebi miekuTvneba, romelTa ganxorcielebac qmedebis obieqturi
Semadgenlobis Sesasruleblad aris saWiro, e.i., sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is niSnebi,
romlebic dispoziciaSia mocemuli da romliskenacaa mimarTuli piris ganzraxva. qme-
debis Semadgenlobis niSani „abstraqtuli safrTxis warmoSoba,“ rogorc danaSaulis
Sedegi ki amgvar SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs. abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebi riskiT
datvirTul qmedebebia magram isini mxolod tipurad moicaven safrTxes. termini „ab-
straqtuli safrTxe“ mxolod dogmatikuri, mecnieruli xasiaTisaa. kanonmdebeli mas
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebul SemadgenlobebSi ar iyenebs. danaSauli
Cadenilia, Tu pirma es qmedeba ganaxorciela. Tu abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebi
Sedegs ar moicaven, maT arc Sedegis dadgomis adgili aqvT da piris dasja „Sedegis
dadgomis adgilis“ mixedviTac (anu germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT) ver
dasabuTdeba.
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebs miekuTvneba agreTve azartuli TamaSebis une-
barTvo (oficialuri nebarTvis gareSe) mowyoba (germaniis ssk 284-e muxli).amgvari Ta-
maSebi internetis saSualebiTac SeiZleba moewyos. sakiTxavia, daisjeba Tu ara sazR-
vargareT myofi piri, romelic amgvar TamaSs moawyobs, Tu am TamaSSi (loto, lataria,
fsoni) monawileoba germaniaSicaa SesaZlebeli? sad xdeba am danaSaulis ganxorcie-
leba? sazRvargareT, sadac am TamaSebis momwyobi imyofeba fizikurad da axorcielebs
saTanado moqmedebas, Tu im qveyanaSic, sadac am TamaSSi monawileobaa SesaZlebeli?
mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, TamaSSi monawileobis miRebis SesaZleblobis Seqmna
TamaSis mowyobis Sedegad Seqmnili mdgomareobaa da ara Tavad TamaSis mowyoba. kanon-
19
germanul literaturaSi arsebulma azrTa am sxvadasxvaobam ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxse-
nos sabWoTa periodis diskusia imis Sesaxeb, danaSaulebrivi Sedegi yvela danaSauls
axasiaTebs, Tu arseboben agreTve SedeggareSe danaSaulebi, wereTeli, T., tyeSeliaZe,
g., moZRvreba danaSaulze, 1969, 195.
20
Hecker B., Die Strafbarkeit grenzüberschreitender Luftverunreinigung im deutschen und europäischen Um-
weltstrafrecht, ZStW 115 (2003), 880 (886); Heinrich, B., Der Erfolgsort beim abstrakten Gefährdungsdelikt,
GA 1999, 72 ff. nach Mitsch W., Medienstrafrecht, 2012, §1/Rn. 10.
21
284
sisxlis samarTalSi
mdebeli ki TavisTavad aRebul TamaSis mowyobas sjis.esaa abstraqtuli safrTxis de-

liqti, romelic danaSaulis Sedegs ar iTvaliswinebs. aqedan gamomdinare, azartuli
TamaSis momwyobi germaniis ssk §284-is mixedviT ar daisjeba.22
3. daskvna
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebis Sedegian deliqtebad gamocxadebiT germanu-

li sisxlis samarTali Tanamedrove mediis saSualebiT mTeli msoflios masStabiT Ca-
denili danaSaulebis winaaRmdeg brZolis basr iaraRad gadaiqceva, rac sxva saxelmwi-
foTa suverenitets daarRvevs. globalur kibersivrceSi Cadenil danaSaulTa mimarT
erovnuli sisxlis samarTlebrivi iurisdiqciis SezRudvis aucileblobac am metad
mniSvnelovan problemaTa wres miekuTvneba.23
22
23
nets, NJW 1997, 1873 (1874); ders., Die Neuen Medien und das Strafrecht, ZStW 113 (2001), 650 (660).
285
irine xerxeuliZe*
arasrulwlovanTa danaSauli da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi

iuvenaluri iusticiis sistemebSi
1. Sesavali
`me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-is denveris Statis arasrulwlovanTa sasamar-

Tlos damaarsebelsa da mosamarTles, ben lindseis, swamda, rom ar arsebobs `cudi
bavSvi~, arsebobs mxolod cudi pirobebi, romlebsac mohyveba cudi qmedebis Cadena.
rogorc man Tavis sagazeTo statiaSi 1927 wels axsna, sasamarTlos mizani unda iyos im
axalgazrdebis gadarCena da ara dasja, romlebic warsdgebodnen mis winaSe~.1
TiTqmis erTi saukunis win wamoyenebul am ideas – dasjis mimarT arasrulwlo-
vanTa reabilitaciis upiratesoba da danaSaulis xelSemwyobi pirobebis dadgena da
maTTan brZola, dResac warmatebiT iyeneben da sxvadasxva argumentaciiT amyareben
Tanamedrove msoflios qveynebis mecnieri da praqtikosi iuristebi.
im mizniT, rom sazogadoeba da mecniereba ukeT daexmaros arasrulwlovnebs da-
naSaulis Semcirebasa da mis Tavidan acilebaSi, iseve rogorc arasrulwlovan damna-
SaveTa gamosworebasa da resocializaciaSi, intervenciuli da prevenciuli Ronis-
Ziebebis dagegmva-ganxorcielebamde, unda SeviswavloT da gamoviyenoT im kvlevebis
analizi, rac Catarebulia kriminologiuri mecnierebis mier arasrulwlovanTa dana-
Saulis (delinkventurobis) arsis, misi gamomwvevi Tu xelSemwyobi mizezebis Sesaxeb.
ratom Cadis amdeni arasrulwlovani cud saqciels? ra ganasxvavebs cudi qme-
debis Camden arasrulwlovnebs im Tanatolebisgan, romlebic cud saqciels ar Cadi-
an? ratom xdeba ise, rom arasrulwlovanTa umravlesoba, romlebsac antisocialuri
xasiaTis qceva aqvT Cadenili, wyvets amgvar saqciels zrdasrul asakSi? ratom agrZe-
lebs arasrulwlovanTa nawili daJinebul da axirebul qmedebebs Tundac 19 wlis asa-
kis miRwevis Semdeg?
am kiTxvebze pasuxebis nawilobrivi gacema SesaZlebelia im kvlevis Sedegebidan
gamomdinare, romelic exeba iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogoric aris: biofsiqolo-
giuri gansxvavebebi arasrulwlovnebsa da srulwlovnebs Soris da risk-faqtorebi,
romlebic dakavSirebulia arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulTan.
mxolod am monacemebis damuSavebis da Seswavlis Sedegad gaxdeba SesaZlebeli
arasrulwlovanis qcevaSi Carevis im saSualebebis efeqturobis gaanalizeba, romelic
SemuSavebulia arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis Sesamcireblad. mxolod amis Semdeg gae-
cema pasuxi kiTxvebs: arsebobs Tu ara Cveulebrivi zrdis procesisgan damoukidebeli,
arasrulwlovanTa ganviTarebaSi Carevis iseTi saSualebebi, romelTac SeuZliaT da-
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori, samarTlis doqtori.

1
<http://www.hup.harvard.edu>, Rethinking Juvenile Justice, Harvard University Press>, 2008, 82.
286
i. xerxeuliZe, arasrulwlovanTa danaSauli da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi
naSaulis Cadenis albaTobis Semcireba rogorc arasrulwlovanebisas, ise zrdasrul

asakSi.2
Sesabamisad, statiaSi damuSavebuli problematika safuZvels qmnis arasrul-
wlovanTa danaSaulis prevenciuli RonisZiebebis Semdgomi gansazRvrisa da SemuSave-
bisaTvis.
amasTan, arasrulwlovnebsa da srulwlovnebs Soris bio-fsiqologiuri gansxva-
vebebis sakiTxs da arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli risk-faqtorebis
sakiTxs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imis dasadgenad, ramdenad marTebulia is mo-
sazrebebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sisxlis samarTalSi arsebul retributivis-
tul (sadamsjelo), individualuri prevenciisa da sareabilitacio modelebs.3 Zalian
bevri ram SeiZleba viswavloT erTmaneTisgan imis miRwevis mcdelobisas, rom ukeTesi
momavali SevqmnaT Cveni axalgazrdebisaTvis da sazogadoebisaTvis. bevrs vswavlobT
Cven ara marto im movlenebidan, rac mimdinareobs sakuTar qveyanaSi, aramed sazRvar-
gareTac. msoflio ekonomikis da socialuri sistemebis progresulad mzard globa-
lizaciasTan erTad, iseTi socialuri problemis gavlena, rogorc aris arasulwlo-
vanTa Zaladobis sakiTxi da misi potenciuri gadaWris gzebi – aRar ifargleba mxolod
calkeuli regionis masStabiT. aseTi socialuri problemebi zemoqmedebs yvela eris
keTildReobaze, ramdenadac isini gavlenas axdenen adamianebis rogorc mimdinare, ise
momavl cxovrebaze.4 sxvadasxva qveynebi arasrulwlovanTa Zaladobis prevenciisa da
Semcirebis seriozul valdebulebas atareben. `Case study~-is gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli
xdeba qeisebis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso masStabiT, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos ro-
gorc saerTaSoriso investicia prevenciis kuTxiT, romelic axdens imis ilustrire-
bas, rogor muSaoben skolebi, sazogadoeba, qveynebi da regionebi sakiTxze im mimar-
TebiT, rom xeli Seuwyon arasrulwlovanTa mSvid da jansaR ganviTarebas. miuxedavad
udidesi sxvaobisa, romelic arsebobs msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis kulturas, simdid-
resa da perspeqtivebs Soris, msoflios globalur moqalaqeebs erTmaneTTan akavSi-
rebT saerTo interesi arasrulwlovnebis, mSvidobisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxSi.5
2. arasrulwlovanTa danaSauli (delinkventuroba)
delinkventuroba anu arasrulwlovanTa danaSauli – es is saerTaSoriso feno-

menia, romelic msoflios yvela qveynis zrunvis sagania. arasrulwlovanTa danaSau-
lis sakiTxs yvelaze meti yuradReba dasavleT evropasa da amerikaSi eqceva. Tumca,
rogorc msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sistemebis
Seswavla gviCvenebs, am problemas msoflios verc erTi qveyana ver gaeqca. sxvadasxva
qveynebis iuvenaluri iusticiis modelebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba saukeTeso instru-
mentia imisaTvis, rom gakeTdes Sesabamisi daskvnebi calkeuli sistemebis sustsa da
Zlier mxareebze, iseve rogorc moxdes im savaraudo pasuxebis identifikacia, ro-
2
Slobogin C., Fondacar M. R., Juveniles at risk, A Plea for Preventive justice, Oxford University press,
2011,14.
3
iqve, 14.
4
Hoffman J.S., Knox L. and CohenR.,Beyond Suppression: Global Perspectives on Youth Violence, Westport,
CT, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2010, 9.
5
iqve.
287
melTa praqtikaSi gatarebac ar moxdeba konkretuli qveynis samarTlebrivi sistemis

maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare.6
2.1. arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis (delinkventurobis) cneba
SeuZlebelia SevimuSaoT arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis zogadi da erTiani cne-

ba, vinaidan es damokidebulia konkretuli qveynis sazogadoebriv, samarTlebriv Tu
politikur mowyobaze.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT arasrul-
wlovani aris piri, romelsac ar miuRwevia 18 wlis asakisaTvis, xolo sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsidan gamomdinare ki, arasrulwlovnad iTvleba piri, visac danaSaulis
Cadenamde Seusrulda 14 weli, magram ar Sesrulebia 18 weli.
`saerTo samarTlaSi 7 wlamde asakis bavSvebi iTvlebian uunarod danaSaulis Ca-
denis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca, 1933 wlis statutiT, es asaki 8 wlamde gaizarda. zogjer
bavSvebi iseT adreul asakSic ki, rogoric aris 7 weli, Cadian garkveuli saxis dana-
Saulebriv qmedebas, – seriozul zians ayeneben sxvas da aseT SemTxvevaSi sazogadoe-
ba ar aris uZluri maT winaSe: isini SeiZleba wardgenil iqnen arasrulwlovanTa sasa-
marTlos winaSe, rogorc bavSvebi, romelTac esaWiroebaT zrunva da dacva. Semdegi
asakobrivi jgufis bavSvebTan (14-18 wlamde) mimarTebiT dawesebulia, rom bavSvi ar
SeiZleba iyos braldebuli danaSaulSi, da unda CaiTvalos, rom mas ar Caudenia igi, Tu
sasamarTlo ar flobs calkeul mtkicebulebebs, romelTa mixedviTac dgindeba misi
mentaluri sferos simtkice mis mier qmedebis Cadenis droisaTvis~.7
aRniSnuli samarTlis sistemis mimdevar qveynebSi es sakiTxi SedarebiT rTuli
dasadgenia arasrulwlovanTa mier Cadenil samarTaldamrRvevi xasiaTis qmedebebze
procesualuri kanonmdeblobis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT.
àrasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT, ame-
rikis SeerTebul StatebSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa arasrulwlovanTa pasuxismgeb-
lobasTan mimarTebiT.es gansxvavebebi Statebs Soris Tavs iCens Semdeg faqtorebTan
dakavSirebiT: minimaluri asaki arasrulwlovnTa sasamarTlos iurisdiqciisaTvis;
asaki, romlis drosac SesaZlebeli xdeba arasrulwlovanTa gadacema srulwlovan-
Ta sasamarTloSi; arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlos pirveladi iurisdiqciis umaRlesi
asakobrivi zRvari (maqsimaluri asaki, roca arasrulwlovnis saqme pirvelad SeiZleba
moisminon iuvenalur sasamarTloSi); arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlos gangrZobadi iu-
risdiqciis umaRlesi asakobrivi zRvari im axalgazrdebisaTvis, romelTa saqmis iuve-
naluri sasamarTlos kompetenciis farglebSi gansjadobis SesaZlebloba dasaSvebad
iqna miCneuli~.8
6
Winterdyk J. A.,Juvenile Justice Systems, International Perspectives, published by Canadian Scholars’ Press
Inc., Toronto, Ontario, 1997, introduction.
7
WilliamsG., LL.D., F.B. A., Criminal law, The General Part, second edition, Gaunt, Inc., Florida, 1998, 814.
8
piradi wyaro:diukis universitetis samarTlis skolis profesoris Birckhead–is saleq-
cio kursis masalebi saganSi àrasrulwlovanTa sasamarTloebi da delinkventuroba~,
gazafxulis semestri, 2012, ix: Bishop D. M. and Decker S. H.,Punishment and Control: Juvenile Jus-
tice Reform in the USA, 2011, 13.
288
swored imitom, rom arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis erTiani gageba ar arsebobs, am

sakiTxis Seswavlisas unda warmovaCinoT arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis arsis momcev-
li yvela is komponenti, romelic miRebuli da damkvidrebulia msoflios bevri qvey-
nis iuvenaluri marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi.
qarTuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobisgan gansxvavebiT, saerTo samar-
Tlis bevri qveyana icnobs ara mxolod termin arasrulwlovan damnaSaveebs, aramed
arasrulwlovan delinkventebs, iseve rogorc statusis damrRvev damnaSave arasrul-
wlovnebs.
statusis darRveva amerikuli iuvenaluri iusticiis nawilia misi dasabamidan.
aseTi darRvevebi arasrulwlovanTa kodeqsSi garkveul periodebSi miiCneoda dana-
Saulebrivad (es aris delinkventurobis definiciis nawili) da garkveul periodeb-
Si – delinkventurobisagan gansxvavebul da masze naklebi seriozulobis problemad.
srulad rom gaverkveT, Tu ra aris statusis darRveva, amisaTvis unda moviyvanoT de-
finicia da mimovixiloT mokle istoria im rolisa, rac statusis darRvevebma Seasru-
les iuvenaluri iusticiis sistemaSi da aseve Tvali gadavavloT statusis darRvevis
potenciur samarTlebriv sayrdens.
1899 wels ilinoisis StatSi pirvelad daarsebuli arasrulwlovanTa sasamar-
Tlos iurisdiqcia aSkarad gansxvavdeboda misi Tanamedrove sxva sasamarTloebisagan,
romlebic kriminalur saqmeebs ixilavdnen. saqmis warmoeba konfidencialuri, arao-
ficialuri da araSejibrebiTi iyo. momxdar SemTxvevebze, iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis
perspeqtividan gamomdinare, arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlos pasuxismgebloba hqonda
aRebuli 3 kategoriis saqmeze. kerZod, delinkventi, damokidebuli da uaryofili bav-
Svebis saqmeebze. damokidebulTa da uaryofilTa SemTxvevebis ganxilvisas xdeboda
ara im sakiTxis gadawyveta, Tu ra Caidina bavSvma, aramed im situaciasTan dakavSirebu-
li sakiTxebisa, romelSic bavSvi ipoves. realurad, aseTi saxis SemTxvevebi mimarTuli
iyo metwilad mSoblebis da mzrunvelebis, vidre arasrulwlovnebis winaaRmdeg. aseT
garemoebebSi bavSvebi ganixilebodnen ara damnaSaveebad, aramed msxverplebad.
es perspeqtiva ar arsebobda delinkventurobis SemTxvevaSi. termini delinkven-
turoba, farTo gagebiT, Tavis TavSi moicavs yvela danaSauls, darRvevas, romelic iq-
neboda sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSauli (felonia an misdiminori) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mas Caidenda srulwlovani. Tumca, Tavdapirveli iuvenaluri sasamarTlos mier gake-
Tebuli delinkventurobis definicia aseve Seicavda kanonis iseT darRvevebs, rome-
lic ar iqneboda miCneuli danaSaulad an darRvevad srulwlovanisaTvis. swored am
kategorias warmoadgenda statusis darRvevebi anu statusis danaSaulebi. aseTi dar-
Rvevebi ganimarteba, upirveles yovlisa, bavSvis asakobriv statusTan mimarTebiT (pi-
rovneba, romelsac ar miuRwevia kanoniT dadgenili samarTlebrivi asakisaTvis – Sta-
tebis umravlesobaSi es asaki mocavs 18 wlamde asaks), da aseTs warmoadgens bavSvis
mier kanonis nebismieri darRveva, romelic ar iqneboda miCneuli danaSaulad, Tu igi
Cadenili iqneboda srulwlovanis mier. specifikuri magaliTebi definiciasTan erTad
naTels mohfens da ufro gasagebs gaxdis gansaxilvel sakiTxs.
arsebobs statusis sxvadasxva saxis darRvevebi. maT Soris yvelaze gavrcelebu-
li yovelTvis iyo skolis gacdena, saxlidan gaqceva, komendantis saaTis darRveva, al-
koholTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebi, Tambaqos gamoyeneba, Sesabamis asaks miuRwevel
289
pirTa mier azartuli TamaSebi da sqesobrivi urTierTobis faqtobrivad yvela forma.

kidev erTxel aucilebelia xazgasma, rom es qmedebebi ar warmoadgenen samarTaldar-
Rvevas srulwlovanebisaTvis bevr garemoebasa da viTarebaSi.
bevri arasrulwlovanTa kodeqsis mixedviT, aSS-is iuvenaluri sasamarTlos sis-
temis farglebSi jer kidev xorcieldeba marTlmsajuleba statusis darRvevis Sem-
Txvevebze. rogorc Cans, ar aris WeSmariti gza, rom arasrulwovanTa marTlmsajule-
bis sivrcidan gamoiricxos statusis darRveva, radgan statusis damrRvev saqcielTa
umravlesoba damaxasiaTebelia mozardTa asakisaTvis. aseT qcevaSi sruliad gansxva-
vebuli warsulis da socioekonomikuri statusis mqone axalgazrdebi arian CarTul-
ni. bevri maTgani Tavad wyvets amgvar qmedebebs gamoZiebis warmoebis da samarTleb-
rivi intervenciis gareSe. Tumca, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, statusis darRvevaTavad
arasrulwlovnebisaTvis aris mniSvnelovani faqtori, vinaidan aseTi darRvevebi uf-
ro seriozuli personaluri da ojaxuri problemebis simptomebia.
uaxloesi drois ganmavlobaSi statusis darRvevebze iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis
wesi mTlianad ar gaqreba amerikeli eris arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis siste-
midan. maSin roca am sistemaSi CarTuli xalxis umravlesoba gamoxatavs frustracias
da ukmayofilebas statusis damrRvevebTan mopyrobasTan dakavSirebiT, bevr maTgans
surs kvlav iyos SenarCunebuli aseTi darRvevis SemTxvevebSi maTSi samarTlebrivi in-
tervenciis SesaZlebloba, raTa bavSvebs da maT ojaxs gaewios is daxmareba, romelsac
isini saWiroeben, Tumca, SesaZloa, ar eZieben.9
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom arasrulwlovanTa definiciis unifikacia
SeuZlebelia misi mravalaspeqtiani ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis arsebobis gamo, Tum-
ca, rodesac sakiTxi exeba arasrulwlovanTa danaSauls Tanamedrove iuvenaluri
marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi, masSi moiazreba ara marto sisxlis samarTlis damnaSave
arasrulwlovani, aramed arasrulwlovani delinkventi da statusis damrRvevi aras-
rulwlovani.
2.2. delinkventurobis sociologiuri konteqsti
delinkventurobis arsis srulyofilad wvdomisaTvis jer unda SevimecnoT aras-

rulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis Teoria da praqtika. mxolod amis Semdeg mogvecema
SesaZlebloba, rom Cven mier am movlenis gageba movaTavsoT misTvis Sesabamis isto-
riul da kulturul konteqstSi. mxolod im kulturuli da istoriuli faqtorebis
mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, romelTac ganapirobes CvenSi delinkventurobis koncefciis
Camoyalibeba, gaxdeba SesaZlebeli sazogadoebaSi arsebuli delinkventurobis xasia-
Tisa da moculobis gageba.10
delinkventurobis da iuvenaluri iusticiis Sesaxeb amerikeli xalxis sajaro
warmodgenebi delinkventurobis Tavisebur gagebas da aRqmas iZleva. amerikaSi miaCni-
aT, rom danaSauli da delinkventuroba seriozuli problemaa. 1995 wels galup pol-
ma aRmoaCina, rom amerikelebis 27%-isaTvis danaSauli da Zaladoba amerikis yvelaze
didi problemaa, xolo 6% -s narkotikebi da narkotikuli danaSauli miaCnia amgvar
9
Mays G. L., ~Status Offenders~, Encyclopedia of Juvenile Justice,Ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2002, 355-
59, SAGE Reference Online, Web. 22 Feb. 2012.
10
Inc., Toronto, Ontario, 1997, 114.
290
movlenad.11 ufro metic, es procentebi gazrdilia 80-iani wlebis Semdeg. 1981 wels
amerikelTa mxolod 5% miiCnevda danaSauls, Zaladobas da narkotikebs qveynis umniS-
vnelovanes movlenad.12
danaSaulisa da delinkventurobis problema aSS-Si yvelaze metad, savaraudod,
arasrulwlovnebs awuxebT. rodesac maT SesTavazes, mieTiTebinaT problemebze, rom-
lebic maT gansakuTrebiT awuxebT, 1994 wels ufrosklaselebis 93% pasuxobs, rom isi-
ni `zogjer~ da `xSirad~ wuxan danaSaulsa da Zaladobaze da 77% miuTiTebs, rom isini
wuxan narkotikebis moxmarebis sakiTxze.
amerikas, sxva ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT, danaSaulisa da delinkventu-
robis gacilebiT maRali koeficienti axasiaTebs. amitom, ar aris gasakviri, rom amden
amerikels eSinia danaSaulis. 1994 wlis roperis gamokiTxvis Sedegad, respondentebis
47% aRniSnavs, rom maT eSiniaT marto RamiT siaruli sakuTar samezobloSic ki. demog-
rafiuli jgufebi, romlebic metad ganicdian SiSs, arian: qalebi, TeTrebi, bavSvebi,
maRali Semosavlis mqone adamianebi da moxucebi, magram ar aris aucilebeli, rom main-
cdamainc am jgufs hqondes viqtimizaciis umaRlesi koeficienti.
SekiTxvaze, ra zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli danaSaulobasTan da delinkventuro-
basTan dakavSirebiT, amerikelebi sadamsjelo zomebisken metad ixrebian, vidre sare-
abilitaciosken.13
sociologiur aspeqtSi delinkventuroba dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis socia-
lur organizaciasTan da mis kulturasTan. zogi avtori (qoeni, ferdinandi, vilkinsi)
amtkicebs, rom oficialuri kontrolis Zalisxmeva mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sa-
zogadoebaSi devianturobis gafarToebaze. e.w. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, sadac de-
vianturobis kontrolis oficialuri mcdelobis didi naklebobaa, devianturoba Se-
darebiT spontanuri da droebiTia. misgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove industriuli
sazogadoeba, rogoric aris, magaliTad, hongkongSi, xasiaTdeba maRali ganviTarebiT
da SeimuSavebs kontrolisa da marTvis oficialur sistemebs. aseT sazogadoebaSi da-
naSaulis da delinkventurobis damkvidrebis ganwyoba SeiniSneba da iqmneba Seurigebe-
li socialuri problemebi.14
arasrulwlovanTa delinkveturobis hongkongiseulma koncefciebma ganviTare-
ba 1960-ian wlebSi daiwyo. misi Seswavla gamokveTs ramdenime SesaZlo mizezs, romelic
SeiZleba CaiTvalos delinkventuri qcevis aSkara matebis axsnad. pirveli, esaa cvli-
lebebi – hongkongis socialurma da ekonomikurma pirobebma xeli Seuwyo danaSaulTa
realur matebas, am SemTxvevaSi xalxis satkivari ubralod asaxavs imas, rac xdeba sazo-
gadoebaSi. meore, gazrdili delinkventuroba ukavSirdeba danaSaulis Setyobinebis
nebis zrdas da mesame, – kriminaluri politikis SesaZlo gadasvla iseT mimarTuleba-
ze, romlis drosac arasrulwlovanTa ufro meti raodenoba moxvdeba sisxlissamar-
Tlebriv marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi.15
11
Maguire K., Pastore A.L., Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1995, U.S. Department of Justice, Wash-
ington, D.C., Ù.S. Government Printing Office~, 140.
12
13
iqve, 276.
14
iqve, 121.
15
iqve, 114.
291
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, rogorc yvela sxva socialuri problemis
SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva qveynis samarTlebrivi sistemebis mier delinkventurobis aR-
qma ganpirobebulia amave sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli socialuri da kulturuli
normebiT.
2.3. arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis (delinkventurobis)

damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelovani sazomebi
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis erTiani cnebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, mainc Se-

saZlebelia im saerTo maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra, romlebic arasrulwlovanTa dana-
Sauls ukavSirdeba.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac am kuTxiT unda aRiniSnos, aris mosazreba, rom anti-
socialuri saqcieli iseTi Cveuli qmedebaa arasrulwlovanTaTvis, rom zogierTi av-
tori mas ganmartavs, rogorc `normalur~ qvevas, damaxasiaTebels am asakobrivi jgu-
fis adamianebisTvis.16 kriminologiur literaturaSi arasrulwlovanTa danaSauli
miCneulia erT-erT yvelaze naklebi ekonomikuri zaralisa da saSiSroebis mqone dana-
Saulad, romelic normaluri movlenaa, gavrcelebulia sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi da
axasiaTebs epizoduroba. garda amisa, isini spontanurad, winawari dagegmvis gareSea
Cadenili da misi monawileni dabali kriminaluri energiiT gamoirCevian.17 arasrul-
wlovanTa danaSauli maTi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis gamo miiCneva
sazogadoebis normalur gamovlinebad. TiTqmis yvela arasrulwlovans erTxel mainc
aqvs kanonis norma darRveuli. arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis gavrceleba yvelgan da
yovelTvis ki gulisxmobs RmerTis yvelgan da yovelTvis arsebobas da, Sesabamisad,
rom igi gavrcelebulia sazogadoebis yvela socialur fenaSi.
arasrulwlovanis mier Cadenili danaSauli epizoduri xasiaTisaa, anu mozardma
danaSauli SesaZlebelia Caidinos nebismier dros – gardatexis asakidan mis srul Ca-
moyalibebamde.18 Tumca, epizodurobis sakiTxis dasadgenad dagasaanalizeblad, unda
mieTiTos kvlevebi, Catarebuli iseT sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, rogoric aris damnaSa-
vis mier arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis Cadenis sawyisi asaki, danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
Sewyveta da gadasvla, gadanacvleba srulwlovanTa danaSaulSi.19
sakiTxi, imasTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenad daasrulebs arasrulwlovani danaSau-
lis Cadenas arasrulwlovnebis asakSi, Tu gaagrZelebs aseT saqmianobas Semdgomac, ar
wydeba erTmniSvnelovnad da damokidebulia mraval faqtorze (magaliTad, erT-er-
Ti maTgani SeiZleba iyos patara asakSi pirvelad danaSaulis Cadena). SedarebiT ufro
martivia am sakiTxze daskvnebis gakeTeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu arasrulwlovan-
Ta ganviTarebis romel fazaSi SeimCnevamaT mier samarTaldamrRvevi da danaSauleb-
16
Moffitt T.E., Natural Histories of Delinquency in Cross- National longitudinal research on human development
and criminal behavior, Elmar G.M. Weitekamp & Hans-Jurgen Kerner eds., 1994, 3, 29.
17
SalikaSvili m., miqanaZe g., arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis Taviseburebani: aras-
rulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kriminologiuri, sisxlissamarTlebrivi, penitenci-
uri da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, Tb., 2011, 17.
18
iqve, 18-19.
19
Bartollas C., Miller S. J.,Juvenile Justice in America, second edition, Prentice Hall, Inc.,1998,77.
292
rivi qcevis zrda, misi farTo gavrceleba. danaSaulis zrdis oficialurma kvlevam
daadgina, rom danaSaulisaTvis dakavebis SemTxvevebi arasrulwlovanTa Soris swra-
fi tempiT imatebs 13 wlis asakSi da piks 17 wlis asakSi aRwevs, magram,Setyobinebuli
danaSaulebis kvlevis mixedviT, es monacemebi naklebad dasturdeba. magaliTad, suzan
agetonma da delbert eliotma aRmoaCines, rom iseT danaSaulTa SemTxvevebi, rogori-
caa Tavdasxma da Zarcva, imatebs asakTan erTad, maSin roca sxva SemTxvevebSi piks aR-
wevs 13-15 wlis asakSi.20 Tumca, arsebobs mosazrebac, rom: `danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi
adamianSi matulobs 14-dan 21 wlamde periodSi, rac sirTuleebiT aRsavse gardatexis
asakiTa da socializaciiT aisxneba~.21
danaSaulis farTo gavrcelebis gamokvleviT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebi naklebad
Tanmimdevrulia danaSaulis Cadenis sawyisi asakis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTe-
bul daskvnebTan SedarebiT. danaSaulis sawyisi asaki arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis
erT-erTi yuradsaRebi komponentia. mravalma kvlevam daadastura, rom, rac ufro ad-
re iwyebs axalgazrda samarTlis normebis damrRvevi saqcielis Cadenas, miT metia al-
baToba imisa, rom isini momavalSic gaagrZeleben aseT qcevas. marvin volfgangma, te-
rens sornberim da robert figliom magaliTad aiRes filadelfiis kohortuli kvle-
vebis 10%, romelic Seexeboda 30 wlis asakis pirebs da aRmoaCines, rom TiTqmis yvela
maTganis SemTxvevaSi, ramdenadac izrdeboda is asaki, roca maT pirvelad Caidines da-
naSauli, imdenad SeimCneoda danaSaulebis saSualo raodenobis klebis tendencia. al-
fred blumsteinma, devid faringtonma da soumio moitram aseve aCvenes, rom erT-er-
Ti faqtori, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZloa winaswar vivaraudoT, vin iqneba qroniku-
li damnaSave, iyo danaSaulis adreul asakSi Cadena. faringtonma Semdgomi kvlevebiT
aseve aRmoaCina, rom pirebi, romlebic damnaSaveebad iqnen cnobili 10-12 wlis asakSi,
ganuwyvetliv Cadiodnen danaSauls Zalian maRali koeficientiT da ufro didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi, vidre isini, romelTac pirveli danaSauli ufro did asakSi Caidines.22
dasazustebelia germaneli mecnieris Beulke-s mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom `gar-
datexis periodTan erTad arsebobs mozardis socializaciis procesTan dakavSirebu-
li problemebi, roca man SeiZleba danaSauli Caidinos gardatexis asakSi, xolo soci-
alizaciis dasrulebis Semdeg aRar Caidens danaSauls~,23 vinaidan gardatexis perio-
dis da socializaciis dasruleba yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
Sewyvetas arasrulwlovnis mier.
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis Sewyvetisa Tu misi Semdgomi gagrZelebis sakiTxi
rom ase calsaxad wyebodes, maSin yovelgvar azrs iqneboda moklebuli kriminologiu-
ri kvlevebi, romlebic swored am problemis axsnasa da prognozirebas cdiloben.
zemomoyvnili Sexedulebisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikeli mecnierebi am problemis
ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi iReben, ikvleven da miuTiTeben im faqtorebs, romlebmac,
20
Bartollas C., Miller S. J.,Juvenile Justice in America, second edition, Prentice Hall, Inc.,1998, 78.
21
uri da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, Tb., 2011, 19;
22
23
293
SesaZloa, gamoiwvion danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sewyveta arasrulwlovnebSi an, piri-

qiT, maTi danaSaulis erTgvari gadasvla, gadanacvleba srulwlovanTa danaSaulSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogadad amerikel avtorebsac miaCniaT, rom danaSauleb-
rivi qmedebis Sewyveta mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli momwifebis procesTan, rodesac
arasrulwlovans SeuZlia gaiTavisos tradiciuli, sayovelTaod miRebuli cxovre-
bis stilis miyolis survili an kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebis gagrZelebis survilis
arqona, arsebobs zogierTi ufro Zlieri motivaciebi imisaTvis, rom SeaCeros aras-
rulwlovanis Semdgomi monawileoba samarTaldamrRvev qmedebaSi. es faqtorebia: re-
alizacia, romelsac isini axdenen maTi adgilsamyofelis miuxedavd, da midgoma, rom
aucilebelia cvlilebebis Setana sakuTar cxovrebaSi, Tu maT surT, rom warmatebu-
li iyvnen srulwlovanebisas; tradiciuli, sayovelTaod miRebuli cxovrebis sti-
li, gamowveuli qorwinebiT, samxedro samsaxuriT, aseve ganaTlebiT, romelic xdeba
ufro mimzidveli, vidre SedarebiT is mcire sargebeli, rasac isini miiRebdnen kri-
minaluri cxovrebis stilis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi; patimrobis an Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis SiSi – Tu isini dapatimrebuli iyvnen,rogorc arasrulwlovnebi; gatarebu-
li sakmaod didi dro marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi; Zalian didi uxerxuloba, ro-
melic Seuqmnes sakuTar ojaxebs.24 Sesabamisad, axalgazrda damnaSaveTa mxolod er-
Ti nawili agrZelebs Tavis kriminalur saqmianobas srulwlovanebis miRwevis Semdeg.25
swored arasrulwlovanTa am nawilis identifikaciisaTvis Catarda kvleva amerikeli
specialistebis mier. kvlevam gamoavlina arasrulwlovanTa sami jgufi: erTi jgufis
wevrebi danaSauls Cadian mxolod arasrulwlovanebis asakSi; meore jgufis – mxolod
srulwlovanebisas; mesame jgufi Sedgeboda gamudmebiT danaSaulis Camdeni pirebisa-
gan orive periodis ganmavlobaSi. zogierTi mkvlevari acxadebs, rom saukeTeso axsna
imisa, Tu ratom inacvleben arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebi srulwlovanTa danaSaul-
Si, aris maTi uwindeli monawileoba danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi. aRniSnuli poziciis
mixedviT, danaSaulSi uwindeli monawileoba momavalSi Seamcirebs samarTaldamrRve-
vi qmedebis CadenaSi CarTvis akrZalvebs. sxvebi daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom zogierT
individs delinkventuri qmedebis Cadenis ufro meti miswrafeba axasiaTebs, vidre
danarCenebs da drois ganmavlobaSi es mometebuli miswrafeba xdeba ufro da ufro
Seupovari da myari. delinkventuri qmedebisaken aseTi gazrdili miswrafeba dakavSi-
rebulia iseT faqtorebTan, rogoric aris: mSoblebis mxridan arasaTanado zedamxed-
velobis ganxorcieleba Svilebze, maT mier bavSvis aRzrdaze uaris Tqma, mSoblebis
kriminaluroba, delinkventi dedmamisSvilebis arsebobis faqti da dabali IQ.26
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis bunebis Sesaswavlad yuradsaRebi faqtoria aseve
maT mier Cadenili danaSaulis specializacia. danaSaulTa specializaciis mixedviT
gakeTebuli daskvnebi ufro Tanmimdevrulia danaSaulis zrdis mixedviT gakeTebul
daskvnebTan SedarebiT. kohortuli kvlevebi an ar amJRavneben danaSaulis speciali-
zacias arasrulwlovanTa Soris, an mxolod umniSvnelod. Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli
damamtkicebeli sabuTebi imisa, rom specializacia metwilad damaxasiaTebelia statu-
24
25
Steinberg L.,Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice, 5 Ann. Rev. Clinical Psychologies, 2009, 459,
466.
26
294
sis damrRvevebisaTvis. suzan deitsmanma da maikl eiskinma statusis damrRvevTa maga-

liTis gamokvleviT aRmoaCines, rom statusis damrRvevTa umravlesoba, maTi sqesisa
da rasis miuxedavad, gadacemuli iynen sasamarTlosTvis imave kategoriis danaSauli-
saTvis 50-70 %-mde SemTxvevebSi. mdedrobiTi sqesis arasrulwlovnebi, gansakuTerbiT
TeTrebi, ufro didi moculobiT Cadionen igiveobiT (specializebul) danaSaulebs,
vidre mamrobiTi sqesis. arasrulwlovani qali damnaSaveebis 35% igiveobiTi danaSa-
ulisTvis iyo sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenili, maT Soris mniSvnelovani raodenoba –
saxlidan gaqcevisaTvis.27
SesaZlebelia, davaskvnaT, rom arasrulwlovanTa danaSauli kompleqsuri mov-
lenaa, romlis calsaxa ganmarteba SeuZlebelia, magram arsebobs mniSvnelovani kom-
ponentebi, romlebic met-naklebi msgavsebiT endemuri da imanenturia arasrulwlo-
vanTa danaSaulis substanciisTvis.
3. arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis (delinkventurobis)

gamomwvevi mizezebi
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis (delinkventurobis) gamomwvevi mizezebis dad-

genisas risk-faqtorebis cneba arasrulwlovanTa delinkventurobis mravalricx-
ovani kvlevebis centralur sakiTxs warmoadgens. risk-faqtori nebismieri cvladi
maCvenebelia, romelic ukavSirdeba sakiTxs, gaxdeba Tu ara arasrulwlovani delin-
kventi. pasuxi kiTxvaze – ra ayenebs bavSvs riskis qveS – araTanmimdevruli da buru-
siT moculia, radgan zogierTi kvleva am sakiTxebze urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa. zogjer
risk-faqtorebis identifikacia fokusirebulia trivialur da martiv faqtorebze:
rokn roli, repi da pankmusika, pornografia, interneti, satelevizio Zaladoba, Za-
ladobrivi videoTamaSebi, mediis mier danaSaulisgaSuqeba, filmebSi danaSaulisa da
ZaladobisaTvis qeba-didebis Sesxma da ase Semdeg. martivi faqtia is, rom arasrul-
wlovnebs yovelTvis aqvT midrekileba danaSaulisken. arasrulwlovnebis mier delin-
kventuri aqtis Cadenis mizezebi multiparametruli xasiaTisaa. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, mxolod erTi calkeuli maCvenebeli, rogoric iqneba televizia an musika, ar
iwvevs arasrulwlovnis mier danaSaulis Cadenas. Tumca, garkveuli cvladi maCveneb-
lebis anu risk-faqtorebis korelacia mainc xdeba arasrulwlovnebis delinkvente-
bad CamoyalibebasTan. risk-faqtori cvladi maCvenebelia, romelic misi arsebobiT
Tu ararsebobiT korelaciaSia axalgazrdis delinkventurobasTan. ar aris aucilebe-
li,rom gardauvlad delinkventad Camoyalibdes is arasrulwlovani, romelic flobs
ramdenime risk-faqtors. analogiurad, risk-faqtoris absoluturi ararseboba ar iZ-
leva imis garantias, rom arasrulwlovani ar Caidens delinkventur aqts. amasTan, de-
linkventurobisagan damcavi faqtorebis koncefcia (cvladi maCveneblebi, romlebic
korelaciaSia delinkventuri aqtebis CaudenlobasTan) aseve Zalian farTod iqna ga-
mokvleuli. arsebiTi risk-faqtorebi arasrulwlovans delinkventad Camoyalibebis
didi riskis qveS ayenebs, maSin rodesac misgan damcavi faqtorebi arasrulwlovanis
delinkventad Camoyalibebas zRudavs. risk-faqtorebi ar iwvevs delinkventurobas;
damcavi faqtorebi ar axdens delinkventurobis prevencias. miuxedavad amisa, kvleva
27
295
aCvenebs, rom riskisa da damcavi faqtorebis arseboba Tu ararseboba, dakavSirebulia

delinkventurobasTan. arsebobs risk-faqtorebis kumulaciuri efeqti, romelsac
mivyavarT garkveul riskian qcevamde da cxovrebis stilamde, romelic, Cveulebisa-
mebr, gadaiqceva negatiur Sedegad da ukargavs arasrulwlovans Semdgom SesaZleblo-
bebs cxovrebaSi.
delinkventurobaSi efeqturi intervenciis da masTan mopyrobis programebis
Seqmnis Zalisxmevidan gamomdinare, bevri mkvlevari Seecada, miznad daesaxa yvelaze
metad problematuri risk-faqtorebis da yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semakavebeli faqto-
rebis identifikacia. Sedegad, risk-faqtorebis sxvadasxva sqemiT klasifikaciis didi
raodenoba bundovans xdis sakiTxs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu zustad romeli risk-faq-
torebi da damcavi faqtorebia yvelaze mniSvnelovani. amis garda, bevri identificire-
buli risk-faqtori xSirad arasrulwlovanis kontrols miRmaa (rasa, sqesi, socioeko-
nomikuri statusi, skola) da Sesabamisad, intervencia ar aris martivi. am faqtorebma,
aseve, SeiZleba moicvas saqcieli, romelsac bavSvi avlens, rodesac is arasrulwlova-
nia, kerZod, – hiperaqtiuroba da tyuili. gamomdinare iqidan, rom es faqtorebi saer-
Toa bevri bavSvisaTvis, intervencia SeiZleba iyos Zalian radikaluri da ganurCeveli
da amitom moaxdinos im bavSvebis identifikaciac, romlebic ar arian aseTi riskis qveS.
sxva problema riskisa da riskisagan damcavi faqtorebis Sesaxeb kvlevaSi is aris, rom
axalgazrdebis umravlesoba Cadis raime saxis delinkventur aqts da amiT xdeba zRva-
ris gavleba `delinkvent~ da àradelinkvent~ axalgazrdebs Soris, romelic ar aris
yovelTvis naTeli da Tanmimdevruli.28
kriminologiur literaturaSi arsebuli erT-erTi midgomis Tanaxmad, delin-
kventurobis risk-faqtorebis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia calkeuli individebis, so-
cialuri garemos da sazogadoebis Seswavlis procesis Sedegad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
metad unda iqnes Seswavlili urTierTdamokidebuleba am risk-faqtorebs Soris, kri-
minologiurma kvlevam xeli Seuwyo im sakiTxis gagebas, vin imyofeba riskis qveS da ra-
tom?
aSS-Si arasrulwlovnebis sakiTxebze momuSave sabWom aRniSna, rom imis winaswar
gansazRvra, vin SeiZleba Camoyalibdes kriminalad, mxolod iseTive sizustiT aris Se-
saZlebeli, rogorc eqimebis mier imis winawar varaudi da gansazRvra, Tu vis daemar-
Teba gulis Seteva an filtvis kibo. Tumca, orive sferoSi SesaZlo risk-faqtorebis
Sesaxeb codnas SeuZlia gazardos prevenciuli qmedebebis raodenoba.29
risk-faqtorebis zemoT moyvanili samsaxovani dayofis garda,Tanamedrove li-
teraturaSi arsebobs eqvsi ZiriTadi risk-faqtori: biologia da genetika; ojaxi, per-
sonaluroba, socialuri garemo, ekologiuri garemo da saganmanaTleblo garemo. es
kategoriebi moicaven im ZiriTad samyaros, romelSic arasrulwlovani izrdeba – oja-
xi, socialuri, ekologiuri da skolis garemo, da romlebic, SesaZloa, dagvexmaron im
saqcielisa da cxovrebis stilis winaswar gansazRvraSi, romelTac arasrulwlovnebi
28
Caeti T. J., and Fritsch E.J., ~At-Risk Youth~, Encyclopedia of Juvenile Justice,Ed., Thousand Oaks, CA:
SAGE, 2002, 22-28, SAGE Reference Online, Web. 22 Feb. 2012
29
<http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9747.html, Juvenile Crimes, Juvenile Justice, Panel on Juvenile Crime: Preven-
tion, Treatment, and Control, Committee on Law and Justice, and Board on Children, Youth, and Families,
National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS, Washington,
DC>, 2001, 3.
296
savaraudod ganaviTareben. miuxedavad imisa, rom es eqvsi saxeobis faqtori urTier-

Tmoqmedia da gavlenas axdens erTimeoreze, is sakiTxi, Tu ra xarisxisaa es urTier-
Tgavlena, sadavoa. riskisa da damcavi faqtorebis urTierTqmedeba gansxvavebulia
TiToeuli arasrulwlovanis SemTxvevaSi. ar arsebobs nimuSi an raodenoba risk-faq-
torebisa, romelic gansazRvravs, vin iqneba da vin ar iqneba delinkventi. isev vimeoreb,
rom riskisa da misgan damcavi faqtorebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc delinkventu-
robis Taobaze winawari varaudis, winaswari prognozirebis, erTgvari winaswarmetyve-
luri saSualebebi da ara rogorc mizezobrivi movlenebi.30
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis (delinkventurobis) gamomwvevi mizezebis sxva-
dasxva sqemis arseboba saSualebas iZleva, rom faqtorebi, romlebic kriminologiur
literaturaSi miCneulia determinantebad arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulSi, pirobiTad
or saxed daiyos. es, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba iyos arasrulwlovanTa biofsiqologiuri
mdgomareobiT ganpirobebuli danaSaulis Cadenis faqtorebi da mTeli rigi sxva faq-
torebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia arasrulwlovanis individualur, socialur, sa-
zogadoebriv Tu sxva maCveneblebTan.
3.1. arasrulwlovanTa biofsiqologiuri Tavisebureba
rodis SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom damTavrda bavSvoba da dgeba mowifulobis xana?

adamianis mentaluri da fiziologiuri ganviTarebis romel fazaSi CaiTvleba adami-
ani srulwlovanebas miRweulad? biofsiqologiuri Taviseburebebi asxvavebs aras-
rulwlovans srulwlovanisagan? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema xels uwyobs arasrul-
wlovanTa danaSaulis im determinantebis gansazRvras, romlebic maTi asakobivi (bio-
logiuri Tu fsiqologiuri) ganviTarebidan gamomdinareoben.
àTvlis is wertili, saidanac bavSvi gardaiqmneba srulwlovnad, gansxvavebulia
drois sxvadasxva periodis mixedviT. saerTo samarTalSi bavSvobis wlebis istoriis
Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom Sua saukuneebSi bavSvoba sruldeboda 7 wlis asakSi, roca mas
ukve mindorSi muSaoba SeeZlo da vaWrobas swavlobda. amitom, renesansis xanaSi Ra-
ribi ojaxis Svilebi zrdasrulebi isev 7 wlis asakSi xdebodnen, xolo aristokra-
tiisa mxolod mas Semdeg, rac isini gaivlidnen im skolas, romelic maT sazogadoebis
marTvisaTvis amzadebda. industriuli revoluciis Sedegi iyo moTxovnis gazrda im
axalgazrdebze, romelTac saskolo ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli.sazogadoebam daad-
gina, rom arc bavSvoba dasruldeboda da arc zrdasruloba daiwyeboda, vidre bavSve-
bi saskolo ganaTlebas iqnebodnen moklebulni. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is sakiTxi,
bavSvebi iqcnen Tu ara zrdasrulebad, damokidebuli iyo garkveulwilad im socioe-
konomikur pirobebze, romelSic isini cxovrobdnen da aseve imaze, ramdenad sakmaris
codnas iRebdnen isini skolaSi. arasrulwlovnis mowifulobis asaki daaxloebiT igi-
venairad isazRvreba dResac. isini zrdasrulobas ar aRweven skolis an kolejis dam-
Tavrebamde an zrdasrulisaTvis Sesaferisi samuSaos dawyebamde. axlac ki isev TvalSi
sacemia gaurkvevloba, romelic arsebobs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, vinaidan es gar-
damtexi asaki SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan. magaliTad, Tu TeatrSi
30
Caeti T. J., and Fritsch E.J., ~At-Risk Youth,~ Encyclopedia of Juvenile Justice,Ed., Thousand Oaks, CA:
SAGE, 2002, 22-28, SAGE Reference Online, Web. 22 Feb., 2012
297
12 wlis adamiani ukve miiCneva zrdasrulad, transportirebis saxelmwifo biuro ase-

Tad miiCnevs 16 wlis asaks, samxedro da saarCevno komisiebi – 18 wels, da saxelmwifos
alkoholuri sasmelebis kontrolis sabWo – 21 wlis asaks. marTlsawinaaRmdego qmede-
bis Cadenis TvalsazrisiT, pasuxismgeblobis bundovani cneba saTaves iRebs ideidan,
rom arasrulwlovnebs, romlebic asxvaveben, Tu ra aris swori da ra araswori, gan-
viTarebuli aqvT socialuri sindisiereba, sakuTari qcevidan gamomdinare, danaSau-
lis grZnoba da misi monaniebis SesaZlebloba, mentalurad sakmarisad Camoyalibebuli
mkvlelebi SeiZleba iyvnen da miRebuli unda iqnes ufro mkacri zomebi, romlis meSve-
obiTac gauswodebian axalgazrda damnaSaveebs.31~
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi d. uznaZe, gansaxilveli perspeqtividan
gamomdinare, yuradRebas amaxvilebs arasrulwlovanTa `sqesobrivi momwifebis peri-
odze~ anu e.w. `gardatexis periodze~. misi mtkicebiT, es aris periodi, roca mozardis
yuradRebis koncentracia qveiTdeba~.32 CxartiSvili ki amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSnavs, rom: `bavSvobis datovebisa da didis mdgomareobaSi yofnis moTxovnilebebi
gardamaval asakSi, iZens ra socialur Sinaarss, gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdens mozar-
dis aqtivobis mimarTulebis gansazRvris saqmeSi. es moTxovnileba, pirvel rigSi, so-
cialuri prestiJis, Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis moTxovnilebaTa formebSi
diferencirdeba da mozardis yovel qcevaSi, romelic mas raime mxriv sxva adamianeb-
Tan akavSirebs, eZebs damokidebulebas~.33
gardatexis periodi da am periodis socializacia mkacrad gansazRvravs pirov-
nebis Camoyalibebas; am periodSi adamiani, misi fiziologiuri, fsiqologiuri da so-
cialuri `damuSaveba~ axlad yalibdeba.34 dReis mdgomareobiT, gardatexis periodi
gogonebSi 10-12, xolo vaJebSi 12-0 wlis asakSi dgeba.35gardatexis periodSi mozards
aReniSneba energiis didi mozRvaveba, romelsac surs yovelgvari sulieri da moralu-
ri normebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe iCinos Tavi.36
gardatexis periodSi mozardis organizmSi mimdinare procesebi did gavlenas
axdens mis fsiqikur mdgomareobaze.am periodis ganmavlobaSi mozards aReniSneba
xSiri uxasiaToba, xasiaTis ucabedi (umizezo) gauareseba an piriqiT, survilTa mra-
valferovneba, zedmeti emociuroba, saqmis mimarT araseriozuli damokidebuleba,
gulmaviwyoba, fantaziuroba, windauxedaoba, gadawyvetilebis miRebis garTuleba da,
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mozRvavebuli energia. am periodSi mozardebs ar gaaCniaT (an
naklebad aqvT)emociebis moTokvis SesaZlebloba da zedmetad impulsurebi arian.37
amave dros mniSvnelovania kvlevis im SedegebisaTvis angariSis gaweva, romelic adas-
turebs, rom mozardebi da zrdasruli adamianebi emociebs tvinis sxvadasxva sferoSi
gadaamuSaveben. kerZod, cdis saxiT maTTvis sxvadasxva emociis (brazi, agresia) gamom-
31
Bartollas C., Miller S. J., Juvenile Justice in America, second edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1998, 194-196.
32
33
iqve.
34
iqve.
35
iqve.
36
iqve.
37
iqve.
298
xatveli fotoebis Cvenebisas aRmoCnda, rom mozardebis SemTxvevaSi am informaciaze

reagirebdnen tvinis im sferoTi, romelic gamoirCeva gadawyvetilebaTa emociurad
da swrafad miRebiT, xolo zrdasruli adamianebi imave amocanas asrulebdnen ufro
metad ganviTarebul da ierarqiulad maRla mdgom tvinis sferoSi.38
swored am zemoganxilul arasrulwlovanTa biofsiqologiur mdgomareobas,
romelSic mozardi imyofeba gardatexisas, mozardis nebiT Tu uneblieT, axlavs iseT
faqtorebi, romlebic mozardis biologiuri ganviTarebis Sedegia, Tumca maTze, ro-
gorc danaSaulis gamomwvev mizezebze, miuTiTebs profesori goZiaSvili.39 kerZod, bi-
ofsiqologiuri aspeqtiT ganpirobebuli arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis xelSemwyobi
mizezebidan goZiaSvili asaxelebs iseTebs, rogorebicaa: daqveiTebuli interesi swav-
lis mimarT; gazviadebuli swrafva siamovnebis miRebisaken, alkoholisa da narkotike-
bisaken, iaraRisaken, uqmi drostarebisaken; danaSaulis CadenaSi asakiT ufrosi mona-
wileebis waqezeba, sulieri sferos siRaribe, gamokveTili individualizmi, momatebu-
li agresiuloba, TanatolebTan urTierTobis kompromisis SeuZlebloba, orientacia
uxeS Zalaze.40
3.2. arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis (delinkventurobis) risk-faqtorebi
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis (delinkventurobis) risk-faqtorebis kvleva, sxva

nebismieri kvlevis msgavsad, didi sifrTxiliT unda Catardes da aseTive sifrTxiliT
unda moxdes misi interpretacia. aqamde arsebul arc erT kvlevas ar gaucia gadaWriT
naTeli pasuxi da ar ganusazRvravs konkretuli faqtorebi, romlebic iwveven delin-
kventurobas, an axdenen mis prevencias. praqtikulad SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros ur-
TierTdamokidebuleba risk-faqtorebsa da arasrulwlovanis gonebas da aRqmas Soris.
yoveli riskis qveS myofi arasrulwlovanisagan, romlebic yalibdebian delinkven-
tad, yovelTvis aris erTi iseTi, romelic delinkventad ar iqceva. erTi ram aSkaraa:
ar arsebobs romelime iseTi faqtori, romelic an iwvevdes delinkventurobas, an mis
prevencias axdendes. rogorc uizinga, luberi da sornberi aRniSnavdnen, prognoze-
bis gakeTebis meTodologia da Teoriuli gancxadebebi amJamad ar aris sakmarisi imis
gansasazRvrad, vin CaerTveba delinkventurobaSi da vin ara. mkvlevarTa nawilma ga-
moikvlia risk-faqtorebi da riskisgan damcavi faqtorebi. kvlevebis umravlesoba am
sferoSi Seicavs zogierT msgavs zogad Tematikas da msgavs kategoriul CarCos. Tum-
ca, specifikuri risk-faqtorebisa Tu riskisagan damcavi faqtorebis identifikacia
gansxvavebuli iqneba iqidan gamomdinare, romeli wyaros monacemebs gavecnobiT. miu-
xedavad amisa, aris zogadi risk-faqtorebi, romlebic metwilad msgavsia da saerTo.41
swored amitom, mocemuli problematikis damuSavebisas mravalferovani risk-
faqtorebidan, romlebic asocirdeba arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulTan, unda davaxasi-
aToT ramdenime yvelaze mniSvnelovani da zogadi faqtori.
38
39
iqve, 20.
40
iqve.
41
SAGE, 2002, 22-28, SAGE Reference Online, Web. 22 Feb. 2012.
299
3.2.1. individualuri anu personaluri risk-faqtorebi
kvlevebis umravlesoba jer kidev Tavisi ganviTarebis adreul fazaSia im sfe-

roSi, romelic exeba personaluri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT imis gansazRvras, ra kav-
SirSia individualuri maxasiaTeblebi arasrulwlovnebis riskis qveS moqcevasTan.
yvelaze did problemas am sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevisaTvis warmoadgenda is mimar-
Tuleba, romelSic am faqtoris gagebaa ganmartebuli da gazomili. miuxedavad amisa,
arsebobs garkveuli Tanmimdevruloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli personaluri
maxasiaTeblebia saerTo delinkventebisaTvis da romeli damcavi faqtorebi arade-
linkventebisTvis.42 individualuri faqtorebisa da maxasiaTeblebis didi raodenoba
asocirdeba arasrulwlovanTa delinkventurobis ganviTarebasTan.es individualuri
faqtorebi moicavs: asaks, sqess, orsulobasa da mSobiarobaSi monawile faqtorebs; im-
pulsurobas, agresiulobas da narkotikuli nivTierebebis gamoyenebas.43personaluri
maxasiaTeblebis erT-erTi sxva kvlevac aseve aCvenebs da adasturebs, rom iseTi maxa-
siaTeblebi, rogoric aris hiperaqtiuroba, mousvenroba, riskiani Sexedulebebi da ag-
resiuloba, winaswari, savaraudo maCveneblebia momavali delinkventurobis da narko-
tikebis moxmarebisa.44 zogierTi faqtori muSaobs dabadebamde an dabadebisas myisve;
zogierTi SeiZleba gamovlindes adreul bavSvobaSi, zogi SeiZleba ar iyos SesamCnevi
gvian bavSvobamde an axalgazrdobamde. raTa srulad iqnes gaazrebuli am individua-
luri maxasiaTeblebis ganviTareba da maTi damokidebuleba delinkveturobasTan, Ses-
wavlil unda iqnes individis ganviTareba mis garemomcvel garemosTan urTierTmimar-
TebaSi.45
am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT erT-erTi kvleva aseve amowmebs mniSvnelovan Teorias
ojaxis rolsa da TviTkontrolTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac aviTarebdnen gotfred-
soni da hirSi TavianT wignSi `danaSaulis zogadi Teoria~. ZiriTadi Tezisi aris is,
rom TviTkontrolis naklebobiT aixsneba devianturobis yvela SesaZlo tipi da eq-
stremaluri saqcieli, – kriminalur qcevasTan erTad, iseTi qcevebi, rogoricaa tran-
sportis saxifaTod marTva, saSiS sportSi CarTuloba da sasmelis didi raodenobiT
miReba. avtorebi ar miiCneven TviTkontrols Tandayolil maxasiaTebelad, magram is
xdeba adamianis personalurobis nawili, rogorc gamudmebuli wvrTnisa da aRzrdis
Sedegi, romelsac mimarTavdnen mSoblebi bavSvobis asakSi (8-10 wlamde). Tu mSoble-
bis mxridan amgvari aRzrdis procesi warumatebeli aRmoCndeba, maSin TviTkontro-
42
SAGE, 2002, 22-28, SAGE Reference Online, Web. 22 Feb., 2012.
43
DC, 2001, 67.>
44
Hawkins J.,Herrenkohl T., Farrington D., Brewer D., Catalano R., Harachi T. et al.,Predictors of Youth Vio-
lence, 2000, Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
45
DC>, 2001, 67.
300
lis nakleboba gaxdeba bavSvis personalurobis permanentuli maxasiaTebeli, romlis

Sedegebi sagrZnobi iqneba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi.
am sakiTxis Sesamowmeblad kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia grasmikis TviTkontrolis
skalis 12 punqti, romelic Seicavs impulsurobas, riskis maZieblobas, sakuTar Tavze
aqcentirebulobas da xasiaTs. am skalis paralelurad, aseve gaizoma axalgazrdebis
Sexeduleba Zaladobis mimarT, iseve rogorc Semowmda is, Tu ra Zalis gavlenas axde-
nen mSoblebi bavSvebSi TviTkontrolis da agresiuli Sexedulebebis ganviTarebaze.46
erT-erT kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma Seamowmes is sivrce, romlis farglebSic xdeba delin-
kventurobis korelacia iseT personalur da, amave dros, demografiul maCvenebleb-
Tan, rogoric aris: asaki, sqesi da rasa.
asaki. aSS-Si asakis mixedviT dakavebis maCvenebeli Zalian swrafad izrdeba Ti-
neijerobis wlebSi, piks aRwevs daaxlovebiT 18 wlis asakSi da Semdeg iwyebs klebas.
Tumca, pikis asaki ufro maRalia Zaladobrivi danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, vidre sakuTre-
bis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulisas.47arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa ZiriTadi asaki,
dafiqsirebuli TviT Setyobinebuli danaSaulis monacemebSi, im asakis msgavsia, rac
asaxulia maTi dakavebis monacemebSi da SeiniSneba tendencia, rom izrdeba TviT Sety-
obinebuli delinkventuroba Tineijerobis wlebSi da asakobrivi piki gansxvavebulia
danaSaulebis mixedviT.48
prenataluri da perinataluri uaryofiTi faqtorebi. individis adreuli gan-
viTarebis faqtorebisa da arasrulwlovanTa delinkventur saqciels Soris kavSiris
Sesaswavlad axlo warsulSi Catarebuli kvleva aCvenebs, rom prenataluri da perina-
taluri uaryofiTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa mSoblebis narkotikebisadmi midrekileba,
axalSobilis mcire wona da samSobiaro tramva, SesaZloa, miviCnioT delinkveturobis
risk-faqtorad. axali kvlevebis mixedviT, metyvelebis SezRuduli ganviTareba da Ta-
nagrZnobis nakleboba, romelic aris mSoblebis mxridan gamoCenili uyuradRebobis da
gulgrilobis Sedegi, SesaZloa, aseve, CaiTvalos risk-faqtorebad. metyvelebis defi-
citi ayenebs bavSvs skolaSi sirTuleebis Seqmnis da delinkventurobis riskis qveS.49
inteleqti. kriminologiurma kvlevebma cxadhyo, rom damnaSavis inteleqtsa da
mis mier danaSaulis Cadenas Soris garkveuli kavSiria.pirebs, romlebic skolaSi ara-
sakmarisi swavlis gamo naklebi inteleqtiT gamoirCevian, urTuldebaT sazogadoeba-
Si integracia, rac, saboloo jamSi, qmnis imis albaTobas, rom aseTi piri danaSauls
Caidens.50
46
Junger-Tas J., Many Faces of Youth Crime: Contrasting Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Delinquency
across Countries and Cultures, New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2012, 187.
47
Jensen G. F., and Rojek G.,Delinquency and Youth Crime, second edition, Prospect Heights, Illinois: Wave-
land Press, 1992.
48
WinterdykJ. A., Juvenile Justice Systems, International Perspectives, published by Canadian Scholars’ Press
49
DC, 2001, 3-4>.
50
301
impulsuroba. impulsuroba aseve delinkventurobis erT-erTi individualuri

risk-faqtoria. mometebuli impulsuroba vlindeba adamianis riskianobaSi, windauxe-
dav qcevasa da daufiqreblad gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. igi SesaZloa kanonis darRve-
vaSic gadaizardos. jerkidev bavSvobis asakSi mometebuli impulsuroba didobaSi Se-
iZleba danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi gadaizardos. `rTuli bavSvebi~, romlebic gamoirCe-
vian gadametebuli emociurobiT, gauwonasworebeli xasiaTiT, advilad brazdebian da
bavSvur agresiulobas xSirad sibraziT gamoxataven, mozardobisa da zrdasrulobis
periodSi kriminaluri qcevis ganxorcielebas naklebad eridebian.51kvlevebma daadas-
tura, rom bavSvebi, romlebic ar swavloben imas, rom SeaCeron maTi ganviTarebis ad-
reuli etapisTvis normalurad miCneuli fizikurad agresiuli saqcieli daaxloebiT
sami wlis asakSi, an romlebic arian fizikurad gadaWarbebulad agresiulebi, aras-
rulwlovanTa danaSaulis Cadenis maRali riskis qveS arian.52
kriminaluri karieris dasawyisSi bevri damnaSave piri gamoirCeva yuradRebis
naklebobiTa da hiperaqtiurobiT.53
kanadaSi gvian, 1980-ian da 90-ian wlebSi, zogierT wreSi garkveuli Semobruneba
SeiniSneboda pozitivisturi/samedicino modelisaken, romelic Seicavda iseT faqto-
rebs, rogorebicaa: sakvebi, qimiuri disbalansi da nevrologiuri problemebi, romel-
Tac SeeZloT gamoewviaT arasrulwlovanis gadaxra devianturi da Zaladobrivi qce-
visaken.54
biologiuri da genetikuri faqtorebi. individualuri risk-faqtorebSi mo-
iazreben aseve adamianis biologiidan da genetikidan gamomdinare faqtorebs, maT
Soris rasas, eTnikurobas da sqess. biologiuri da genetikuri faqtorebi riskisa da
damcavi faqtorebis is saxeebia, romlebic, umravles SemTxvevaSi, arasrulwlovanis
kontrols miRmaa. sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli debatebis msgavsad, romelic exeboda
problemas `memkvidreoba garemos winaaRmdeg~, mTavari sakiTxi, romelsac mkvlevrebi
svamdnen am faqtorTan dakavSirebiT, isaa, aris Tu ara delinkventuroba memkvidreo-
bis xaziT miRebuli xasiaTis Tviseba biologiisa da genetikis safuZvelze, Tu igi aris
socializaciisa da garemos Sedegi? miuxedavad imisa, rom azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba
warmoiWreba akademiur da politikur arenaze delinkventurobaSi biologiisa da ge-
netikis rolTan dakavSirebiT, sxvadasxva kvlevebma aRmoaCines korelaciebi. yvelaze
problematuri aris faqti, rom gansxvaveba da socializacia ar aris yovelTvis naTe-
li. magaliTad, aRmoCenilia, rom dabali IQ dakavSirebulia delinkventurobasTan. Tu
51
52
DC>, 2001, 3-4.
53
uri da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2011, 20.
54
Winterdyk J. A., Juvenile Justice Systems, International Perspectives, published by Canadian Scholars’ Press
Inc., Toronto, Ontario, 1997,152.
302
rogor viTardeba Cveni IQ, socialurad Tu genetikurad, jer kidev ar aris gansazR-
vruli.55
rasa. sadavoa am sferoSi kavSiri rasasa da danaSauls Soris. zogierTma kvle-
vam aRmoaCina, rom gansxvaveba ar aris afroamerikel da kavkasiel biWebs Soris 6 wlis
asakSi, magram maT Soris sxvaoba TandaTan viTardebaseriozuli delinkventurobis
matebasTan erTad, romelic piks 16 wlis asakSi aRwevs.ramdenadac delinkventurobis
SemTxvevebi izrdeba, aseve izrdeba seriozuli danaSaulebis saSualo sixSire, rome-
lic ufro swrafi tempiT matulobs afroamerikeli, vidre kavkasieli biWebis SemTxve-
vaSi. danaSaulis sawyisTan dakavSirebiT, im biWebs Soris, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen
seriozul delinkventurobaSi, 51%-s afroamerikeli biWebi Seadgendnen. kavkasieli
biWebis 28% ki seriozul delinkventur aqts 15 wlis asakSi Cadioda.56 Semdegi saerTo
aRmoCena aris is, rom afroamerikelebi ufro metad arian CarTuli Zaladobriv dana-
SaulebSi, vidre TeTrebi.albaT, umjobesia, rasis roli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mi-
viCnioT metwilad socialur, vidre biologiur konteqstad. Tu pirovnebis rasa an eT-
nikuroba afasebs iseT saqciels, romelmac SeiZleba daayenos isini marTlmsajulebis
sistemasTan kontaqtis riskis qveS, isini, savaraudod, metad iqnebian delinkventebi,
vidre sxva vinme, visi rasac da eTnikurobac ar aris aseTi Rirebulebebis matarebeli.
garkveul eTnosebs aqvT iseTi kultura, romlisTvisac didad fasobs ojaxis cxovre-
ba, ramac, SesaZloa, miiyvanos arasrulwlovani izolaciamde. ufro metic, amerikul
sazogadoebaSi zogierTi rasa da eTnosi ufro izolirebulia Rataki mosaxleobiT
dasaxlebul adgilebSi, romelic gavlenas axdens delinkventurobis koeficientze
da Semdeg CixSi aqcevs biologiuri/genetikuri risk-faqtorebis gavlenas.57delinkven-
turobisas rasis faqtoris arsebobis gaTvaliswinebis TvalsazrisiT, aris tendencia,
rom Savkaniani arasrulwlovnebis dakavebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia, vidre TeTre-
bis, gansakuTrebiT Zaladobrivi danaSaulisaTvis.58 Tumca, danaSaulis TviT Setyobi-
nebis monacemebi iZleva gansxvavebul suraTs, romlis mixedviT TeTrebsa da Savebs So-
ris gacilebiT cota sxvaobaa am mimarTebiT, vidre oficialurad arsebul dakavebis
monacemebs Soris.59
sqesi. sqesi genetikuri risk-faqtoria, romelic delinkventurobis naTeli wi-
naswarmsazRvrelia. biWebi metad arian CarTuli delinkveturobis ufro seriozul
formebSi, vidre gogonebi. Tumca, aSS-is monacemebiT, gasul wlebSi SeiniSneboda de-
linkventur aqtebSi arasrulwlovani gogonebis monawileobis mateba. miuxedavad
amisa, Zaladobrivi danaSaulisaTvis dakavebis koeficienti mamrobiTi sqesis aras-
rulwlovnebisaTvis arsebiTad ufro maRali rCeba mdedrobiTi sqesis arasrulwlov-
55
56
Browning K. and Loeber R.,Highlights of Findings From the Pittsburgh Youth Study Series, 1999, Washing-
ton, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
57
58
Empey L. T., Stafford M. C.,American Delinquency: Its Meaning and Construction, third edition, 1991, Bel-
mont, California: Wadsworth.
59
Inc., Toronto,Ontario, 1997, 293.
303
nebTan SedarebiT.60 aSS-Si 1994 wlisTvis mamrobiTi sqesis damnaSaveebi Seadgendnen

75%-s dakavebul arasrulwlovanTa Soris, gogonebi ki Seadgendnen umravlesobas sax-
lidan gaqcevisTvis dakavebulTa Soris. prostituciisTvis dakavebulTa Sorisac ki,
1994 wlis monacemebiT, 51% mamrobiTi sqesis iyo. 1960 wlis Semdeg iklebs dakavebis
proporciuloba mdedrobiT da mamrobiT arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa Soris. dakave-
bis monacemebis msgavsad, TviTSetyobinebuli delinkventurobis koeficienti ufro
maRalia mamrobiTi sqesis damnaSaveebisaTvis, vidre mdedrobiTisaTvis da TviTSetyo-
binebuli delinkventurobis proporciuloba (Tanafardoba) mdedrobiT da mamrobiT
arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa Soris iklebs droTa ganmavlobaSi.61
3.2.2. socialuri risk-faqtorebi
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis Semdgomi, mogvianebiTi risk-faqtori SeiZleba ga-

amwvavos iseTma socialurma komponentebma, rogoric aris mSobelTa mxridan bavSvebis
aRzrdis borotad gamoyeneba, maTze arasaTanado zrunva, an uwesrigo, deorganizebu-
li ojaxi da samezoblo garemo.62 aseve mniSvnelovania socialuri garemos ganmsazR-
vreli arsebiTi faqtorebi – Tanatolebi da socialuri klasi.63
Tu gamoviyenebT kanadur wignebsa da Jurnalis statiebs Teoriuli arCevanis in-
dikatorad, davinaxavT, rom sociologiuri makroperspeqtivebi didi popularobiT
sargeblobs.erT-erTi faqtori, romelic Seiswavleba rogorc delinkventuri xasia-
Tis matarebeli, moicavs ojaxsa da socialur klass.klasis daojaxis konceptualiza-
cia fokusirebulia samuSao adgilas da saxlSi Zlier kavSirebze. hagani, simpsoni da
jili amticeben, rom delinkventurobis koeficienti isazRvreba klasebs Soris sxva-
obiT da ekonomikuri pirobebiT, romlebic monacvleobiT axdenen gavlenas ojaxis
cxovrebis struqturaze.64 maTi Zalis kontrolis Teoria gonivrulad efeqturi iyo
imis axsnaSi, rom arsebobs kavSiri mdedrobiTi sqesis pirTa mier Cadenil delinkven-
turobis zrdasTan, radganis aRiarebs socialur cvlilebebs, rogoricaa patriarqa-
luri ojaxis uaryofa da sqesobrivi rolebis Secvla.65
socialuri faqtorebis gansazRvrisas, upirveles yovlisa, unda SevexoT ojaxs
da Tanatolebs. bavSvebis da mozardebis urTierToba, damokidebuleba ojaxTan da Ta-
natolebTan gavlenas axdens antisocialuri qcevisa da delinkventurobis ganviTare-
baze. ojaxis SigniT urTierTdamokidebuleba yvelaze mniSvnelovani adreul bavSvo-
baSia, magram misi gavlena, SeiZleba, didi xnis manZilze gagrZeldes. adreul mozar-
60
61
Jensen G. F., and Rojek G.,Delinquency and Youth Crime, Second edition, Prospect Heights, Illinois: Wave-
land Press, 1992; WinterdykJ. A., Juvenile Justice Systems, International Perspectives, published by Canadian
Scholars’ Press Inc., Toronto, Ontario, 1997, 292.
62
63
iqve
64
65
iqve,152.
304
dobis periodSi TanatolebTan urTierToba iZens udides mniSvnelobas. rac Seexeba

siRaribesTan, socialur klasTan da samezoblo garemosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs,
iseve rogorc saganmanaTleblo garemos, maTi gaanalizeba statiaSi sazogadoebrivi
faqtorebis ganixilvisas moxdeba.66
ojaxi
miuxedavad mravali Teoriisa, romelic exeba axalgazrdebis danaSaulebrivi
qcevis geneziss an etimologias, ojaxi eWvgareSe mTavar rols asrulebs.67 delinkve-
turobis erT-erTi winapirobaa mSoblebTan Sesustebuli kavSiri.68
samecniero literatura warmoaCens sxvadasxva gzebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
ojaxi gavlenas axdens arasrulwlovanTa saqcielze. pirvel rigSi unda SevexoT am mi-
marTebiT yvelaze ufro gavlenian Teorias ojaxTan dakavSirebiT, romelic gaxlavT
hirSis socialuri kontrolis Teoria.69 hirSis Teoriis (1969) mixedviT, axlo urTier-
Toba mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris warmoSobs mosiyvarule da Tbil damokidebulebas
arasrulwlovansa da mis mSobels Soris. Tu arasrulwlovani mWidrod aris dakavSi-
rebuli (pativs scems mSoblebs da angariSs uwevs mSobelTa azrs misi saqcielis Sesa-
xeb) Tavis mSoblebTan, naklebad savaraudoa, rom aseTma arasrulwlovanma Caidinios
danaSauli. Tu maT Soris kavSiri sustia, maSin arasrulwlovnebi ar gaiziareben sayo-
velTaod miRebul normebs an pativs ar scemen avtoritetebs da Sesabamisad, albaTo-
bac imisa, rom maT Caidinon danaSaulebrivi qmedeba – gaizrdeba.70 axalgazrdebi, ro-
melTac axasiaTebT mijaWvuloba Tavis mSoblebTan, iTaviseben mSobelTa Rirebule-
bebs da normebs. Sedegad, maTi saqcieli iqneba normis Sesabamisi da ramdenadac maT ar
surT, imedi gaucruon TavianT mSoblebs, cdiloben iyvnen warmatebulebi skolaSi da
ar gaaCniaT skolis gacdenis motivacia. ufro metic, – skolis, ojaxis da farTo sa-
zogadoebis moTxovnaTa Tanxvedrisas, aseTi arasrulwlovani aRWurvilia garkveuli
jildoTi, privilegiiT da naTeli momavlis perspeqtiviT. am gziT maT ganaviTarebs
konformistuli sayrdeni, iseve rogorc delikventurobaSi CarTvis kerZo Semakavebe-
li. hirSi aseve acxadebda, rom aseTi axalgazrdebi SearCeven ramdenime karg megobars,
romelTanac isini daamyareben mWidro kavSirebs, da amiT Seakaveben TavianT CarTulo-
bas maT TanatolTa ufro farTo jgufSi, romlebic imyofebian deviaciuri qcevis ma-
66
DC>, 2001, 74.
67
across Countries and Cultures, New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2012,185.
68
Loeber R. and Stouthamer-Loeber M., Family Factors as Correlates and Predictors of Juvenile Conduct Prob-
lems and Delinquency, 1986, 29-149 in Crime and Justice: An annual review of research, Vol. 7, editied by
Tonry M. and Morris N.,Chicago:University of Chicago Press; WinterdykJ. A., Juvenile Justice Systems, In-
ternational Perspectives, published by Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc., Toronto,Ontario, 1997, 292.
69
70
305
Rali riskis jgufis qveS da mxolod `garTobis mizniT~ iqceven yuradRebas TavianTi
saziano qceviT.
Tumca es bolo winapiroba, mogvianebiT am Teoriis sisuste aRmoCnda, radgan uf-
ro axalma kvlevebma aCvena, rom hirSi saTanadod ver afasebda umravles SemTxvevaSi
arasrulwlovanTa dasvenebis drois urTierTqmedebis jgufur xasiaTs da TanatolTa
jgufis rols devianturi qcevis xelSewyobaSi.71am hipotezis Sesamowmeblad gamoyene-
bulia mijaWvulobis skala, romelic dafuZnebulia im kiTxvebze, Tu ramdenad kargad
arTmevs Svili Tavs mSoblebTan urTierTobas, ramdenjer iRebs sakvebs arasrulwlo-
vani ojaxTan erTad, dadian Tu ara isini erTad saseirnod an sportul aqtivobebze.
es cvladebi erTianobaSi qmnis skalas, romelic iwodeba, rogorc òjaxis gamyareba~.
calkeul kvlevaSi am skalas kidev daemata kiTxvebi ojaxTan dakavSirebuli iseTi mniS-
vnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb, rogoric aris erT-erTi mSoblis seriozuli avadmyo-
foba, ojaxSi ganxeTqileba alkoholsa da narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
gamo, seriozuli fizikuri konfliqti mSoblebs Soris da maTi daSoreba an ganqorwi-
neba. garda amisa, maT daesvaT ramdenime sakontrolo SekiTxva, rogoricaa, icodnen Tu
ara mSoblebma visTan erTad atarebdnen Tavisufal dros maTi Svilebi maSin, roca Sin
ar imyofebodnen, hqondaT Tu ara dawesebuli maT SezRudva TavianT mSobelTa mxridan
saxlidan gasvlis drosTan dakavSirebiT da icavdnen Tu ara isini am SezRudvebs.72
kvlevebiT Sefasda bevri ojaxuri maxasiaTebeli da aRmoCnda, rom sxvadasxva oja-
xuri maxasiaTeblebi warmoadgenen risk-faqtorebs. Zlieri risk-faqtorebia – mSob-
lebis zedamxedvelobis arqona, mSoblebis mxridan aRzrdaze uaris Tqma, bavSvebis mi-
marT cudi mopyroba da Svilebis aRzrdaSi mSobelTa CarTulobis nakleboba; saSualo
da naklebi siZlieris winaswari prognozis Semqmneli faqtorebi moicavs mSoblebis
qorwinebis sakiTxs da urTierTobebs, mSoblebis kriminalurobas, mSobelTa mxridan
aRzrdis disciplinas, mSoblebis janmrTelobas da mSoblebis ararsebobas.73
faqtorebi, romlebic Cveulebisamebr Seiswavleba da gamoiyeneba kanadaSi aras-
rulwlovanTa danaSaulis asaxsnelad, aseve, moicavs arasrulwlovnebis mimarT sas-
tik mopyrobas da maT mzrunvelobis gareSe datovebas.74
dasavluri kultura mZime tvirTs akisrebs ojaxs, rodesac gansazRvravs mSo-
belTa pasuxismgeblobas bavSvis aRzrdisas. aseTi kulturebi akisreben mSobels amo-
canas, ise aRzardon Svilebi, rom isini daemorCilon sazogadoebis mier dadgenil mi-
saReb qcevis wesebs. aqedan unda gamovyoT ojaxis struqtura (vin cxovrobs ojaxSi)
da ojaxis funqcionireba (rogor eqcevian ojaxis wevrebi erTmaneTs), am ori ZiriTa-
di kategoriis meSveobiTac mowmdeba ojaxis gavlena delinkventurobaze.
istoriulad, ojaxis struqturis erT-erTi aspeqti, romelic yuradRebas ipy-
robda rogorc delinkventurobis risk-faqtori, iyo bavSvis aRzrda iseT ojaxSi, sa-
71
Junger-TasJ., Many Faces of Youth Crime: Contrasting Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Delinquency
72
iqve.
73
74
306
dac mSoblebi ganqorwinebuli an daSorebuli arian.75 ojaxTan dakavSirebiT Catarebu-

li adrindeli kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom dangreul ojaxs `broken home~, marTalia, aqvs
gavlena delinkventurobaze, magram es gavlena minimaluria. kvlevam aseve aRmoaCina,
rom korelaciebi delikventurobasa da dangreul ojaxs Soris ufro meti iyo delin-
kventurobis wvrilman formebSi.76 miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma kvlevam daadastura
asociacia delinkveturobsa da `broken home~-s Soris, arsebobs metad yuradsaRebi de-
batebi aseTi asociaciis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, longitudinalur-
ma (sigrZivma) kvlevebma ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis SvilebSi ganqorwinebamde aRmoa-
Cines sazogadoebrivi wesrigis damrRvevi qcevis gazrdili done. amitom, savaraudoa,
rom delinkventurobis gazrdili riski, romelic SeimCneva dangreuli ojaxis bavSvebs
Soris, dakavSirebulia gaSorebis winaperiodSi ojaxSi arsebul konfliqtTan, vid-
re Tavad ojaxis dangrevasTan. 77 martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi dabadeba da gazrda aseve
asocirdeba delinkventurobisa da antisocialuri qcevis gazrdil riskTan. kvleva,
romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia martoxela mSoblis socioekonmikuri pirobebi da sxva
risk-faqtorebi, disciplinuri stilis CaTvliT, da problemebi bavSvebis zedamxedve-
lobasa da monitoringSi, uCvenebs, rom es faqtorebi pasuxismgebelia am ojaxebisaT-
vis diferencirebuli Sedegebis dadgomaSi.78 delinkventurobaze SesaZlo gavlenis
mqone calkeuli ojaxuri faqtorebis kvleva aCvenebs, rom ojaxSi mamis arseboba amci-
rebs misi vaJiSvilis delinkventad Camoyalibebis Sanss, ojaxSi pirveli dabadebuli
bavSvebi naklebad arian delinkventebi, da rac ufro didia ojaxi, miT ufro maRalia
albaToba, rom bavSvi iqneba delinkventi.79 igive problema iCens Tavs, roca mSobels –
gansakuTrebiT dedas – aqvs alkoholTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.80
savaraudo delinkventurobis winaswari Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelova-
ni aspeqtia urTierTdamokidebuleba ojaxSi. bevrma longitudinalurma (sigrZivma)
kvlevam, romelic swavlobda ojaxSi dasjis an agresiuli saqcielis Sedegebs da gav-
lenas, aCvena, rom fizikur dasjas metwilad Sedegad moaqvs bavSvebis mxridan uaryo-
fiTi qceva, vidre maTi morCileba.81
75
DC>, 2001, 75.
76
Caeti T. J., and Fritsch E.J., Àt-Risk Youth,~ Encyclopedia of Juvenile Justice,Ed., Thousand Oaks, CA:
77
DC>, 2001, 75.
78
iqve, 76.
79
80
81
DC>, 2001, 78.
307
mSoblebis mier Svilebis marTvisa Tu xelmZRvanelobis sakiTxi mravalma mkvle-

varma Seiswavla. magaliTad, petersonis (1995) iZulebis Teoria ufro met aqcents ake-
Tebs mSoblebis mxridan kontrolze, vidre mSobelTan Svilis mWidro kavSirze, maSin
rodesac socialuri kontrolis Teoria mSoblebTan mijaWvulobas ganixilavs, ro-
gorc socialuri Rirebulebebis gaTavisebis, ise TviTkontrolis ganmapirobebel Zi-
riTad faqtors. am mxriv unda aRiniSnos, rom luberma da diSionma 1983 wels aRmoa-
Cines, rom delinkventuri qcevis saukeTeso winaswarganmsazRvreli iyo Semoklebuli
versia gluekis mSobelTa mier Svilebis marTvis sazomisa, romelic moicavda rogorc
dedis mier dawesebul disciplinas, ise ojaxis erTianobas. luberi da stouzamer lu-
beri aseve askvnidnen, rom arasrulwlovanTa delinkventuri qcevis yvelaze Zlieri
winaswarganmsazRvreli iyo mSobelTa mxridan Svilebis aRzrdaSi CarTuloba, Svileb-
ze gaweuli monitoringi da maTi mxridan bavSvis uaryofa.82
Tanmimdevruli disciplina, zedamxedveloba da mzrunveloba xels uwyobs kar-
gad socializebuli axalgazrdobis Camoyalibebas. ufro metic, delinkventurobis
Semcireba 15-17 wlis asakSi, rogorc aRmoCnda, dakavSirebulia Tineijerebsa da maT
mSoblebs Soris megobrul urTierTobasTan. es aris situacia, romelic xels uwyobs
skolis mimarT karg damokidebulebas da ufro mWidro ojaxur kavSirebs. amisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, bavSvebi, romlebic mSoblebis mxridan ganicdidnen uyuradRebobas da uar-
yofili iyvnen maTgan, xasiaTdebodnen delinkventurobis maRali riskiT. vaidomma
(1989) da makqordma (1983) aRmoaCines, rom uaryofili bavSvebi, daaxloebiT iseve, ro-
gorc bavSvebi, romlebic fizikur Zaladobas ganicdidnen, cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi,
mogvianebiT, Caidenen Zaladobriv danaSaulebs. kvlevebSi, romlebic ojaxSi sociali-
zaciasa da arasrulwlovanTa delinkveturobas Soris urTierTobas exeba, luberma da
sTousamer-luberma 1986 wels daaskvnes, rom mSoblis mxridan Svilis uaryofas udide-
si gavlena hqonda bavSvze. bavSvis mimarT sastiki mopyroba, ise rogorc misi uaryofa,
aseve gavlenas axdenda delinkventuri qcevis Camoyalibebaze.83
daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom martoxela mSoblebs, far-
Tod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, udidesi pasuxismgebloba eniWebaT aras-
rulwlovanTa danaSaulSi, faqtebiT dasturdeba, rom Tu bavSvTan darCenili mSobe-
li Tanmimdivrulad da Zlierad gauZRveba Tavis movaleobas, amgvar ojaxSi gazrdili
bavSvi ar Caidens imaze met danaSauls, vidre orive mSoblisgan Semdgar ojaxSi gaz-
rdili Svili. kvlevebiT isic dasturdeba, Tu ramdenad did gavlenas axdens mSobelTa
damokidebulebis xasiaTi Svilebis mimarT imaze, iqnebian Tu ara maTi Svilebi delin-
kventebi. mSoblebis konfliqti, mkacri, ulmobeli mopyroba da aramtkice disciplina
xels uwyobs arasrulwlovanTa danaSauls. is bavSvebi, romelTac sastikad epyrobian,
danaSaulSi CarTvis maRali riskis qveS arian. ojaxi, romelic uzrunvelyofs usaf-
rTxoebas, iZleva emociur siTbos da saTuTad uvlis Tavis Svils, xels uwyobs arakri-
minaluri garemos ganviTarebas axalgazrdisaTvis iseT samezobloebSic ki, romlebic
82
83
DC.>, 2001, 78
308
danaSaulis Cadenis maRali riskis qveS imyofebian.84 SeuZliaT Tu ara mSoblebs rame
iRonon imisaTvis, rom Seamciron delinkvent TanatolTa zemoqmedeba TavianT Svileb-
ze? varis mier 1993 wels Catarebuli kvleva aCvenebs, rom ojaxTan gatarebuli dro,
gansakuTebiT uqme dReebis erTad gatareba, iZleva aseTefeqts. im bavSvebs Soris, rom-
lebic SabaT-kviris drois umetes nawils atareben Tavis mSoblebTan erTad, TiTqmis
ar aris kavSiri delinkventurobasa da delinkvent TanatolebTan urTierTobas So-
ris da Tu mainc aris, mxolod minimalurad.mSoblebTan gatarebulma drom SeiZle-
ba SezRudos arasrulwlovanTa mier delinkventuri qmedebis Cadenis SesaZlebloba.
magaliTad, xeli SeuSalos imas, rom wavides SabaT-kviris wveulebebze, sadac bevri
alkoholi da narkotikia.85
TanatolebTan urTierToba
delinkventurobis prognozirebis erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri maCvenebeli aso-
cirdeba delinkvent TanatolebTan urTierTobaSi. saTerlendis 1947 wlis diferen-
cialuri kavSiris Teoriidan gamomdinare, delinkventuri xasiaTis Seswavla xdeba
TanatolebTan socialur urTierTobebSi. arasrulwlovnebi, romlebic dakavSire-
buli arian delinkvent TanatolebTan, savaraudod, daarRveven kanons, radgan isini
iseT Sexedulebebs swavloben maTgan, romelic misaRebi da Sewynarebuli iqneba maTi
delinkventi Tanatolebis mier. akersis 1985 wlis socialuri swavlebis Teoria uf-
ro ganavrcobs da afarToebs diferencialuri kavSiris Teorias imis mtkicebiT, rom
delinkveturoba Sedegia ara marto naswavli Sexedulebebisa, aramed mis Casadenad mi-
marTuli iZulebisac (romelSic igulisxmeba jildo an dasja) da aseve, sxvisi saqcie-
lis modelirebis an imitaciisa.
orive Teoriis logikasTan SesabamisobiT, varma da stafordma 1991 wels aRmo-
aCines, rom: `megobarTa saqcieli gavlenas axdens axalgazrdebis delinkventuri xa-
siaTis qcevaze maTi delinkventurobaze arsebuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare~. is
sakiTxi, rom àrasrulwlovanze did gavlenas axdens megobarTa saqcieli, miuxedavad
delinkventurobasTan dakavSirebiT maTi sakuTari Sexedulebebisa, ufro metad Sesa-
bamisobaSi modis socialuri swavlebis TeoriasTan, vidre diferencialuri kavSiris
TeoriasTan.86
delinkvent TanatolebTan asocirebuloba Zlierad da Tanmimdevrulad aris da-
kavSirebuli delinkventurobasTan nawilobriv imitom, rom delinkventi Tanatolebi
aZliereben gavlenas delinkventur qcevaze. amis sawinaaRmdegod ki – im Tanatolebis
yola, romlebic uaryofen delinkventurobas, aris damcavi faqtori.87kriminologi-
urma kvlevebma daadastura, rom mozardebis mier danaSaulis Cadenaze mniSvnelovan
84
DC.>, 2001, 4.
85
WinterdykJ. A.,Juvenile Justice Systems, International Perspectives, published by Canadian Scholars’ Press
86
Inc., Toronto, Ontario, 1997, 289-292.
87
309
gavlenas axdens megobrebis wre.88 SeimCneva im drois Zalian swrafi zrda, romelsac
mozardebi atareben maT TanatolebTan da Tanatolebi metismetad mniSvnelovani xde-
bian maTi ganviTarebis am periodSi. ufro metic, varis kvlevis mixedviT, Tanatolebi
kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdebian gviani mozardobis periodSi. TanatolTa mniSvne-
lovanebis piki 17 wlis asakSi dgeba da amis Semdeg ki maT uaryofaSi inacvlebs. delin-
kventurobis uaryofa 18 wlis Semdgom xdeba TanatolTa mniSvnelovanebis uaryofis
paralelurad maTi devianturi gavlenis CaTvliT.
am Sexedulebis Sesabamisad, antisocialur britanel axalgazrdaTa longitudi-
nalur (sigrZiv) kvlevaSi, romelic Caatares vestma da faringtonma 1977 wels, devian-
tma axalgazrdebma ganacxades, rom delinkventi Tanatolebis wres CamoSoreba mniSvne-
lovani faqtori iyo danaSaulebrivi qcevis SewyvetaSi.89 iseT pirebTan mozardis kon-
taqti, romelTac danaSauli aqvT Cadenili, didi albaTobiT gamoiwvevs mozardis mier
danaSaulis Cadenas.90delinkventi Tanatolebis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebu-
li aRmoCenebidan, roCesteris arasrulwlovanTa kvlevam aseve aRmoaCina damokidebu-
leba delinkventuri rwmenis qonisas arsebul delinkventurobasa da delinkventur
saqcielSi CarTvas Soris. delinkventuri warmodgenebis qona niSnavs, rom axalgazrda
afasebs, ramdenad misaRebia an arasworia delinkventur aqtebSi CarTva. delinkventuri
Sexedulebebi zrdis delinkventurobaSi CarTvas. delinkventur saqcielSi monacvle-
obiT CarTvas aqvs Zlieri urTierTziari, ormxrivi efeqti, zrdis asociaciebs delin-
kvent TanatolebTan da delinkventuri Sexedulebebis formirebas.91adreul axalgaz-
rdobaSi Tanatolebi mniSvnelovani rols asruleben TavianTi sxva TanatolebisaTvis.
is axalgazrdebi, romlebic asocirdebian delinkvent kompanionebTan, savaraudod, ki-
dev ufro met araswor saqciels Caidenen, Tu dros amgvar kompanionebTan erTad gaata-
reben.92 mSoblebisgan da dedmamisSvilebisgan gansxvavebiT, mozards TviTon SeuZlia
airCios megobrebis wre. kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom ojaxis wevrebTan konfliq-
turi situaciebi xSirad xels uwyobs mozardis iseT samegobro wreSi CarTvas, rome-
lic danaSaulebriv saqmianobas misdevs.93 araerTi kvleva adasturebs, rom TanatolTa
88
uri da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, Tb., 2011, 28;
89
DC>, 2001, 81.
90
91
Browning K., Thornberry T. and Porter P.,Highlights of Findings From the Rochester Youth Development
Study Series,1999, Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
92
National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS, Washington>,
DC, 2001, 4.
93
310
gavlenas gansakuTrebulad Zlieri kavSiri aqvs delinkventurobasTan ojaxuri kon-

fliqtis konteqstSi. magaliTad, axalgazrdebi, romlebic saTanadod ar scemen pativs
Tavis mSoblebs, ganicdian antisocialuri qcevis gavlenas mxolod imitom, rom swored
amgvari saqcielis gamo ekedlebian isini antisocialur Tanatolebs.94
erT-erTi longitudinaluri (sigrZivi) kvlevis mixedviT, antisocialuri qcevis
mimdevar TanatolTa wreSi CarTuloba aris erTaderTi maCvenebeli, romelsac pir-
dapiri da ufro Zlieri gavlena aqvs mozardis Semdgom delinkventur qcevaze, vidre
Tavdapirvel delinkventurobas. iseTi faqtorebi, rogoric aris delinkventi Tana-
tolebis qceva, devianturi qcevis mowoneba TanatolTa mier, aseT TanatolebTan mi-
jaWvuloba an aliansi, maTTan erTad gatarebuli dro da TanatolTa mxridan zewola
devianturobaze – asocirebulia mozardTa antisocialur qcevasTan.95
3.2.3. sazogadoebrivi faqtorebi
aseT faqtorebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT socialuri klasi, ekologiuri garemo da

saganmanaTleblo garemo.
socialuri klasi
aSS-Si Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam daadgina, rom struqturul pozicias, ro-
goric aris socialuri klasi da irgvliv mcxovrebi sazogadoeba, mniSvnelovani gav-
lena aqvs delinkventurobaze. bavSvebi, romlebic arian ukiduresad gaWirvebuli da
mudmivi siRaribeSi myofi ojaxebidan, metad arian CarTuli delinkventurobaSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki seriozul delinkventurobaSi. aseT garemoSi, ekonomikuri siduxWire
da stresuli cxovreba iwvevs mSoblisa da Svilis emociuri mijaWvulobis, maTi Car-
Tulobis da arasrulwlovanze mSobelTa kontrolis naklebobas. mSoblis funqciis
arasaTanadod Sesrulebis es elementebi, mniSvnelovnad iyo asocirebuli gazrdil
delinkventurobasTan.96Tumca, erTi kriminologiuri skolis (etiketirebis) warmo-
madgenlebi sadavos xdian daskvnebs imis Taobaze, rom TiTqos ama Tu im socialuri
klasisadmi kuTvnilebas rame mniSvneloba hqondes delinkventurobis CadenaSi. Tumca,
sadavos ar xdian im faqts, rom dabali socialur klass mikuTvnebuli axalgazrdebis
mier Cadenili qmedebebi ufro xSirad xdeba sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis gan-
xilvis sagani da Tanac es saqmeebi ufro kritikulad ganixileba.97 aSS-Si xalxis azri
da mediis mier gakeTebuli ganmartebebi xSirad saxavs suraTs, rom delinkveturobis
Cadena xdeba ZiriTadad ekonomikurad gaWirvebuli (dabali) fenis arasrulwlovanTa
94
DC>, 2001, 81.
95
iqve, 81.
96
97
311
mier. gaerTianebul danaSaulTa angariSi ar Seicavs monacemebs dakavebuli arasrul-

wlovnebis socialuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb, magram arsebobs Zalian bevri kvleva, rom-
lebic Seiswavlian damokidebulebas socialur fenasa da oficialurad registrire-
bul delinkventurobis SemTxvevebs Soris. mtkicebulebebi gansxvavebulia: kvlevis
erTi nawilis mixedviT, dabali fenis warmomadgeneli arasrulwlovnebi didi raode-
nobiT arian warmodgenili dakavebis oficialur monacemebSi, xolo kvlevis meore na-
wilis mixedviT isini an saerTod ar arian didi raodenobiT warmodgenili aseT mona-
cemebSi, an mxolod umniSvnelod. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeiniSneba
msubuqi tendencia, rom dabali klasis wamomadgeneli arasrulwlovnebi zedmeti ra-
odenobiT iyvnen warmodgenili oficialur monacemebSi, magram sxvaoba socialur fe-
nebs Soris ar aris imdenad didi, ramdenadac sxvaoba asaksa da sqesSi. igive daskvnebi
SeiZleba gakeTdes im kvlevebidan, romlebic swavloben damokidebulebas socialur
fenebsa da TviT Setyobinebul delinkventurobas Soris, Tumca, aq ukve aris garkveuli
damamtkicebeli safuZvlebi imisa, rom ufro seriozuli da ganmeorebiTi delinkven-
turoba SeiZleba arsebobdes dabali fenis warmomadgenel arasrulwlovnebs Soris.98
ekologiuri garemo
ekologiuri koncefciidan da damnaSaveTa racionalurobis varaudidan gamom-
dinare, rutinuli moqmedebis Teoria, ganviTrebuli qoenisa da felsonis mier, cdi-
lobs gamonaxos kavSiri delinkventurobis zrdasa da Sesaferisi samizneebis aseve
zrdas Soris da uaryos e.w. `damcvelebis~ arseboba (megobrebi, ojaxi da mezoblebi).
kanadaSi kenedim da baronma 1993 wels warmoaCines im arCevnis, gansazRvruli wesebis
da kulturuli garemos urTierTqmedeba, romelTac gavlena aqvT erTmaneTze delin-
kventurobis SesaZleblobis Seqmnis kuTxiT.99
zogadad, miRebulia, rom is faqti, Tu sad cxovrobs ojaxi, gavlenas axdens
arasrulwlovanTaTvis SesaZleblobebisa da resursebis xelmisawvdomobaze.bavSve-
bisTvis, romlebic izrdebian iseT samezobloSi, sadac aris umuSevrobis maRali xa-
risxi, siRaribe da danaSauli, danaSaulis Cadena, SesaZloa, iyos misaRebi alternativa,
maSin roca sxva SesaZleblobis naklebobaa. bavSvebis arasaTanado aRzrdis uryofiTi
gavlena aseve ufro Zlieria degradirebul da gaRaribebul samezobloSia.100 `delin-
kventurad wodebuli saqcieli zogjer gamomdinareobs fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis
sruliad normaluri procesidan. Tu patara biWi izrdeba mekobreebis wreSi, mas ga-
nuviTardeba superego, romelic etyvis mas, rom arasdros imuSaos iseTi ramis mosa-
poveblad, risi moparvac aris SesaZlebeli. axdens ra sakuTari pirovnebis identifi-
kacias Tavis mamasTan, mas ganuviTardeba ufro didi da ukeTesi mekobris egoideali.
aseT SemTxvevaSi socializaciis procesi miRebulia. pirovneba iwodeba kriminalad
98
Tittle C. R. and Meier R. F.,Specifying the SES/Delinquency relationship, Criminology, 1990, 271-299.
99
Inc., Toronto,Ontario, 1997, 152.
100
DC>, 2001, 3-4.
312
sazogadoebis umravlesobis mier, magram mekobreebis sazogadoebriv wreSi, romelic

umciresobas warmoadgens, is patara biWi izrdeba, rogorc mtkice da pativsacemi moqa-
laqe~.101 TiTqmis igive xdeba, roca bavSvi izrdeba da cxovrobs delinkventur samezob-
loSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca bavSvebs hyavT respeqtabeluri mSoblebi, biWebi did
qalaqebSi xSirad atareben Tavisufal dros im bandebTan, romlebic zians ayeneben mo-
saxleobas da CarTuli arian qurdobaSi, nawilobriv garTobis da nawilobriv mogebis
miRebis mizniT. liverpulis arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis kvlevaSi jei.bi. meisma aR-
moaCina, rom biWebi socialurad mniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen bandebTan SeerTebas, vina-
idan axalgazrda kacisaTvis sazogadoebis winaSe Tavis mSoblebTan erTad gamoCena ar
iyo vaJkacuri. `banda Seadgens biWis namdvil socialur cxovrebas da bandis fargleb-
Si aris SesaZlebeli swored prestiJisa da statusis mopoveba~.102
Semajamebeli kuTxiT unda iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis zemoaRniSnuli maxasiaTeb-
lebi delinkventurobis winaswari varaudis SesaZleblobas iZleva. faqtobrivad, ar-
sebobs Zlieri korelacia calkeul adgilas delinkventurobaSi CarTul arasrul-
wlovanTa raodenobasa da sazogadoebaSi danaSaulis koeficients Soris da piriqiT.
es SedarebiT truizmia, rom patara adgilebs didi qalaqebis SigniT tipurad aqvs Za-
ladobisa da danaSaulis disproporciulad maRali done; amitom, arasrulwlovnebi,
romlebic cxovroben aseT adgilas, ufro metad arian midrekilni Zaladobasa da da-
naSaulSi Cabmisaken. im adgilebSi, sadac siRaribis done maRalia, iaraRi da narkotiki
advilad xelmisawvdomia, srulwlovani mezoblebi CarTuli arian danaSaulSi, da so-
cialuri urTierTobebi deorganizebulia – yvela es faqtori erTianobaSi miCneulia
delinkventurobis risk-faqtorad.103garemodan gamomdinare risk-faqtorebi, rom-
lTac, SesaZloa gavlena moaxdinon danaSaulis Cadenis riskze,dakavSirebulia aseve
narkotikebis bazris arsebobasTan, iaraRis xelmisawvdomobasa da Zaladobis gavle-
nasTan mediis meSveobiT.104
saganmanaTleblo garemo
skolas, romelSic dadis arasrulwlovani, SeuZlia gavlena iqonios mis delin-
kventurobis doneze. delinkventurobis mTliani done, skolis gacdenis koeficien-
ti da skolidan garicxuli moswavleebis raodenoba – yovelive erTad kavSirSia aras-
rulwlovanTa delinkventurobasTan. is arasrulwlovnebi, romelebic akademiurad
warumateblebi arian, susti kavSiri aqvT skolasTan, xSirad icvlian skolebs an ga-
ricxuli arian skolidan, albaTobis maRali xarisxiT gaxdebian narkotikebis momxma-
reblebi an delinkventuri aqtis Camdenni. arasrulwlovnebi, romlebic ar asruleben
skolis mier dawesebul valdebulebebs, quCis danaSaulis ufro maRali koeficientiT
101
Williams G., LL.D., F.B. A., Criminal law, The General Part, second edition, Gaunt, Inc., Florida, 1998, 815.
102
iqve, 817.
103
104
National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS, Washington, DC>,
2001, 97.
313
xasiaTdebian da isini, romlebic sCadian aseT danaSaulebs, naklebad asruleben sko-

lis wesebs.saskolo davalebebis Sesulebis xarisxi da miRebuli niSnebi aseve dakavSi-
rebulia delinkventurobasTan, rogorc risk-faqtori an misgan damcavi faqtori.105
kriminologiaSi diskusias iwvevs gakveTilebis gacdenis urTierTobis sakiTxi
danaSaulis CadenasTan.106 ìm pirebs, romlebic mogvianebiT damnaSaveebi gaxdnen, gak-
veTilebs xSirad acdendnen. skolis gacdena gamowveulia rogorc moswavlis mier sas-
kolo masaliT dauintereseblobiT, aseve saskolo davalebebisagan Tavis aridebiT.
skolas, rogorc mozardis socializaciis erT-erT umTavres instituts, SeuZlia mo-
zardi Camoayalibos rogorc damnaSaved, aseve aradamnaSaved. kerZod, skolis period-
Si bavSvis mier gakveTilebis gacdena an cudi niSnebis miReba Tu gamoiwvevs mis eti-
ketirebas, rogorc arafris SemZle mozardisa, romelmac maswavleblis moTxovnebs
Tavi ver gaarTva, SesaZloa, moswavles ubiZgos iqiTken, rom man `Tavi Seafaros~ im so-
cialur garemos, sadac misi Rirebulebebi (skolis gacdena, cudi niSnebi) miRebulia,
xolo etiketirebuli mozardis socialuri garemodan danaSaulis Cadenamde xSirad
erTi nabijia darCenili~.107
qoeni 1955 wels amticebda, rom dabali fenis warmomdgeneli mamrobiTi sqesis
arasrulwlovnebi skolaSi fasdebian saSualo fenis arasrulwlovnebis Sesafaseblad
dadgenili sazomisgan gansxvavebulad, magram isini imTaviTve ganwiruli arian waru-
mateblobisaTvis, radgan maT akliaT ambicia, yairaTianoba da zrdiloba. miCneulia,
rom warumatebloba skolaSi axdens koleqtiur frustracias dabali fenis mamrobiTi
sqesis moswavleebs Soris, rasac Semdeg mosdevs delinkventuroba. kvlevebiT aRmoC-
nda, rom bavSvebi, romlebic yvelaze cudad swavloben skolaSi, albaTobis maRali xa-
risxiT, danaSauls Caidenen. Tumca, es albaToba ar izRudeba mxolod dabali feniT.
skolaSi warumatebloba dakavSirebulia yvela socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa de-
linkveturobasTan, rogorc vaJebs, aseve gogonebs Soris.108
kriminologiurma kvlevebma aCvena, rom is mozardebi, romlebic SemdgomSi da-
naSaulebriv gzas daadgnen, skolis periodSi TavianTi saqcieliT TvalSi sacemi iy-
vnen.109 skolis periodSi im mozardebis `TvalSisacemoba~, romlebic mogvianebiT dam-
naSaveebi gaxdnen, gamoixateboda sami komponentiT, rogoricaa skolaze uaryofiTi
warmodgena, saskolo sagnebisa da skolis personalis mimarT agresiuli damokidebu-
leba da skolaSi cudi niSnebis miReba.110 skolidan garicxul arasrulwlovnebs, zoga-
dad, ufro xSirad apatimreben, maSinac ki, roca isini izrdebian, muSaoben an qorwin-
105
106
107
iqve, 26.
108
Winterdyk J. A., Juvenile Justice Systems, International Perspectives, published by Canadian Scholars’ Press
109
110
iqve.
314
debian. umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba, SemdgomSi, SesaZloa, iqces delinkventurobisgan

damcav faqtorad.111
4. daskvna
statiaSi moyvanili kvlevebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT: danaSaulebrivi

qcevis axsnis TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi arasrulwlov-
nebsa da srulwlovnebs Soris aris is, rom arasrulwlovanTa jgufi, misTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli kognituri, nevrobiologiuri da gare faqtorebiT gamowveuli mizezebiT,
ufro metad aris midrekili riskis gawevisken da impulsuri qmedebebisaken.
is arasrulwlovnebi, romlebic adreul asakSi iwyeben antisocialuri qmedebis
Cadenas, albaTobis maRali xarisxiT gaagrZeleben aseT qmedebas zrdasrul asakSic.
bevri axalgazrda, romelic xdeba kanonmorCili oci wlis asakSi, savaraudod, moiqce-
va aseve, imis miuxedavad, Tu rogori iqneba masze samarTlebrivi sistemis reagireba,
magram sxvadasxva saxis intervenciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTebs, romlebic sazogado-
ebaze aris dafuZnebuli (sazogadoebriv xasiaTs atareben), SeuZliaT Seamciron ro-
gorc piris mier arasrulwlovnebisas Cadenili danaSauli, aseve im arasrulwlovanTa
midrekileba danaSaulisadmi, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, gaagrZelebdnen
TavianT antisocialur qmedebebs srulwlovanebis miRwevis Semdegac.112
rogorc kvlevam aCvena, delinkventurobis winaswar gansazRvra SeuZlebelia
mxolod romelime erT konkretul faqtorze dayrdnobiT. verc erTi risk-faqtori an
damcavi faqtori ver moaxdens delinkventurobis winaswar prognozirebas ise efeqtu-
rad, rogorc kumulaciuri efeqti riskisa Tu misi sawinaaRmdego faqtorebisa, war-
suli cxovrebis da Sexedulebisa. magaliTad, 1999 wels, brauningis da luberis ity-
obinebodnen, rom seriozuli delinkventurobis albaToba izrdeba risk-faqtorebis
ricxvis zrdis paralelurad.
rodesac risk-faqtorebis raodenoba aWarbebs damcavi faqtorebis raodenobas,
Zalian cotaa imis Sansi, rom arasrulwlovans hqondes aradelinkventuri axalgazrdo-
ba. arasrulwlovnis Sansi, hqondes warmatebuli axalgazrdoba, ar izrdeba, Tu damcavi
faqtorebis raodenoba bevrad ar aRemateba risk-faqtorebis raodenobas. warmatebis
saukeTeso winaswar ganmsazRvrelebi brauningis da luberis kvlevaSi iyo pirobiTi – me-
gobrebis yola, stabiluri ojaxi da mSoblebis mxridan kargi monitoringi, pozitiuri
molodini momavlisa da aradelinkventi Tanatolebi.113
statiaSi arsebuli kvlevebis analizi gamomdinareobs ekologiuri perspeqti-
vebidan, romlis postulatic isaa, rom mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli moqmedi
piris motiviciis da saqcielis Cawvdoma TiToeul calkeul SemTxvevaSi, roca adamia-
nisTvis gasagebia mimdinare urTierToba individsa da mis socialur garemos Soris.114
111
Caeti T. J., Fritsch E.J., ~At-Risk Youth~, Encyclopedia of Juvenile Justice,Ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE,
2002, 22-28, SAGE Reference Online, Web. 22 Feb. 2012.
112
Slobogin C., Fondacar M. R., Juveniles at Risk, A Plea for Preventive Justice, Oxford University press, 2011,
19.
113
114
Fondacaro M. R., Toward an Ecological Jurisprudence Rooted in Concepts of Justice and Empirical Research,
315
eqsperimentul swavlebaTa didi raodenoba aCvenebs, rom adamianis qcevaze mkveTr

gavlenas axdens rogor socialuri da konteqstualuri, ise individualuri faqto-
rebi. ekologiuri modeli asaxulia adreuli meoce saukunis naSromebSi, romlebic
Sesrulebulia socialuri fsiqologis kurt levinis mier, interpersonalurad ori-
entirebuli fsiqiatris hari stak sulivanis, biheviorizmis warmomadgenlis rudolf
munis da SesaZloa, yvelaze cnobili uri bronfenbrenneris mier, romelmac wamoaye-
na Teoria, rom bavSvis ganviTareba ganicdis rogorc iseTi urTierTdakavSirebuli
sistemebis umZimes gavlenas, rogoricaa ojaxis wevrebi, Tanatolebi, skola da adgi-
lobrivi sazogadoeba, aseve iseT makrodoneze arsebuli fenomenis gavlenas, rogorc
aris samarTlebrivi sistema da erovnuli ekonomika. rogorcbronfenbrenneris Sroma
gvTavazobs, adamianis qcevis ekologiuri xedva calkeuli gamokveTili nawilia aras-
rulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebasTan dakavSirebiT. faqtebi amtkicebs, rom ufroseb-
Tan SedarebiT, bavSvebi da arasrulwlovnebi, SesaZloa, iyvnen ufro mgrZnobiare, am-
Tvisebeli da sapasuxo reaqciis mqone konteqstualur faqtorebze, gansakuTrebiT ki
dinamikursa da cvalebad risk-faqtorebze. am faqts mniSvnelovnad SeuZlia imoqme-
dos iuvenalur iusticiaze, rogorc arasrulwlovanTa delinkventuri qcevis gagebis
TvalsazrisiT, ise aseT qcevaSi intervenciis im saSualebebis gamonaxvis kuTxiT, ro-
melTac SeuZliaT Seamciron arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis albaToba.115
69 Univ. Missouri - Kansas City, L. Rev. 2000, 179, 185.

115
Slobogin C., Fondacar M. R., Juveniles at risk, A Plea for Preventive Justice, Oxford University press, 2011,
21.
316
gustav radbruxi
kanonieri umarTloba da zekanonuri samarTali*
nacional-socializmi, erTi mxriv, jariskacebs da meore mxriv, iuristebs aiZu-

lebda damorCilebodnen or maqsimas: `brZaneba brZanebaa~ da `kanoni kanonia~. pirveli
maTgani yovelTvis SezRuduli gaxldaT: jariskacebi valdebulni ar iyvnen, Seesru-
lebinaT brZanebebi, romelTac danaSaulebrivi mizani gaaCndaT.1 meore mxriv, maqsi-
mas – `kanoni kanonia~ – ar hqonda raime SezRudva. igi gamoxatavda mravali aTwleu-
lis ganmavlobaSi germanel iuristTa Soris gabatonebul, TiTqmis udavo pozitiur-
samarTlebriv Sexedulebas. Sesabamisad, `zekanonuri samarTlis~ (rbergesetzliches Recht)
msgavsad, `kanonieri umarTlobac~ (Gezetszliches Unrecht) gaxldaT sakuTriv cnebebs So-
ris winaaRmdegoba. dResdReobiT drodadro praqtikaSi orive problemas vawydebiT.
magaliTad, Sxddeutsche Juristen-Zeitung-ma gamoaqveyna da komentari gaukeTa visbadenis
municipaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, `kanonebi, romel-
Ta safuZvelzec ebraelTa qoneba gadadioda saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi, bunebiT samar-
TalTan modioda winaaRmdegobaSi da baTili iyo maTi miRebis momentidan~.2
II
okupaciis sabWour zonaSi debatebisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis miRebi-

sas igive problema wamoiWra sisxlis samarTalSic.
1. nordhauzenSi (Nordhausen) tiuringis (Thüring) sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlom
gaasamarTla da uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja sasamarTlos aparatis TanamSro-
mels, gvarad puTfarkens (Puttfarken), romlis dasmenis safuZvelzec gaasamarTles da
dasajes mewarme giotihi (Göttig). puTfarkenma giotihi daasmina am ukanasknelis mier sa-
pirfareSos kedelze datovebuli warwerisaTvis: `hitleri aris masobrivi mkvlelobe-
bis momwyobi (mkvleli) da omis damnaSave (omis wamowyebaSi damnaSave)~. giotihs msjavri
mxolod am warwerebis gamo ar dasdebia. igi aseve usmenda ucxour radiogadacemebs. ti-
uringis mTavari prokuroris, doqtor fridrix kuSnickis (Dr. Friedrich Kuschnitzki) mier
moxmobili dasabuTeba detalurad gamoqveynda presaSi.3 prokurorma kuSnickim Tavda-
pirvelad dasva kiTxva: iyo Tu ara puTfarkenis qmedeba samarTaldarRveva?
gansasjelis mosazreba, rom nacional-socializmisadmi misma rwmenam aiZu-
la igi, ganecxadebina giotihis Sesaxeb – samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani ar gax-
* Targmani Sesrulebulia naSromidan: Custav Radbruch, “Statutory Lawlessness and Supraq-Statuto-

ry Law”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2006).
1
1940 wlis samxedro sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, §47.
2
Heinz Kleine, Süddeutsche Juristen-Zeitung 1 (1946) 36.
3
Thüringer Volk (Weimar), 1946 wlis 10 maisi.
317
lavT. pirs misi politikuri msoflmxedveloba ar avaldebulebs vinmes dasme-

nas. hitleris mmarTvelobis periodSic ki ar arsebobda amgvari samarTlebrivi
valdebuleba. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba gaaCnia mxolod imas, moqmedebda Tu ara
gansasjeli marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis interesis Sesabamisad, rac, Tavis
mxriv, samarTalwarmoebis SesaZleblobas moiazrebs. kanonebisadmi ndoba, usa-
marTlobis winaaRmdeg brZola, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba – sasamarTlo sis-
temis moTxovnebia, romelTagan hitleris reJimis politizebul sisxlissamar-
Tlebriv marTlmsajulebaSi arcerTi arsebobda.
nebismiers, romelmac im wlebis ganmavlobaSi daasmina sxva, unda scodnoda
da sinamdvileSi icoda kidec, rom braldebuls abarebda despotur Zalas, rome-
lic mis beds ar miandobda simarTlis dadgenisa da samarTliani gadawyvetilebis
miRebis samarTlebrivi garantiebiT aRWurvil uflebamosil sasamarTlos.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sruliad veTanxmebi ienis universitetis (Jena
Universität) iuridiuli fakultetis dekanis, profesor rihard langes (Richard Lan-
ge), mosazrebas. mesame raixSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb yvelam brwyinvaled
uwyoda: nebismier pirs, romelic omis mimdinareobis mesame wels dawerda – `hit-
leri aris masobrivi mkvlelobebis momwyobi (mkvleli) da omis damnaSave (omis wa-
mowyebaSi damnaSave)~ – cocxals ar datovebdnen.
puTfarkenis msgavs adamians danamdvilebiT ver eqneboda naTeli warmodge-
na imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor daarRvevda sasamarTlo kanons, Tumca, igi darwmunebu-
li unda yofiliyo, rom ase moxdeboda.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 139-e abzacis mixedviT, ar arsebobs dasmenis
samarTlebrivi valdebuleba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom amave debulebis Tanax-
mad, piri, romelsac gaaCnia informacia gansaxorcielebeli saxelmwifo Ralatis
Taobaze da droulad ar Seatyobinebs xelisuflebis Sesabamis organoebs, dais-
jeba. giotihs sasikvdilo ganaCeni kaselis saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoutana
saxelmwifo Ralatis momzadebis braldebiT. samarTlebrivi kuTxiT, ar arse-
bobda giotihis mier saxelmwifo Ralatis momzadebis raime udavo mtkicebule-
ba. giotihis gabeduli gancxadeba, rom `hitleri aris masobrivi mkvlelobebis
momwyobi (mkvleli) da omis damnaSave (omis wamowyebaSi damnaSave)~, gaxldaT SiS-
veli simarTle. nebismieri, vinc acxadebda an avrcelebda am simarTles, araTu
emuqreboda xelisuflebas (Reich) da mis usafrTxoebas, aramed, piriqiT, cotaTi
mainc cdilobda, xeli SeeSala saxelmwifos ganadgurebisTvis, gadaerCina igi
da amiT win aRdgomoda saxelmwifo Ralats. ar SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT utyuari
faqtis namdvilobaSi. garda amisa, sakiTxavia, ramdenad iyo e.w. `fiureri~ (Führer)
da `raixskancleri~ (ReichsKanzler) saxelmwifos legitimuri meTauri da Sesabami-
sad, ramdenad iyo daculi saxelmwifo Ralatis Sesaxeb arsebuli normiT. gansas-
jeli ar dafiqrebula, Tu ra samarTlebriv Sedegs gamoiwvevda dasmena da, misi
SezRuduli gagebidan gamomdinare, verc mixvdeboda amas. puTfarkens arasdros
ganucxadebia, rom man warwerebis gamo daasmina giotihi, radgan es yovelive sa-
xelmwifo Ralatad miiCnia da Tavi davalebulad igrZno, amis Sesaxeb xelisuf-
lebisTvis ecnobebina.4
4
318
g. radbruxi, kanonieri umarTloba da zekanonuri samarTali
Semdeg mTavari prokurori svams kiTxvas: puTfarkenis qmedeba unda Seiracxos

Tu ara braleulad?
puTfarkeni arsebiTad aRniSnavs, rom mas ganzraxuli hqonda giotihis sax-
rCobelaze gagzavna, rasac mowmeebic adastureben. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
211-e abzacis Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli gaxlavT ganzraxi mkvleloba. is faqti, rom
mesame raixis sasamarTlom miusaja giotihs sikvdiliT dasja, ar gamodgeba puT-
farkenis mier Cadenili danaSaulis sapirwoned. igi gaxlavT SualobiTi amsrule-
beli (Mittelbarer Taeter). SualobiTi amsruleblis cnebis Sinaarsi ganaviTara umaR-
lesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebma da igi ZiriTadad gulisxmobs SualobiTi
amsruleblis mier imgvari meqanizmis gamoyenebas, rodesac uSualo amsrulebe-
li Seuracxadia da emorCileba SualobiTi amsruleblis nebas. aravin ifiqrebda
odesme, rom germanuli sasamarTlo SesaZlebelia danaSaulis iaraRad qceuli-
yo. dResdReobiT vxvdebiT msgavs SemTxvevebs. puTfarkenis saqme ar iqneba erTa-
derTi. sasamarTlos mier formalursamarTlebrivi qmedeba – misi zianis momtani
gadawyvetileba ver gamodgeba puTfarkenis SualobiTi amsruleblobis sawina-
aRmdego mtkicebad. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul nebismier eWvs aqarwylebs 1946
wlis 8 Tebervlis tiuringis kanonis me-2 muxli, romelic gvTavazobs sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsis 47-e abzacis pirveli paragrafis ganmartebas: `sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi umarTlobis Cadenad pirs Seeracxeba, rogorc uSualod mis mier, ise
sxva piris saSualebiT ganxorcielebuli qmedeba, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad ka-
nonierad moqmedebda es ukanaskneli, igi mainc unda daisajos rogorc amsrule-
beli~. aRniSnuli ar ayalibebs axal, radikalurad gansxvavebul mowesrigebas. es
ubralod 1871 wlidan arsebuli sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis avTenturi
ganmartebaa.5
sawinaaRmdego da momxre mosazrebaTa sifrTxiliT awon-dawonis Semdeg,
miviCnev, rom am SemTxvevaSi saxezea SualobiTi amsruleblis mier ganxorciele-
buli mkvleloba. vivaraudoT, rom sasamarTlo mivida sxva daskvnamde. ra Sedegi
SeiZleba dadges? Tuki SualobiTi amsruleblis mosazrebas uarvyofT, maSin ga-
modis, rom mosamarTleebma, romlebmac miusajes giotihs sikvdiliT dasja kano-
nisa da samarTlis darRveviT, warmoadgenen mkvlelebs. maSin braldebuli moqme-
debda rogorc mkvlelobis Tanamonawile, ris gamo mainc daisjeba. am mosazrebas
rom davuWiroT mxari, mainc Tavs iCens mniSvnelovani gaugebrobebi – rCeba mxo-
lod `mokavSire makontrolebeli sabWos Sesaxeb~ kanoni 10. am kanonis me-2 muxlis
1-li (c) paragrafis Sesabamisad, braldebuli daisjeba adamianurobis winaaRmdeg
Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis. am kanonis gamoyeneba araa damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad
dairRva erovnuli samarTali. dasjadia nebismieri araadamianuri qmedeba, poli-
tikuri, rasobrivi Tu religiuri safuZvliT devna. me-2 muxlis me-3 paragrafis
Sesabamisad, damnaSave unda daisajos imgvari sasjeliT, romelsac sasamarTlo
miiCnevs samarTlianad, maT Soris, SesaZlebelia sasikvdilo ganaCenic dadges.
unda davamato, rom, rogorc iuristi daCveuli var Semovifarglo mxolod
wminda samarTlebrivi SefasebiT. yovelTvis umjobesia, ganzogadde, saqmes saRi
gonebiT, gareSe piris TvaliT Sexedo. gamonaklisis gareSe samarTlebrivi teqni-
ka is iaraRia, romelsac pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone iuristi iyenebs samar-
Tlebrivad gamyarebuli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.6
5
6
iqve.
319
tiuringis sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlom puTfarkeni damnaSaved cno ara ro-

gorc SualobiTi amsrulebeli, aramed rogorc mkvlelobis Tanamonawile. Sesabami-
sad, mosamarTleebi, romlebmac giotihs sikvdilis dasja miusajes kanonisa da samar-
Tlis darRveviT, damnaSaved cnes mkvlelobis CadenaSi.
2. saqsoniis mTavarma prokurorma, doqtorma Sroderma (Dr. J. U. Schroeder), presiT
gaavrcela sakuTari mosazreba, rom àradamianur sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebze pa-
suxis sagebad~ unda dasjiliyvnen Sesabamisi pirebi, miuxedavad imisa, efuZneboda Tu
ara maTi gadawyvetilebebi nacional-socialistebis kanonebs:
nacional-socialisturi saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba, romelze dayrdno-
biTac iRebdnen aRniSnulis msgavs sasikvdilo ganaCenebs, samarTlebrivad baTi-
li da yovelgvar iuridiul Zalas moklebuli gaxldaT.
nacional-socialisturi kanonmdebloba efuZneba e.w. ùflebamosilebaTa
aqts~, romelic konstituciiT dadgenili 2/3-is umravlesobis dacvis darRveviT
iqna miRebuli. sadeputato imunitetis arsebobis miuxedavad, hitlerma daapa-
timra komunistebis warmomadgenlebi, riTac xeli SeuSala saparlamento sesieb-
Si maT monawileobas. danarCeni deputatebi centristuli partiidan nacistebis
moieriSe kavaleristebma (SA) aiZules, mxari daeWiraT aRniSnuli kanonisaTvis.
mosamarTle verasdros aRasrulebs marTlmsajulebas im kanonze dayrdno-
biT, romelic ara mxolod usamarTloa, aramed danaSaulebrivic. Cven veyrdno-
biT adamianis uflebebs, romlebic aRemateba nebismier daweril kanons, ganuyo-
fel da uxsovar samarTals, romelic uaryofs araadamianuri tiraniis danaSau-
lebriv diqtats.
am msjelobidan gamomdinare, mwams, rom mosamarTleebi unda daisajon ada-
mianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gadawyvetilebebisa da wvrilman darRvevaze
sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanisaTvis.7
3. haledan (Halle) iuwyebian, rom jalaTebis TanaSemweebs, klainesa (Kleine) da ro-
zes (Rose), miesajaT sikvdiliT dasja mravalricxovan ukanono dasjaSi monawileobi-
saTvis. 1944 wlis aprilidan 1945 wlis martamde klainem monawileoba miiRo 931 gana-
Cenis aRsrulebaSi, risTvisac gadauxades 26 433 raixsmarka. klaine da roze daisajnen
`mokavSire makontrolebeli sabWos Sesaxeb~ #10 kanonze (danaSauli adamianurobis wi-
naaRmdeg) dayrdnobiT. òrive gansasjeli nebayoflobiT asrulebda sazarel saqmes.
jalaTis TanaSewmes SeuZlia nebismier dros janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo an sxva
mizeziT gaTavisufldes movaleobis Sesrulebisagan~.
4. saqsoniaSi mTavarma prokurorma, Sroderma, gamoaaSkarava kidev erTi saqme:
jariskacma saqsoniidan, romelic aRmosavleTis frontze omis tyveTa darajad iyo
gamwesebuli 1943 wels, miatova posti, radgan `ver aitana tyveebisadmi araadamianu-
ri mopyroba. savaraudod, igi aseve daiRala hitleris jarSi samsaxuriT~. gaqceuli
colis saxlSi imaleboda, sadac aRmoaCina da Seipyro serJantma. jariskacma moaxer-
xa malulad daufleboda datenil samsaxurebriv iaraRs, ris Semdegac zurgSi esrola
serJants da mokla igi. 1945 wels dezertiri Sveicariidan saqsoniaSi dabrunda. igi da-
7
Tägliche Rundschau (Berlin), 1946 wlis 14 marti. arasamarTlebrivi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis-
aTvis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT ix., Friedrich Buchwald, Gerechtes Re-
cht, Weimar: Panses Verlag, 1946, 3-8.
320
apatimres da prokuraturam mis winaaRmdeg aRZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme saxelmwifo

moxelis boroti ganzraxviT mkvlelobis braldebiT. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 54-e
abzacze dayrdnobiT, mTavarma prokurorma gasca brZaneba jariskacis gaTavisufle-
bisa da mis winaaRmdeg sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, da ganacxada,
rom jariskacis moqmedeba aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli:
rasac maSin sasamarTlo uwodebda kanons, dRes aRaraa moqmedi. samarTlis
Cveneuli gagebiT, hitler-kaitelis (Hitler-Keitel) jaridan dezertiroba ar warmo-
adgens dezertiris Rirsebis Semlaxvel qmedebas da ar gaxlavT misi dasjis sa-
fuZveli.8
kanonieri umarTlobisa da zekanonuri samarTlis ideebiT yvelgan daiwyo brZo-
la pozitivizmis winaaRmdeg.
III
pozitivizmma sakuTari principiT – `kanoni kanonia~ – germaneli samarTalmcod-

neebi sruliad daucvelad aqcia despoturi da danaSaulebrivi kanonis winaSe. po-
zitivizms ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos kanonebis namdviloba. pozitivizmi kanonis nam-
dvilobas imiT amtkicebs, rom nebismieri kanonis ukan misi aRsrulebis Zala imaleba.
igive Zala uzrunvelyofs dawerilis Sesrulebis valdebulebas (Mtiessen), rogorc
`savaldebulos~ da ara mis samarTlebriv siswores, namdvilobas. valdebuleba da sa-
marTlebrivi siswore unda daefuZnos Tavad kanonis Sinaarsobriv Rirebulebas. erTi
faseuloba, romelsac pozitiuri samarTali namdvilad moiazrebs, isaa, rom kanonis
arseboba, saerTo jamSi, yovelTvis sjobia kanonis ararsebobas, vinaidan es yovelive,
rogorc minimum, uzrunvelyofs samarTlebriv usafrTxoebas. Tumca samarTlebrivi
usafrTxoeba ar gaxlavT samarTlis efeqturobis arc erTaderTi da arc ganmsazR-
vreli maxasiaTebeli. samarTlebriv usafrTxoebasTan erTad, arsebobs ori sxva Rire-
bulebac: miznobrioba9 da samarTlianoba. Tuki am Rirebulebebs davajgufebT, maSin
saerTo sargeblianobis TvalsazrisiT, samarTlis miznobrioba bolo adgilze moeq-
ceva. arcerT SemTxvevaSi samarTali araa is, rac `xalxisTvis sasargebloa~. saboloo
jamSi, xalxisTvis sasargebloa iseTi samarTali, romelic qmnis samarTlebriv usaf-
rTxoebas da miiswrafvis samarTlianobisken. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba (romelic
yoveli moqmedi pozitiur-samarTlebrivi kanonis maxasiaTebelia) ikavebs Sualedur
pozicias danarCen or Rirebulebas, miznobriobasa da samarTlianobas Soris, radgan
igi aucilebelia ara mxolod saerTo sargeblisaTvis, aramed samarTlianobisTvisac.
samarTali unda iyos stabiluri da udavo. ar SeiZleba samarTali erT dRes ganimar-
tos da gamoiyenon erTgvarad, xolo meore dRes – sruliad sxvagvarad. es ukve samar-
Tlianobis moTxovnacaa. Tuki arsebobs samarTlebriv usafrTxoebasa da samarTlia-
nobas Soris dava, arasasurvel, Tumca savaldebulo kanonsa da samarTlian samarTals
Soris, romelic kanonis formiT araa mocemuli, sinamdvileSi, aRniSnuli warmoad-
gens warmosaxviT (moCvenebiT) da namdvil samarTlianobas Soris davas. xsenebuli dava
8
Tägliche Rundschau (Berlin), 1946 wlis 9 maisi.
9
iqve.
321
srulyofiladaa gadmocemuli saxarebaSi, romelSic, erTi mxriv, naTqvamia: `daemor-

CileniT winamZRuarTa TquenTa da erCdiT maT~10, xolo, meore mxriv: `morCileba¡ jer-
ars RmrTisa¡ ufro¡s vidre kacTa¡~.11
samarTlianobasa da samarTlebriv usafTxoebas Soris dava SesaZlebelia gadawy-
des Semdegnairad: pozitiuri samarTali, romelic kanonmdeblobiTa da Zalaufle-
biTaa uzrunvelyofili, upiratesia maSinac, Tuki usamarTlo da xalxisTvis nakleb
sasargeblo debulebebs moicavs, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca kanonsa da samarTliano-
bas Soris dava miaRwevs iseT gausaZlis xarisxs, rom kanonma, rogorc `naklovanma sa-
marTalma~, unda dauTmos samarTlianobas. SeuZlebelia zustad gavmijnoT kanonieri
umarTloba da is kanonebi, romlebic moqmedia maTi naklis miuxedavad. erTi ganmas-
xvavebeli xazi mainc SesaZlebelia, gaivlos maqsimaluri sicxadiT: roca samarTlia-
nobisken swrafvis mcdelobac ki ar arsebobs, roca Tanasworoba, rogorc samarTli-
anobis arsi (birTvi), ganzrax ugulebelyofilia pozitiuri samarTlis SemuSavebisas,
maSin kanoni ara mxolod ubralod `naklovani samarTalia~, aramed Tavad misi bunebac
ki arasamarTlebrivia. samarTali, maT Soris, pozitiuri samarTali, ar SeiZleba gani-
martos sxvagvarad Tu ara sistema da instituti, romlis mTavari daniSnuleba samar-
Tlianobis samsaxuria. am kuTxiT, nacional-socialisturi samarTlis udidesi nawili
arc arasdros yofila namdvili (ZalaSi myofi) samarTali.
hitleris pirovnebis yvelaze cxadi maxasiaTebeli, romelmac zegavlena iqonia
da romliTac gaJRenTili gaxldaT nacional-socialisturi `samarTali~, sruliad
moklebuli iyo simarTlisa da uflebis gancdas, am sityvebis nebismieri SesaZlo mniS-
vnelobiT. vinaidan mas ar gaaCnda simarTlis gancda, SeeZlo usircxvilod, mourideb-
lad moergo simarTlis saxeli imisaTvis, rac ritorikulad efeqturi da momgebiani
gaxldaT im wuTisTvis. radganac mas ar gaaCnda uflebisa da usamarTlobis gancda, Se-
eZlo uyoymanod ganeviTarebina nebismieri despoturi kaprizi kanonmdeblobaSi. hit-
leris reJimi potempis (Potempa) mkvlelebis mimarT TanagrZnobis depeSiT daiwyo da
1944 wlis 20 ivlisis wamebulTa sazareli damcirebiT dasrulda. mxardamWeri Teoria
ganaviTara nacistebis ideologma, alfred rozenbergma (Alferd Rosenberg), romelmac po-
tempas sasikvdilo ganaCenis pasuxad dawera, rom: xalxi gansxvavebulia, iseve rogorc
mkvlelobebi araa erTnairi; pacifist Joros (Juaeres) mkvleloba Sesaferisad gansajes
safrangeTSi, gansxvavebulad, vidre nacionalist klemansos (Clemenceau) mkvlelobis
mcdeloba; SeuZlebelia erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis erT samarTaldamrRvevs, rome-
lic patriotuli motivebiT moqmedebda da meores, romlis motivic (nacional-socia-
listebis TvalTaxedviT) xalxisaTvis ziani momtani, mavnebelia, Seefardos erTnairi
sasjeli.12 Tavidanve cxadi iyo Canafiqri, rom nacional-socialisturi `samarTali~
Tavidan iridebda samarTlianobis arsebiT moTxovnas – TanasworTa mimarT Tanaswor
mopyrobas; ar gaaCnda samarTlebrivi buneba, is ar gaxldaT ubralod naklovani samar-
Tali, saboloo jamSi, igi saerTod ar iyo samarTali. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT exe-
ba Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac nacional-socialisturma partiam sakuTari Tavi
gaaigiva saxelmwifosTan, riTac srulebiT ugulebelyo principi, rom yoveli partia
10
ebraelTa mimarT, 13.17.
11
saqme wmidaTa mociqulTaჲ (aRwerili luka maxarobelisaჲ), 5.29.
12
Völkischer Beobachter (München), 1932 wlis 26 agvisto.
322
warmoadgens mxolod saxelmwifos garkveul nawils. samarTlebriv xasiaTs moklebu-

li gaxldaT yvela kanoni, romelic adamianebs ganixilavda àrasrulfasovnad~ (Unter-
menschen) da arTmevda maT uflebebs. msgavsi kanonebi daSinebis moTxovniT iyo ganpi-
robebuli da samarTaldarRvevaTa simZimis gansxvavebis miuxedavad, iTvaliswinebda
erTsa da imave sasjels, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sikvdiliT dasjas, rogorc naklebad mZime,
ise gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulisaTvis. yovelive es kanonieri umarTlobaa.
ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, gansakuTrebiT Tormetwliani mmarTvelobis ganmavlo-
baSi ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis fonze, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebisTvis ra sa-
Sinel safrTxes SesaZloa gulisxmobdes `kanonieri umarTlobis~ cneba, uSualod sa-
marTlebrivi bunebis uaryofa. unda gvwamdes, rom msgavsi ùmarTloba~ darCeba germa-
neli eris Secdomad, swori gzidan gadaxvevad, sigiJed, romelic arasdros ganmeorde-
ba. unda movemzadoT nebismieri SesaZlo SemTxvevisaTvis. unda SeviaraRdeT hitleris
kanongareSe saxelmwifos msgavsi warmonaqmis xelaxla warmoSobisagan pozitivizmis
fuZemdebluri daZleviT, romelic nebismier SesaZlo dacvis saSualebas usargeblos
xdida nacional-socialisturi kanonmdeblobis borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg.13
IV
zemoTqmuli momavlis saqmea. gasuli 12 wlis kanonieri umarTlobis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT, unda mivaRwioT samarTlianobis moTxovnebs samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis rac
SeiZleba mcire SesaZlo danaklisiT. yvela mosamarTles ar unda hqondes sakuTari ini-
ciativiT kanonSemoqmedebis (maT Soris, kanonis gauqmebis) ufleba, msgavsi uflebamo-
sileba unda ganekuTvnebodes umaRlesi sasamarTlo instanciis an kanonmdeblis kom-
petencias.14 msgavsi kanonmdebloba ukve miRebulia àmerikul zonaSi~ germanul Stat-
Ta sabWos SeTanxmebis safuZvelze: 1946 wlis 31 maisis aqti #29 `sisxlissamarTlebriv
marTlmsajulebaSi nacional-socialisturi umarTlobebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb~. xsene-
bulma aqtma daadgina, rom `nacional-socializmisa da militarizmis winaaRdeg mimar-
Tuli politikuri moqmedebebi ar isjeboda~, riTac moxda iseTi sirTuleebis daZleva,
rogoric zemonaxsenebi dezertiris SemTxveva gaxldaT.15 meore mxriv, msgavsi kanoni,
1946 wlis 31 maisis aqti #22, romelic exeboda nacional-socialistebis danaSaulTa
dasjas, gamoiyeneba zemoganxiluli sami magaliTis16 mimarT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu-
ki ganxorcielebuli qmedeba misi Cadenis dros iyo dasjadi. danarCeni sami SemTxvevis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi xasiaTi unda ganvixiloT germaniis 1871 wlis sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis Sesabamisad, gviandeli kanonmdeblobis miTiTebis gareSe.
damsmen puTfarkenis saqmeSi mis mier arapirdapiri ganzraxviT mkvlelobis gan-
xorcieleba eWvgareSea, Tuki igi varaudobda giotihis mokvdinebas sisxlis samarTlis
sasamarTlosa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis samarTlebrivi avtomaturobis gamoye-
nebiT. profesor langes mosazrebis17 Tanaxmad, msgavsi ganzraxva arsebobs iseT saq-
13
Gerechtes Recht, Weimar: Panses Verlag, 1946, 8-16. Sead. Walter Roemer, Süddeutsche Juristen-Zeitung 1 (1946)
9-11.
14
ix., klaines (Kleine) statia gamocemaSi – Süddeutsche Juristen-Zeitung 1 (1946) 36.
15
ix., §II, me-4 saqme.
16
ix., §II, 1-li – me-3 saqmeebi.
17
ix., §II, 1-li saqme; Thüringer Volk (Weimar), 10 May 1946.
323
meebSi, `sadac samarTaldamrRvevs gaaCnia mis mier dasmenili piris CamoSorebis, ase-
ve misi msxverplis colze daqorwinebis, saxlis an samuSaos warTmevis, SurisZiebis da
sxv. msgavsi interesi~. piri SualobiTi amsrulebelia maSinac, roca danaSaulebrivi
mizniT igi borotad iyenebs Zalauflebas – ubrZanos da aiZulos vinme daemorCilos
mas, aseve maSin, roca dasmenis gziT iyenebs sasamarTlo aparats. danaSaulis iaraRad
sasamarTlos gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT cxadia iseT SemTxvevebSi, roca SualobiT am-
srulebels SeeZlo da ganizraxavda kidec sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis
politikuri tendenciurobis gamocdas, mosamarTlis politikuri fanatizmisa Tu Za-
lauflebis mqone pirTa mier wnexis gamoyenebis miuxedavad. sxva mxriv, Tuki damsmens
ar gaaCnda msgavsi danaSaulebrivi ganzraxva, varaudobda, rom sasamarTlos miawvdi-
da mtkicebulebebs da miandobda mas saqmis gadawyvetas. damsmeni SesaZloa daisajos
TanamonawileobisaTvis – dasmenili pirisaTvis msjavris dadebisa da dasjisaTvis, Tu
Tavad sasamarTlos, miRebuli gadawyvetilebis wyalobiT, wvlili miuZRvis sikvdi-
liT dasjaSi. es gaxlavT is gza, romelic airCia sasamarTlom nordhauzenSi.
mkvlelobebSi mosamarTleTa braleuloba varaudobs maT mier samarTlis dar-
Rvevis arsebobas18, radgan damoukidebel mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebi mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmoadgendnen dasjis obieqts, Tu isini arRveven samarTlis
ZiriTad principebs, romelTa moqmedebasac mosamarTlis damoukidebloba unda uz-
runvelyofdes; da Tavisi gadawyvetileba gamoitana kanonis, Sesabamisad, samarTlis
safuZvelze. obieqturad Tu visaubrebT, samarTlis xelyofa maSinaa saxeze, roca Cven
mier ganviTarebuli ZiriTadi principebis fonze SegviZlia davadginoT, rom gamoye-
nebuli kanoni srulebiTac ar gaxlavT samarTali, an gamoyenebuli sasjelis xarisxi,
vTqvaT, sikvdiliT dasja, metyvelebs mosamarTlis diskreciaze, samarTlianobis gan-
xorcielebis nebismier mcdelobas sasacilos xdis. ra SeuZliaT mosamarTleebs, rom-
lebic imgvarad deformirebuli arian, rom pozitivizmisaTvis udavo upiratesobis
miniWebiT, ar aRiareben sxva samarTals, garda moqmedisa. gaaCndaT ki mosamarTleebs,
romlebic gamoiyenebdnen pozitiursamarTlebriv kanonebs, samarTlis darRvevis gan-
zraxva? da romc hqonodaT msgavsi ganzraxva, kidev rCebaT ukanaskneli samarTlebrivi
dacvis saSualeba. maT SeeZloT dayrdnobodnen aucilebel garemoebas, romelic sis-
xlis samarTlis kodeqsis 54-e abzacSia mocemuli da romlis miTiTebiTac, sakuTari
sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebis fasad SeeZloT nacional-socialisturi samarTlis
kanonier umarTlobad gamocxadeba. msgavsi saSualeba mtkivneulia, radganac samosa-
marTlo eTika avaldebulebs mosamarTles, iswrafvodes samarTlianobisken nebismi-
er, Tundac sicocxlis fasad.
gacilebiT martivadaa saqme ori jalaTis braleulobasTan dakavSirebiT, rom-
lebic aRasrulebdnen sasikvdilo ganaCenebs. ar SeiZleba iseTi xalxis gavlenis qveS
aRmoCnde, romlebmac sakuTari saqme adamianTa mkvlelobebze aawyves an am saqmis moma-
vali momgebianobisa Tu Sedegianobis reklamirebaze. maSinac ki, roca jalaTis saxelo
Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda memkvidreobiT, daostatebuli jalaTebi Tavs gamud-
mebiT imiT imarTlebdnen, rom maT mxolod sasjeli mohyavdaT sisruleSi, xolo sas-
jelis misja da piris gasamarTleba baton mosamarTleTa uflebamosileba gaxldaT.
`mosamarTleebi da batonebi borotebas ebrZvian, me ki maTi saboloo gadawyvetile-
18
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 336-e da 344-e (§) abzacebi.
324
bis aRsruleba mevaleba~ – 1698 wlis am debulebis gamoZaxili xSirad gaismis jalaTis
maxvilis fonze. mosamarTlis mier gamotanili sasikvdilo ganaCeni maSin SeiZleba Se-
fasdes mkvlelobad, Tuki aRniSnuli samarTaldarRvevas emyareba, swored amgvaradve
jalaTi SesaZloa daisajos mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebisaTvis, Tuki igi Cadeni-
lia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 345-e abzacSi mocemul garemoebaSi: imgvari sasjelis
aRsrulebis mcdeloba, romelic Sesasruleblad savaldebulo araa. karl bindingi
(Karl Binding) am garemoebasTan dakavSirebiT wers, rom jalaTsa da araRsasrulebel ga-
naCens Soris iseTive damokidebulebaa, rogoric mosamarTlesa da kanons Soris; misi
erTaderTi movaleobaa ganaCeni aRsruldes zedmiwevniT. jalaTis mTel saqmianobas
gansazRvravs ganaCeni:
misi moqmedeba samarTliania, radganac igi srul SesabamisobaSia ganaCenTan
da mxolod maSin xdeba usamarTlo, roca gadauxvevs ganaCenidan. gadawyvetile-
bis aRsrulebisaTvis erTaderT da aucilebel safuZvelze uaris Tqma warmoad-
gens swored damnaSaved yofnis arss. deliqti [345-e abzacSi mocemuli] SesaZle-
belia Sefasdes, rogorc `ganaCenis darRveva~.
ganaCenis kanonierebis Semowmeba ar Sedis jalaTis saqmianobis sferoSi. misi ka-
nonierebis prezumfcia ar SeiZleba iyos misTvis zianis momtani, rogorc samsaxuris-
Tvis Tavis ardanebeba (Nichtaufgabe seines Gewerbes) ar SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc kanon-
sawinaaRmdego umoqmedoba.
ver daveTanxmebiT nordhauzenSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom formalur-samar-

Tlebrivi eWvi sruliad sakmarisia aSkara faqtebis dasaCrdilad. vemxrobiT pozici-
as, romlis Tanaxmadac, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis Tormetwliani uaryofis Sem-
deg, ise, rogorc arasdros, gvesaWiroeba, formalur-samarTlebrivi dasabuTebis
gamoyenebiT vebrZoloT gasageb cdunebas, romelic Tavisuflad SeiZleba gaCndes
TiToeul pirSi, romelmac gauZlo muqarisa da Cagvris 12 wels. unda veswrafvodeT
samarTlianobas, Tumca, imavdroulad, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT samarTlebriv
usafrTxoebaze, rogorc samarTlianobis Semadgenel nawilze. xelaxla unda vaSenoT
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo (Rechtstaat), samarTlis uzenaesoba, romelic samarTliano-
bisa da samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis ideebis ganxorcielebas uzrunvelyofs. demok-
ratia marTlac siqvelea, Tumca samarTlis uzenaesoba yoveldRiuri puria, rogorc
wyali, romelsac vsvamT, an haeri, romliTac vsunTqavT. yvelaze mTavari, rac demok-
ratias axasiaTebs isaa, rom mas erTaderTs SeuZlia samarTlis uzenaesobis moqmedebis
uzrunvelyofa.
Targmna
di mit ri ge ge na vam *
325
andrea boroni*
muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistema
Sesavali
muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawileobis konteqstSi xSirad gamoiyeneba sakuTre-

bis termini im mizniT, raTa xazi gaesvas ori uflebis flobas, esenia: administraciuli
ufleba firmis kontrolze da, farTo gagebiT, finansuri ufleba uSualod firmis mo-
gebis wilze. maSasadame, e.w. `finansuri Tanamonawileoba~ miuTiTebs sawarmos ekono-
mikur SedegebSi muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawileobis sxvadasxva formaze. akronimi
– PEPPER - mogebasa da sawarmos saqmianobis SedegSi muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawile-
obis xelSewyoba – dResdReobiT arCeulia imisaTvis, raTa Tanamonawileobis es forma
gaimijnos gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawileobis
ganmsazRvreli orientirebuli1 tradiciuli terminisagan.
evropul doneze muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sakiTxs didi
xnis istoria aqvs. igi oficialurad 1989 wels daiwyo, rodesac evropuli gaerTiane-
bis komisiam muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileoba CarTo Tavisi samoqmedo
programis prioritetul miznebSi muSa-mosamsaxureTa ZiriTadi socialuri uflebe-
bis Sesaxeb gaerTianebis qartiis implementaciisaTvis:2 PEPPER-is pirveli angariSi
Sedga am iniciativis3 mixedviT im mizniT, rom masSi mimoxiluliyo evropuli kavSiris
wevri qveynebis gamocdileba muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansur TanamonawilebasTan dakav-
SirebiT.4
* neapolis meore universitetis SedarebiTi kerZo samarTlis mkvlevari (Seconda Universi-
tà degli Studi di Napoli). samarTlis doqtori (pavias universiteti, italia, 2000 w.); samarT-
lis magistri (luizianas saxelmwifo universiteti, aSS, 2006 w.); samarTlis doqtori
SedarebiTi samarTlis dargSi (trentos universiteti, italia, 2006 w.).
1
magaliTad, Tanamonawileobis germanuli modeli iTvaliswinebs muSa-mosamsaxureTa
arCevas korporaciebis direqtorTa sameTvalyureo sabWos SemadgenlobaSi 50%-is
odenobiT da, Sesabamisad, isini, potenciurad mainc, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben
firmis kontrolSi. doqtrinis mixedviT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani sargebeli aris muSa-
mosamsaxureTa misawvdomoba zust informaciaze firmis Taobaze, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi
SezRuduli iqneboda xelmZRvanelobis mxridan. H. Hansmann, When Does Worker Ownership
Work? ESOPs, Law Firms, Codetermination, and Economic Democracy, 99 Yale L.J. 1749, 1990. aseve ix.
Y. Stevens, Employee Benefits Law Symposium: European and American Issues in Employee Benefits Law
Compared, 41 J. Marshall L. Rev. 1189, 2008.
2
detaluri istoriuli rekonstruqciisaTvis ix. <http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/hu-
man_rights/fundamental_rights_within_european_union/c10107_en.htm>[02.18.2011].
3
Uvalic M., The Pepper-report: Promotion of the Employee Participation in Profits and Enterprise Results in
the Member States of the European Community, Social Europe, Supplement 3/91, Luxembourg, 1991.
4
PEPPER-is angariSis safuZvelze, evropuli kavSiris komisiam moamzada rekomendacia
PEPPER-is Taobaze, romelic miRebul iqna evropis sabWos mier 1992 wels, ramac ubiZga
wevr qveynebs, gaevrcelebinaT PEPPER-is sistema sawarmoTa Soris. erTi da imave perio-
dis regulaciebia 1992 wlis 27 ivlisis gaerTianebis sabWos rekomendacia (92/443/EEC,
326
a. boroni, muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistema
mxolod 2008 wels – ZiriTadad, rogorc PEPPER IV-is angariSis Sedegi – pirvelad
iqna warmodgenili muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawileobis mimoxilva evropuli kavSi-
ris yvela wevr da kandidat qveyanaSi.5 Tumca, es ukanaskneli angariSi, aseve, Seicavs
mravlismomcvel da srul empiriul monacems muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawileobaze,
ekonomikur praqtikaSi mis mniSvnelobaze, arsebul samarTlebriv dabrkolebebsa da
samomavlo perspeqtivebze.6
saboloo Sedegi aris is, rom PEPPER-is sistema saTaves udebs industriuli ur-
TierTobis axali kulturis aRorZinebas, romelic dafuZnebulia Sromis anazRaure-
bis ufro moqnil politikaze da zrdis TanamSromlobas socialur mxareebs Soris.
sistema gaTvaliswinebulia sawarmoTaTvis, raTa maT Camoayalibon sxvadasxva in-
strumentebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis
garantireba. angariSSi naTladaa miTiTebuli, rom formulebis SerCeva da ganxorcie-
leba SesaZlebelia erTdroulad, konkretuli moTxovnilebebisa da pirobebis dasak-
mayofileblad.
komunikaciis komisia, romelic ikvlevs `muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamo-
nawileobis xelSewyobis masStabs~,7 finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemisaTvis awe-
sebs Semdeg arsebiT principebs: Tanamonawileoba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi rogorc
sawarmoTaTvis, ise muSa-mosamsaxureTaTvis; xelmisawvdomoba finansuri Tanamonawi-
leobis sistemasTan, principSi, Ria unda iyos yvela muSa-mosamsaxurisaTvis dikrimi-
OJ, L 254 of 26 August 1992,. 53), romelic exeba mogebasa da sawarmos saqmianobis SedegSi
muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawileobis xelSewyobas da 1992 wlis 9 aprilis evropis
parlamentis rezolucia, romelic exeba evropis komisiis winadadebas gaerTianebis ze-
moxsenebuli rekomendaciisaTvis (OJ, C 245 of 20 September 1991). PEPPER II-is angariSSi
sabWos rekomendaciis gamoyenebis Taobaze xazgasmuli iyo is faqti, rom finansuri
Tanamonawileobis sistema asocirdeba araerT mniSvnelovan sargebelTan, rogori-
caa, gansakuTrebiT, produqtiulobis maRali done, dasaqmeba da muSa-mosamsaxureTa
CarTva. garda amisa, masSi aRniSnulia, rom finansuri Tanamonawileobis ganviTarebaze
Zlieri gavlena iqonia mTavrobis moqmedebam, konkretulad, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis
dawesebis gziT. PEPPER-is am or angariSSi aRwerilia muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri
Tanamonawileobis sxvadasxva sistema, romlebic ganviTardnen evropuli kavSiris wevr
qveynebSi. mogvianebiT, PEPPER III-is angariSSi kidev ufro gafarTovda wina ori angar-
iSi finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemis gamoyenebis gamocdilebis aRweriT ToTxmet
qveyanaSi – evropuli kavSiris Tormet axal wevr qveyanaSi, romlebic gawevriandnen ev-
ropul kavSirSi 2004 da 2006 wlebSi da or kandidat qveyanaSi. Lowitzsch et al., Financial Par-
ticipation for a new social Europe, a Building block approach, Rome/Berlin, 03/2008.
5
angariSi SemuSavebul iqna wevr qveynebSi adre moxseniebuli evropuli kavSiris sabWos
92/443/EEC rekomendaciis efeqtis mimoxilvisTvis.
6
angariSi Sedgeba sami Semvsebi urTierTdakavSirebuli ZiriTadi komponentisagan: (i) sa-
marTlebrivi garemos aRwera, fiskaluri an sxva SeRavaTi da socialuri partniorebis
urTierTobebi qveynis profilebSi; (ii) finansuri Tanamonawileobis benCmarkingi, e.i.
finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemis farglebi da buneba qveynis profilebis fonze;
(iii) erovnuli politikis SedarebiTi analizi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen finansur
Tanamonawileobaze.
7
Communication from Commission of the European Communities, 5 July 2002, COM (2002) 364 final, on
a framework for the promotion of employee financial participation. msgavsi Taviseburebebze moxda
xazgasma PEPPER-is pirvel angariSSi da SemdgomSi aseve finansuri Tanamonawileobis
aTi zogadi maxasiaTebeli iqna miRebuli PEPPER-is Sesaxeb evropis sabWos 1992 wlis re-
komendaciaSi.
327
naciis gareSe; maT unda daaweson da marTon gasagebi da misaRebi formiT, amasTan aqcen-
ti unda gaakeTon gamWvirvalobaze da muSa-mosamsaxureTaTvis adekvaturi treningis
uzrunvelyofaze, raTa maT SeZlon sistemis bunebis Sefaseba riskis dros; finansuri
Tanamonawileobis wesebi kompaniebSi unda efuZnebodes winaswar gansazRvrul formu-
las; muSa-mosamsaxureTaTvis aragonivruli riski Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli, an,
sul mcire, muSa-mosamsaxureebi gafrTxilebul unda iqnen finansuri Tanamonawileo-
bis riskis Taobaze, rac gamowveulia Semosavlebis meryeobiT an investiciebis SezRu-
duli diversifikaciiT; sistema unda warmoadgendes damatebas da ara Semcvlels ar-
sebuli sagadasaxado sistemebisa; finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistema imgvarad unda
ganviTardes, rom Tavsebadi iyos rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise sawarmoebs Soris muSa-
mosamsaxureTa mobilobasTan.8
8
finansuri Tanamonawileoba moicavs ara mxolod SesaZleblobebs, aramed aseve risksa
da dabrkolebebs. kerZod, ormag risks warmoadgens is, rom kompaniis gakotrebis SemTx-
vevaSi aqcionerma muSa-mosamsaxureebma SesaZloa dakargon rogorc samuSao adgili, ise
maTi aqciebis Rirebuleba; organizaciuli da sxva sirTuleebia, magaliTad, transna-
cionalur sawarmoebSi sagadasaxado, socialuri usafrTxoebisa da Sromis samarTlis
sferoebSi; mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebSi rogorc xarji, ise administraciuli
problemebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos xelis SemSlelad. finansuri Tanamonawileoba kompa-
niaSi, romlisTvisac Sen muSaob, xSirad ganixileba, rogorc ukureaqciis riski. muSa-
mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis skeptikosebi davoben, rom kompaniis ga-
kotrebis SemTxvevaSi, muSa-mosamsaxure aris riskis qveS, dakargos rogorc samuSao
adgili, ise investirebuli kapitali. mkafio mijna unda gaivlos aqciebis flobas
(romelic muSa-mosamsaxuris xelfasTan erTad aqvs) da damsaqmeblis kompaniaSi muSa-
mosamsaxuris danazogebis investirebas Soris. mogebasa da sawarmos saqmianobis SedegSi
dasaqmebuli pirebis Tanamonawileobis xelSemwyobi gaerTianebuli sabWos (SemdgomSi
– evropuli kavSiris sabWo) 1992 wlis 27 ivlisis 92/443/EEC rekomendaciam daadgina
Semdegi principebi: aRniSnuli sistemis regularuli gamoyeneba; kalkulacia winas-
war gansazRvruli formulis Sesabamisad; Sromis anazRaurebis tradiciuli sistemis
damatebebis gamoyeneba; kompaniis Sedegebze damokidebuli cvalebadi Tanamonaw-
ileoba; sargebeli yvela muSa-mosamsaxurisaTvis; sistemis gamoyeneba rogorc kerZo,
ise saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi; sistemis gamoyeneba nebismieri zomis sawarmoSi; martivi
modelebi; informacia da treningi dasaqmebulTaTvis modelebis Sesaxeb; nebayoflo-
biTobis danergva da Tanamonawileoba modelSi. ufro detalurad, 2003 wlis bolos
maRalkvalificiuri damoukidebeli eqspertebis jgufma moaxdina farTo kategorie-
bSi finansur TanamonawileobasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso sistemis dabrkole-
bebis klasifikacia; dabrkolebebi arsebiTad xelaxlaa dakavSirebuli gansxvavebul
samarTlebriv sistemebTan (samarTlebrivi dabrkolebebi moicavs iseT gansxvavebul
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, dasaqmebulTa CarTva sistemis danergvaSi; kompanie-
bis an jgufebis samarTlebrivi statusi; sistemis moqmedebis zona; farglebi, zRvrebi
da kriteriumebi kalkulaciisaTvis; SerCevis kriteriumebi; uaris Tqmis an Tavis Seka-
vebis periodebis, iseve rogorc wesebisa da saSualebebis dadgena investiciisa da fon-
debis samarTavad), gansxvavebuli sagadasaxado da socialuri usafrTxoebis reJimebi
da sakiTxebi; fasiani qaRaldebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebul kanonmdeblobebs SeuZliaT,
daakisron sawarmoebs arsebiTad gansxvavebuli valdebulebebi, raTa uzrunvelyon
dasaqmebulebi informaciiT, rodesac axdenen aqciaTa SeTavazebas sxvadasxva wevr
qveynebSi; zogierT qveyanaSi Sromis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs konsultaciebis
aucileblobas dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebTan, profesiul kavSirebTan an SromiT
sabWoebTan da maTTan molaparakebebis warmoebas sistemasTan dakavSirebiT kompaniis
doneze, iseve rogorc dasaqmebulTaTvis informaciis uzrunvelyofas (garda amisa,
anazRaurebis gansazRvra, sistemis gavlena sapensio uflebebze, `SeZenili uflebebis~
328
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, “Building Block Approach”9 asaxavs evropis komisiis

postulatebs (gamWvirvaloba, Riaoba da nebayoflobiToba da a.S.), romelic eTanxmeba
sxvadasxva standartuli blokebis damTxvevas mocemuli sawarmos konkretuli
moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT da uzrunvelyofs finansuri Tanamonawileobis
saerTo models evropuli kavSiris mTel teritoriaze.10
“Building Block Approach”-dan muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcionerul

sakuTrebamde
PEPPER-is angariSSi pirdapiraa xazgasmuli, rom “Building Block Approach” `Ria

platformis modelia, romelic idealurad pasuxobs evropul doneze sistemis ganvi-
Tarebis saWiroebas, raTa ufro aqtiurad iqnes mxardaWerili finansuri Tanamonawi-
leoba da daiZlios sagadasaxado politikaSi erovnuli gansxvavebebi~. “Building Block
Approach” asaxavs am gansxvavebas erovnul praqtikaSi finansuri Tanamonawileobis
axali formebis danergvisas.11 “Building Block Approach” moicavs PEPPER-is sam ZiriTad
arseboba da dasaqmebulTa Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis dacva xSirad gansxvavebulad

regulirdeba erovnul doneze); wevr qveynebs aqvT gansxvavebuli moTxovnebi safondo
birJebis mimarT informaciis gaxsnis wesebsa da aqcionerebisa da maregulirebeli or-
ganoebis meTvalyureobis donesTan dakavSirebiT; gansxvavebebi industriul urTier-
TobaTa praqtikaSi, iseve rogorc kulturuli gansxvavebebi danazogis modelebsa da
riskis gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, rac gavlenas axdens dasaqmebulTa mzadyofnaze, Ca-
don investicia TavianTi damsaqmeblis firmaSi. High Level Group of Independent Experts, Report
on cross-border obstacles to financial participation of employees for companies having a transnational dimen-
sion, Brussels, December 2003, 17. sainvesticio kapitalis miRebis, sakuTari aqciebisaTvis
bazris Seqmnis, ganaRdebisa da sakuTari dasaqmebulebis an SerCeuli memkvidrisaTvis
kompaniis gadacemis nacvlad, damsaqmebels SeuZlia, gamoiyenos dasaqmebulTa fin-
ansuri Tanamonawileoba imisaTvis, rom SezRudos sapensio valdebulebebi, an gardaqm-
nas sapensio sistema dasaqmebulTa finansur Tanamonawileobad. ix. R. Frisch, ESOP for the
80’s (1982) da imave avtoris, The Magic of ESOT: the Fabulous new Instrument of Corporate Finance
(1975), da, The Triumph of ESOP (1977); aseve ix. J. Menke, How to Analyze Design and Install an ESOP
(1981).
9
aRniSnuli terminis adekvaturi qarTuli Sesatyvisis ararsebobis gamo mizanSewoni-
lad CavTvale misi gadmotana originalis enaze (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
10
Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on Employee financial participation in Europe
(Own-initiative opinion), 21 October 2010. ix. <http://www.adapt.it/acm-on-line/Home/Osservatori/docCatP
artecipazionedeilavoratori.1918.1.10.7.html>.
11
Sead. Lowitzsch, The Benchmarking Project, the Indicators Employed and the Current Situation in the EU-
27, The Pepper IV Report: Benchmarking of Employee Participation in Profits and Enterprise Results in
the Member and Candidate Countries of the European Union, Berlin, 2009; aseve ix. cit. Lowitzsch et
al., Financial Participation for a new social Europe. “Building Block Approach” asaxavs am gansxvavebas
erovnul praqtikaSi finansuri Tanamonawileobis axali formebis danergvisas. “Build-
ing Block Approach” Sedgeba PEPPER-Si arsebuli ZiriTadi elementisagan. `farTod mas-
timulirebeli sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs gansxvavebul da moqnil gadawyvetas,
SeTavsebadia wevr qveynebSi ukve danergil sistemebTan. adaptirebad sistemas SeuZlia
iseTi gadawyvetis uzrunvelyofa, romelic gamosadegia evropuli kavSiris terito-
riaze gamosayeneblad. maT gaerTianebas erT programaSi alternatiul parametrebTan
erTad mivyavarT “Building Block Approach”-mde, romelsac avsebs gansxvavebuli elemente-
bi~. Lowitzsch, Comments on the benchmarking Results, The PEPPER IV Report, cit., 205-206.
329
elements:12 (1) fuladi saSualebebisa da wilze dafuZnebuli mogebis ganawilebas;13

(2) muSa-mosamsaxureTa individualur Tanamonawileobas saaqcio kapitalSi (safondo
ofciaze an wilze dafuZnebuli);14 muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis
12
muSa-mosamsaxuris wilobrivi sakuTreba uzrunvelyofs dasaqmebulTa arapirdapir
monawileobas sawarmos saqmianobis SedegebSi dividendebis miRebis da/an dasaqmebul-
Ta sakuTrebaSi arsebuli kapitalis gazrdis gziT. wilobrivi ufleba warmoadgens mu-
Sa-mosamsaxuris finansuri Tanamonawileobis damatebiT formas, romelic mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli muSa-mosamsaxuris wilobriv sakuTrebasTan, Tumca aseve garkveuli
specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis matarebelia. wilobrivi ufleba nebas rTavs dasaqmebu-
lebs, SeiZinon kompaniis wilebi gansazRvrul fasad, drois gansazRvruli periodis
ganmavlobaSi. isini emsgavsebian wilobrivi sakuTrebis sistemas imdenad, ramdenadac
mas, saboloo jamSi, SeuZlia gamoiwvios aqciebze sakuTrebis mopoveba. Tumca, wilo-
brivi sakuTrebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi aucileblad ar gulisxmobs kompaniaSi wilis
flobas. mogebis ganawilebas ukavSirdeba e.w. `Semosavlebis ganawilebis~ sistema.
amgvari sistema ar aris dakavSirebuli sawarmos finansur maCveneblebTan, arc sxva
kriteriumebTan, rogoricaa: warmoebis zrda, xarjebis Semcireba an gansazRvruli
xarisxobrivi miznebi. Sesabamisad, saerTo jamSi, is ufro axlos dgas SesrulebasTan
dakavSirebul anazRaurebasTan, vidre finansur TanamonawileobasTan. Communication
from Commission of the European Communities, 5 July 2002, COM (2002) 364 final, On a framework for the
promotion of employee financial participation.
13
naRdi fulis saxiT mogebis ganawilebis an mogebis ganawilebis gadavadebis sistemaSi
dasaqmebulTa jildos ganawileba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli sawarmos mogebasTan. in-
dividualuri SeRavaTisagan gansxvavebiT, es koncefcia moicavs koleqtiur sistemas,
romelic, zogadad, exeba yvela dasaqmebuls. formula SesaZloa moicavdes mogebas,
produqtiulobas da Semosavals kapitaldabandebidan. bonusi, rogorc wesi, gaicema
ZiriTadi fiqsirebuli xelfasis damatebiT da iZleva cvalebad Semosavlis wyaros. ua-
mravi monacemi amtkicebs, rom mogebis ganawilebis danergva TanafardobaSia kompaniaSi
produqtiulobis donis zrdasTan. ix. D. L. Kruse, J. R. Blasi, Employee Ownership, Employee
Attitudes, and Firm Performance: A Review of the Evidence, NBER Working Paper, Series 5277, Cambridge,
MA, 1995; D.C. Jones, T. Kato, The Productivity Effects of Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Bonuses:
Evidence from Japanese Panel Data, JurnalSi: “The American Economic Review”, June 1995, 391–414.
aseve ix. M. Uvalic´, Pepper I Report, 1991, the experience to date suggests that cash-based schemes have
had significantly greater incentive effects than share-based schemes.
14
ix. A. Pendleton, J. Blasi, D. Kruse, et al., Theoretical Study on Stock Options in Small and Medium Enter-
prises, Study for the European Commission, Manchester; Employee Stock Options in the EU and the U.S.A.,
Pricewaterhouse Coopers, London, 2002. aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistemaSi aqciebi SeiZleba
usasyidlod ganawildes, an SeiZleba gaiyidos sabazro fasad, an SeRavaTiani pirobe-
biT. es ukanaskneli SesaZloa moicavdes gayidvas fasdaklebiT, gayidvas yvelaze dabal
fasad gadavadebuli gadaxdis formebis saSualebiT (rogorc wesi, kapitalis zrdis
farglebSi), an sajaro SeTavazebaSi yvela muSa-mosamsaxurisaTvis an maTi nawilisaTvis
prioritetis miniWebiT. mcire da saSualo biznesis birJaze Sefasebis problemis Tavi-
dan asarideblad kapitalSi monawileobam sawyis etapze SesaZloa miiRos kompaniisaT-
vis muSa-mosamsaxuris kreditis forma korporaciuli valis aRebiT (gare kapitali),
romelic Semdgom gardaiqmneba kompaniis aqciebad. ix. Annex of the Committee on Employment
and Social Affairs Report on the Commission communication, On a framework for the promotion of employ-
ee financial participation, COM(2002)364, 2002/2243(INI); “Models for Employee Participation in SMEs”,
PE 316.420. kompania aZlevs dasaqmebulebs uflebas, mogvianebiT daeuflon kompaniis
aqciebs, magram erTi aqciis fasad, romelic dafiqsirda uflebis miniWebis momentSi.
aqciis zrdadi Rirebulebidan potenciuri sargebeli is mTavari jildoa, romelsac es
ufleba iZleva. ix. A. Pendleton, J. Blasi, D. Kruse, et al., Theoretical Study on Stock Options in Small
and Medium Enterprises, Study for the European Commission, Manchester; Employee Stock Options in the
330
koleqtiur sistemas.15
es ukanaskneli elementi warmoadgens evropuli muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tana-
monawileobis gadakveTis wertils, ramdenadac mas ukeT SeuZlia anazRaurebis
moqnilobis SeTavseba kontrolTan, evropuli kavSiris miznebTan SesabamisobaSi.16
EU and the U.S.A., Pricewaterhouse Coopers, London, 2002. skeptikosebi gamoTqvamen wuxils, rom
aqciaTa floba dasaqmebulebs damatebiT riskis winaSe ayenebs. radgan TavianTi simdid-
ris nawili sakuTar da ara sxva kompaniis aqciebSi ideba, riski koncentrirebulia da ara
diversificirebuli. S. Chang, Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Shareholder Wealth: An Empirical
Investigation, naSromSi: “Financial Management”, Spring 1990, 48–58.; D.C. Jones, T. Kato, The Productiv-
ity Effects of Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Bonuses: Evidence from Japanese Panel Data, naSromSi:
“The American Economic Review”, June 1995, 391–414; H. E. Meihuizen, Productivity Effects of Employee
Stock Ownership and Employee Stock Option Plans in Firms Listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchanges: An
Empirical Analysis, Paper for the 10th Conference of the IAFEP, Trento, 6–8 July 2000; J. Sesil, et al., Sharing
Ownership Via Employee Stock Ownership, World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER)
Discussion Paper 2001/25, United Nations University, 2000. dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis
amerikul sistemasTan dakavSirebiT ix. L.O. Kelso, M. Adler, The capitalist manifesto, Random House,
New York, 1958; L.O. Kelso, P.hetter, How to turn eighty million workers into capitalists on borrowed money,
Random House, New York, 1967. L. Kelso, P. H. Kelso, Democracy and Economic Power: Extending the ESOP
Revolution through Binary Economics, University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland, 1991. ramdenime
sakvanZo maxasiaTebeli ganasxvavebs dasaqmebulTa mier aqciaTa flobas (rogorc kerZo,
ise sajaro kompaniebSi) Cveulebrivi aqciebidan gamomdinare uflebebisagan, romliT
vaWrobac xdeba finansur bazrebze. am sakvanZo gansxvavebebSi erTiandeba: gadacemis
SeuZlebloba – dasaqmebulebs ar SeuZliaT, gaasxvison an gadascen uflebebi, romlebic
maT mieniWaT; pirobebis dadgena – dasaqmebulebi, rogorc wesi, unda darCnen firmaSi im
periodis manZilze, sanam uflebebi realizebadia; viTarebaze damokidebuleba – muSa-
mosamsaxuris mier aqciebis flobis gamoyeneba an Sewyveta, rodesac muSa-mosamsaxure
tovebs firmas da uflebis gamoyenebisa da dadgenis pirobebi aseve SeiZleba Seicvalos
muSa-mosamsaxuris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. gansxvavebuli sagadasaxado mopyroba -
uflebaTa sxvadasxva saxes gaaCnia gansxvavebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebi miRebis
an ganxorcielebis dros. dabolos, xazgasasmelia e.w. iluzoruli saaqcio sistema, anu
`grZelvadiani sargeblis sistema, romlis mixedviTac korporaciis muSa-mosamsaxures
eZleva wili, romelsac gaaCnia igive maxasiaTebeli, rogoric muSa-mosamsaxuris saaqcio
wils. dasaqmebuls, faqtobrivad, ar gaaCnia aranairi aqcia, magram amis nacvlad flobs
uflebs am aqciaTa Rirebulebaze~. amasTan dakavSirebiT, vinaidan dasaqmebuls, faqto-
brivad, ar gaaCnia damsaqmeblis fasiani qaRaldebi, kanoni ar icnobs fasiani qaRaldebis
Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad moqmedebis aranair safuZvels. iluzoruli aqcia
warmoadgens kompensacias, rogorc `SeRavaTi an jildo kargi muSaobisTvis~. amdenad,
amgvari sistema uzrunvelyofs analogiur sargebels aqciaTa flobis interesebisa-
Tvis, faqtobrivi flobis gareSe.
15
Uvalic, citirebuli naSromi. aseve ix. K. P. O’Kelly, A. Pendleton, Common elements of an adaptable
Model Plan for Financial Participation in the European Union, IAFP working paper, December 2005.
16
Dana M. Muir, The U.S. Culture of Employee Ownership and 401(k) Plans, 14 Elder L.J. 1, 2006. avtori
wers, rom 1974 wels, pensilvaniaSi arsebulma minis qarxanam daafuZna pirveli regis-
trirebuli mogebis ganawilebis sistema SeerTebul StatebSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mcdeloba SeerTebul StatebSi dasaqmebulTa sakuTrebis waxalisebis formaluri
meqanizmis SemoRebisa, zogadad, dakavSirebulia luis kelsos saxelTan. Sida saSe-
mosavlo samsaxuris (IRS) 1953 wlis dadgenilebis mixedviT, romelmac neba darTo
korporaciebs, ganaviTaron sabirJo TamaSisaTvis kreditis gamoyeneba trastis da-
fuZnebis saSualebiT fulis sesxebiT, kelsom daafuZna dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli
sakuTrebis sistemis ekvivalenti mcire sagazeTo kompaniaSi im mizniT, rom Tavidan
331
muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistema ganisazRvreba, rogorc

monawileobis/gasvlis sistema, romelic warmoadgens an safondo bonusis sistemas, an
am ukanasknelisa da fulis Sesyidvis sistemis kombinacias, rac, ZiriTadad, investici-
as axdens damsaqmeblis fasian qaRaldebSi.17
garkveuli drois Semdeg, muSa-mosamsaxureebi saaqcio sazogadoebis aqciebs iRe-
ben. monawileTa angariSebze damsaqmeblis fasiani qaRaldebis ganawilebiT, muSa-mo-
samsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistemam pirdapiri xmis micemis SesaZlebloba
unda misces muSa-mosamsaxureebs im aqciebiT, romelsac isini akontroleben. TiToe-
uli monawile muSa-mosamsaxuris pirad angariSze saaqcio sazogadoebis aqciaTa Se-
sabamisi raodenoba ganTavsdeba misi dasaqmebis periodSi, samuSaodan wasvlis an sxva
momsaxurebis dasrulebis Semdeg ki muSa-mosamsaxuris angariSi nawildeba masze (an mis
beneficiarze); mas eqneba ufleba, mosTxovos damsaqmebels fasiani qaRaldi (es Tavi-
dan agvacilebs imas, rom aqcia inaxebodes SezRuduli mflobelis xelSi), an miiRos
naRdi fuli.18
aecilebina gazeTis mtruli daufleba. mas Semdeg, rac kelsom warmatebiT daarwmuna
senatori rassel longi dasaqmebulTa sakuTrebis upiratesobebSi, senatorma longma
CarTo dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistemis debulebebi muSa-mosamsaxuris
sapensio Semosavlis uzrunvelyofis aqtSi (ERISA). aqciaze uflebis kultura gavr-
celda Silicon Valley-Si da daiwyo inJinerTa jgufma, romlebmac uari Tqves anazRaurebis
sanacvlod im dros, rodesac kompaniis mflobelebi mdidrdebodnen TavianTi samsaxu-
riT. isini cnobili gaxdnen rogorc `moRalate rvakaca”, romlebmac datoves Soklis
naxevargamtarTa laboratoria, raTa CamoeyalibebinaT sakuTari kompania: sul male
`rvakacam~ Camoayaliba Intel. bevr angariSSi aRniSnaven, rom sistemebSi, romlebic sTava-
zoben dasaqmebulebs aqciebs, aqciebi Seadgenen angariSis balansis saSualod 18-19%-s.
Tumca, 2001 wlis ganmavlobaSi, magaliTisTvis, Enron’s 401(k)-is gegmis aqtivis 57.73%-
is dabandeba moxda kompaniis aqciebSi. koka-kolas gegmam aqtivis 90% Cado koka-kolas
aqciebSi.
H. Hansmann, When Does Worker Ownership Work? ESOPs, Law Firms, Codetermination, and Eco-
nomic Democracy, 99 Yale L.J. 1749, 1990, 1753. avtori aRniSnavs, rom dasaqmebulTa sakuTre-
ba yuradRebis centrSi, SeerTebuli Statebis garda, sxva qveynebSi iyo. safrangeTis,
italiis da britaneTis industriul seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa kooperativebis didi
raodenobaa, romlebic waxalisebuli arian, romlebsac saxelmwifo wasaxaliseblad
specialur SeRavaTebs aniWebs. sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi fokusirebas axdendnen
dasaqmebulTa sakuTrebaze, rogorc pirvel nabijze sakuTari ekonomikis privatize-
bis Zalisxmevis saqmeSi. ix. Xu Jing’an, The Stock-Share System: A New Avenue for China’s Economic
Reform, 11 J. COMP. ECON. 509, 509-14 (1987).
17
axal midgomasTan dakavSirebiT ix. R. Hockett, What Kinds of ownership Plans Should There Be? Of
ESOPS, Other SOPS, and “Ownership Societies”, 92 Cornell L. Rev. 865, 2007.
18
zogadad, dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistemis, iseve rogorc dasaqmeb-
ulTa sargeblis sistemaTa umravlesobis, mizania, sargebeli moutanos dasaqmebulebs,
romlebic rCebian damsaqmebelTan xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da didi wvli-
li SeaqvT kompaniis warmatebaSi. amgvarad, dasaqmebulTa wili (kompaniis aqciebsa da
dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistemis aqtivebze), rogorc wesi, damokide-
bulia maTi dasaqmebis wlebis raodenobaze. dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis
sistemaSi dasaqmebulTa wili gamiznulia maTi piradi sargeblisaTvis, rac damokideb-
ulia gadacemul uflebaTa nusxaze. K. D. Ng, Employee Benefits: ESOP--The Misunderstood Plan,
26 San Francisco Att’y 17, October / November, 2000, 19. igi gansxvavdeba gansazRvruli sargeb-
lis sistemaTa struqturisagan ori mniSvnelovani mimarTulebiT. pirveli, sargebeli
gansazRvruli sargeblis sistemebSi fiqsirebulia, maSin rodesac sargebeli gansaz-
332
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis siste-

mas qmnis kompania sistemisaTvis aqciebis an naRdi fulis gamoyofis gziT, rasac SeuZ-
lia imoqmedos aqciebis mflobelTa raodenobis gazrdaze.19 ufro detalurad, kompa-
nia nergavs muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis trasts (ESOT) Tavisi muSa-
mosamsaxureebis sasargeblod, romelsac afinansebs kompaniis Senatanebisa da kredi-
tebis kombinaciiT.20 Senatanebma SeiZleba miiRon mogebis ganawilebis, dividendis da
a.S. forma, magram trastma SesaZloa aseve aiRos krediti (kompaniidan an sxva Sesabamisi
dawesebulebidan). sesxi xSirad garantirebulia kompaniis mier.21
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba finansuri Tanamonawileobis sxva formebisagan isaa, rom
trastSi aqciebis floba xdeba erToblivad (magram kompanias aqvs ufleba, daafuZnos
flobis gansxvavebuli saxe, magaliTad, axali kompania, fondi, kooperativi22 da a.S.), im
Rvruli Senatanebis sistemaSi SeiZleba icvlebodes investiciaTa gegmis Sesabamisad.

meore, gansazRvruli sargeblis sistema ar aris individualuri angariSis sistema, ma-
Sin rodesac gansazRvruli Senatani aris erTgvari meqanizmi. muSa-mosamsaxureTa aq-
cioneruli sakuTrebis sistemis mniSvneloba Seicvleba imis mixedviT, Tu ra Senatani
ganaxorciela damsaqmebelma da didwilad iqneba damokidebuli damsaqmeblis aqciebis
rentabelurobaze.
19
J. Shannahan, L. Hennessy, Underpinning Partnership at the Workplace – An MSF Guide to Profit Shar-
ing, ESOPs and Equity Participation, Dublin, 1998, 9. rogorc avtorebi miuTiTeben, gaurkvev-
lobis Tavidan asacileblad unda ganvasxvaoT dasaqmebulTa aqciebis gamosyidvis ori
saxe. Zlieri kompaniebis gamosyidvisas xelmZRvaneloba da investorebi aqciaTa nawils
uSualo mflobelobaSi gadascemen dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistemis
trastSi momuSaveebs. rogorc trastis fiduciarebi, mmarTveli xelmZRvanelebi,
zogadad, gaakontroleben dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis sistemis aqciebis
xmis uflebas iqamde mainc, vidre valis gamosyidva gadavadebulia. mxolod warumate-
beli kompaniebis gamosyidvisas, saboloo jamSi, mxolod momuSaveebs eqnebaT yvela aq-
cia, upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSi sxva investorebi kompaniis SeZeniT
naklebad arian dainteresebuli. miuxedavad mkveTrad gansxvavebuli formebisa, orive
garigeba, rogorc wesi, moxseniebulia, rogorc dasaqmebulTa aqciebis gamosyidva.
20
teft-hartlis Sesabamisad, Seqmnil trasts aseve SeuZlia mudmivad gadasces aqcie-
bi dasaqmebulebs da gadauxados maT pensia. amgvari saxis trastSi damsaqmeblebi da
dasaqmebulebi, romlebic marTaven fonds, warmodgenili unda iyvnen Tanabrad da kon-
fliqti unda gadaWras neitralurma pirma. D.Groban Olson, Union Experiences with Worker
Ownership: Legal and Practical Issues Raised by Esops, Trasops, Stock Purchases and Co-operatives, 1982
Wis. L. Rev. 729 , 820, 1982.
21
dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmis Camosayalibeblad, damsaqmebelma unda
gaaformos trastis xelSekruleba, romelSic gansazRvruli iqneba gegmis moqmedebis
vada, monawileebisa da maTi beneficiarebis uflebebi. xelSekrulebiT unda dainiSnos
trastis fiduciarebi, romlebic ganaxorcielebs gegmis marTvas. garda amisa, trasti
unda Camoyalibdes gegmis aqtivebis flobisaTvis. Camoyalibebis Semdeg dasaqmebulTa
aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmis fiduciars SeuZlia Cados investicia damsaqmeblis fa-
sian qaRaldebSi, rac SeiZleba miRebuli iyos aqcionerisgan, uSualod damsaqmeblisgan
an Ria bazarze. dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmis aqtivebi dasaqmebulTa
aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmis trastis mflobelobaSia, romelic Camoyalibda weri-
lobiT dadebuli trastis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze da romelic imarTeba mindobili
mesakuTris mier. igi pasuxismgebelia dasaqmebulTa da maT beneficiarTa interesebis
dacvaze (K.D. Ng, citirebuli naSromi, 18).
22
magaliTad, dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmis kooperativi aris dasaqmeb-
ulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis iseTi saxeoba, romelSic dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli
sakuTrebis trasti (ESOT) organizebulia, rogorc kooperativi da, Sesabamisad, xmis mi-
333
dros, roca aqciebi ubralod ganTavsebulia muSa-mosamsaxureTa pirad angariSebze,

an ganawilebulia flobis periodis dasrulebis Semdeg.23 gamyinvarebis es periodi
ganisazRvreba trastis mier da igi dakavSirebulia konkretul sagadasaxado miznebTan,
an SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos aqciebis ganawilebamde kreditis dafarvis saWiroebiT.24
Teoriuli argumentebi muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sa-
sargeblod efuZneba pozitiur efeqts, risi molodinic arsebobs amgvari sistemebidan:
muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileoba, savaraudod, aZlierebs muSa-mosam-
saxureTa stimuls.25 Sromis anazRaurebis mkacri sistemidan, sadac gasamrjelo ar aris
damokidebuli samuSaos moculobaze, im sistemaze gadasvla, romelic uzrunvelyofs
muSa-mosamsaxureebs Semosavlis nawiliT, romelic pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli sawarmos
saqmianobasTan, gazrdis individualur motivaciasa da erTgulebas, amasTan uzrunvel-
yofs muSa-mosamsaxureTa garkvevas TavianTi firmis interesebSi, rasac mohyveba Sro-
miTi produqtiulobisa da sawarmos saerTo warmoebaunarianobis gaumjobeseba. muSa-
mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemis SemTxvevaSi, muSa-mosamsaxureebi
metad iqnebian dainteresebuli sawarmos saqmianobiT, Tuki isini miiReben dividendebs,
an SeZleben miRebas maTi kuTvnili aqciebis Rirebulebis SefasebiT.26
Tumca, arsebobs ufro praqtikuli mizezic evropul kavSirSi muSa-mosamsaxu-
reTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis xelSewyobisaTvis. muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawi-
leobas aqvs ideologiuri niSani yvela ganviTarebul industriul bazarze. mas Sem-
deg, rac PEPPER-is sistema 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi farTod gavrcelda or qveya-
naSi, romelic evropuli kavSiris mTavari konkurentia – amerikis SeerTebuli State-
cemis ufleba gancalkevebulia wevrTa angariSebze akumulirebul aqciaTa Rirebulebi-
sagan. aqcia rCeba trastis SigniT. gasuli wevrebi iReben naRd fuls da ara aqcias. yve-
la muSa-mosamsaxure aris trastis wevri da gaaCnia mxolod erTi xma. dawvr. ix. D.Groban
Olson, citirebuli naSromi. sawevro wili kooperativSi warmoadgens imave saxis ufle-
bebs, rogorsac aqcia Semdegi gansxvavebiT: 1) kooperativis wili ar SeiZleba gasxvisdes
gasuli wevris mier axal wevrze, an daubrundes kooperativs; 2) TiToeuli wevri flobs
mxolod erTi xmis uflebis mqone wils, Tumca wevrTa samarTliani interesebi SeiZleba
gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisagan kapitalis individualur angariSebze akumulirebis
safuZvelze. SeerTebul StatebSi muSakTa kooperativebis ori dominanti - “Rochdale”-
isa da “Mondragon”-is - modelia. “Mondragon”-is modeli erTaderTia, romelic acalkevebs
sawevro uflebebs saaqcio uflebebisagan gancalkevebuli Sida angariSebis saSualebiT.
E. A. Zelinsky, The Defined Contribution Paradigm, 114 Yale L.J. 451, 2004.
23
kompaniis marTva tradiciulad grZeldeba da, saerTo jamSi, naklebad mosalodnelia,
rom investoris sakuTrebaSi arsebulma firmam gamoscados muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tana-
monawileobis esa Tu is saxe. A. Hyde, In defense of Employee Ownership, 67 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 159,
1991, 161.
24
rogorc kargad axsovs luvicSs, rodesac aqciaze dafuZnebuli mogebis ganawilebis
sistema gamoiyeneba aqciebis gasanawileblad, aqciebi, Cveulebriv, gadaecema dasaqme-
bulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis trastis mier mogebis ganawilebis sistemas ise, rom
am ukanasknels ar moeTxoveba gadaxda maT sanacvlod. garda amisa, kompanias SeuZlia
moaxdinos gadaxda mogebis ganawilebis sistemaSi, raTa neba darTos sistemas, moipovos
aqciebi trastidan. sxva SemTxvevaSi, aqciebi miekuTvneba individualur dasaqmebulebs
mas Semdeg, rac isini gadavlen mogebis ganawilebis sistemaze. ix. Lowitzsch et al., Financial
Participation for a new social Europe.
25
dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmis dadebiT Sefasebebsa da maT potencial-
ze ix. S.J. Westendorf, Compensation through Ownership: The Use of the ESOP in Entrepreneurial Ventures,
in Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal, 2006, vol. 1, 195.
26
Uvalic, citirebuli naSromi.
334
bi da iaponia27 – maTi farTo gamoyeneba evropuli kavSiris wevr qveynebSi ganixileba,

rogorc evropuli kavSiris konkurentunarianobis zrdis potenciuri wyaro.
dResdReobiT, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri midgomis gaTvaliswinebiT, stan-
dartul, investorebis mflobelobaSi arsebul firmebTan SedarebiT, muSa-mosamsaxu-
reTa sakuTreba gvTavazobs mTel rig potenciurad mniSvnelovan efeqtianobas, maT So-
ris, muSa-mosamsaxureTa produqtiulobis gaumjobesebas,28 oportunizmis problemis
acilebas,29 rac dakavSirebulia muSa-mosamsaxuris gaficvasTan,30 molaparakebebSi
naklebad strategiul moqmedebasTan,31 ukeTes komunikacias privilegirebul muSa-
mosamsaxuresTan,32 marTvis gaumjobesebul monitorings33 da sxva Semxvedr wina-
dadebas, romelic SeiZleba warmoiSvas gadawyvetilebaTa koleqtiurad miRebis pro-
27
Z. Shishido, Japanese Corporate Governance: The Hidden Problems of Corporate Law and Their Solutions, 25
Del. J. Corp. L. 189, 2000.
28
Kruse, Blasi, citirebuli naSromi. avtorebma gamoTvales cvlileba gayidvebSi erT
dasaqmebulze im periodSi, rodesac dasaqmebulTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegma
(ESOP) iqna miRebuli, saSualo efeqtis gamoyenebiT ramdenime kvlevaSi.
29
investoris sakuTrebaSi arsebuli firma naklebad zust informacias flobs dasaqmeb-
ulTa SeRavaTebis Sesaxeb, aqedan gamomdinare, man SeiZleba SearCios finansuri anazRau-
rebisa da samuSao pirobebis aramomgebiani kombinacia Tavisi dasaqmebulebisaTvis img-
varad, rom maT SeiZleba icodnen, ra upiratesoba aqvs marginalur monawiles bazarze,
TumcaRa am kombinacias mainc ar gaaCnia upiratesoba calkeuli marginaluri pirovne-
bisaTvis (romelic SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes Cveulebrivi pirovnebisagan. es sakiTxi,
romelic dakavSirebulia sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gamijvnis problemasTan an marT-
vis warmomadgenlobiTi xarjebis sakiTxTan, potenciurad naklebad mwvaved dgas muSa-
mosamsaxureTa sakuTrebaSi arsebul firmebSi, vidre es investoris sakuTrebaSi arsebul
firmebSia, radgan firmis muSa-mosamsaxureebi floben arsebiT informacias firmis Tao-
baze ùbralod, rogorc maTi samuSaos ukuSedegi da arian karg poziciaSi, raTa gaigon
ufro meti~. H. Hansmann, When Does Worker Ownership Work?,citirebuli naSromi, 1768.
30
dasaqmebis xangrZliv periods firmisaTvis dadebiTi Sedegebi moaqvs. marTlac, piri,
romelmac erTi da imave kompaniisTvis muSaobda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, met
gamocdilebas iZens da xdeba ufro metad produqtiuli. Semdeg, piradi investiciebi sa-
zogadoebaSi, romelSic misi damsaqmebelia, akavSirebs mas am sazogadoebasTan (imdenad,
ramdenadac mas ar SeuZlia ukan daibrunos ganxorcielebuli investicia): garkveul-
wilad igi firmaSi `Caketili” xdeba (iqve, 1765). sajaro kompaniebi asxviseben ganyofile-
bebs an Svilobil kompaniebs, romlebic aRar Seesabamebian ekonomikuri zrdisa da rent-
abelobis korporaciul miznebs. muSa-mosamsaxureebi, rogorc wesi, ufro metad arian
dainteresebuli am e.w. warumatebeli kompaniebis gamosyidviT, romelic uzrunvelyofs
maT dasaqmebas adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi. amis saukeTeso magaliTia 368 milion dola-
rad veirtonis moZvelebuli foladis qarxnis gamosyidva nacionaluri foladis mier.
31
sakuTrebis gaerTianebiT dasaqmebulTa da mmarTvelTa konfliqtis mogvareba amcirebs
informaciis asimetriulobiT gamowveul xarjebs (radgan orive mxare molaparakebebs
awarmoebs strategiis SemuSavebamde, rogoricaa gaficva da lokauti). H. Hansmann, When
Does Worker Ownership Work?, citirebuli naSromi, 1766.
32
kerZod, mmarTvelobas SeiZleba gauWirdes finansuri kompensaciisa da samuSao pirobe-
bis naklebdanaxarjiani paketis SerCeva, romelic saTanadod daakmayofilebs muSa-
mosamsaxureebs.
33
Tuki muSa-mosamsaxureebi moipoveben firmaze sakuTrebas, calkeuli muSa-mosamsax-
uris gakontrolebis problema Semcirdeba, ramdenadac muSa-mosamsaxureebi koleqti-
urad atareben pasuxismgeblobis tvirTs movaleobebisgan Tavis aridebiT gamowveul
xarjebze. mesakuTre muSa-mosamsaxures aqvs stimuli, gaakontrolos Tavisi kolega
TanamSromeli da aiZulos, ar aaridos Tavi movaleobebs.
335
cesSi monawileobiT.34 muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawileobis efeqturoba uTuod

zians ganicdis, rodesac kapitalis mniSvnelovani nawili,35 kerZod, firmisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kapitali, dawesebulia erTi muSa-mosamsaxurisa36 da saSemosavlo
riskebis koncentraciisaTvis.37 miuxedavad amisa, rogorc logika, ise gamocdileba
gvkarnaxobs, rom muSa-mosamsaxureTa mflobelobaSi arsebul firmebs SeuZliaT, war-
matebiT imoqmedon sul mcire zomierad maRali kapitalis intensivobiT. ufro metic,
arsebobs bevri industria dabali kapitalis intensivobiT, romelSic muSa-mosamsaxu-
reTa sakuTrebis daufleba ver moxerxda.
muSa-mosamsaxureTa sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli unda iyos sxva mniSvnelovani
Rirebulebebi, romlebic ganapirobeben mis sicocxlisunarianobas: gadawyvetilebaTa
koleqtiurad miRebis Rirebulebebi.
kompaniebi, garda amisa, axorcieleben Senatanebs muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri
Tanamonawileobis sistemaSi korporaciuli finansuri mizezebiT, vidre isini aRiare-
ben mas sasargeblo instrumentad.38 rac ufro mniSvnelovania, muSa-mosamsaxureTa fi-
nansuri Tanamonawileobis sistema uzrunvelyofs korporacias kapitalis ufro iafi
wyaroTi (sagadasaxado gamoqviTvisa da Sida safirmo dafinansebis TvalsazrisiT).39 es
34
magaliTad, muSa-mosamsaxuris `gasxviseba~ an èqsploatacia~ (iqve, 1770).
35
muSa-mosamsaxures aqvs ufleba, moaxdinos aqciis konvertireba naRd fulSi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, gegma saWiroebs didi moculobis sarezevro fonds, raTa hqondes SesaZle-
bloba, SeiZinos aqciebi aqtiur muSa-mosamsaxureTa xmis uflebis dasustebis Tavidan
asacileblad.
36
muSa-mosamsaxureTa koleqtiuri sakuTrebis demokratiuli ganzomilebis ZiriTadi
problemebi (muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmaSi, progresisaTvis)
mSvenivrad aris aRwerili D.Groben Olson dasaxelebul naSromSi. vidre muSa-mosamsax-
ures gaaCnia ufleba, moaxdinos aqciis konvertireba naRd fulSi, gegma saWiroebs didi
moculobis sarezervo fonds, raTa hqondes SesaZlebloba, SeiZinos aqciebi, aqtiur
muSa-mosamsaxureTa xmis uflebis siZlieris dasustebis Tavidan asacileblad.
37
rogorc xSirad uTiTeben, muSa-mosamsaxureTa sakuTrebis araefeqtianoba dakavSire-
bulia riskis arasaTanado gadanawilebasTan, rasac mosdevs cudi Sedegebi diversi-
ficirebul investiciebTan mimarTebiT: muSa-mosamsaxureebi Tavad avseben savalde-
bulo kapitals, TavianTi sapensio gegmis aqtivebis an piradi simdidris sxva formis
firmaSi investirebis saSualebiT, rac, gadaxdisuunarobis SemTxvevaSi, iwvevs e.w. or-
mag zians, imdenad, ramdenadac muSa-mosamsaxureebi dakargaven ara mxolod maT samuSao
adgils, aramed aseve TavianT danazogebsac. am scenaris SiSiT, muSa-mosamsaxureebis sa-
kuTrebaSi arsebuli firmebi ganicdian `horizontalur problemas~ im TvalsazrisiT,
rom maT sakmaod mcire stimuli aqvT, Cadon investicia proeqtSi, romelic davaliane-
bas dafaravs mxolod xangrZlivi drois gasvlis Semdeg.
38
ix. C. D. Curzon, Air Line Pilots Associated, International v. Val Corp.: Antitakeover Defense Mechanism in
the Context of Labor Agreements, 16 Del. J. Corp. L. 1365, 1991.
39
yuradRebis imsaxurebs aseve TRASOP (aseve cnobili, rogorc sagadasaxado kreditis
muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegma, romelic gansazRvrulia: I.R.C. §§
401(a), 409A(a) (1976 & Supp. IV 1980)), muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmis
saxe, romelic Camoyalibebulia 1975 wlis sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcirebis aqtisa da
1976 wlis sagadasaxado reformirebis aqtis mixedviT. muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneru-
li sakuTrebis gegmam unda upasuxos damatebiT pirobebs, rom iyos TRASOP. Tavdapirve-
lad, stimuls warmoadgenda damsaqmeblebis ufleba, moeTxova damatebiTi 1.5%-iani
sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti Sesabamis TRASOP-Si Senatanebis ganxorcielebiT.
damsaqmeblis Senatanebi Sesabamis TRASOP-Si avtomaturad rTavs nebas damsaqmebels,
rom gazardos Tavisi sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti 10%-dan 11%-mde. danarCeni
336
ufro iafi kapitali, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyeneba zrdis SesaZleblobebis dasafinanseblad,

acxadebs tenders da imarjvebs satendero SeTavazebebSi da eufleba kerZo korpora-
ciebs. ufro iafi kapitalis upiratesobam, rasac qmnis muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri
Tanamonawileobis sistema, es ukanaskneli dafinansebis saerTo meqanizmad aqcia.40
metic, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis debulebebi nebas rTavs muSa-mosamsaxureTa fi-
nansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemis mqone korporaciebs, miiRon fuladi saxsrebi yve-
laze dabali RirebulebiT. muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemis
Seqmna saSualebas aZlevs korporacias, gazardos sagadasaxado daqviTva, rac miekuT-
vneba Tavisi muSa-mosamsaxureebis saSeRavaTo sistemas. muSa-mosamsaxureTa Senatane-
bi, romlebic gamoiyeneba muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemis
sesxis interesebisaTvis, eqvemdebareba SezRudvis gareSe daqviTvas.
Sesabamisad, muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemis sesxis
da ara Cveulebrivi valis gamoyenebiT, korporaciis Senatanebi eqvemdebareba SezR-
udvis gareSe daqviTvas, Senatanebis nawilis CaTvliT, romliTac xdeba sesxis kredi-
toris dakmayofileba, imdenad, ramdenadac korporaciis angariSsworeba ganixileba,
rogorc muSa-mosamsaxureTa saSeRavaTo sistemis Senatanebi, romelic eqvemdebareba
srul sagadasaxado daqviTvas.
sistemis dasafinanseblad, normalur SemTxvevaSi, muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansu-
ri Tanamonawileobis sistema midis iqamde, rom damokidebuli iyos instituciur kre-
5% dasaSvebia, Tu igi gamyarebulia muSa-mosamsaxuris mier TRASOP-Si ganxorcielebul
nebayoflobiTi SenatanebiT I.R.C. § 48(n) (Supp. IV 1980). 1983 wlidan moyolebuli, TRA-
SOP-ebi, sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditebis nacvlad, unda dafuZndes saxelfaso
fondiT. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani damatebiTi piroba aris is, rom, Cveulebrivi
ESOP-isgan gansxvavebiT, man unda uzrunvelyos kenWisyraSi monawileobis miReba muSa-
mosamsaxure xmis uflebis saSualebiT. es niSnavs imas, rom nebismier muSa-mosamsaxures
SeuZlia miuTiTos gegmaSi, Tu rogor moxdes gadawyvetilebis miReba fasiani qaRal-
debiT, romlebic ganTavsebulia mis angariSze I.R.C. § 409A(e), (1) (Supp. IV 1980). TRASOP
ar SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli sabirJo TamaSisaTvis kreditis gamoyenebis dasafin-
anseblad. D.Groben Olson, citirebuli naSromi.
40
C. Rosen, J. Case, M. Staubus, Every Employee an Owner. Really, Harvard Business Review, 2005, 123.
avtorebma scades ganesazRvraT kompaniaTa saxeebi, romlebic ukeT Seicaven ESOP-
is SesaZleblobas. maT miuTiTes erTobliv sawarmoebze. isini miCneulia axalgazrda,
ganviTarebaze orientirebul kompaniebad, rogorc biznesis saxeobaTa erT-erTi tipi,
romlebsac SeuZliaT sargeblis miReba muSa-mosamsaxureTa sakuTrebidan. `ganviTare-
baze orientirebuli, samewarmeo biznesebis umravlesobam, romlebic ar emyarebian
maRal teqnologiebs, aRmoaCina internetkompaniebis saidumlo: Cveulebrivi aqciebis
SeTavazeba maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis mozidvisa da SenarCunebis saukeTeso gzaa,
romlebsac isini sxvagvarad ver moipovebdnen. Rosen et al., 127. rodesac axalgazrda kom-
pania swrafi tempiT viTardeba, misi aqciebis fasi swrafad matulobs da muSa-mosamsax-
ureebs SeuZliaT Seqmnan uzarmazari finansuri angariSi SedarebiT mokle droSi (S. J.
Westendorf, Compensation through Ownership: The Use of the ESOP in Entrepreneurial Ventures, 1 En-
trepren. Bus. L.J. 195, 2006, 208-209). biznesis sxva saxeebi, romlebic, rosenis mosazrebiT,
aseve miiReben sargebels ESOP-is gegmidan, moicavs `miznobriv” sawarmoo dawesebule-
bebs, romlebic ganisazRvreba, rogorc kompaniebi uxv sargebelTan dakavSirebuli Ses-
aniSnavi samuSao garemoTi (Rosen et al., 127).
ESOP-is struqtura, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba iuridiuli firmebisa da profesion-
alTa sxva gaerTianebebis mier dakmayofilebis maRali doniTa da yvela ZiriTadi kon-
cefciis dacviT, rac uzrunvelyofs muSa-mosamsaxureTa Tanamonawileobas (maRali
xelfasi, muSa-mosamsaxuris gaTvaliswineba, motivacia da a.S.).
337
ditorebze, raTa uzrunvelyos kapitali, rac aucilebelia aqciebis SesaZenad. moTx-

ovnis uzrunvelsayofad es kreditorebi qmnian xelSekrulebaTa finansur rgols, ro-
melSic muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistema damokidebuli unda
iyos mis `sakompensacio~ sesxze. ganviTarebis mizniT, igive damsaqmebeli sesxulobs
fuls bankidan da, Tavis mxriv, gadascems mas muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamo-
nawileobis sistemas fasiani qaRaldebis dasafinanseblad. muSa-mosamsaxureTa finan-
suri Tanamonawileobis is sistemebi, romlebic iyeneben sesxs damsaqmeblis fasiani qa-
Raldebis SesaZenad, cnobilia, rogorc `kreditis gamomyenebeli” muSa-mosamsaxureTa
finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemebi.41 es kategoria yvelaze metad imitomacaa gav-
rcelebuli, rom igi uzrunvelyofs yvelaze mniSvnelovan sagadasaxado upirateso-
bebs sistemis monawileTaTvis.42
muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemis gamoyeneba sargebli-
ania garigebis monawile sami sxvadasxva mxarisaTvis: aqcionerebisaTvis (ramdenadac
igi qmnis likvidurobas, sagadasaxado daubegraobis SesaZleblobas,43 samarTlian
sabazro fass; SesaZleblobas iZleva kontrolis SenarCunebisa; uzrunvelyofs
gadasaxadisgan Tavisufal refinansirebis reJims kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis aqciis
gamyidvelisaTvis; adgens fasebs da uzrunvelyofs likvidurobas qonebrivi dagegmvis
miznebisaTvis; nebadarTulia damatebiTi korporaciuli kapitalis waxaliseba),
kompaniisaTvis (gaaCnia, faqtobrivad, mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado danazogebi,44
41
àqciaTa sakontrolo paketis gamosyidva ganisazRvreba, rogorc kompaniis daufle-
ba, romelSic Sesyidva xdeba sakredito dafinansebiT gziT da ara kapitalis fondidan
sruli gadaxdiT” (T. Ablum, M.B. Burgis, Leveraged Buyouts: The Ever Changing Landscape, 13 DePaul
Bus. L.J. 109, Fall, 2000 / Spring, 2001, 109-110). SeZenili firmis aqtivebi ideba giraos saxiT
kreditebis uzrunvelsayofad. myidvelebi, Cveulebriv, arian aqciaTa sakontrolo pa-
ketis gamosyidvisTvis gankuTvnili firmebi an direqciis xelmZRvanelobiT arsebuli
samizne jgufebi; am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, garigebas uwodeben gamosyidvas adminis-
traciis mier (MBO). rodesac kreditis gamomyenebeli muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli
sakuTrebis gegmis struqtura gamoiyeneba, rogorc finansuri paketis nawili, garigeba
ixsenieba, rogorc kreditis gamomyenebeli muSa-mosamsaxuris gamosyidva. farTomas-
Stabiani kreditis gamomyenebeli muSa-mosamsaxuris gamosyidvis cnobili magaliTebia:
Blue Bell-I, Wrangler-is jinsebis mwarmoebeli (gasayidi fasi 470 milioni dolari); sainJir-
no firma – Parsons Corporation (557 milioni dolari) (E.S. Field, Money for Nothing and Leverage
for Free: The Politics and History of The Leveraged ESOP Tax Subsidy, Columbia Law Review, 1997, vol.
97, n. 3, 740-785)
42
kreditis gamomyenebeli muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmebi xmis
micemis gamWvirvale pirobebiT Zalze efeqturi gzaa aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis
dauflebis xelSesaSlelad, radgan maT SeuZliaT erTdroulad daeuflon aqciaTa did
pakets da moaTavson didi raodenobiT wili `megobrul xelSi” (G.M. Agresta -Richardson,
“Employee Stock Ownership Plans: Uncertainties Plaguing the Duties of the ESOP Fiduciary with Respect to
Voting and Defensive ESOPs”, 14 Akron Tax J. 91, 1999, 95).
43
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi ar warmoadgens aucilebel pirobas PEPPER-is sistemisaTvis,
magram igi efeqtianad Seuwyobs xels finansur Tanamonawileobas, sadac igi arsebobs.
ix. ‘Financial Participation for a New Social Europe’, Lowitzsch et al., Financial Participation for a new social
Europe, a Building block approach, citirebuli naSromi
44
ESOP-is Senatanebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ZiriTadi valis an Cveule-
brivi korporaciuli valis dasafaravad, efeqtianad aZlevs SesaZleblobas korpora-
cias, miiRos sagadasaxado gamoqviTva ZiriTadi validan, rasac SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad
Seamciros sesxidan saSemosavlos dakavebis Rirebuleba. Cveulebrivi sesxis SemTxveva-
Si, mxolod procentebi eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas gamsesxebeli kompaniis mxridan. ix.K.
D. Ng, citirebuli naSromi, 18.
338
gazrdili fuladi mimoqceva, aris korporaciis SenarCunebis safuZveli da daSvebulia

gaunawilebeli mogebis dagroveba) da muSa-mosamsaxureTaTvis.45
rogorc korporaciuli dafinansebis instrumenti, muSa-mosamsaxureTa finan-
suri Tanamonawileobis sistemas SeuZlia zrunva axali kapitalis mozidvaze, valebis
refinansirebaze an sistemis gamoyenebaze sawarmoo aqtivebis SesaZenad.46
45
zemoaRniSnulis garda, damsaqmebels sxva upiratesobebic gaaCnia. jer erTi, damsaqmeb-
els SeuZlia gamoiyenos muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegma fulis
sasesxeblad da Semdgom SeuZlia sesxis dabruneba dauqviTavi (e.w. gadasaxadebis gad-
axdamde arsebuli) dolarebiT. magaliTad, muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTre-
bis trasti sesxulobs fuls bankisgan da damsaqmebeli uzrunvelyofs sesxs fondis
gamoyenebiT, romelic gadaeca ESOT-s giraos saxiT. muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli
sakuTrebis trasti iyenebs nasesxeb fuls, raTa SeiZinos damsaqmeblis aqcia (damate-
biTi uzrunvelyofa). Semdgom damsaqmebeli faravs sesxs ESOT-Si yovelwliurad ganx-
orcielebuli fuladi Senatanebis bankis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis gziT. ESOT-Si ganxor-
cielebuli es Senatanebi dabegvrisgan Tavisufalia. rodesac sesxi daifareba, banki
gamoscems aqciebs da ganaTavsebs maT muSa-mosamsaxureTa angariSebze ESOP-is gegmaSi
(J. Menke, citirebuli naSromi, 2001). avtori iZleva sagadasaxado dagegmvis CamonaT-
vals, romelic detalurad aRwers muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis tras-
tis gamoyenebas Semdegnairad: Sida bazris uzrunvelyofa aqciaTa SeZenisaTvis aqciaTa
sakontrolo paketis mflobelebisgan. aqciaTa gamosyidva, romlebic ekuTvnis minori-
tar, araaqtiur da gasul aqcionerebs. axali dafinansebis miReba ise, rom rogorc pro-
centi, ise ZiriTadi Tanxa gadaxdil iqnes daqviTvas daqvemdebarebuli dolarebiT.
arsebuli valebis refinansireba ise, rom anazRaureba moxdes gadasaxadebis gadax-
damde arsebuli dolarebiT. korporaciuli gadasaxadebis Semcireba da naRdi fulis
brunvisa da sabrunavi kapitalis gazrda. kapitalis gazrdiT miRebuli saSemosavlo
ganakveTebis likvidurobis miRweva sajaro kompaniebis ZiriTadi aqcionerebisaTvis.
sxva kompaniis dasaufleblad ganxorcielebuli dafinansebis xelSewyoba. daxuruli
tipis korporaciebis mflobelebisaTvis likvidurobis Seqmna, rogorc sajaro kompa-
niasTan Serwymis alternativa. kerZo kompaniis kapitaldabandebis amoRebis uzrunve-
lyofa, romelic SeZenil iqna sajaro kompaniis mier. satendero SeTavazebis gakeTeba
kompaniis aqciebis SesaZenad, romlebsac yidian anomaliurad dabal fasad, an datacebis
mcdelobis SesaZleblobis Sesamcireblad. sajaro kompaniisaTvis `kerZoze gadasvlis”
SesaZleblobis micema. muSa-mosamsaxureTa danazogis gegmis uzrunvelyofa. kompaniis
miznebze SeTanxmeba ZiriTad aqcionerTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis memkvidreobiTo-
basTan dakavSirebiT. korporaciis saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis kompensirebisaTvis sa-
gadasaxado danakargebis wina periodebze gadatana.
gazrdili rentabeluroba SeiZleba iyos kidev erTi sargebeli damsaqmeblisaTvis,
romelic iyenebs ESOP-s. C. Rosen, citirebuli naSromi, 12. avtori wers: muSa-mosamsa-
xureTa sakuTreba swrafad ganviTarda am ramdenime weliwadSi. sakuTrebis es forma,
romelic TiTqmis arapopularuli iyo 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis, dResdReobiT
5000-mde gegmas iTvlis ori Tu sami milioni monawiliT. garda amisa, sul mcire 250 kom-
pania 10 an meti muSa-mosamsaxuriT umetesad am muSa-mosamsaxureebs ekuTvnis. garkveu-
lwilad, es zrda mTel rig federalur sagadasaxado kanonebs exmaureba, romlebmac gai-
Tvaliswines specialuri SeRavaTebi muSa-mosamsaxureTa sakuTrebisTvis; nawilobriv,
igi iyo pasuxi im warmatebisa, romelsac muSa-mosamsaxureTa sakuTrebam miaRwia.. erTi
mniSvnelovani kvlevis mixedviT, firmebi muSa-mosamsaxureTa sakuTrebiT 1.5-jer rent-
abeluri aRmoCnda tradiciul firmebTan SedarebiT. ufro metic, rac met kapitals
daeuflnen muSa-mosamsaxureebi, miT ufro gaizarda rentabelurobis koeficienti.
46
ramdenadac muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmisaTvis gadaxdili Sena-
tanebi da garkveuli dividendebi eqvemdebarebian dabegvras, kompanias SeuZlia daafin-
ansos ESOP-is valis dafarva rogorc ZiriTadi Tanxis, ise procentebis TvalsazrisiT
339
dabolos, muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemas aqvs damate-

biTi dadebiTi efeqti: ramdenadac aqciebi ar gadaecema gareSe pirebs, arsebobs kon-
trolis dakargvis dabali riski da kompania rCeba adgilobrivebis xelSi.47 am uka-
naskneli winapirobis gaTvaliswinebiT, bunebrivia, muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri
Tanamonawileobis sistema did rols asrulebs ojaxuri sawarmoebis bizneswarmatebis
saqmeSi.48
mesakuTres, iRebs ra biznesSi Cadebuli misi aqciebis nawilis gamotanis
gadawyvetilebas, SeuZlia amis gakeTeba samarTlian sabazro fasad, kontrolis
gadacemis gareSe. muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemas aseve
SeuZlia bazris Seqmna erToblivi sawarmoebis fasiani qaRaldebisaTvis mas Semdeg,
rac muSa-mosamsaxureebi SeZleben iyidon da gayidon TavianTi fasiani qaRaldebi.49 es
gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde arsebuli dolarebiT (K. D. Ng, citirebuli naSromi, 19). da-
finansebis miRebis Sedegad valis TandaTanobiT dafarvis Semdeg, ESOP-s SeuZlia uz-
runvelyos aqciebis bazari aqcionerTa damfuZnebeli jgufisTvis gadasaxadebis gad-
axdamde arsebuli dolarebis gamoyenebiT. am bazris gareSe, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes
kompaniis gasxviseba an misi sajarod gadaqceva imisaTvis, raTa damfuZneblebma ukan
daibrunon TavianTi investicia. ESOP-s SeuZlia uzrunvelyos aqciebis bazari Ziri-
Tadi aqcionerebisa da maTi aqtivebisaTvis. makontrolebeli aqcionerebi iReben Se-
mosavals kapitalis zrdis Sedegad muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis geg-
misaTvis maTi aqciebis miyidvis gziT, rodesac yidian TavianTi aqtivebis mxolod mcire
nawils. da piriqiT, Tuki aqciebi gamosyidul iqna kompaniis mier, Semosavlis ganawileba
SesaZloa ganxilul iqnes, rogorc dividendi gamyidveli aqcionerisaTvis. Tuki gansaz-
Rvruli pirobebi iqneba dakmayofilebuli, daxuruli tipis kompaniebis gamyidvelma aq-
cionerebma SesaZloa droebiT gadaavadon an Tavi daaRwion kapitalis zrdis Sedegad
miRebul Semosavalze gadasaxads muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegmis-
aTvis aqciebis miyidviT. muSa-mosamsaxureTa aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegma SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc instrumenti, analogiurad, sajaros `kerZod” gardaqmni-
sas. ESOP-s SeuZlia uzrunvelyos bazari arsebuli aqcionerebis aqciebisaTvis an axal-
gamoSvebuli aqciebis SesaZenad. es SeiZleba miRweul iqnes problemebisa da xarjebis ga-
reSe, rac, Cveulebriv, asocirdeba Ria saaqcio kompaniasTan. Tumca, muSa-mosamsaxureTa
aqcioneruli sakuTrebis gegma Tavidan ver aicilebs samomavlo gasxvisebas, Serwymas an
kompaniis sajaro SeTavazebas, Tuki igi xelsayreli gaxdeba (iqve, 20).
47
W. R. Levin, The False Promise of Worker Capitalism: Congress and the Leveraged Employee Stock Ownership
Plan. 95 Yale L.J. 148, 1985. sajaro kompaniebis zogierTi mmarTveli upiratesobas aniWebs
kerZo, daxuruli tipis marTvis struqturas. daxuruli tipis firmebSi Zvel mflo-
belebs SeiZleba surdeT likviduroba, an axalma mflobelebma SesaZloa gadawyviton,
rom muSa-mosamsaxureebi im jgufs ganekuTvnebian, romelic ukeT aris mzad firmis
muSaobis gasagrZeleblad. sajaro kompaniebma upasuxes mtruli dauflebis mcdelobas
kerZoze gadasvliT an aqciebis didi paketis CadebiT muSa-mosamsaxureTa trastSi. am
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs prezumfcia, rom muSa-mosamsaxureebs ufro naklebi
Sansi aqvT kompaniis marTvis gasxvisebisa, vidre Tanaziari fondis portfelur mmarTve-
lebs. ix. National Center for Employee Ownership, Companies, Employee Ownership, Feb. 1985, 2. ix.,
mag., komentari, Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Corporate Takeover: Restraints on the Use of ES-
OPs by Corporate Officers and Directors to Avert Hostile Takeovers, 10 PEPPERDINE L. REV. 731, 733
(1983).
48
socialuri TvalsazrisiT, am SemTxvevaSi, kavSiri sazogadoebasTan myardeba da
dasaqmebis wminda sistema ar ewireba msxverplad globalizacias. adgilze ufro meti
muSaobiT ufro metad xdeba am adgilis yairaTianobis SenarCuneba.
49
S.B. Gorin, Transferring Ownership of Stock in an S Corporation, Journal of the Missouri Bar, 2005, vol. 61,
92.
340
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria daxuruli tipis kompaniebisa da mcire da saSualo zomis

kerZo sawarmoebis konteqstSi, romlebic likvidurobis uzrunvelyofaSi garkveul
sirTules awydebian.50 Tuki aqciaTa SeZena xdeba muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri
Tanamonawileobis trastis mier nasesxebi fuliT, sesxis gastumreba SeiZleba moxdes
sxvadasxva finansuri wyarodan (kompanias SeuZlia trastis nebismieri Semosavali
dividendebidan gaaerTianos sistemaSi ganxorcielebul Tavisive sakuTar daqviTvas
daqvemdebarebul SenatanebTan).51 aqciebi, romlebic ganTavsebulia muSa-mosamsaxure-
Ta pirad angariSze, pirdapirproporciul kavSirSia sesxis dafarvasTan.
Tumca, es yvelaferi ar aris.
muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemasTan kombinirebuli
trastis struqturaSi vidre muSa-mosamsaxureebs aqvT ufleba, ganaxorcielon Tavian-
Ti xmis ufleba im aqciebidan gamomdinare, romlebic ganTavsebulia maT individualur
angariSze, daniSnuli mindobili mesakuTre iyenebs xmis uflebas muSa-mosamsaxureTa
finansuri Tanamonawileobis sistemis kuTvnili aqciebidan gamomdinare, romlebic ar
yofila ganTavsebuli muSa-mosamsaxuris, rogorc trastis finansuri beneficiaris, uz-
runvelsayofad. strategiulad, mindobili mesakuTre SeiZleba iyos kompaniis mflo-
beli, romelmac mihyida aqciebi trasts. mcire da saSualo biznesis konkurenciaSi igi
iqneba gamosadegi instrumenti sakuTrebis Tanmimdevruli gadasvlisaTvis saaqcio baz-
ris konteqsturi SeqmniT gziT. garda amisa, muSa-mosamsaxureTaTvis minoritari aqcio-
neris poziciis micema ar daarRvevs biznesis yovedRiur operaciebs.52
daskvna
sawarmos mogebasa da sawarmos saqmianobis SedegSi muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansurma

Tanamonawileobam SesaZloa sxvadasxva forma miiRos, romelic ar Semoifargleba mxo-
lod zemoT aRweriliT da romelic SeiZleba aseve aerTianebdes sxvadasxva midgomaTa
gansxvavebul elementebs. saerTo elementi da ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTebeli
aris is, rom igi miznad isaxavs muSa-mosamsaxureTa dakavSirebas – rogorc wesi, koleq-
tiur safuZvelze – sawarmos mogebebsa an/da misi saqmianobis SedegebTan.
muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis arsebul sistemaTa didi mraval-
ferovneba ara mxolod wevr saxelmwifoTa miRma, aramed aseve maT SigniT asaxavs finan-
sur TanamonawileobasTan dakavSirebul mizanTa gansxvavebulobas. Tu finansuri Tana-
monawileobis sistemaTa es sxvadasxvaoba aucilebelia muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri
Tanamonawileobis adaptaciisaTvis sxvadasxva Sesabamisi saWiroebebisa da miznebis mi-
saRwevad, muSa-mosamsaxureTa finansuri Tanamonawileobis mier SemoTavazebuli sxva-
dasxvagvari sargeblis sruli gamoyenebisaTvis xSir SemTxvevaSi umjobesi iqneba, gakeT-
des imaze meti, ris saSualebasac mxolod erTi sistema iZleva, an ganviTardes sxvadas-
xva formaTa kombinacia.
50
S.F. Reid, M.L. O’Conor, S.J. Shapiro, The Valuation of Employee Stock Options Issued by Closely Held
Firms, in Journal of Legal Economics, 2006, vol. 13, n. 19.
51
K. D. Ng, citirebuli naSromi, 19.
52
On the transfer of small and medium-sized enterprises, 94/1069/EEC, with explanatory note, Official Journal
No C 400, 31. 12. 1994, p. 1; gameorebul iqna dokumentSi: Communication from the Commission on
the transfer of small and medium-sized enterprises, OJ C 93, 28.3.1998.
341
kvlevaTa mzardi ricxvi miiCnevs, rom finansur Tanamonawileobas aqvs pozitiuri

gavlena dasaqmebis doneze da rom mas SeuZlia, kerZod, gaaumjobesos dasaqmebis stabi-
luroba, ekonomikuri ciklis farglebSi ki mas aseve SeuZlia gazardos kavSiri saerTo
Semosavalsa da warmoebas Soris. gansakuTrebiT damwyeb firmaTa dafinansebisa da axali
kompaniebis venCuruli kapitaliT uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, finansuri Tanamona-
wileobis sistemebs SeuZliaT inovaciuri rolis Sesruleba ekonomikuri zrdisa da in-
dustriuli cvlilebis kuTxiT.
Tundac, rom qarxnebis daxurvis Tavidan acileba ar iyo konkretuli amocana mu-
Sa-mosamsaxureTa mier aqciaTa flobis sistemis Seqmnisa (sinamdvileSi, muSa-mosamsaxu-
reTa mier aqciaTa flobis sistema Seiqmna, rogorc Tavisufali mewarmeobis sistemis
gaZlierebis meTodi), igi gvTavazobs aucilebeli kapitalis formirebis stimulirebi-
sa da mosaxleobis ufro farTo bazis – muSa-mosamsaxureTa mier aqciaTa flobis SesaZ-
leblobebis - Seqmnis saSualebebs.
sanam muSa-mosamsaxureTa mier aqciaTa flobis sistema aris muSa-mosamsaxureTa
sargeblis saTanado sistemis erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli saxe, igi unikaluria sargebli-
sa da upiratesobis TvalsazrisiT, risi SemoTavazebac mas SeuZlia. mas SeuZlia, uzrun-
velyos Tanamonawileebis sakuTar damsaqmebelTa aqcionerul kapitalSi monawileoba,
uzrunvelyos bazari gasuli aqcionerebisaTvis (an gasvlis strategia im mewarmeebisaT-
vis, romelic mzad arian, datovon korporacia), rom gayidos maTi wili, kompaniis bizne-
sis dasrulebis riskis qveS dayenebis gareSe.
muSa-mosamsaxureTa sakuTreba emsaxureba ramdenime msgavs `saboloo mizans~ sxva-
dasxva qveyanaSi, raTa muSebma miiRon meti maTi damsaqmeblebis Semosavlebidan da rom
ufro metad iyvnen daculi dasaqmebisa da samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT.
Tumca, es saboloo miznebi SesaZlebelia miRweul iqnes mTeli rigi Sualeduri saSu-
alebebiT, romelTagan TiToeuli maTgani SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rogorc TviTmizani
saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi.
inglisuridan Targmna giorgi amiranaSvilma*
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis magistranti; Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis krimi-

nalistikisa da kriminologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis mdivani.
342
besarion zoiZe*
profesor lado Wanturias Rvawli

civilisturi azris ganviTarebaSi
sul axlaxan 50 weli Seusrulda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwi-

fo universitetisa da kilis (germania) universitetis profesorsa da sapatio doqtors
lado Wanturias. mecnieruli damsaxurebis SefasebisaTvis es arc ise didi asakia, mag-
ram amjerad saqme gvaqvs unikalur SemTxvevasTan. qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsisa da
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis~ erT-erTma mTavarma avtorma, maTi miRebidan mokidebuli,
arsebiTi wvlili Seitana Tanamedrove qarTuli samarTlis CamoyalibebaSi rogorc
kanonmdeblobisa da mecnierebis, ise sasamarTlo precedentebis mimarTulebiT. igi
damsaxurebulad iTvleba qarTuli civilistikisa da, saerTod, Tanamedrove qarTuli
iurisprudenciis aRiarebul mkvlevrad. am mcire moculobis werilSi gvsurs, ramde-
nime ZiriTadi momenti gamovyoT misi Semoqmedebidan da kvlavac axal-axali warmate-
bebi vusurvoT qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis eklian gzaze.
I. istoriuli ufleba dasavlur Rirebulebebze
yovel xalxs, iseve rogorc calkeul adamians, Tavisi biografia aqvs. xalxis bi-
ografiaSi Cans am xalxis kulturuli Subli, rogorc misi istoriuli ganviTarebis
sulieri produqti, kulturul RirebulebaTa wesrigSi ki – xalxis saxelmwifod or-
ganizaciis xasiaTi. am wesrigis xerxemals samarTali warmoadgens, vinaidan saxelmwi-
fo samarTalze daSenebuli dawesebulebaa. iseve rogorc sarevela spobs kulturul
mcenareebs, samarTlis uqonlobac imave safrTxes uqmnis Cveni arsebobis ganmsazR-
vrel faseulobebs. amitomacaa, rom yovelive, rac arsebobs saxelmwifoSi, wesrigis
wyalobiT arsebobs. nebismieri tipis saxelmwifoSi samarTlisadmi pativiscema moqa-
laqis umTavresi bunebiTi valdebuleba, misi bunebiTi uflebebis garantiaa. yvelas
gauCndeba kiTxva, Tu rogori iyo am mxriv Cveni samarTlebrivi saxe, rogoria axla da,
saerTod, ra roli eniWeba pirovnebas am saqmeSi.
istoriulad qarTuli samarTlebrivi kultura upiratesad berZnul-romau-
li da, nawilobriv, aRmosavluri kulturis gavleniT yalibdeboda. aq erTmaneTs er-
wymoda dasavluri da aRmosavluri samarTlebrivi faseulobani. Sesabamisad, CvenSi
moqmed samarTals hqonda pretenzia, yofiliyo rogorc nacionaluri, ise zenaciona-
luri Rirebulebebis sinTezirebuli produqti. amis utyuari mowmobaa vaxtang VI-is
samarTlis wignTa krebuli, romelSic harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs moses sjuli,
berZnuli da siriul-romauli samarTali da wminda qarTuli nacionaluri samarTlis
Zeglebi, rogoricaa beqa-aRbuRas, giorgi brwyinvalisa da sakuTriv vaxtang VI-is sa-
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis sruli profesori
343
marTlis wignebi. Cvenma winaprebma amiT feodaluri karCaketiloba daZlies da aRia-

res samarTlis metafizikuroba. me amaSi damarwmuna ramdenime ganCinebam, romlebSic,
vaxtangis krebulSi Sesuli wignebis garda, damowmebulia im xalxTa samarTalic (rus-
Ta, frangTa da a.S.), romelTac saqarTveloSi araviTari samoqmedo Zala ar gaaCndaT.
etyoba, Cvens winaprebs kargad esmodaT samarTlis arapozitiuri mdgomareoba da misi
arsebobis zenacionaluri buneba.
batoniSvilebs maSinac ki ar SeuwyvetiaT dasavlur samarTalze orientirebul
kanonTa proeqtebze muSaoba, rodesac saqarTvelo gaxda ruseTis imperiis nawili.
Cvenma xalxma istoriulad moipova ufleba, hqonoda dasavlur Rirebulebebze da-
fuZnebuli samarTali. ruseTis imperiis farglebSi es ufleba mas warTmeuli hqonda.
arc sabWoTa imperiis epoqaSi hqonia mas amis ufleba. mxolod misi daSlis Semdeg gaC-
nda realuri Sansi, qarTvelebs sakuTari samarTali hqonodaT. saqarTvelo erT-erTi
pirveli postsabWouri qveyana iyo, romelmac uari Tqva komunistur memkvidreobaze
da mTlianad Seaqcia zurgi sabWoTa samarTlebriv kategoriebs. rac dro gadis, qar-
Tuli samarTlebrivi sxeuli Tavisi kanonmdeblobiT, dogmatikiTa da precedentebiT
sul ufro da ufro uaxlovdeba samarTlis Tanamedrove yofierebas.
II. samoqalaqo kodeqsis erT-erTi mTavari avtori

da misi praqtikaSi damnergavi
samoqalaqo kodeqsis Seqmna istoriuli movlena iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi. pro-

fesor sergo jorbenaZis dasavlurma ganswavlulobam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula am
kodeqsis RirebulebiT orientaciaSi. mis mier Seqmnili komisia Tvlida, rom saqarTve-
los unda aRedgina is Catexili xidi, romelic mas kvlav daakavSirebda evropas.
evropuli tipis kodeqsis SeqmnaSi gamoCnda qarTveli xalxis istoriuli mar-
TlSegnebisa da misi inteleqtualuri Zalis roli. am saqmeSi warmatebisaTvis saWiro
iyo kerZo samarTlis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebis danaxva, rac evropel
civilistebTan TanamSromlobiT iyo SesaZlebeli. bremeneli profesorebi: rolf kni-
peri da helmut hainrixsi imTaviTve CaerTvnen kodeqsis Seqmnis procesSi da miRebis
Semdegac sakmarisad izrunes cxovrebaSi mis danergvaze.
axalgazrda profesori lado Wanturia jer kidev maSin Seudga getingenis uni-
versitetSi kerZo samarTlis Seswavlas, roca sabWoTa kavSiri axali daSlili iyo. igi
saqarTveloSi dabrunda saukeTeso gamokvlevebiT da 1992 wlidanve CaerTo kodeqsis
SeqmnaSi, bolos ki ramdenime weli muxlCauxreli muSaobda profesor sergo jorbena-
Zis mier SerCeul oTxkacian saredaqcio komisiaSi, rac 1997 wlis Semodgomaze dagvir-
gvinda samoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebiT. amis Semdeg daiwyo kodeqsis totaluri danergva
Cvens praqtikul cxovrebaSi, romlis mZime tvirTis tareba dRemde uwevs profesor
lado Wanturias. kodeqsis cxovrebaSi damkvidreba SeuZlebeli iyo saTanado inte-
leqtualuri bazis gareSe. pirvel rigSi gadawyda, Seqmniliyo misi komentarebi, rac
ganxorcielda kidec da sul mokle droSi, profesor lado Wanturias redaqtorobiT,
gamovida eqvsi wigni, romelTac dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba da male mi-
sive redaqtorobiT sruliad ganaxlebul saxes miiRebs. amas mohyva araerTi monog-
rafia, romlebSic yalibdeboda kerZo samarTlis dogmaturi safuZvlebi. gadauWar-
344
b. zoiZe, profesor lado Wanturias Rvawli civilisturi azris ganviTarebaSi
beblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom profesor lado Wanturias Sromebma safuZveli Cauyara
Tanamedrove kerZo samarTlis mecnierebas. dRes Cven gvyavs mkvlevarTa sakmaod sain-
tereso jgufi, romelTa didi nawili swored aRniSnuli gamokvlevebiT eziara kerZo
samarTals. es Sromebi gaxda wyaro Cveni sasamarTlo precedentebisTvisac. praqtikis
Seswavla gvarwmunebs, rom Tu ara profesor lado Wanturias kvlevebi, sasamarTlo
korpuss gauWirdeboda samoqalaqo kodeqsisa da „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis“ mTeli
rigi normebis swori ganmarteba. minda Tanmimdevrulad gadmovce misi ZiriTadi mo-
nografiebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove kerZo samarTlis ganviTarebaSi.
III. sakuTrebis Tanamedrove koncefciis pirveli mkvlevari
saqarTvelo pirveli qveyana iyo postsabWour sivrceSi, romelmac sabWoTa kav-

Siris dangrevisTanave mxari auba sakuTrebis dasavlur koncefcias da yvela mesakuT-
risaTvis konstituciiT dadginda saerTo garantiebi. maxsovs oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi
gamarTuli didi diskusiebi miwis privatizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac hyavda
rogorc momxreebi, ise mowinaaRmdegeebi. profesor lado Wanturias mier im dros ga-
moqveynebuli werilebi dasavluri suliskveTebiT iyo gaJRenTili da miuTiTebda
miwis privatizaciisa da, saerTod, kerZo sakuTrebis damkvidrebis aucileblobaze
Cvens qveyanaSi. gansakuTrebiT warmatebuli aRmoCnda misi monografia („uZravi nivTe-
bis sakuTreba“, Tbilisi, 1994, 267 gv.; meore gamocema, 2004, 310 gv.), romelmac arsebi-
Ti gardatexa Seitana sakuTrebis evropuli koncefciis damkvidrebaSi. man mTlianad
Secvala Cveni azrovneba sakuTrebis mimarT. am wignSi sakuTreba daxasiaTebulia, ro-
gorc adamianis ZiriTadi ufleba, misi Tavisuflebis safuZveli. sakuTreba danaxulia
kerZo da sajaro interesebis Tanafardobis WrilSi, rogorc sazogado interesebiT
zomierad SeboWili faseuloba. sakuTreba adamians avaldebulebs misi gamoyenebisas
imavdroulad angariSi gauwios sazogado interesebs. sakuTrebis am WrilSi danaxva
aucilebeli iyo Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis, romelic mometebuladac iyo, da vwuxvar,
axlacaa, damuxtuli sakuTrebis kerZo sargeblianobiT. sanam ar mivalT im Segnebamde,
rom kerZo interesebis warmateba sazogado interesebis pativiscemiTa da masTan Ta-
naarsebobiTaa SesaZlebeli, manamde Cven saxelmwifosgan sul gaucxoebuli viqnebiT.
rogorc sakonstitucio sasamarTlos yofili mosamarTle, gulwrfelad vaRi-
areb, rom interesTa urTierTgaucxoeba imdenad Cakirulia Cvens cnobierebaSi, rom
maTi balansis aRqma zogjer maRali rangis mosamarTlesac uZneldeboda. moqalaqe
furcxvaniZem Tavis sarCelSi ganacxada: sakuTreba xelSeuvalia da damqiravebels
gamqiraveblis nebis sawinaaRmdegod ara aqvs ufleba, xelSekrulebis moqmedebis va-
da gaixangrZlivos. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT dgindeba: sakuTreba fundamentu-
ri da xelSeuvali uflebaa da damqiraveblebi ver SezRudaven mas. Cveni amJaminde-
li precedentebis saerTo suliskveTeba evropuli sasamarTlos midgomebs exmianeba,
romelic Tvlis, rom damqiraveblebis interesebiT SeiZleba SeizRudos sakuTrebis
ufleba. am wignma, romelic qarTuli da germanuli samarTlis SedarebiTi analizis
saukeTeso nimuSia, vimeoreb, didi roli Seasrula sakuTrebis Tanamedrove koncefci-
isa da masze dafuZnebuli sakuTrebiTi wesrigis SemecnebaSi. misi meored gamocemis
Semdeg sakmaod win wavida qarTuli civilisturi azrovneba, magram igi kvlavac rCeba,
rogorc sakuTrebis ZiriTadi uflebis yofierebis Semecnebis saukeTeso wyaro.
345
IV. kerZo samarTlis sistemuri cnebebis Sesaxeb

fundamenturi saxelmZRvaneloebis avtori
profesor lado Wanturias mier studentebisaTvis dawerilma wignebma samoqala-

qo samarTalSi (Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tbilisi, 1997, 433gv.;
samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2011, 476 gv.) arsebiTad Secvala Cveni
damokidebuleba kerZosamarTlebrivi faseulobebisadmi. samoqalaqo kodeqsi, riTac
kerZo samarTali gaTavisuflda sajaro samarTlis mometebuli meurveobisagan, mas-
Tan urTierTobaSi daadga subordinaciis gzas. marTalia, samoqalaqo kodeqsi axal
faseulobebs amkvidrebda, magram cxovrebaSi maTi ganxorcieleba saWiroebda sabWoTa
literaturisagan principulad gansxvavebuli literaturis Seqmnas. profesor lado
Wanturias monografiebs qarTveli iuristebi Sehyavda samarTlis sruliad gansxva-
vebul samyaroSi, romelsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qmnidnen mecnierebis cnobili
avtoritetebi (savini, puxta, ieringi, larenci da sxv.). am wignebis Rirseba isaa, rom
misi sistemuri sxeuli dasavleTSi miRebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis msgavsadaa agebuli.
mraval zogad sakiTxTan erTad, xazgasmiTaa daxasiaTebuli kerZo samarTlis konsti-
tuciuri safuZvlebi. kerZod, konstituciuri normebisa da Rirebulebebis moqmedeba
kerZo samarTalSi. gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia es procesi ZiriTadi uflebebis dargSi.
konstitucia unda ganvixiloT, rogorc kerZosamarTlebrivi faseulobebis ganaxle-
ba-transformaciis wyaro. luTis saqmeze germanelebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetile-
ba bevris mTqmelia am TvalsazrisiT.
pirebze moZRvreba am wignebis mSvenebaa. adamiani, rogorc samarTlis subieqti,
pirovnulobis mqone arsebaa da am saxiT monawileobs igi samoqalaqo urTierTobebSi.
gacilebiT meti siaxleebiT gamoirCevian iuridiuli pirebi, rac, albaT, maTi fiqtiu-
ri arsebobiTacaa ganpirobebuli. rac adamianis xeliT iqmneba, mTlianad adamianebzea
damokidebuli misi arsoba. am kanonzomierebis qveS eqcevian iuridiuli pirebi. kanon-
mdebelma samoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebidan dRemde bevrjer Secvala iuridiuli piris
uflebrivi sartyeli, maSin roca sabWoTa samarTalmac ki ver SeZlo fizikuri piris
damkvidrebuli uflebrivi mdgomareobis sruli ignorireba.
istoriulad iuridiuli pirebi mudmivad iswrafodnen, fizikuri piris ufleb-
rivi saxe mieRoT. samoqalaqo kodeqsma amas normatiuli wertili dausva da isini aR-
Wurva saerTo uflebaunarianobiT. am wignSi iuridiuli piri warmoCenilia, rogorc
samarTlebrivi realoba, romlisTvisac Tavisufalia samoqalaqo brunvis asparezi.
akademiuri mimzidvelobiTa da sruyofilebiTaa axsnili iuridiuli piris arsobi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani da misi samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis
uflebrivi javSani. amis Semdeg modis moZRvreba garigebebze, romlis normatiuli
safuZveli qarTul samarTalSi upiratesad germanul samarTals emyareba. germanul
doqtrinaSi dagrovili mdidari gamodilebis safuZvelze garigebis yvela detalia
Seswavlili. am nawils SevyavarT garigebis Taobaze Tanamedrove koncefciis sruliad
axal samyaroSi, romelic adgens, rom garigeba nebis gamovlenaa, nebis gamovlena gan-
martebadia, garigebis forma Tavisufalia. nebis nakli baTilobis safuZvelia da a.S.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani is aris, rom avtori CaxlarTul normebs gverds ki ar uvlis,
aramed cdilobs, maTi ganmarteba SemogvTavazos. Tanac amas axerxebs imdenad martivi
346
eniT, rom mkiTxvels iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos manamdec naTeli iyo misTvis
normis Sinaarsi. radganac sxva naSromebzec minda visaubro, aq amiT Semovifarglebi.
V. Tanamedrove qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis mesaZirkvle
mewarmeobis momwesrigebeli kanonmdeblobis Seqmna samarTlis reformis upir-

velesi amocana iyo. bremenelma profesorma rolf kniperma da mainis frankfurtelma
advokatma hartmut fromma, profesor lado WanturiasTan erTad, Seadgines kanonis
proeqti `samewarmeo sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb”, romelic 1994 wels Sevida ZalaSi `me-
warmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis saxelwodebiT da dRemde moqmedebs. am kanonis ganmarteba da
cxovrebaSi damkvidreba moiTxovda saTanado literaturis Seqmnas. sul mokle dro-
Si profesori lado Wanturia aqveynebs am kanonis komentarebs, romelic ramdenjerme
gamoica da safuZveli daudo saqarTveloSi samewarmeo samarTlis Camoyalibebas. rom
ara es komentarebi, kanonis bevri norma, romelic evropeli iuristisaTvis advilad
gasagebia, CvenTvis gaugebari iqneboda. es komentarebi imavdroulad saxelmZRvane-
los funqciasac asrulebda.
am komentarebs mohyva germaniaSi dawerili fundamenturi monografia korpora-
ciuli marTvis problemebze („korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgeb-
loba sakorporacio samarTalSi“, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tbilisi, 2006, 527gv.).
msgavsi monografia ar Seqmnila postsabWour sivrceSi da igi upiratesad amerikuli
da germanuli samarTlis SedarebiTi analizis Sedegia. korporaciis warmateba, iseve
rogorc nebismieri saqmianobisa, damokidebulia menejeruli xelovnebis xarisxze. am
wignSi detaluradaa gadmocemuli korporaciis marTvis principebi maTTvis damaxasi-
Tebeli pozitiuri da negatiuri efeqtebiT. am wignis ZiriTadi debulebebis Tanaxmad,
xelmZRvanelTa Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis swori gansazRvra korporaciis
warmatebis mTavari faqtoria.
yvelaze mniSvnelovania am wignis efeqti Cveni sinamdvilisaTvis. igi isea daweri-
li, rom mTavari inteleqtualuri samizne qarTuli samewarmeo samarTalia. misgan bev-
ri ram SeiZleba iswavlos rogorc kanonmdebelma, ise mewarmeobiT dainteresebulma
nebismierma pirma.
profesor lado Wanturias kidev sxva mravali gamokvleva gaxda saZirkveli kor-
poraciuli samarTlis aRorZinebisa qarTul realobaSi. arc erT sxva dargs ar hqo-
nia iseTi interesi da gaqaneba Cvens amJamindel realobaSi, rogorc samewarmeo samar-
Tals. ar SevcdebiT, Tu mokrZalebiT vityviT, rom Cven winaSea mesaZirkvle qarTuli
korporaciuli samarTlisa.
VI . Tanamedrove uzrunvelyofis samarTlis fuZemdebeli
valdebulebis Sesrulebaze orientacia moiTxovs adekvaturi uzrunvelyofis

samarTlis arsebobas. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi detalurad awesrigebs uzrunvelyofis
sanivTo da valdebulebiT saSualebebs. isini am moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis istoriulad
nacadi saSualebebia. am sakiTxebis pirveli kvleva profesor lado Wanturias ukav-
Sirdeba. man calke wigni mouZRvna moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis sanivTo saSualebebs
347
(sakuTreba, rogorc moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba, Tbilisi, 1999, 111 gv.), ro-
melic CemTvis seriozuli wyaro iyo samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebze da sanivTo sa-
marTlis saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobisas. aqac mis avtors ekuTvnis mravali bundovani
normis ganmarteba da maTi namdvili Sinaarsis axsna. amas mohyva am bolo dros vrceli
saxelmZRvanelo uzrunvelyofis samarTalSi (kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali,
gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tbilisi, 2012, 304 gv.). am wigniT profesorma lado Wan-
turiam pirvelma Seqmna qarTul sinamdvileSi kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTlis
sistema, romelic moicavs rogorc zogad debulebebs, ise kreditiT uzrunvelyo-
fis sxvadasxva saSualebebs. naSromSi jer valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi saSualebe-
bia srulyofilad daxasiaTebuli, amis Semdeg ki sanivTosamarTlebrivi saSualebebi.
amjerad mxolod sanivTosamarTlebriv saSualebebze gavCerdebi. aseTia giravnoba,
ipoTeka da pirobadadebuli sakuTreba. samwuxarod, am sferoSi qarTuli samoqalaqo
kodeqsis normebi arsebiTad Seicvala, zogjer principebis donezec ki. aman gamoiw-
via calkeuli normebis sruliad gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi. es Seexo iseT fuZem-
deblur normas, rogoricaa kodeqsis me-300 muxli, romelic exeba ipoTekaris xelSi
ipoTekis sagnis pirdapir sakuTrebaSi gadacemas. arsebuli precedentebi am muxlis
orive nawils, rogorc mizezSedegobrivad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul movlenas, er-
TianobaSi ganixilavs. profesorma lado Wanturiam aCvena, rom maT damoukidebeli
mniSvneloba aqvT: pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakuTrebis gadasacemad aucilebelia mesakuT-
risa da ipoTekaris winaswari SeTanxmeba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki es ar aris aucilebeli,
sakmarisia, Sesrulebis gaWianurebis gamo, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen sakuTrebis daTmoba-
ze da am mizniT sajaro reestrSi erTad gamocxaddnen. pirveli SemTxveva mkacrad im-
peratiulia da ipoTekis xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis elementia, meore ki misi erTgvari
surogati. profesor lado Wanturias azri kargad dasturdeba me-300 muxlis pirveli
da meore nawilebis urTierTgamomricxavi bunebiT. am SemTxvevaSic, miukerZoeblad
vityvi, rom aRniSnuli wignis avtori unda CaiTvalos uzrunvelyofis samarTlis fu-
Zemdeblad qarTul realobaSi.
VII. evropul da postsabWour qveynebSi

qarTuli samarTlebrivi azris gamavrcelebeli
evropul samarTalTan harmonizaciis procesi moicavs imdroindeli qarTuli

samarTlis gatanas dasavleTSi. Zvel droSi amas evropeli mkvlevrebi (holdaki, kar-
sti da sxv.) axerxebdnen. samoqalaqo kodeqsis amoqmedebis dRidan, am saqmeSi qarTve-
li mkvlevrebic Caebnen, razec metyvelebs ucxoeTSi maT mier daculi disertaciebi.
profesori lado Wanturia germanul, inglisur da rusul enebze dasavleTsa da pos-
tsabWour qveynebSi aqveynebs monografiebsa da samecniero statiebs, romelTa saSu-
alebiT ucxoelebi ecnobian Tanamedrove qarTuli samarTlis suliskveTebas. am Sro-
mebSi mecnieruli keTilsindisiereba da obieqturoba Serwymulia qarTveli xalxis
saxelmwifoebriobis siyvarulTan. me mxolod oriode maTganze gavCerdebi. profe-
sor rolf kniperTan da hansdioxim SramTan erTad berlinSi germanulad qveyndeba mo-
nografia (kerZo samarTali kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi, 2010, 636gv.), romlis didi
nawili ekuTvnis profesor lado Wanturias. am wignSi evropuli samarTlis fonzea
348
danaxuli postsabWouri qveynebis samarTali, romelSic gamoirCeulad moCans qarTu-

li samoqalaqo kodeqsi. misi mTavari Rirseba is aris, rom igi mTlianad gaemijna sabWo-
Ta samarTlebriv kategoriebs, rac ver moxerxda srulyofilad sxva qveynebSi. magali-
Tad, bevri postsabWouri qveyana kvlavac darCa sakuTrebis samarTlebrivi formebis,
operatiuli marTvis, sruli sameurneo gamgeblobis kategoriebis erTguli.
„samoqalaqo samarTlis Sesavali“, razedac zemoT visaubreT, rusul enazec
gamoica. ruseTis universitetebSi studentebs urCeven, gamoCenili rusi civiliste-
bis saxelmZRvaneloebTan erTad, samoqalaqo samarTali Seiswavlon profesor lado
Wanturias wignidan. es ganpirobebulia am saxelmZRvanelos evropuli dogmaturi su-
liskveTebiT.
VIII. samosamarTlo samarTlis xelSemwyobi da

studentebis sayvareli profesori
samoqalaqo kodeqsis praqtikaSi danergva SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tuki mosamar-

Tleebs ar miecemodaT misi Tavisufali ganmartebis ufleba. aq mTavari iyo mosamar-
Tles daeZlia mcdari ganmartebis SiSi, rac mas aqcevda pozitiuri samarTlis tyveo-
baSi. es Cvenc davinaxeT, roca sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Semosuli konstituci-
uri wardginebisas mosamarTleebi faqtobrivad iTxovdnen im normebis ganmartebas,
rac maT unda gaekeTebinaT. profesorma lado Wanturiam Tavidanve dauWira mxari
mosamarTleTa aqtivobas am mimarTulebiT da uTvalavi saerTaSoriso konferenciis
organizaciiT xeli Seuwyo saqarTveloSi samosamarTlo samarTlis Camoyalibebas da
am saganze SesaniSnavi naSromebic gamoaqveyna. mosamarTles dasavleTSi ganixilaven
kanonmdeblobis upirveles TanaSewmed da Cvenc am mimarTulebiT unda viaroT.
bevrjer SemiTavazebia lado WanturiasaTvis, mogvewyo misi wignebis prezen-
tacia, magram mas amaze yovelTvis uari uTqvams. misi azriT, yvelaze swori msajuli
profesorisa aris studenti. igi iTvleba studentebis sayvarel profesorad, rac
ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom misi saxelmZRvaneloebi iseTi eniTaa dawerili, romel-
Sic akademiuroba da sicxade erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli, rac masalis aRqmas aadvilebs.
mokled, misi ena qarTulia da profesor sergo jorbenaZis Semdgom weris aseTi stili,
faqtobrivad, aRar ganmeorebula.
saTqmeli bevri maqvs, Tanac sakmaod, magram aq davasruleb da samomavlod Semo-
vinaxav mas. amjerze ki axal-axali warmatebebi minda vusurvo Cems kolegasa da mego-
bars, romelic upretenziod, rogorc es gasul saukuneebSi CveodaT qarTvel moRva-
weebs, emsaxureba Cveni xalxis saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmes.
349
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis
moTxovnebi statiis avtorTa mimarT
1. avtorTa wre
iuridiuli fakultetis Jurnali aqveynebs statiebs iurisprudenciis yvela mi-

marTulebiT. gamosaqveyneblad statiisa Tu sxva masalis wardgenis uflebiT sargeb-
loben Semdegi pirebi:
• Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis profesor-maswavleblebi (maT Soris, mowveuli
pedagogebi);
• iuridiuli fakultetis doqtorantebi;
• samarTlis sferoSi moRvawe mecnierebi da praqtikosi iuristebi, iuridiuli
fakultetis profesorTan TanaavtorobiT;
• Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis magistraturis kursdamTavrebulebi (romelTa
samagistro naSromma daimsaxura umaRlesi Sefaseba. statia unda iyos samagis-
tro naSromis nawili);
• sxva avtorebi, romlebic saredaqcio kolegiis davalebiT moamzadeben publika-
ciebs calkeul sakiTxebze.
2. statiis moculoba
statiis saorientacio moculoba ar unda aRematebodes 70 000 nabeWd simbolos

sityvebs Soris arsebuli manZilisa da sqolioebSi miTiTebuli wyaroebis CauTvlelad.
3. Sinaarsobrivi moTxovnebi
• gamosaqveynebel statiaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWeba akade-

miuri personalis mier warmodgenil im statiebs, romlebSic iqneba warmoCenili
samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi da SemoTavazebuli maTi gadaWris gzebi;
• praqtikul saqmianobaSi Cabmuli specialistebis mier warmodgenili im stati-
ebis mecnierul Rirebulebas, romlebic exeba samarTalgamoyenebis praqtikis
analizs, gansazRvravs avtoris mier praqtikuli samarTlebrivi problemebis
identificireba, dasma da dasabuTebuli gadawyveta.
4. gamosaqveyneblad warmodgenis procedura da formati
avtorma statia unda warmoadginos eleqtronuli formatiT, Microsoft Word-is do-

kumentis saxiT, da asaxavdes:
a. avtoris vinaobas;
b. statiis saxelwodebas;
g. avtoris sakontaqto monacemebsa da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTs;
d. statiis gamogzavnis TariRs.
statiis qarTuli teqsti Sesrulebuli unda iyos AcadNusx–12 fontiT, ucxoeno-
vani teqsti – Times New Roman–12 fontiT, sqolio – imave fontebis `10~ zomiT; stri-
350
saxelmZRvanelo princi pebi avtorTaTvis
qonebi unda daSordes erTi intervaliT, abzaci gamoiyos erTi Enter-iT da ara Tab-kla-
viSiT, stilebi unda iyos maqsimalurad erTgvarovani da teqstSi ar Caisvas gadatanis
niSnebi; marjvena mxares unda darCes 4 sm siganis mindori. TiToeuli gverdi unda dai-
nomros gverdis bolos, marjvena mxares.
naSromis struqturulad Camoyalibeba unda moxdes ara marto Sesabamisi Tavebi-
saTvis numeraciis miniWebiT, aramed gansaxilveli sakiTxebis dasaTaurebiT. stati-
is Tavebad, qveTavebad da qveqveTavebad dayofisas gamoyenebul unda iqnes arabuli
ricxvebi. mag.: 1.; 1.1.; 1.1.1. da a.S., calke unda gamoiyos Sesavali da daskvna.
teqsti, ZiriTadad, unda gadmoices III pirSi, avtori sakuTari poziciis dasafiqsi-
reblad maqsimalurad unda moeridos I pirSi Txrobas.
statias ar daerTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia (wyaroebi ganTavsebulia
sqolioebSi).
5. citirebis teqnika da sqolios gaformebis wesi
avtorma sqolioSi unda miuTiTos Tavis mier moyvanili citatebisa da faqtobri-

vi garemoebebis wyaro.
sityvis, saxelwodebis, saTauris Semokleba teqstsa da sqolioSi ar daiSveba, gar-
da sayovelTaod miRebuli Semoklebebisa (mag.: paragrafi – §, weli – w., magaliTad –
mag., ixile – ix., Seadare –Sead. da a.S.).
Tu statiaSi aris abreviatura, misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is unda iyos
gaSifruli, ris Semdegac frCxilebSi mieTiTeba abreviatura, romelic Semdgom iqneba
gamoyenebuli (mag., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (SemdgomSi – gks); amave principiT,
xSirad gamoyenebul konvenciaTa, kanonTa Tu sxvaTa saxelwodebebi Semokldeba sak-
vanZo sityvis mixedviT, anu misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is moxseniebuli unda
iyos srulad da frCxilebSi mieTiTos sakvanZo sityva (mag., adamianis uflebaTa evro-
puli konvencia (SemdgomSi – konvencia).
• samarTlebrivi aqtis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia sqolioSi mieTiTos misi sru-
li dasaxeleba da wyaro, romelSic is gamoqveynda, agreTve TariRi da gverdi.
• literaturuli wyaroebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia mieTiTos:
1. wignisTvis – avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis iniciali, wignis saTauri
(ubrWyalebod), nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamocemis adgili, weli,
gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
2. krebulis statiisTvis – statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis inici-
ali, statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), krebulis saxelwodeba (ubrWyalebod), miTiTe-
biT, Tu visi redaqciiT gamodis, nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamoce-
mis adgili, weli, gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
3. Jurnalis (gazeTis) statiisTvis – statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, sa-
xelis iniciali, statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), periodikis saxe SemoklebiT (Jurn.,
gaz.,) saxelwodeba (brWyalebSi), nomeri, weli (Tve, ricxvi), gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
ucxouri wyaroebis yvela bibliografiuli elementi unda mieTiTos originalis
enaze, an im enaze, romelzec mas ecnoba avtori (Sesabamisi oficialuri Targmanis mi-
TiTebiT).
naSromSi miTiTebul samecniero wyaroTa saerTo raodenobis aranakleb 4/5 unda
Seadgendes dasavleTevropul enebze Sesrulebul literaturas, garda Temis speci-
fikidan gamomdinare gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa.
351
sqolioSi aucilebelia erTiani sistemis dacva: avtori da naSromis saTauri ga-

moikveTos sityvaTa sxvadasxva daxrilobiT (mag., avtori – italikiT, danarCeni in-
formacia – gamarTulad, aseve italikiT xdeba yvela gamoyenebuli gvaris miTiTeba,
mag., redaqtoris), amave dros, yvela erTeuli (garda gvarisa da saxelis inicialisa)
erTmaneTisagan gamoiyofa mZimiT da sqolios bolos iwereba wertili.
masala, romelic mopovebulia internetis saSualebiT, saWiroebs Sesabamisi in-
ternetgverdisa da bolo ganaxlebis TariRis miTiTebas; statiis SemTxvevaSi unda mi-
eTiTos avtoris gvari, statiis saTauri, internetgverdi, TariRi. samkuTxed frCxi-
lebSi (<....>) mieTiTeba eleqtronuli misamarTi, kvadratul frCxilebSi ([....]) ki bolo
ganaxlebis TariRi.
4. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosa da sxva qveynebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis:
Court of Justice
mag: Case 16/62, Van Gend en Loos, [1963] ECR 95.
European Court of Human Rights
mag:. Kostovski v. The Netherlands, [1990] ECHR (Ser. A.), 221.
International Court of Justice
mag.: Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain, [1995] ICJ Reports, 6.
saqmeebisa da maTi gadawyvetilebebis saxelwodebebi teqstSi gamoiyeneba qarTu-
lad (italikiT), srulad ki originalis enaze SeiZleba iqve mieweros, an sqolioSi mie-
TiTos Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: mxare mxaris winaaRmdeg, weli, gamomqveynebeli orga-
no, gverdi, sasamarTlo.
mag.: didi britaneTis sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme argili argilis winaaRmdeg (Argyll
v. Argyll, [1967] 1Ch 302,324, .332));
aSS-is sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg (Brown v. Bo-
ard of Education, 347 US 483 (1954)).
5. erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis
aucilebelia oficialuri erovnuli stilis SenarCuneba. erTgvarovani erovnu-
li midgomis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi avtorma unda ixelmZRvanelos Semdegi ZiriTadi
wesiT:
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamoyenebisas unda gamoiyos Sem-
Txvevebi – 1. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia; 2. SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba oficia-
lur eleqtronul wyaroSi; 3. xelmisawvdomia mxolod sasamarTlo arqivSi – da Camo-
yalibdes erTiani midgomebi.
6. saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa dokumentebi
gamoiyeneba im stiliT, romelic gamoyenebulia oficialurad saerTaSoriso or-

ganizaciis mier (ix. oficialuri saitebi).
7. konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi
konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi mieTiTeba, mag.: 1985 Vienna Conventi-

on for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, International Legal Materials, 1985, 1520
saTanadoa miTiTeba, Tu citata Casmulia brWyalebSi da sqolio gaformebulia
zemoT aRniSnuli wesebis mixedviT. perifrazis an calkeuli azris formirebis wyaros
352
saxelmZRvanelo princi pebi avtorTaTvis
miTiTebisas gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi sityva: ìxile~ an `Seadare~. `Seadare~ gamoiyeneba

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac avtors sWirdeba gansxvavebul azrze miTiTeba.
ZiriTad teqstSi dasaSvebia mxolod naSromis saTaurTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi
an dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli informaciisa Tu analizis miTiTeba. dama-
tebiTi informacia SesaZlebelia mieTiTos sqolioSi.
ucxouri terminebi da gamoTqmebi unda gadmoices sqolioSi, Tu naSromis uSualo
mizani ar aris terminis warmoSobis dadgena.
qarTuli teqstisTvis unda gamoviyenoT `qveda~ da `zeda~ (`.~..) brWyalebi, ucxoe-
novani teqstisTvis – `zeda~ (~.~..) brWyalebi;
citirebuli teqstis bolos sasveni niSnebi – wertili, wertil-mZime, orwerti-
li an tire mxolod daxuruli brWyalebis Semdeg daismis; kiTxvisa da Zaxilis niSnebi
an mravalwertili daismis brWyalis win, Tu igi ganekuTvneba im sityvas an sityvebs,
romlebic brWyalebSia moqceuli, xolo brWyalis Semdeg, Tu igi brWyalebSi Casmul
sityvebTan erTad mTel winadadebas ganekuTvneba.
rodesac sityvasTan erTdroulad Tavs iyris brWyali, sasveni niSani da sqolios
niSani, unda davicvaT Semdegi Tanmimdevroba: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani, 3. sqolios
niSani; citirebuli teqstis (anu winadadebis) bolos ki: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani, 3.
sqolios niSani. erTad ar iwereba ori brWyali. frCxilebis SemTxvevaSi ki SeiZleba ma-
Ti gansxvavebuli formebis gamoyeneba;
teqstSi unda gairCes tiresa da defisis daweriloba. defisi aris mokle xazi, rom-
lis win da Semdeg ar aris intervali, tire ki ufro grZeli xazia da mis win da Semdeg
aucilebelia intervalis dacva;
sqolioSi imave wyaroze miTiTebisas, romelic ukve gamoyenebuli iyo, saWiroa ga-
moiyos Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
a. zustad wina sqolioSi miTiTebuli wyaros nacvlad mieTiTeba ìqve~. ìqves~ Sem-
deg ki (Tu saWiroa) mieTiTeba gansxvavebuli monacemebi (tomi, weli, gverdi);
b. manamde miTiTebuli, magram ara winamdebare, wyaros gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia
mieTiTos am wyaros sruli dasaxeleba Sesabamisi gverdiT, an im sqolios nomeri, rom-
liTac moxda am wyaros bolo miTiTeba Sesabamisi gverdiT (mag. ix. sqolio 15, 20).
353
pasuxismgebeli redaqtori stilze naTia CitaSvili,
nino ruxaZe
gamomcemlobis redaqtori cira jiSkariani
damkabadonebeli naTia dvali
0179 Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14

14 Ilia Tchavtchavadze Avenue, Tbilisi 0179
Tel 995 (32) 225 14 32
www.press.tsu.ge

Samartlis Jurnali: Ivane Javaxisvilis Saxelobis Tbilisis Saxelmwifo Universiteti Iuridiuli Fakulteti

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Samartlis Jurnali: Ivane Javaxisvilis Saxelobis Tbilisis Saxelmwifo Universiteti Iuridiuli Fakulteti

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

besarion zoiZe (prof., Tsu)

levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2013

saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis .............................................................................. 350

sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis ciliswameba

qurdoba erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli danaSauli iyo. rogorc vaxtang bato-

romlis mimarT dawesebuli sasjelis mixedviT erT-erT mZime danaSauls miekuTvne-

2. sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis ciliswameba,

saxelmwifo danaSaulebTan erTad daviT batoniSvili qurdobis ciliswamebasac

amave dros dasaxelebuli muxli moTavsebulia TavSi `kari qurdobisa da samarTali

amrigad, qurdobis dawameba deliqtad iTvleboda, Tumca pasuxismgeblobis da-

3. sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis ciliswamebisaTvis

damnaSavisaTvis Sefardebuli qonebrivi sanqciebidan saxelmwifos wili rom

aqcion,31 gina maT gamoiRon~.32 ra Tqma unda, mekobreobisaTvis damnaSaves damoukidebe-

gadaxda uwevs, romlis naxevari ekuTvnis cildawamebulas,37 magram meore naxevarTan

rac Seexeba sasjelis meore saxes, mRvdlobidan gadayenebas, rac sasamarTlos

Zveli qarTuli samarTali kazuistur sistemazea agebuli. qurdobis ciliswame-

kobreobis dawamebisas, xolo qonebriv sanqciebs awesebs qurdobis dawamebisas. am Sem-

`avtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~ da `erovnebaTa eri~

saxelmwifos rTuli forma da decentralizaciis procesi ufro da ufro mniS-

* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori, samarTlis doqtori.

2. espanuri regionalizmis Taviseburebani – istoriuli wanamZRvrebi

espanuri regionalizmis specifikuri xasiaTi, upirveles yovlisa, aisaxa qveynis

da ufro aRrmavebda separatizms,3 Tumca,konstituciuri da administraciul-samar-

xelisuflebas. konstituciis moqmedebis xanmokle droSi politikuri avtonomia ga-

3. 1978 wlis konstitucia

espaneTis 1978 wlis konstitucias xSirad uwodeben qveyanaSi politikuri situ-

tikuri reformebis gatareba. politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa protestis miuxedavad, Se-

moT moyvanili Semdegi faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba: ekonomikuri krizisi (umuSevarTa

baskeTis nacionalisturma partiam (Partido Nacionalista Vasco) da kataloniis nacionalis-

dan. seuta da melilia irCevs or senators. amasTan, avtonomiuri gaerTianebebi niSnavs

solidarobas maT Soris. konstituciuri samarTlis kuTxiT, aRniSnuli warmoadgens

eri (Nación), erovnuloba (Nacionalismo) da erovnulobis principi (Principio de las Na-

debulebaTa fonze, ganixila problemis erTi mxare – integraciis mcdeloba. Tumca,

nobaze, erovnebaTa da regionTa avtonomiisa da am ukanasknelTa TviTgamorkvevis uf-

d) romlis wevrebi danarCeni moqalaqeebisagan gansxvavdebian eTnikuri, enobrivi

3.1. ratom `avtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~?

1978 wlis ZiriTadi kanoni pirdapir ar gansazRvravs saxelmwifos teritoriu-

rul-federaluri (arinio), unitarul-regionaluri (fernando rodrigesi), naxevrad

konstituciuri harmonia dairRva 2006 wels, rodesac kataloniis avtonomiuri

eqspertTa da politikosTa mkacri kritika gamoiwvia. eqspertTa erTi nawili miiCnev-

damoukidebeli saxelmwifo – 34%

Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmis istoriaSi `avtonomiaTa saxelmwifo~ Seda-

regionalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis

2.1. regionis cneba

sityva „regioni“ warmoiSva laTinuri sityvisgan „regere“ da niSnavs marTvas. re-

2. 2. regionalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis

2.2.1 regionalizmis istoria

regionalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaciis forma, war-

da baskeTisTvis avtonomiis miniWeba, espaneTma gadawyvita decentralizacia ganexor-

2.2.2. unitarizmsa da federalizms Soris

regionalizms zogierTi avtori moixseniebs, rogorc decentralizebul unita-

2.2.3. ra aris regionaluri avtonomia?

avtonomia mraval asociacias iwvevs. erTi mxriv, mas decentralizebul erTian

2.2.4. simetria Tu asimetria?

2.2.5. regionebis kompetencia

regionebis uflebamosileba moicavs socialur, kulturul, janmrTelobis, ad-

7 melqaZe o., TevdoraSvili g., regionalizmi _ saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizaci-

warmomadgenlobiT, aris saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli regionSi, da regionis warmo-

3. regionalizmi, rogorc politikuri moZraoba

3.1. regionalizmis mamoZravebeli faqtorebi