Samartlis Jurnali: Ivane Javaxisvilis Saxelobis Tbilisis Saxelmwifo Universiteti Iuridiuli Fakulteti

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

iuridiuli fakulteti
samarTlis Jurnali
#1, 2014
UDC (uak) 34(051.2)
s-216
mTavari redaqtori
irakli burduli (prof., Tsu)
saredaqcio kolegia:
levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)

giorgi daviTaSvili (prof., Tsu)
avTandil demetraSvili (prof., Tsu)
besarion zoiZe (prof., Tsu)
mzia lekveiSvili (prof., Tsu)
guram naWyebia (prof., Tsu)
Tevdore niniZe (prof., Tsu)
nugzar surgulaZe (prof., Tsu)
paata turava (prof., Tsu)
lado Wanturia (prof., Tsu)
giorgi xubua (prof., Tsu)
laSa bregvaZe (T. wereTlis sax.
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
institutis direqtori)
gunter toibneri (prof.,
frankfurtis universiteti)
lourens fridmani (prof.,
stenfordis universiteti)
bernd Sunemani (prof.,
miunxenis universiteti)
peter heberle (prof.,
bairoiTis universiteti)
gamocemulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

sauniversiteto sagamomcemlo sabWos gadawyvetilebiT
© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba, 2015
ISSN 1987-7668
Sinaarsi
giorgi daviTaSvili
pasuxismgebloba Tavisa da saxis areSi miyenebuli
WrilobebisaTvis qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi ...................................................................5
sulxan oniani
termin `ganCinebis~ mniSvnelobisaTvis Zvel qarTul samarTalSi ....................................26
gvanca gugeSaSvili
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze arsebuli qonebrivi uflebebis
Senatanis saxiT ganxorcielebis Taviseburebani....................................................................33
lela janaSvili
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, rogorc samarTlis ZiriTadi funqcia da
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi principi.....................................................44
giga gabriCiZe
konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis
perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi .........................................................................................................55
giorgi amiranaSvili
Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi – istoriuli sawyisi da Tanamedrove
gamoxatuleba .....................................................................................................................................67
qeTevan andRulaZe
eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT dadebuli xelSekruleba ................................................77
Tamar lakerbaia
xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba
evropis momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi........................................................94
daviT maisuraZe
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba
aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ WrilSi
(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva upiratesad delaverisa da
qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis magaliTze) ....................................................................122
natalia mowoneliZe
subrogaciis gamijvna regresisa da cesiisagan .....................................................................158
qeTevan qoCaSvili
Tavisufleba da ufleba xelSeuval sikeTeTa WrilSi ........................................................183
naTia CitaSvili
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba
rogorc valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis samarTlebrivi Sedegi .....................204
nino jibuti
suverenuli reitingis arsi da mniSvneloba ...........................................................................244
sergi jorbenaZe
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis cneba .........................................................................................262
lana canava
mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba, rogorc Zalauflebis dabalansebis meqanizmi
xelisuflebis danawilebis sistemaSi ......................................................................................289
karlo nikoleiSvili
pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi
sabWos damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba..........................................................................310
laSa fanCuliZe
administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamijvnis
sakiTxi sabaJo samarTaldarRvevisaTvis ................................................................................329
Temur cqitiSvili
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva, rogorc safrTxis Semqmneli deliqtebis
dasjadobis legitimaciis safuZveli .......................................................................................357
veronik Sampei despla

saerooba da religiuri Tavisufleba safrangeTSi: im kanonidan gamomdinare,
romlis Tanaxmadac ikrZaleba mTliani saxis dafarva sajaro sivrceSi .......................383
niklas lumani
operaciuli daxuruloba da struqturuli kavSiri: samarTlis sistemis
diferencireba .................................................................................................................................394
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis ..............................................................................416

giorgi daviTaSvili*
pasuxismgebloba Tavisa da saxis areSi miyenebuli

WrilobebisaTvis qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi
1. Sesavali
Tavisa da saxis areSi miyenebuli WrilobebisaTvis dawesebul pasuxismgeblobas

ganvixilavT XIX saukunis II naxevrisa da XX saukunis eTnografiuli masalebis mixed-
viT. aRniSnul sakiTxze monacemebi SedarebiT srulyofili saxiT saqarTvelos mTis
regionebis CveulebiT samarTalSi gvxdeba, upiratesad ki – xevsurul CveulebiT sa-
marTalSi. am sakiTxis ganxilva qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT sainteresoa
imdenad, ramdenadac aq bevri iseTi elementi gvxdeba, romelic Zvel qarTul sakanon-
mdeblo ZeglebSi saerTod ar fiqsirdeba.
2. pasuxismgebloba TavSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis
2.1. TavSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis

dakisrebis safuZvlebi
TavSi miyenebuli Wrilobis Sesaxeb yvelaze srulyofili monacemebi xevsureT-

Si fiqsirdeba. xevsurulma rjulma Semogvinaxa TavSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis di-
ferencirebuli gadasaxadi misi siRrmidan gamomdinare. saqarTvelos sxva romelime
kuTxis CveulebiTi samarTlis masalebSi, aseve Zvel qarTul sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSi
msgavsi cnobebi ar gvxvdeba. masalebis mixedviT, xevsuruli rjuli ganasxvavebs saxe-
ze miyenebuli Wrilobisa da TavSi miyenebuli Wrilobis Sefasebis wess. saxis Wrilo-
bas zomavdnen marcvlebiT da amiT adgendnen gadasaxadis odenobas. TavSi miyenebul
Wrilobas ki, rogorc aRiniSna, misi siRrmiT afasebdnen. xevsur informatorTa gan-
martebiT, Tu Wriloba miyenebuli iyo Sublis `sami naoWis qvemoT~, xdeboda misi mar-
cvlebiT gazomva, xolo Tu miyenebuli iyo Sublis `sami naoWis zemoT~, maSin Wriloba
marcvlebiT aRar izomeboda da, damnaSavisaTvis Sesabamisi sazRauris dakisrebis miz-
niT, mis siRrmes gansazRvravdnen.1 amrigad, Sublis `sami naoWis qvemoT~ miyenebuli
Wrilobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneboda marcvlebiT gazomvis wesi, xolo zemoT miyene-
buli WrilobisaTvis – Tavis Wrilobis Sefasebis wesi.
* iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis profesori.

1
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1977,
№4, 29; iqve, №5, 29; iqve, №6, 41; jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze,
eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 38; oCiauri al., xevsureTis rjuli, 1945, xelnaweri, pira-
di arqivi, rveuli №3, 39-40. al. oCiauris arqivi inaxeba Tsu ivane javaxiSvilis isto-
riisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivSi.
5
samarTlis Jurnali #1, 2014
Sublis sami naoWis zemoT miyenebuli Wrilobis Sefasebis wesis gansxvaveba mis
qvemoT miyenebulis Sefasebis wesisgan ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom daaxloebiT Sub-
lis sami naoWis zemo adgils faravda Tma Tu qudi, rac aq miyenebul Wrilobas Tvalis-
gan uxilavad aqcevda, gansxvavebiT Sublis sami naoWis qvemoT miyenebuli Wrilobisa-
gan. m. kekelias erT-erTi xevsuri informatoris ganmartebiT: àr izomeboda ....... Tav-
Si, TmaSi miyenebuli Wriloba. ...... Sublis sami naoWis qvemoT izomeba, zeviT ar izomeba,
es imitom, rom zeviT Wrilobebs qudi dafaravs~.2 sxva xevsuri informatoris TqmiT ki,
`Sublze sami naoWis zemoT Tu aris Wriloba, mas marcvali ar ewyoba, radgan mas Tma fa-
ravs. naoWebs qvemoT marcvlebi ewyoba~.3 amjerad, ganvixilavT Wrilobebs, miyenebuls
`Sublis sami naoWis zemoT~, romelTa simZimis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli Wrilobis siR-
rme iyo.
xevsuruli rjuli TavSi miyenebuli Wrilobis gadasaxadis odenobas safuZvlad
udebs Tavis anatomiur agebulebas. erT-erTi xevsuri informatori, romelic adgi-
lobrivi dastaqari iyo da kargad erkveoda TavSi miyenebuli Wrilobebis SefasebaSi,
ganmartavs: Tavis kanis qvemoT Zvalia, kansa da Zvals Soris aris Txeli garsi, Zvlis ze-
da zedapiri, romelsac xevsurebi uwodeben `skas~. am Zvlis qvemoT kidev meore Zvalia,
xolo am or Zvals Soris, e. w. `Cximi~. qveda Zvlis qvemoT ki tvinia.4 al. oCiauris TqmiT,
Tavis Wriloba ganisazRvreboda Zvlis mixedviT. misi ganmartebiT, `Zvali iyofa samad:
zeTa Zvali, Cximiani, da qveTa Zvali~.5 amdenad, xevsurebi asxvavebdnen zeda da qveda
Zvals. zeda ZvalSi igulisxmeboda Tavis qalis Zvali (an, rogorc al. oCiauri ganmar-
tavs: Tavis qalis Zvlis zeda piri), qveda ZvalSi ki magari garsi.6 xevsuruli rjuliT,
TavSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis gadasaxadi swored imis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda,
Tu sadamde iyo dayvanili miyenebuli Wriloba: skamde, pirvel Zvlamde, Cximamde, qveda
Zvlamde Tu tvinamde. rac ufro Rrmad iyo Wriloba Casuli Tavis areSi, miT meti gada-
saxadi daekisreboda damnaSaves.
Tavis Wrilobis simZimes gansazRvravda daWrilis mkurnali eqimi, adgilobrivi
dastaqari. sasamarTlo procesze, rjulis kacebi7 swored mas hkiTxavdnen: `romeli
Zvali amovida, zeTa Zvali, Cximiani, Tu qveTa Zvali?~8 `Zvalis amosvla~ niSnavda imas,
rom Zvali daimtvra (an zeda, an Cximiani, an qveda) da misma namsxvrevebma daiwyo maRla
amosvla, rac dastaqris ZalisxmeviT xdeboda. Tu romeli `Zvali amovida~, amiT zus-
tad ganisazRvreboda Wrilobis siRrme da simZime, ris safuZvelzec rjulis kacebi
adgendnen gadasaxadis odenobas.
2
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1977, №5,
29.
3
jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988,
38.
4
zoiZe o., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, №1,
100.
5
oCiauri al., xevsureTis rjuli, 1945, xelnaweri, piradi arqivi, rveuli №3, 40.
6
xaraZe r., xevsuruli rjuli, analebi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 171; oCiauri al., Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, piradi arqivi, 1954, 6/1, 9.
7
rjulis kaci – mxareebis mier arCeuli mediatori mosamarTle xevsureTSi.
8
oCiauri al., Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, piradi arqivi, 1954, 6/1, 5.
6
giorgi daviTaSvili, pasuxismgebloba Tavisa da saxis areSi miyenebuli WrilobebisaTvis
qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi
Wrilobis siRrmis gazomvisaTvis, Tu sadamdea dayvanili Wriloba, adgilobrivi

dastaqari iyenebda Tavis instrumentebs: xmalikas – brtylad gaTlil patara Cxirs da
e. w. `xvews~ – rkinis an foladis pirian safxeks. es swored romelime Zvalis gatexvi-
sas xdeboda.9 r. xaraZis da misi informatoris mixedviT, dastaqari `gaTlis xis pata-
ra xmalikas. xmalikas saSualebiT naWrevs gasinjavs, ra siRrmemdea Wriloba Casuli~.10
amisaTvis ki xmalikas meSveobiT dastaqari Wrilobis napirebs aqeT-iqiT gadaswevda da
xowis (xvewis)11 meSveobiT dazianebul Zvals mofxekda.12 damsxvreuli Zvlis natexebis
amoReba, maTi àmosvla~ saWiro iyo ara marto Wrilobis simZimis dasadgenad, aramed,
upirveles yovlisa, daWrilis gansakurneblad. Zvlis mciredi namsxvrevic rom dar-
Ceniliyo, Wriloba daCirqdeboda da SesaZloa amas dazaralebulisaTvis sasikvdilo
Sedegic mohyoloda. al. oCiauri Wrilobis gasinjvis, mkurnalobis da imavdroulad
misi siZmimis dadgenis process Semdegnairad aRwers: àqimi xmalikaiT Seubraleblad
miswevda Wrilobebs, sinjavda, Zvali iyo gaWrili Tu ara. Tu Zvali gaWrili iqneboda,
saSiSi iyo Wriloba da gakurvnis saSualebas ar miscemdnen, manam gatexili Zvali ar
amovidoda. Tu Zvali gaWrili da gatexili ar aRmoCndeboda, maSin Wrilobas adre gan-
kurnavdnen. aqims hqonda sxvadasxva balaxebisagan damzadebuli wamlebi. dacdili qon-
da, sad ra adgilze da rogor Wrilobaze romeli wamali ufro kargad imoqmedebda da
amis mixedviT xmarobda wamlebs~.13 erT-erTi konkretuli SuRlis Sedegad ramdenime
dapirispirebul pirs aRmoaCnda Tavis Wriloba. al. oCiauri sainteresod aRwers ad-
gilobrivi dastaqris, àqimis~ moqmedebas damsxvreuli Zvlis natexebis amoRebis, ma-
Ti àmosvlis~ mizniT: àqimma karga xans, TiTqmis or-sam kviramdin ar misca gakurnvis
saSualeba TavSi miyenebul Wrilobebs. yovel dRe sinjavda xvewis piriT da xmalikaiT.
Zvali amovidoda Tu ara? gaWril-gatexili iyo Tu ara? amis Semdeg gatexilma Zvlebma
iwyo amosvla patar-patara naWrebad....... aqimi ambobda: gatexili Zvali, romelic unda
amovides – Zirze xorci gauCndeba, zeviT amoswevs mizezian Zvals da bolos amovarde-
ba, xolo yovel dRe unda moedo xvewis piri an xmalika, gatexili ZvalisTvis da odnav
amoewia zeviT. ase am SuRlSi daWrili naWrevebidan zogierTebs amouvida zeTa Zvali,
xolo TuSis da martiais naWrevebidan orivem (erTimeore daWres maT) amoiyola Cximi~.14
9
xizanaSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940, 52; makalaTia s., xevsureTi, Tb., 1984,
95.
10
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 171.
11
arxotSi `xvewi~ erqva, xolo bude xevsureTSi `xowi~.
12
Sromebi, t. I, 1947,iqve.
13
14
iqve, 10. gatexili Zvlis amosvlas rom xSirad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda daWri-
lis gankurnebaSi, Cans al. oCiauris mier aRweril daWris kidev erT konkretul Sem-
TxvevaSi. misi monayolis mixedviT, TavSi daWrili vinme gigia sami-oTxi Tve iyo logi-
nad Cavardnili. `Turme Zvali qonda xanjliT gaWrili TavSi da Zvlis natexebi tvinis
skas awveboda ....... aqimma Cabrunebuli Zvali xvewiT amoswia, Zirze mas xorci gauCnda
da Zvali tvinis garsis zeviT amovarda ....... Zvali rom amovida avadmyofi kargad gaxda.
manamdin mxedvelobac daklebuli hqonda da Zvalis mocilebis Semdeg saRi mxedveloba
daubrunda~. iqve, 3-4.
7
am monacemebidan kargad Cans, rom TavSi miyenebuli Wrilobis simZimis gansazRvra yve-
laze zustad daWrilis mkurnal dastaqars SeeZlo da amitom mis Cvenebas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba hqonda rjulis kacebis mier TavSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis gadasaxa-
dis odenobis dadgenisas. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Wrilobis damZimebis mizniT masze
eqimis mier e. w. `dariSkanas~ dayra swored TavSi miyenebuli Wrilobisas xdeboda, rac
rjulis kacebma kargad icodnen da am garemoebas yovelTvis iTvaliswinebdnen.
axla konkretulad unda iqnes ganxiluli, Tu ramdeni iyo gadasaxadi TavSi miye-
nebuli WrilobebisaTvis, maTi siRrmidan gamomdinare. aRsaniSnavia, rom, ZiriTadad,
gadasaxadis winaswar gansazRvrul odenobebs Seexeba saqme.
2. 2. msubuqi, `safaTvle~ Wriloba
yvelaze mcire gadasaxadi dadgenili iyo TavSi miyenebuli msubuqi, e. w. safaTvle

WrilobisaTvis.15 avtorTa da informatorTa umravlesobis ganmartebiT, aseTi Wrilo-
bad iTvleboda TavSi miyenebuli Wriloba, romelic ar azianebda Zvals. r. xaraZis in-
formatori miuTiTebs: `Tu Tavis naWrevi Zvlamdea dayvanili da Zvali ar aris gaWrili,
maSin damnaSave ixdis sam cxvars. amis Sesaxeb gudaneli aqimi mgela WinWarauli ambobs:
`safaTvle naWrevi, asev veZaxiT, Tu Zval araa gaWrili, maSin damnaSave ixdis 3 Careq spi-
lenZs, an 3 xeliT16 cxvars, aqims uxdis erT xeliT cxvars da aqimTan daWrilis Wama-smac
imis xarjiTaa~. Zvlamde dayvanaSi xevsurebi Zvlis zeda kanis gaWras gulisxmoben, rom-
lis mniSvneloba maT kargad hqondaT Segnebuli~.17 aRniSnuli al. oCiaurTanac dastur-
deba. misi TqmiT, Tavis Wriloba Tu Zvlamde ar davida, safaTvlea da Rirs sami cxva-
ri.18 n. xizanaSvilisa da s. makalaTias mixedviTac, Tu TavSi miyenebuli Wriloba Zvals
ar azianebs, damnaSaves drama ar gadaxdeba, igi mxolod safaTvles ixdis, Tumca erT
cxvars19 da ara sams, rogorc es r. xaraZesTan da al. oCiaurTan gvxvdeba. m. kekelias da
`qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis Semswavleli laboratoriis~ TanamSromelTa mier XX
saukunis 70–80-ian wlebSi Cawerili masalebis mixdeviTac, faqtobrivad, igive suraTi
ikveTeba. maTi cnobebiTac, safaTvle Wrilobaa, romelic Zvals ar azianebs da, zogier-
Ti monacemiT, sami cxvari Rirs, zogierTi monacemiT ki mxolod erTi.20
15
`safaTvle Wriloba~ erqva imitom, rom, misi simsubuqidan gamomdinare, mxolod foTle-
biT (cxraZarxva, mravalZarRva) kurnavdnen.
16
xevsureTSi qonebriv sazRaurs zogadad `dramas~ uwodeben. aq sisxlis fasis gadaxda
xdeboda saqonliT, ZiriTadad, ZroxiT, aseve cxvriT. xevsureTsa da fSavSi ganasxvave-
ben qonebrivi sazRauris gadaxdas `xeliTi~ da `fexiTi~ Zroxis (cxvris) saxiT. `fexiT~
ZroxaSi igulisxmeba qonebrivi sazRauris gadaxda uSualod saqonliT, ZroxiT (cx-
vriT). `xeliTi~ ki niSnavda Zroxis Rirebulebis anazRaurebas, kerZod, spilenZis Wu-
rWliT, qvabebiT, taStebiT, TungebiT, TuluxebiT, vercxleuliT da sxva.
17
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 171.
18
oCiauri al., xevsureTis rjuli, 1945, xelnaweri, piradi arqivi, rveuli №3, 39-40.
19
xizanaSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940, 52; makalaTia s., xevsureTi, Tb., 1984,
94.
20
22, 40; jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli,
8
rogorc am cnobebidan Cans, yvela avtori da xevsuri informatori Tanxmdeba,

Tu TavSi miyenebuli romeli Wrilobaa msubuqi. esaa safaTvle Wriloba – is, romelic
ar iwvevs Zvlis dazianebas, gatexvas. Tumca garkveuli gansxvavebaa am WrilobisaTvis
dadgenil gadasaxadis odenobasTan dakavSirebiT – zog monacemSi sami cxvaria miTiTe-
buli, zogSi mxolod erTi.
Cveni varaudiT, am gansxvavebis mizezi unda iyos is, rom safaTvle Wrilobac ki
SesaZloa gansxvavebuli yofiliyo da amis mixedviT damWrels gadaexada an erTi cxva-
ri, an sami. am varaudis safuZvels gvaZlevs zogierTi xevsuri informatoris monace-
mi, romlebic ganasxvaveben safaTvle Wrilobebs imisda mixedviT, Tavis kania mxolod
dazianebuli Tu skac. magaliTad, erT-erTi informatori miuTiTebs, rom Tu mxolod
Tavis tyavi gaiWra, umniSvnelo gadasaxadia, xolo ùbralod rom mogefxikeba xor-
ci, sami cxvari aris~.21 pirvel SemTxvevaSi laparakia imaze, rom Wriloba umniSvneloa,
mxolod Tavis kani iWreba da ska ar aris dazianebuli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi Zvali ar
ziandeba, magram masze xorcis mofxeka xdeba saWiro. es ki swored skis dazianebas unda
niSnavdes, radganac ska Zvlis zeda zedapirze arsebuli garsia, romlis mofxekazec
unda iyos aq saubari. meore informatorTanac Cans igive tendencia. misi miTiTebiT,
Tu ska gamoCndeba, ufro naklebi gadasaxadia, xolo Tu Zvali gamoCndeba – SedarebiT
meti.22 aq pirvel SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom Wrilobis Sedegad Tavis kani gaiWra da
ska gamoCnda, Tumca ar dazianebula, meore SemTxvevaSi ki Zvali gamoCnda, rac skis da-
zianebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amdenad, aRniSnuli monacemebi adasturebs TavSi miyene-
buli safaTvle Wrilobis diferenciacias – mxolod Tavis kanis gaWrisas gadasaxadi
SedarebiT naklebia, skis gaWris SemTxvevaSi ki meti.
gamocdili xevsuri dastaqari, babuca aludauri, am sakiTxs yvelaze ufro naTlad
ganmartavs: `kani rom gaiWrebis da ska gamoCndeba, es safaTvle Wrilobaa, is erTi cxva-
ri Rirs ...... skac rom gaiWreba da Zvals araferi mouva, es iyo skazedamde miyenebuli
Wriloba, Rirda 3 cxvari~.23 aRniSnuli monacemiT, kargad Cans, rom erTi cxvari Rir-
da Tavis Wriloba, romelic skas ar daazianebda da mxolod Tavis kans gaWrida, xolo 3
cxvari Rirda `skazedamde~ miyenebuli Wriloba, romelic skas gaWrida, Tumca Zvals ar
daazianebda. swored am garemoebiT SeiZleba aixsnas TavSi miyenebuli safaTvle Wrilo-
bis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb literaturaSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli monacemebi.
2. 3. zeda Zvlis dazianeba. zeda Zvlis àmosvla~
monacemTa didi umravlesobis mixedviT, zeda Zvlis àmosvla~ Rirda xuTi Zro-
xa.24 Cven mier naxsenebi xevsuri dastaqari miuTiTebs: `Zvali rom gaiWreboda da Cximi
1988, 12, 38; merabiSvili j., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli
rveuli, 1988, 45.
21
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1977, №6, 22.
22
jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 12.
23
100-101.
24
42; iqve, №6, 22; jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli
rveuli, 1988, 38.
9
gamoCndeboda, es 5 Zroxa iyo~.25 b. gaburic imaves miuTiTebs: `Tu TavSi daWrils amauvi-
da sazeo Zvali, xuTi Zroxai-as, xuT Zroxa unda miscas damWrelm daWrils~.26 al. oCiau-
ris monacemebiTac: `Tu zeTa Zvals amoiRebda, xuTi Zroxa iyo drama~.27 masalebSi aRwe-
rili konkretuli SemTxvevebic miuTiTebs, rom zeda Zvlis àmosvla~ rjulis kacebma
xuT Zroxad Seafases.28 erT-erT SuRlTan dakavSirebiT al. oCiauri miuTiTebs: òrive
mxarem icoda, rom zeTa Zvals amosvla Rirda xuTi Zroxis drama~.29 am monacemebidan
gamomdinare, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom xuT Zroxas ixdidnen zeda Zvlis àmosvlisas~,
damtvrevisas, rodesac `Cximi~ gamoCndeboda, magram ar daziandeboda, Wriloba ar iq-
neboda dasuli Cximamde. agreTve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Zvlis àmosvla~, damtvreva
iyo maqsimalurad mZime dazianeba, romelic SesaZloa ama Tu im Zvals misdgomoda.
arsebobs zogierTi gansxvavebuli monacemic. magaliTad, n. xizanaSvili miuTi-
Tebs, rom Tu zeda Zvali gaiWreboda, gadasaxadi iqneboda xuTi Zroxa, magram SeiZleba
sami Zroxac yofiliyo.30 zeda Zvlis SedarebiT mcire dazianebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
es Zvali ar àmovidoda~ da mxolod gaiWreboda, SesaZloa damnaSavisTvis konkretul
SemTxvevaSi swored sami Zroxa daekisrebinaT. r. xaraZis da misi informatoris mixed-
viT ki: `Tu Tavis naWrevi Zvlis naxevramdea dayvanili, damnaSave ixdis 5 Zroxas. rode-
sac naWrevi imdenad Rrma aris, rom zeTa Zvali sul daimSxvreva, maSin damnaSave ixdis
8 xeliT Zroxas~. mgela jinWarauli ase agviwers am moments: `zeTa Zval ro amovasa da
Cximze Cava, maSinisa 8 xeliT Zroxas und gadaxda~.31 r. xaraZis es cnoba garkveul ko-
mentars saWiroebs. misgan gamomdinareobs, rom xuTi Zroxis dakisreba xdeba, Tu ze-
da Zvlis naWrevi mis naxevramdea dasuli, xolo Tu es Zvali imsxvreva, maSin gadasa-
xadia rva Zroxa. r. xaraZis es ganmarteba ar Seesabameba zemoT moyvanil monacemebs.
rogorc kvlevam aCvena, monacemTa umravlesobis mixedviT, zeda Zvlis àmosvlisas~
xuTi Zroxaa da ara rva. qvemoT warmoCindeba, rom monacemTa umravlesobis mixedviT,
8 Zroxa gaTvaliswinebulia, Tu Wriloba Cximamdea dasuli da mas azianebs. am Seusaba-
mobis mizezi is unda iyos, rom r. xaraZis informatoris, mgela WinWaraulis, ganmarte-
ba r. xaraZis mier arazustadaa interpretirebuli. mgela WinWarauli am SemTxvevaSi
ar saubrobs calke zeda Zvlis àmosvlaze~, aramed zeda Zvlis àmosvlas~ ukavSirebs
Wrilobis Cximamde dasvlas, Cximis dazianebas. fraza – `zeTa Zval ro amovasa da Cxim-
ze Cava~ – swored amas unda niSnavdes. saerTod, Wrilobis Cximamde `Casvla~ SeuZle-
belia zeda Zvlis àmosvlis~ gareSe da Cximis damazianebel Wrilobaze saubrisas zeda
Zvlis àmosvlis~ aRniSvna sruliad bunebrivia. aqedan gamomdinare, mgela WinWarauli
25
101.
26
gaburi b., xevsuruli masalebi, `qarTuli saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis weliwdeuli~,
1923-1924, 141. imaves imeorebs s. makalaTiac (makalaTia s., xevsureTi, Tb., 1984, 94).
27
oCiauri al., mosisxleoba xevsureTSi, 7/14. piradi arqivi, 158.
28
56-57, 62; oCiauri al., Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, piradi arqivi, 1954, 6/2, 23.
29
oCiauri al., Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, piradi arqivi, 1954, 6/4, 44
30
xizanaSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940, 52.
31
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 171.
10
rva Zroxis gadaxdas, upirveles yovlisa, ukavSirebs Cximis dazianebas. Tu mgela WinWa-
raulis monacemis Cveneul intepretacias marTebulad miviCnevT, maSin igi ar iqneba wi-
naaRmdegobaSi Cven mier motanil sxva monacemebTan. maT mixedviTac xom Wrilobis Cxi-
mamde CasvlisTvis, aseve, rva Zroxaa gaTvaliswinebuli. r. xaraZe ki, rodesac saubrobs
zeda Zvlis damsxvrevisaTvis rva Zroxis dakisrebaze, arafers ambobs am SemTxvevaSi
Wrilobis Cximamde dayvanaze. am ukanaskneli faqtoris gamoricxva ki, mgela WinWara-
ulis ganmartebis arazust interpretacias warmoadgens. Tan, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom r.
xaraZe, romelic detalurad aRwers gadasaxadebis sistemas TavSi miyenebuli Wrilo-
bebisaTvis, calke ar gamoyofs gadasaxads Cximis dazianebisaTvis. igi zeda Zvlis dam-
sxvrevisaTvis gadasaxadze saubridan pirdapir gadadis qveda Zvlis dazianebaze, rac
garkveuli xarvezia. savaraudod, r. xaraZis mxridan Cximis dazianebisaTvis gadasaxa-
dis mouxsenebloba, misi gamotoveba, swored mgela WinWaraulis ganmartebis arazusti
gagebis Sedegi unda iyos. xevsuri informatoris cnoba Cximis dazianebisaTvis gadasa-
xadis odenobis Sesaxeb r. xaraZem zeda Zvlis damsxvrevisaTvis gadasaxadis odenobad
CaTvala da amitom, Cximis dazianebisaTvis gadasaxadi saerTod gamotova.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis mixedviT,
xevsuruli rjuliT, Tavis zeda Zvlis dazianeba, misi damtvreva, `zeda Zvlis amosvla~
Sefasebulia xuT Zroxad, rac konkretuli faqtebiTac dasturdeba. Cveni mosazrebiT,
zeda Zvlis damsxvrevis SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Cximi ar aris dazianebuli, xuT Zroxaze me-
ti gadasaxadi ar unda yofiliyo dawesebuli. Zvlis SedarebiT msubuqi dazianeba (maga-
liTad, rodesac Zvali gaWrilia, magram ar xdeba misi damtvreva, àmosvla~), SesaZloa,
Sefasebuliyo SedarebiT naklebad.
2. 4. Cximis dazianeba. Cximis Zvalis àmosvla~
xelT arsebuli monacemebis absoluturi umravlesobis mixedviT, Cximis daziane-

ba, Cximiani Zvlis àmosvla~ Sefasebuli iyo rva Zroxad.32 b. gaburi Svid Zroxas asa-
xelebs: `Tu Cximi amoxyva, maSin Svid Zroxa unda miscas~.33 Cximis Zvlis amosvlisaTvis
gadasaxadis saxiT Svidi Tu rva Zroxis dakisreba danaSaulis simZimis erTgvarovan Se-
fasebas gulisxmobs da gadasaxadis odenobis aseTi umniSvnelo gansxvaveba, Cveulebi-
Ti samarTlis principebidan gamomdinare, araarsebiTia. SesaZlebelia, garkveul Sem-
TxvevebSi Cximis Zvlis amosvlisas rjulis kacebs marTlac Svidi Zroxa daekisrebinaT
damnaSavisaTvis, rogorc es b. gaburTanaa asaxuli. ZiriTadad ki, rva Zroxas vxvdebiT.
al. oCiaurs mohyavs konkretuli SemTxvevebi, rodesac Cximis Zvlis amosvlisaTvis
rjulis kacebis mier swored rva Zroxis dakisreba xdeba. magaliTad, erT-erTi SuRlis
Sedegad vinme garsias erT-erTi naWrevidan Cximianis Zvali amouvida. rjulis kacebma
32
38; oCiauri al., xevsureTis rjuli, 1945, xelnaweri, piradi arqivi, rveuli №3, 40; misi-
ve, mosisxleoba xevsureTSi, piradi arqivi, 7/14. 158.
33
1923-1924, 141. imaves imeorebs s. makalaTiac (makalaTia s., xevsureTi, Tb., 1984, 94). sava-
raudod, s. makalaTia b. gaburis informacias eyrdnoba.
11
amisaTvis damnaSaves rva Zroxis gadaxda daakisres.34 uTurgaT daviTisa da abikaT gigi-
ais SuRlis dros abikaT gigias TavSi Cximiani Zvali amouvida. rjulis kacebma amisaT-
vis aseve rva Zroxa gadauwyvites gadasaxdelad damnaSaves.35 konkretuli SemTxvevebi
yvelaze ukeT aCvenebs realobas da al. oCiauris mier dafiqsirebuli magaliTebi, sxva
zogad informaciasTan erTad, calsaxad miuTiTebs, rom Cximiani Zvlis amosvlisaTvis
gadasaxadis saxiT xevsuruli rjuliT dawesebuli iyo rva Zroxa.
zeda Zvlis amosvlasTan dakavSirebiT saubrisas moyvanil iqna r. xaraZis monace-
mi, romlis safuZvelze gamoiTqva varaudi, rom r. xaraZis informatori, rodesac am-
bobs: `zeTa Zval ro amovasa da Cximze Cava, maSinisa rva xeliT Zroxas und gadaxda~,
swored Cximis dazianebisTvis dawesebul gadasaxadze saubrobs da ara zeda Zvlis
amosvlisaTvis dadgenilze, rogorc amas r. xaraZe ganmartavs. Cximis dazianebasTan
dakavSirebiT Cven mier moyvanili monacemebi da maT Soris konkretuli faqtebi Cven
am varauds ganamtkicebs. am monacemebiT xom erTmniSvnelovnad Cans, rom Cximis Zvlis
amosvla namdvilad rva Zroxa Rirda da zeda Zvlis amosvla misi analogiuri Rirebu-
leba verafriT iqneboda.
2. 5. qveda Zvlis dazianeba. qveda Zvlis àmosvla~
qveda Zvlis dazianebisaTvis gadasaxadis odenoba ganpirobebuli iyo dazianebis

xarisxiT.
r. xaraZis cnobiT, Tu qveda Zvali naxevrad gatyda, damnaSave ixdis Tormet Zro-
xas.36 aseve m. kekelias erT-erTi informatoris ganmartebiT, Tu Tavis naWrevi qveda
Zvlamdea, rac iwyeba Cximis gaTavebis Semdeg da Zvali dazianda, Tormeti Zroxa mou-
dioda.37 imaves adasturebs kidev erTi xevsuri informatori.38 am monacemebis mixedviT
Cans, rom qveda Zvlis dazianeba, rodesac igi sanaxevrod gatyda da ara srulad, anu
srulad ar damsxvreula, ar amosula, Sefasebuli iyo Tormet Zroxad.
yvela es avtori da informatori saubrobs qveda Zvlis kidev ufro mZime Wrilo-
baze, rac dakavSirebuli iyo am Zvlis damsxvrevasTan, mis àmosvlasTan~. es iTvleboda
TavSi miyenebul yvelaze mZime Wrilobad. am dros qveda Zvali srulad iWreboda, Wri-
loba dadioda tvinamde (ufro sworad, tvinze gadafarebul Txel apkamde, romelsac
xevsurebi tvinis skas eZaxdnen) da, absoluturad yvela avtorisa da informatoris
cnobiT, Sefasebuli iyo Teqvsmet Zroxad.39 r. xaraZis informatori ase aRwers am Wri-
34
oCiauri al., Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, piradi arqivi, 1954, 6/2, 17-18.
35
iqve, 23-24.
36
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 171.
37
63.
38
12.
39
63; kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1977,
№5, 42; kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli,
1977, №6, 22, 40; zoiZe o., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli
12
lobas: `qveTa Zval ro gaiWrebis da tvin amoCndebis, maSinisav Teqvsmet xeliT Zro-
xas unda gadaxda~.40 r. xaraZis informatoris msgavsad, bevri sxvac aRniSnul Wrilobas
tvinis, tvinis skis gamoCenas ukavSirebs. am dros xdeboda `tvinzeiT Zvalis amosvla~,41
anu qveda Zvlis àmosvla~.
r. xaraZis cnobiT, Wrilobas, romelsac tvinis skis gamoCena mohyveboda, `Sars~
uwodebdnen, ìmas Sars vetyviT~.42 al. oCiauris informatori baTira arabuli bacali-
godan ganmartavs: `Sari, TavSari, tvinzeiT Zvalis amosvla. es erTi da igive aris. xSiri
iyo SemTxveva, rom xevsuri soflis aqimebi Zvals amoaclidnen, Tu is gaWrili an gate-
xili iyo. Zvalis Zirze da tvinis Tavze aqvs gadakruli qaRaldis sisxo, romelsac xev-
surebi tvinis skas eZaxian, marto es ska faravda tvins. Wriloba rom ganikurneboda, ma-
Sinac isev etyoboda tvinis moZraoba. swored aseTi Wriloba iyo Sefasebuli Teqvsmet
Zroxad~.43 al. oCiauris kidev erTi ganmartebiT: `TavSars eZaxdnen tvins zeviT Zvalis
amoRebas da tvinis amoCenas, romelsac martoRa tvinis apki faravda~.44 am cnobebSi
kargad Cans, rom TavSi miyenebuli yvelaze mZime Wrilobas, romelic tvinamde iyo da-
suli, xevsurebi uwodebdnen `Sars~, `TavSars~, `tvinzeiT Zvalis amosvlas~. Cans misi
maxasiaTeblebic: qveda Zvlis sruli amoReba, àmosvla~ da tvinis skis gamoCena. aseTi
Wriloba, cxadia, sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi iyo. xevsuri dastaqari babuca aludauri gan-
martavs, rom Saris fesvi mibmulia Tavis qalaze da Tu is Cavarda, adamianic mokvdeba.45
aRniSnuli zogadi monacemebis utyuarad dadasturebis saukeTeso saSualeba
konkretuli magaliTebia. TavSi miyenebuli, tvinamde dasuli Wrilobis ramdenime Sem-
Txvevas aRwers al. oCiauri.
gudanis jvarSi momxdari arabulebisa da WinWaraulebis masobrivi SuRlis dros
(asze meti kaci iRebda SuRlSi monawileobas) vinme gigiam (arabulma) TavSi daWra xnie-
ri kaci qarCauli (WinWarauli). al. oCiauri ase aRwers am daWras: `xmalma Zvaliv gasWra
da tvinis skazedamdin davida. bolos Zvali tvins zemodan sul amovida. tvinze gadak-
ruli apki ki sul feTqavda, romelsac xevsurebi tvinis skas eZaxdnen. roca saqme dam-
Svidda da naWrevebic gaikurna, gigiam da qarCaulmac irjules... rjulma Teqvsmeti
Zroxa daado TavSarisa, gigiasagan qarCaulisaTvis misacemi~.46 meore SemTxvevaSi Tav-
Si miyenebul Wrilobas ganixilaven rjulis kacebi: `Wrilobas etyoboda, rom Zvali
rveuli, 1988, №1, 101; jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTno-
grafiuli rveuli, 1988, 12, 38; merabiSvili j., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTal-
ze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 45; oCiauri al., mosisxleoba xevsureTSi, 7/14. piradi
arqivi, 158; gaburi b., xevsuruli masalebi, `qarTuli saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis we-
liwdeuli~, 1923-1924, 141; xizanaSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940, 52.
40
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 171.
41
42
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 171.
43
44
iqve, 55.
45
101.
46
13
tvinzeiT sul amosuli iyo. marto tvinis ska iyo damrCali. tvinis moZraoba Wrilo-
bas etyoboda. aqimmac daamtkica, rom Zvali tvinzeiT amovida... rogorc tvinzeiT amo-
suli Zvali... gadaswyvites Teqvsmeti Zroxis drama~.47 am konkretul magaliTebSi kar-
gad Cans, rom Teqvsmet Zroxad Sefasebuli iyo Wriloba, romlis SemTxvevaSic Zvali
tvins zemoT mTlianad amovidoda da tvinis ska gamoCndeboda. al. oCiauris aRweril
kidev erT SemTxvevaSi pirovnebas aseTi ori Wriloba miayenes. rjulis kacebma wesis
mixedviT damnaSaves ormagi gadasaxadi daakisres: `TavSi iyo miyenebuli orive Wrilo-
ba... aqimma sul amoiRo orive Wrilobis Zvlebi. tvinidan orive WrilobaSi Sari aCnda...
rjulSi ori Saris drama, orjer 16, e. i. 32 Zroxa daafasa da ToTiam (damWrelma – g.d.)
gadauxada naxevari fexiTi, naxevari xeliTi~.48
saqarTvelos sxva romelime kuTxeSi Tavis Wrilobis Sefasebis msgavsi sistema eT-
nografiuli monacemebs ar Semounaxavs. Crdilo kavkasiis mTielTa CveulebiT samar-
TalSi ki aseTi sistema kargadaa cnobili. samagaliTod moyvanil iqna T. leontoviCis
cnobas inguSTa CveulebiTi samarTlidan. xevsureTis msgavsad, aqac Tavis Wrilobi-
saTvis gadasaxadis odenoba misi siRrmiT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1. Tu Wriloba miyenebu-
lia TavSi, kanis mciredi gaWriT, Zvlis dauzianeblad (ise rom Zvali ar Cans), Cveule-
biT sakmarisia Sesarigebeli gamaspinZleba: cxvriT da arayi qvabiT; 2. Tu aris Wriloba
Tavis qalaze nafxaWniT da moiTxovs daniT gawmendas, saWiroebs sami Zroxis gadaxdas,
xolo gamaspinZlebisaTvis sakmarisia mcire cxvari da oTxi qvabi arayi; 3. Wriloba
Tavis qalis gaCexviT meore, adgilobrivTa TqmiT, rbil Zvlamde, tvinis myar garsam-
de, Rirs eqvsi Zroxa. gamaspinZlebisaTvis saWiroa didi cxvari da eqvsi an oTxi qvabi
arayi; 4. Wriloba Tavis qalis gaCexviT, Casuli tvinamde (romelic jer ar Cans) – rva
Zroxa, gamaspinZlebisaTvis – didi cxvari da eqvsi qvabi arayi; 5. Wriloba Tavis qalis
gaxleCviT, adgilobrivTa TqmiT, Tu tvini gamoCnda, Rirs aTi Zroxa da erTi xari qso-
vilis naWeriT, sami maneTis Rirebulebis, rac Seadgens Tormet Zroxas. gamaspinZlebi-
saTvis aris didi cxvari da eqvsi qvabi arayi.49
aRniSnuli monacemebi aSkarad xevsurulis msgavsia. aqac umniSvnelo, msubuq Wri-
lobad iTvleba is, romelic ar azianebs Tavis Zvals da kanis gaWrasTan aris dakavSire-
buli. TviTon Tavis qalis dazianebisaTvis gadasaxadis gansazRvris kriteriumi faq-
tobrivad, xevsureTis analogiuria. aqac ganmsazRvrelia is, Tu Tavis qalis romel
fenamdea Casuli Wriloba, romeli Zvalia dazianebuli, Cans Tu ara tvini.50 Tavis dazi-
47
48
iqve, 6/7, 74.
49
еонтович Ф., Адаты кавказских горцев, т.2, Одесса, 1882, 162.
50
r. xaraZes mohyavs gvelesianis mier andiis olqis mxareebSi dadasturebuli cnobebi
Tavis WrilobebisaTvis gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb: `didoelebSi: Tavis WrilobisaTvis, ro-
melic araa Casuli Zvlamde 1 maneTi da 40 kapikia; Zvlamde Tua – 2 maneTia, xolo Tu
tvinamdea Casuli 8 maneTi; windalis adaTebis aRwerilobaSi vkiTxulobT: Wrilo-
bisaTvis, romelic araa Zvlamde Casuli damnaSave ixdis 1 maneTs da 40 kapiks, Tavis
WrilobisaTvis Zvlamde damnaSave ixdis 2 maneTs, Tu Tavis qalis Zvlis zeda nawilia
dazianebuli – 4 maneTs, Wrilobis tvinamde CasvlisaTvis – 8 maneTs; unkratlCamala-
lis adaTebis mixedviT, tvinamde Casuli WrilobisaTvis xdeba 30 maneTis gadaxda, eqims
ki SeTanxmebisamebr uxdian. Tu TavSi Wrilobis Sedegad mxolod kani gaiWra, damnaSave
dazaralebuls uxdis erT maneTs, Zvlamde WrilobisaTvis – 4 maneTs; Tu Zvlis zeda
14
anebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb xevsuruli da inguSuri monacemebis urTierTSe-

dareba TvalnaTliv adasturebs, rom Crdilokavkasiel mTielTa da qarTvel mTielTa
(gansakuTrebiT xevsurTa) CveulebiTi samarTali saerTo principebzea dafuZnebuli.
3. pasuxismgebloba saxis areSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis
saxis Wriloba, TavSi miyenebul WrilobasTan SedarebiT, ufro mZimed iTvleboda

misi Tvalxilulobidan gamomdinare. mis Sedegad SesaZloa adamians saxis waruxoceli
damaxinjeba mieRo, romelic, Tavis Wrilobisagan gansxvavebiT, verc TmiT daifarebo-
da da verc qudiT. es, upirveles yovlisa, saxis SiSvel adgilas miyenebul Wrilobaze
iTqmis. Tu sxeulis sxva nawilSi miyenebul umniSvnelo Wrilobas naklebad aqcevdnen
yuradRebas da SeiZleba arafradac CaegdoT, saxeze miyenebuli analogiuri Wriloba
ukve mniSvnelovan Wrilobad aRiqmeboda da sakmao odenobis gadasaxadsac moiTxovda.
n. xizanaSvili aRniSnavs, rom xevsureTSi saxis areSi miyenebuli Wriloba mZime Wrilo-
baTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, Tumca ara `bewviT~ dafarul, aramed mxolod SiSvel adgilas
miyenebuli. misi TqmiT, `xevsuri Tavis saxes bevrs aras dasdevs... magram roca daWri-
lobazed mivardeba saqme, is pirisaxes metad ekekluceba da Tav-mowonebiT did sisxls
Txoulobs~.51
saxis Wrilobis Sesaxeb garkveuli konkretuli monacemebia fSav-xevsurul, Tu-
Sur da svanur CveulebiT samarTalTan mimarTebaSi.
3.1. pasuxismgebloba saxis WrilobisaTvis svaneTSi
svanuri CveulebiTi samarTali saxis areSi miyenebul Wrilobas mZime danaSaulad

ganixilavs. es, upirveles yovlisa, exeba saxis Wrilobas, romelmac misi waruxoceli
damaxinjeba gamoiwvia. eg. gablianis mixedviT, `pirisaxis Wrilobisagan dadaRva naxe-
var worad52 fasdeba~.53 naxevari wori, zogadad, sxeulis ama Tu im organos saxiCrobi-
saTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadi iyo svaneTSi, rac, rogorc Cans, saxis waruxocel dama-
xinjebazec vrceldeboda.
saintereso monacemebs vxvdebiT saxis waruxoceli damaxinjebis Sesaxeb m. keke-
lias mier XX saukunis 60–70-ian wlebSi Caweril masalebSi. araerTi svani informato-
ri aRniSnavs, rom mZimed iTvleba saxis damamaxinjebeli Wriloba da amisTvis sakmaod
fena gaiWra, maSin 10 maneTs, meore fenis gaWrisaTvis 15 maneTs; karatinis adaTebSi: Tu
Wriloba Cava tvinamde – 25 maneTia, Tu Tavis kani gaiWra, magram Zvali ar gamoCnda, ga-
daixdeba 1 maneTi da 40 kapiki. Tu gamoCndeba – 2 man da 40 kap. Tu Tavis qalis Zvlis zeda
nawilia gaWrili – 15 maneTia, Tu Zvlis moWrili nawili mocilda – 17 maneTi~ (xaraZe
r., xevsuruli rjuli, analebi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sro-
mebi, t. I, 1947, 175). am monacemebSic kargad Cans, rom Tavis WrilobisaTvis gadasaxadis
odenoba mis siRrmeze iyo damokidebuli. aqac, xevsureTis msgavsad, Tavis Wrilobis
simZimes gansazRvravdnen imis mixedviT, Wrilobam mxolod kani gaWra, Zvlamde davida,
Zvali daaziana, Tu tvinamde davida.
51
xizanaSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940, 51.
52
`wori~ – svanur CveulebiT samarTalSi mkvlelobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadi.
53
gabliani eg., Tavisufali svaneTi, Tb., 1927, 111.
15
didi gadasaxadia dawesebuli, Tumca konkretul sazRaurs ar uTiTebs,54 mxolod zo-

gadad warmoaCens aseTi Wrilobis mniSvnelobas. is informatorebi ki, romlebic kon-
kretulad saubroben aseTi WrilobisaTvis dawesebul sazRaurze, aseve xazs usvamen
am Wrilobis simZimes, Tumca xelis an fexis dasaxiCrebis tol dazianebad, gansxvavebiT
eg. gablianisagan, ar ganixilaven. kaleli informatori aRniSnavs: `Tu saxis areSia gan-
zrax miyenebuli iseTi Wriloba, rac amaxinjebs kacs, maSin woris mesamemdis adis gada-
saxdeli, xolo Tu ar amaxinjebs, igi ufro nakleb fasdeba~.55 wvirmeli informatoric
adasturebs, rom saxeze miyenebuli damamaxinjebeli WrilobisaTvis damnaSaves woris
mesamedi mainc gadaxdeboda.56 kidev erTi informatori analogiuri WrilobisaTvis
aseve woris mesamedis gadaxdaze saubrobs, maSin roca xelis da fexis dasaxiCrebisaT-
vis gadasaxadad naxevar wors asaxelebs.57 zogierTi monacemiT, aseTi WrilobisTvis
kidev ufro mcire gadasaxadic aris gaTvaliswinebuli. magaliTad, informatori bals
qvemo svaneTidan (eceri) miuTiTebs, rom saxis damamaxinjebeli Wriloba aT-Txutmet
Zroxadaa Sefasebuli.58 woris naxevrad (ocdaaTi Zroxa) igi afasebs xelis da fexis da-
saxiCrebas,59 anu saxis damamaxinjebeli Wriloba, misi monacemebidan gamomdinare, da-
axloebiT woris meoTxedia. xelis da fexis Wrilobis naxevrad afasebs saxis Wrilo-
bas erT-erTi lataleli informatoric.60 aris sxva monacemebic saxis damamaxinjebeli
Wrilobis mesamed worze naklebad Sefasebisa.61
aRniSnuli monacemebi marTlac adasturebs, rom saxis damamaxinjebeli Wrilo-
ba svanur CveulebiT samarTalSi mZime Wrilobad iTvleboda. rogorc Cans, SedarebiT
Zvel periodSi, kerZod, XX saukunis dasawyisis monacemiT, aseTi Wriloba, faqtobri-
vad, gaTanabrebuli iyo sxvadaxva organos (magaliTad, xelis, fexis) dasaxiCrebasTan
da, Sesabamisad, Sefasebuli iyo naxevar worad. Tumca, rogorc m. kekelias masalebis
mixedviT Cans, sabWoTa periodSi saxis damamaxinjebeli WrilobisaTvis gadasaxadi
worTan mimarTebaSi SedarebiT Semcirebulia, kerZod, daaxloebiT woris mesamed-me-
oTxedamde.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saxis damamaxinjebeli WrilobisaTvis gadasaxadi worTan
Tu xel-fexis saxiCrobis gadasaxadTan mimarTebaSi m. kekelias masalebis mixedviT Sem-
cirebulia, aRniSnuli Wriloba mainc mZime WrilobaTa kategorias miekuTvneba da mis-
Tvis gadasaxadi mainc sakmaod mniSvnelovani odenobisaa. Tu saxis Wriloba ar gamoiw-
vevda mis waruxocel damaxinjebas, bunebrivia, gadasaxadi naklebi iqneboda Wrilobis
simZimidan gamomdinare.
interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos svanur CveulebiT samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli sa-
xis damamaxinjebeli WrilobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadebis Sedareba analo-
54
kekelia m., masalebi svanur CveulebiT samarTlaze, eTnografiuli rveuli, №1, 1967, 26,
34; №3, 83.
55
kekelia m., masalebi svanur CveulebiT samarTlaze, eTnografiuli rveuli, №6, 1969, 2.
56
57
58
iqve, 105.
59
iqve.
60
61
16
giuri WrilobisaTvis qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebiT gaTvaliwinebul gadasaxadebTan.

giorgi brwyinvalis ZeglisdebiT, `visca pirsa zeda gerSi aCndes sadaRed~ gadasaxadi
sisxlis mexuTedia.62 am Zeglis mixedviT Cans tendencia, rom saxis waruxoceli damaxin-
jeba SedarebiT naklebadaa Sefasebuli, vidre Tvalis, fexis dasaxiCreba (sisxlis mo-
eTxedi) da xelis dasaxiCreba (marjvena xelis dasaxiCreba – sisxlis mesamedi).63 rogorc
kvlevam daadastura, analogiuri tendencia gamoCnda saxis waruxocel damaxinjebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT m. kekelias mier dafiqsirebuli masalebis mixedviTac.
analogiuri Wriloba ufro mZimed Cans vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigniT. kerZod, am
Zeglis 48-e muxlis mixedviT: `warbs queiT da yels zeiT Tu kacman kacs aseTi Wrilo-
ba daaCinos, rome Zalianad moekueTinos, im nakveTs neki gamoevlebodes, an saxiCrad
saxedvelad daRrejiliyos da wae£dinos..~. xelis sisxli, anu sisxlis mesamedia gaTva-
liswinebuli.64 rogorc vxedavT, vaxtangis samarTlis wignSi, saxis waruxoceli dama-
xinjeba ganxilulia xelis (aseve Tvalis, fexis) saxiCrobis Tanabar Wrilobad, rac misi
yvelaze ufro mZime WrilobaTa kategoriisaTvis mikuTvnebas gulisxmobs, swored ise,
rogorc es eg. gablianTan aris svanuri CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT. ra Tqma unda,
amis ganmsazRvreli faqtori aseTi Wrilobis Sedegad adamianis xiluli damaxinjebaa,
Torem bunebrivia, rom funqciuri danakargis TvalsazrisiT, es Wriloba ver Seedreba
adamianisaTvis fexis, xelis Tu Tvalis dakargvas.
3.2. pasuxismgebloba saxis areSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis

xevsureTSi, TuSeTsa da fSavSi.
saxis Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomva
xevsurul, TuSur da fSaur CveulebiT samarTalSi fiqsirdeba saxis Wrilobis

simZimis gansazRvris wesi misi sididis, sigrZis mixedviT. mxedvelobaSia Wrilobis sig-
rZis gazomva marcvlebis meSveobiT da Sesabamisi sazRauris dakisreba swored Wrilo-
baze dateuli marcvlebis raodenobis Sesabamisad.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi samecniero literaturaSi safuZvlianadaa ganxiluli. ara-
erTi avtori saubrobs mis Sesaxeb sakmaod srulyofilad. Tavdapirvelad r. xaraZisa
da misi xevsuri informatorebis cnobebs moviyvanT xevsureTSi saxis Wrilobis mar-
cvlebiT gazomvis wesis Sesaxeb: `pirisaxis SaSlaSi marcvali ewyoba~ (ukan xadu, un-
crua qerauli). am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom dasaxiCrebulia saxis is nawili, ro-
melic qudiT ar daifareba, ukanasknels Sublis sami zeda nakecis qvemoT angariSoben.
pirisaxis SaSlaSi dramis gamoangariSeba Semdegi wesiT xdeba: mas Semdeg, rac Wriloba
Sexorcdeba, naWrevs Calis Reros – Wyums daazomaven. qvaze naWrevis gamoxatulebis
mixedviT ifqlisa65 da qeris marcvals erTmaneTSi areviT daalageben, ifqls sigrZeze
daawyoben, qers - siganeze. amas TviTon Semdegnairad aRweren: `Tu saxeze, sadac Tma
ar moCndebis, iqa sWirs naWrevi, davzomT imas Calis WyumiT, mere imas qvaze davzdebT.
62
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis redaqciiT, t. I, Tb., 1963, 416.
63
iqve.
64
iqve, 494.
65
ìfqali~ – mTis jiSis xorbalia, romelic xevsureTSi gazafxulze iTeseba.
17
qvaze qviTav davswerT, gamovxatavT naWrevs. mere marcvals moviRebT naxevars ifqls,
naxevars qers, erTsa kudiT davawyobT, meores gardigardmo~ (ukan xadu, uncrua qera-
uli). mgela WinWaraulis aRweriT: Tu saxeze, Sublis sami naoWis qveiT sWirs naWrevi,
maSin `...naWrevs galiT gazomen, naxSiriT gamosweren imas sipze. memr imas marcvlebs
daasxmen ifqlisas sigrZeze, qerisas midamoRm. memr dazomen, ramTven marcval daidos,
xuT daidos, Svid daidos, memr imTensa Zroxasa und micema, ramdensac marcvals dai-
debs~ (sof. gudani). rodesac gamoTvlian, ramdeni marcvali daetia naWrevze, marcvlis
saerTo raodenobas ors gamoakleben da imden xeliT Zroxas gadaaxdevineben damnaSa-
ves. ase magaliTad, Tu aTi marcvali daetia, ors gamoaklaven da rva xeliT Zroxas ga-
daaxdevineben, radganac Wriloba morCenis Semdeg Semokldebao~.66 am monacemSi kargad
Cans, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi xdeboda xevsureTSi Wrilobis sigrZis marcvlebiT gazomva da
ra wesiT. Tavis areSi miyenebuli Wrilobebis Sesaxeb saubrisas aRiniSna, rom Wrilo-
ba izomeboda, Tu is miyenebuli iyo Sublis `sami naoWis qvemoT~, anu mxedvelobaSia is
adgili, romelic ar ifareba TmiT Tu qudiT da xilulia. amas adastureben m. kekelias
informatorebic.67 g. TedoraZe kidev ufro azustebs saxis im areals, sadac xdeboda
Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomva. misi ganmartebiT: `Tu Wriloba saxezea miyenebuli, ma-
Sin gamoangariSeba xdeba marcvlebis dadebiT. saxeo, rom vambobT, igulisxmeba Semdegi
farglebi: zevidan Sublis sami naoWi, qvevidan nikapi da gverdebidan yuris Zirebi. am
farglebSi miyenebul Wrilobas saxis Wriloba hqvia~...68
rogorc vxedavT, r. xaraZis informatorebi detalurad aRweren saxis Wrilobis
marcvlebiT gazomvis wess, miuxedavad misi sakmao siZvelisa.
xevsureTSi saxis Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis wesi r. xaraZis garda araerT av-
torTan (vaJa-fSavela, n. xizanaSvili, s. makalaTia, al. yamarauli, m. kovalevski, g. Te-
doraZe, b. gaburi, al. oCiauri) gvxvdeba. TiToeuli maTgani, faqtobrivad, iseve aRwers
am wess, rogorc r. xaraZis informatorebi. magaliTad, saubroben Wrilobis Sexorce-
bis Semdeg gazomvaze, marcvlebis gardigardmo dalagebaze da gasazomad ifqlis (xor-
blisa) da qeris marcvlebis gamoyenebaze, Wrilobis zomis qvaze gadatanaze da sxva.69
calkeuli niuansi gansxvavebuladac aris gadmocemuli. magaliTad, zogierTi cnobiT,
Wrilobis zomis aReba SeiZleba momxdariyo ara Calis ReroTi (WyumiT), aramed ZafiT,70
xolo Wrilobis zomis gadatana ara sip qvaze, aramed ficarze71 an qaRaldze.72
saxis Wrilobis qeris marcvlebiT gazomvis wesis sailustraciod moviyvanT, ase-
ve, al. oCiauris cnobasac, romelic saxeze Wrilobis miyenebis konkretuli SemTxvevas
66
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 172.
67
62; №4, 29; №6, 22.
68
TedoraZe g., xuTi weli fSav-xevsureTSi, tf., 1930, 112.
69
vaJa-fSavela, xevsuris Tavi, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 1964, 284; xi-
zanaSvili n., fSav-xevsureTi, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940, 51; TedoraZe g., xuTi
weli fSav-xevsureTSi, tf., 1930, 113; oCiauri al., xevsureTis rjuli, 1945, xelnaweri,
piradi arqivi, rveuli №3, 39 da sxva.
70
oCiauri al., iqve; TedoraZe g., iqve; makalaTia s., iqve; xizanaSvili n., iqve.
71
TedoraZe g., iqve.
72
xizanaSvili n., iqve.
18
aRwers: `naWrevi ZafiT dazomes, Zafi sip qvaze dadves da imis sigrZe xazi gaavles. mi-
itanes qeris da puris marcvlebi da xazze daawyves. TiTo marcvali sigrZeze da TiTo
gardi-gaRme. TiTo marcvali purisa da TiTo qerisa. sul daetia Tormeti marcvali
(kiloni gadayarnes), ori marcvali napirebidan gadaagdes da darCa aTi marcvali~.73
rogorc vxedavaT, xevsureTSi ori kidura marcvlis gamoklebas `kilonis74 gadayras~
uwodeben. zogan `kiloT gadayra gvxvdeba~.75
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxis Wrilobis qeris marcvlebiT gazomvis wesi sakmaod srul-
yofili saxiT fiqsirdeba m. kekelias da mis mier daarsebuli `qarTuli CveulebiTi
samarTlis Semswavleli laboratoriis~ TanamSromelTa mier XX saukunis 70–80-ian
wlebSi xevsureTSi Caweril masalaSic. es miuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli wesis moqmedeba
xevsureTSi sakmaod didxans SemorCa da XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi Cveulebriv movle-
nas warmoadgenda. am masalebiT, faqtobrivad, dasturdeba saxis Wrilobis marcvle-
biT gazomvis wesis yvela is niuansi, romelsac zemoT naxseneb avtorebTan vxvdebiT.
magaliTad, m. kekelias erT-erTi arxoteli informatori aRwers misTvis miyene-
buli Wrilobis gazomvis peripetiebs: `WyumiT (balaxis ReroTi) gazomes Wriloba. es
zoma gadaitanes sipze, gauxazes boloebi da daawyves zed ifqlis ...... da qeris marcvle-
bi. daawyves ase: jer qeri ibtyiv (ganiT), mere ifqali – sigrZiT, Semdeg qeri sigrZiT,
ifqaliT ibtyiv da ase daewyo mi da moRma, sul 9 marcvali daetia~.76 aseTive aRweras
sxva xevsur informatorebTanac vxvdebiT.77 imave masalebiT aseve dasturdeba, rom
Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomva xdeboda misi Sexorcebis Semdeg.78 es monacemebi gviCve-
nebs, rom saxis Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis wesSi XX saukunis II naxevarSic araferi
Secvlila da am droisTvisac Zveli, tradiciuli saxiT tardeboda.
Tu saxis areSi ramdenime Wriloba iqneboda miyenebuli, isini cal-calke gaizo-
meboda, ganisazRvreboda, Tu TiToeulze ramdeni marcvali ewyoba da yoveli Wrilo-
bis zomaze dawyobil marcvlebs gamoakldeboda or-ori kidura marcvali, darCenili
marcvlebi Sejamdeboda. g. TedoraZis miTiTebiT, `magaliTad, sam WrilSi moTavsda 30
marcvali. ukve aRniSnul dazomvis wesiT ocdaaTs unda gamovakloT eqvsi marcvali...
darCeba 24, maSasadame damWrelma unda zRos ocdaoTxi drama~,79 anu saxeze miyenebuli
yvela Wrilobis sigrZeze dawyobili marcvlebis saerTo raodenobas unda gamoakldes
WrilobaTa raodenobis orze namravli.
73
oCiauri al., Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, 6/1, piradi arqivi, 11. aRniSnuli wesis analo-
giur aRweras vxvdebiT al. oCiauris sxva monacemebSic (ix. iqve, 6/6, 65; oCiauri al., xe-
vsureTis rjuli, 1945, xelnaweri, piradi arqivi, rveuli №3, 39-40).
74
kiloni – `napiris marcvlebi~ (oCiauri al., Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, 6/3, piradi arqivi,
31).
75
oCiauri al., xevsureTis rjuli, 1945, xelnaweri, piradi arqivi, rveuli №3, 40.
76
60-61.
77
29, 42; jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli,
1988, 10.
78
10;
79
19
g. TedoraZesTan ori kidura marcvlis gamoklebis r. xaraZisagan gansxvavebul mi-

zezs vxvdebiT. Tu ratom aclian pirvelsa da ukanasknel marcvals, amaze, misi TqmiT,
man adgilobrivebisagan garkveuli pasuxi ver miiRo, Tumca rogorc maT pasuxebSi Se-
amCia, marcvlebis gamokleba erTgvari patiebis niSani unda iyos.80 SesaZloa, aRniSnu-
li argumenti ori kidura marcvlis gamoklebisa realuricaa, Tumca migvaCnia, rom r.
xaraZis mosazreba, rom Wriloba morCenis Semdeg kidev Semokldeba, ufro axlosaa si-
namdvilesTan. am mosazrebas Zalze argumentirebulad asabuTebs j. merabiSvili: `mar-
Talia, azomva... Wrilobis morCenis Semdeg xdeboda da TiTqos sadavoc aRaraferi un-
da yofiliyo, magram xevsuruli rjuli iTvaliswinebda imas, rom momavalSi Wriloba
ufro damokldeboda, Sexorcdeboda qsovilebis aRdgenis gamo~.81
aRsaniSnavia, rom garkveul SemTxvevebSi kidura marcvlebis gamokleba ar xde-
boda. aseTi wesi moqmedebda maSin, rodesac adgili hqonda e. w. `piris seris Serevas~,
anu pirovnebisTvis saxis areSi cxovrebaSi pirveli Wrilobis miyenebas. al. oCiauri
ganmartavs: `piriserze (pirisaxeze) Tu pirvelad sWirs naiaraRali, aqamdin ar xqonda
piriseri Sereuli, maSin kilon ar gadaiyrebian, Tu piriser winavac xqonda Sareuli,
maSin kilon gadaiyrebian~...82 am ganmartebas igi iqve azustebs: `pirvelad Sereul piri-
serze kiloni ar gadaiyrebodnen, ramdeni marcvalic daeteoda mTlianad iTvleboda.
Tu meored an ufro metjer iyo saxeze daWrili, maSin kiloni, e. i. napirebidan ori mar-
cvali gadavardeboda da naWrevis sigrZis odenobas or Zroxis angariSiT akldeboda
drama da rac darCeboda damnaSave dazaralebuls uxdida imden Zroxas~.83 al. oCiaurs
mohyavs konkretuli SemTxveva Satilel informatorze dayrdnobiT, romelic vinme
xTisos da levanis SuRls exeba: xTisos saxis Wrilobaze dateula Teqvsmeti marcvali
da raki `pirisaxe pirvelad Saeria~, kilonis gadayra ar moxda da levans xTisos sasar-
geblod daekisra Teqvsmet Zroxis (naxevari xeliTis da naxevari fexiTis, rogorc es
SatilSi iyo miRebuli) gadaxda.84 am sakiTxze sakmaod bevri cnoba gvxvdeba XX saukunis
70-80-iani wlebis masalebSi. m. kekelias erT-erTi informatori miuTiTebs, rom saxis
pirvel Wrilobas eZaxian `piris seris Serevas~ da am dros ramdeni marcvalic daete-
oda Wrilobaze, imdeni Zroxa unda gadaexada damnaSaves.85 arxoteli informatoris
zemomoyvanili monayolic misi Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis Sesaxeb adasturebs
aRniSnul garemoebas. rogorc gamoCnda, misi Wrilobis sigrZeze cxra marcvali dae-
tia, magram rogorc informatori yveba, mas rom saxis areSi adre hqonoda miyenebuli
80
81
merabiSvili j., sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli (naS-
romis – `fSauri CveulebiTi samarTali~, I Tavis – `danaSauli~ – me-2 nawili), krebuli
`qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali~, 3, Tb., 1991, 56.
82
oCiauri al., Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, 6/6, piradi arqivi, 65.
83
iqve.
84
iqve.
85
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1977,
№6, 40. saxis pirvel Wrilobas `piris seris Serevas~ sxva informatorebic uwodeben
(ix. kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1977,
№2, 85; jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli,
1988, 63 da sxva).
20
Wriloba, maSin kidura marcvlebs gadayridnen da ase iangariSebdnen gadasaxads, mag-

ram raki pirveli Wriloba iyo (mTxrobeli misi daWrisas Teqvsmeti wlis yofila), mar-
cvlebi ar gadayares da damnaSaves cxra Zroxis gadaxda daakisres.86 igive dasturdeba
sxva informatorebTanac.87 aq moyvanili monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom xevsuruli rjuli
`piris seris Serevas~, saxis areSi pirvelad miyenebul Wrilobas pasuximgeblobis mak-
valificirebel garemoebad Tvlis da misTvis ufro met sazRaurs awesebs, vidre yove-
li Semdgomi (meore, mesame da a.S.) WrilobisaTvis. araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda,
damWrelma icoda Tu ara, rom pirovnebas cxovrebaSi pirvel Wrilobas ayenebda. pasu-
xismgebloba `piris seris Serevisas~ nebismier SemTxvevaSi mZimdeboda.
saxis areSi miyenebuli Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvisas mniSvneloba hqonda,
Wriloba SiSvel adgilze iyo miyenebuli Tu wveriT dafarul adgilze. Wrilobis mar-
cvlebiT gazomvis ganxiluli wesi vrceldeboda saxis im nawilze miyenebuli Wrilo-
bis SemTxvevaSi, romelic ar iyo dafaruli wveriT. wveriT dafarul areSi miyenebuli
saxis Wrilobisas aseve xdeboda misi marcvlebiT gazomva, Tumca sazRauris gamoanga-
riSebis gansxvavebuli wesi arsebobda. XX saukunis 70–80-ian wlebSi Caweril masalebSi
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT yvelaze ufro srulyofili monacemebi mogvepoveba.
masalebis mixedviT, saxis areSi miyenebul Wrilobas, romelsac Tma (wveri) ar fa-
ravs – `TmaSiSvel naWrevs~ eZaxdnen, xolo romelic `ybiT~, anu wveriT dafarul ad-
gilzea miyenebuli – `sasafre naWrevs.88
m. kekelias erT-erTi informatori miuTiTebs, rom saxis Wriloba Sublidan mTels
saxeze, Tu balniTaa dafaruli, naxevrad iangariSeba.89 informatori aq gulisxmobs,
rom saxis wveriT dafarul adgilas miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis gan-
sasazRvrad, mis zomaze dateuli marcvlebis mxolod naxevari iangariSeba. meore in-
formatoris mixedviT ki wveriT dafarul saxis Wrilobaze dalagebuli marcvlebidan
naxevari gadavardeba, xolo darCenili naxevari iangariSeba.90 kidev erTi informato-
ris ganmartebiT: `Tu Wriloba ybazea, e. i. wverian adgilzea, maSin marcvlebis naxeva-
ri gamoakldeba~.91 imave informatoris mixedviT, ar hqonda mniSvneloba es saxis areSi
miyenebuli pirveli Wriloba iqneboda, Tu meore, mesame da a. S.92 amrigad, saxis wveriT
dafarul adgilas miyenebuli Wriloba aseve marcvlebiT izomeboda, Tumca, gansxva-
vebiT saxis SiSvel adgilas miyenebuli Wrilobisagan, mis zomaze dateuli marcvlebis
mxolod naxevari iangariSeboda gadasaxadis odenobis dasadgenad nebismier SemTxve-
vaSi (rogorc pirveli, ise Semdgomi Wrilobebis miyenebisas). cxadia, saxis wveriT da-
86
61.
87
merabiSvili j., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli,
1988, 41; jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveu-
li, 1988, 63; kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rve-
uli, 1977, №2, 60; №5, 29; №6, 22.
88
62; №2, 85.
89
iqve, 1977, №2, 60.
90
iqve, 85.
91
jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 11.
92
iqve, 12.
21
farul adgilas miyenebuli Wriloba imitom fasobda SiSvel adgilas miyenebul Wri-
lobasTan SedarebiT mcired (magaliTad, pirveli Wrilobisas mis naxevrad), rom igi
naklebad TvalsaCino iyo.
saxis wveriT dafarul adgilas miyenebuli Wriloba rom gansxvavebulad fasde-
boda, SedarebiT Zveli periodis zogierT avtorTanac fiqsirdeba. magaliTad, b. ga-
buri miuTiTebs saxis areSi miyenebuli Wrilobis Sesaxeb: `Tu laSybaT sWirs, naxevar
marcval gadvardebis da naxevris marcvlis saqons aiRebs daWrili~93 (laSybaSi wveriT
dafaruli adgili igulisxmeba). al. oCiaurTanac aris miniSneba, rom saxis `ybiT~ dafa-
ruli Wriloba gansxvavebulad fasdeba, vidre `TmaSiSveli~ Wriloba.94
SesaZloa, saxis Wriloba nawilobriv wveriT dafarul adgilas yofiliyo ganTav-
sebuli da nawilobriv SiSvel adgilas. am dros Wrilobis wveriT dafarul adgilze
dateul marcvlebs gaanaxevrebdnen, xolo Wrilobis SiSvel adgilas ganTavsebul mar-
cvlebs an ucvlelad iangariSebdnen (Tu `piris seris Serevas~ hqonda adgili), an or
kidura marcvals gamoaklebdnen (Tu es ar iqneboda saxeze miyenebuli pirveli Wrilo-
ba). aseTi saxiT Wrilobis SiSvel da wveriT dafarul adgilas ganTavsebul nawilebze
cal-calke naangariSeb marcvlebs Sekrebdnen da ramdeni marcvalic darCeboda, imde-
ni Zroxis drama gadaxdeboda damnaSaves.95
saxis Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis, faqtobrivad, analogiuri wesi fiqsirdeba
fSavsa da TuSeTSi.
fSavSi aRniSnuli wesi srulyofilad Seswavlili aqvs j. merabiSvils. misi ganmar-
tebiT, fSavSi saxis Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomva xevsureTSi moqmedi wesis analo-
giurad xdeboda. kerZod, fSavSi Cawerili masalebis mixedviT, Wrilobas jer TokiT
(sabliT, balaxis ReroTi da sxva) gazomavdnen, Semdeg am anazom Toks ficarze (qvaze,
miwaze) dadebdnen, daalagebdnen Wrilobis sigrZeze xorblis marcvlebs da ramdeni
marcvalic daeteoda, imdeni Zroxa unda gadaexada damWrels.96 aseTive wess vxvdebiT
vaJa-fSavelasTan, s. makalaTiasTan. maT mixedviTac fSavSi saxis Wrilobas marcvle-
biT zomavdnen da erTs sigrZeze debdnen, xolo meores siganeze. samarTlebrivi Sedegi
igive iyo.97 xevsureTSi moqmed wesTan msgavseba aSkaraa, Tumca j. merabiSvili miuTi-
Tebs, rom misi moqmedeba fSavSi TiTqmis ukve gamqralia, xolo xevsureTSi XX saukunis
bolosac Cveulebriv grZeldeba. amave dros fSauri samarTali, xevsurulisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, ver mijnavda im sazRvrebs, romlis mixedviTac saxeze miyenebuli Wriloba
ufro damZimdeboda an ufro Semsubuqdeboda. kerZod, fSavSi, xevsureTisagan gansxva-
vebiT, ar fiqsirdeba ori kidura marcvlis gamoklebis wesi da `piris seris Serevisas~
93
1923-1924, iqve.
94
oCiauri al., Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, 6/3, piradi arqivi, 31.
95
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1977, №6, 22.
96
merabiSvili j., sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli (naS-
romis – `fSauri CveulebiTi samarTali~, I Tavis – `danaSauli~ – me-2 nawili), krebuli
`qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali~, 3, Tb., 1991, 55-56.
97
vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomac, t. IX, Tb., 1964, 72; makalaTia s.,
fSavi, Tb., 1985, 79
22
SedarebiT mZime pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba damnaSavisaTvis, aseve saxis wveriT da-

farul adgilze miyenebuli WrilobisTvis SedarebiT msubuqi sasjelis gansazRvra.98
TuSeTSi saxis Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis wesis moqmedebas adasturebs al.
xaxanaSvili. misi ganmartebiT, `Wriloba saxeze gaizomeboda qeris marcvlebiT, ramde-
nic marcvali Wrilobazed daewyoboda, iqidgan ors gadaagdebdnen da danarCens TiTo
marcvalzed unda gadaexadaT TiTo Zroxa~...99 TuSeTSi am wesis arsebobis Sesaxeb saub-
robs v. lagaziZec.100
aq moyvanili monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom xevsureTSi saxis Wrilobis marcvlebiT
gazomvis wesi ufro srulyofili da mravalferovani saxiTaa SemorCenili. fSavsa da
TuSeTSi aRar fiqsirdeba am wesis iseTi elementebi, romlebic xevsurul masalebSi
gvxdeba. amis ganmapirobebeli faqtori, cxadia, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo xevsuruli
rjulis normebis ufro didi xnis manZilze sakmaod srulyofili saxiT Semonaxuloba
iyo, fSauri da TuSuri CveulebiT samarTalTan SedarebiT.
Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis wesi Zvel saqarTveloSi sakmaod intensiurad ga-
moiyeneboda. rogorc Cans, igi damaxasiaTebeli iyo ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los mTis regionebisaTvis, aramed barSic kargad cnobil wess warmoadgenda. gasakviri
araa, rom es realoba aisaxa vaxtangis samarTlis wignSic, sadac, rogorc Cans, Cveule-
biTi samarTlis normis saxiT moqmedi Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis wesis sanqcio-
nireba moxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxtangis samarTlis wigniT, gansxvavebiT aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTisa, qeris marcvlebiT xdeboda ara saxeze, aramed tanze, fexze
da mklavze miyenebuli Wrilobis gazomva.101 mizezi is unda iyos, rom xevsuruli rju-
liT (aseve fSauri samarTliT) aRniSnul adgilebSi miyenebuli Wrilobis Sefasebis
gansxvavebuli wesebi Camoyalibda.
Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis wesi, qarTvel mTielTa CveulebiTi samarTlis
garda, sxva xalxis CveulebiT samarTalSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, erT-erTi daRestne-
li xalxis unkrat-Camalalis adaTebSi aRniSnulia: Tu saxeSi miyenebuli Wrilobisas,
darCeba iara, damnaSave ixdis oTx maneTs am Wrilobaze dateuli TiToeuli marcvli-
saTvis.102 Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomva fiqsirdeba osur CveulebiT samarTalSic.
Wrilobis simZimis dadgenis am wess m. kovalevski arqauls uwodebs. misi TqmiT, Wrilo-
baze dateuli TiToeuli qeris marcvlisaTvis damnaSaves unda gadaexada erTi Zroxa,
Tumca Tormeti Zroxis zeviT gadaxda ar SeiZleboda.103 m. kovalevskis mixedviT, aR-
niSnuli wesi mxolod kavkasionis samxreTSi mcxovreb osebSi iyo gavrcelebuli, rom-
lebic saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis qveS iyvnen da amitom
osebSi am wesis safuZveli qarTul samarTalSi unda veZioT.104
98
vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomac, t. IX, Tb., 1964, 72; makalaTia s.,
fSavi, Tb., 1985,56-57.
99
xaxanaSvili al., mgzavris dRiuridam, ìveria~, 1888, №185.
100
lagaziZe v., TuSeTis eTnografiul-istoriuli warsulidan, Tb., 1966, 299 (xelnaweris
uflebiT, sakandidato disertacia), 146.
101
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis redaqciiT, t. I, Tb., 1963, 494-495.
102
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 176.
103
Ковалевский М., Современный обычай и древний закон, т. 2, М., 1886, 139.
104
iqve, 140.
23
m. kovalevski Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis wesis siZveles asabuTebs imiT, rom

Wrilobis simZimis dadgena misi sididiT uZveles samarTalSi gvxvdeba. kerZod, germa-
nuli samarTlidan msgavsi wesi mxolod frizebis samarTalSi fiqsirdeba. swored am
samarTlis mixedviT, Wriloba fasdeboda sididis mixedviT. yovelgvari Wriloba erTi
solidi Rirda. Tu Wriloba moicavda pirvel da meore TiTs Soris manZils, gadasaxadi
izrdeboda oTx solidamde. majidan Sua TiTis wveramde sigrZis Wriloba Rirda ocda-
oTx solidamde, rac yvelaze didi gadasaxadi iyo.105
Zvel qarTul samarTalSi arsebuli Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis wesi, m. kova-
levskis dakvirvebidan gamomdinare, savaraudod, marTlac uZvelesia, romelic aRmo-
savleT saqarTvelos CveulebiT samarTals (srulyofili saxiT xevsureTSi) XX sauku-
neSic SemorCa.
4. daskvna
xevsuruli rjulis mixedviT, TavSi miyenebuli Wrilobis SefasebisaTvis winas-

war iyo gansazRvruli, Tu ra simZimis (siRrmis) Wriloba ramdenad iyo Sefasebuli,
kerZod: 1. Tavis kanis gaWra (skis dazianebis gareSe) – erTi cxvari; 2. skis dazianeba
(zeda Zvlis dauzianeblad) – sami cxvari; 3. zeda Zvlis damtvreva, àmosvla~ – xuTi
Zroxa (SesaZloa zeda Zvlis dazianeba, misi damsxvrevis, àmosvlis~ gareSe naklebadac
Sefasebuliyo); 4. Cximis dazianeba, Cximiani Zvlis àmosvla~ – rva Zroxa; qveda Zvlis
dazianeba, rodesac Zvlis sruli damtvreva, àmosvla~ ar xdeba – Tormeti Zroxa; qve-
da Zvlis sruli damtvreva, `tvinzeiT amosvla~, rodesac tvinis ska Cndeba – Teqvsmeti
Zroxa.
svaneTSi Wriloba, romelic saxis waruxocel damaxinjebas iwvevda, Sefasebuli
iyo woris (sisxlis fasis) naxevrad. XX saukunis 60–70-ian wlebSi dafiqsirebuli mona-
cemebis mixedviT ki misi Rirebuleba worTan mimarTebaSi Semcirda – daaxloebiT wo-
ris mesamedamde, an meoTxedamde.
xevsureTSi, TuSeTsa da fSavSi saxis Wrilobis simZimis Sefaseba xdeboda misi sig-
rZis mixedviT. Wrilobis sigrZe marcvlebiT izomeboda. xevsureTSi saxis Wrilobis
marcvlebiT gazomvis wesTan dakavSirebiT SesaZloa gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi:
1. Wrilobis gazomva xdeba mas Semdeg, rac igi Sexorcdeba; 2. uSualod Wrilobas
zomaven WyumiT, anu `Calis~, balaxis Reros meoxebiT (SesaZloa Wrilobis gazomva mom-
xdariyo ZafiT). 3. `Calis~ ReroTi (ZafiT) aRebuli zoma gadaaqvT sip qvaze (ficarze,
qaRaldze) da qviTve (naxSiriT) moniSnaven Wrilobis sigrZes (Wrilobis sigrZis xazs
gaavlebdnen); 4. qvaze moniSnuli Wrilobis sigrZis zomaze awyoben marcvlebs; 5. Wri-
lobis zomis gasazomad iyeneben ifqlisa da qeris marcvlebs, romelic erTmaneTSi
aRreviT ewyoba qvaze; 6. marcvlebi ewyoba gardigardmo: ifqlis marcvlebs sigrZeze
105
Ковалевский М., Современный обычай и древний закон, т. 2, М., 1886, 139-140. Wrilobis TiTe-
biT gazomvis wesi erT-erTi daRestneli xalxis adaTebSic gvxdeba, romlis mixedviTac,
WrilobaSi TiTebs deben da ramdeni TiTic daeteva, imden 3 maneTs ixdian (xaraZe r., xe-
vsuruli rjuli, analebi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi, t.
I, 1947, iqve).
24
deben, qeris marcvlebs – siganeze, rigrigobiT; 7. gansazRvraven Wrilobis sigrZeze

dateuli marcvlebis raodenobas. 8. saxis SiSvel adgilas miyenebuli Wrilobis Sem-
TxvevaSi or kidura marcvals gadaagdeben da ramdenic darCeba, imdeni Zroxis drama
unda gadauxados damnaSavem dazaralebuls; 8. kidura marcvlebis gadayra xdeba imi-
tom, rom Wriloba saboloo morCenis Semdeg pataravdeba (SesaZloa, aq, garkveuli pa-
tiebis elementic igulisxmebodes); 9. saxis SiSvel adgilas pirvelad miyenebuli Wri-
lobisas, anu `piris seris Serevisas~ kidura marcvlebis gamokleba ar xdeba; 10. saxis
wveriT dafarul adgilze miyenebuli Wriloba aseve marcvlebiT izomeba; 11. saxis
wveriT dafarul adgilze miyenebuli Wrilobis zomaze dateul marcvlebs naxevari
akldeba, miuxedavad imisa es saxeze miyenebuli pirveli Wrilobaa Tu arapirveli da
ramdeni marcvalic darCeba, imdeni Zroxa unda gadaxdes damnaSaves.
25
sulxan oniani*
termin `ganCinebis~ mniSvnelobisaTvis Zvel qarTul samarTalSi
1. Sesavali
iuridiuli ena, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva profesiuli Tu dargobrivi ena, sa-
metyvelo enis ganuyofeli nawilia. sametyvelo enis msgavsad, iuridiul enaSic TiTo-
eul sityvas Tavisi gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs da ama Tu im konkretul cnebas, sagans
Tu movlenaTa jgufs aRniSnavs.
h. bermanis mosazrebis erTgvari perifraziT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samarTals, da
miT ufro samarTlebriv termins, àqvs ara mxolod istoria, aramed is Tavad mogviTx-
robs istorias~.1 TiToeul terminSi Cans samarTalSemoqmedis istoriuli neba da igi
erTgvari gasaRebia imdroindeli samarTlis filosofiis Sesacnobad. swored es gana-
pirobebs samarTlis istoriis mkvlevarTa gansakuTrebul interess TiToeuli iuri-
diuli terminis mimarT, romlebic samarTlis Zeglebsa da arapirdapir wyaroebSia gab-
neuli.
termini `ganCineba~ (`ganaCeni~) sayovelTaod damkvidrebulia dRevandel samar-
TalwarmoebaSi da igi farTod gamoiyeneboda Zvel qarTul sasamarTlo procesSic.
mocemuli statiis mizania pasuxis gacema kiTxvaze: ratom aRniSnavs sasamarTlos
mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebas termini `ganCineba~, ratom mieniWa am sityvas swored
es iuridiuli mniSvneloba da ras mogviTxrobs igi sakuTar Tavze? sxvagvarad: ratom
hqvia ganCinebas `ganCineba~?
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemamde saWiroa xazi gaesvas im garemoebas, rom `gan-
Cineba~ Zvel qarTul samarTalSi ara mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas, aramed –
sakanonmdeblo organos mier miRebul normatiul aqts da metic, Tanamedrove gagebiT,
individualur administraciulsamarTlebriv aqtsac aRniSnavs.
2. `ganCineba~ qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi
Zvel qarTul samarTalSi termini `ganCineba~ viwro gagebiT sasamarTlo gadawy-

vetilebas, xolo farTo gagebiT – qcevis savaldebulo normebis dadgenas, samarTlis
`gaCenas~ gulisxmobs. es mniSvnelobebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba, vinaidan sasamar-
Tlo procesi swored `samarTlis qmnis~ kerZo SemTxvevaa. Tuki sasamarTlos ganCine-
baSi miTiTebuli qcevis savaldebulo wesebi procesis monawile konkretul mxareebs
Seexeba, sakanonmdeblo organos mier `gaCenili~ da dadgenili normatiuli xasiaTis
moTxovna farTo sazogadoebrivi wrisTvisaa gankuTvnili da zogadsavaldebulo xa-
siaTs atarebs.
* samarTlis doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori.

1
Берман Г. Дж., Западная традиция права: Эпоха формирования, 2-е издание, М., 1998, 26.
26
sulxan oniani, termin `ganCinebis~ mniSvnelobisaTvis Zvel qarTul samarTalSi
mizezi, ris gamoc Zvel qarTul samarTalSi `ganCinebaSi~ moiazreba rogorc nor-
matiuli aqti, ise – sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba da, Tanamedrove ga-
gebiT, individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti, martivad asaxsnelia: fe-
odalur saqarTveloSi kanonSemoqmedebisa da marTlmsajulebis uflebebi mkacrad
gamijnuli ar yofila da, rogorc wesi, kanonmdebels (mefes, darbazs da a.S.) msjavris
dadebis uflebac gaaCnda. bunebrivia, administraciuli aparatic mas emorCileboda.2
yvelaze uxvad termin `ganCinebas~ giorgi V-is Zeglisdeba iyenebs. SesavalSi sa-
gangebodaa miTiTebuli im mizezebze, ramac ganapiroba aseTi sakanonmdeblo inicia-
tiva: `Zeman yovlTa Soris warCinebulisa mefeT-mefis dimitrisaman, davdeviT Zegli
ganaCeni ese.... vscaniT ese, rome RmrTiv g¢rg¢nosanTa da sanatrelTa CuenTa Camoma-
valTa mefeTagan amad ar gasCenoda ZegliTa gaCeniTa da dadebiTa sisxlisa da sxuaTa
mravalTa uwesoTa mimZlavrebulTa saqmeTa: romelTame saqmisa romlisaT¢sme hpria-
nebodaT aRreviT yofa erTmaneTsa Sigan, da romelTame sx¢s Jamisa SemosrulobisaT¢s
ukue gaCena ver swreboda-Ra srulad mTiulTa saqmis moklebasa da gaCenasa. ...erTma-
neTis amosula ar iqneboda, ganaCen-daudebloba eqmnaT. da aw yuela gavaCine, ra rigad
vis ra eyos erTmaneTis avi, sisxli dges anu sxua sasaqmo ra ginda ra iyos – garda£des.
...es ganaCeni davdeviT. ...Cuen msofliosa misi sisxli, pativi da sasaqmo gag¢Cenia~.3 Se-
savlis Semdgom ZeglisdebaSi TiTqmis yvela muxli `ganCinebis~ saxelwodebas atarebs
– èrisTavisa asre gag¢Cenia~,4 `ganmgeblisa asre gavaCineT~,5 `£evisberisa..., herovani-
sa..., cixisTavTa..~.6 da a.S. Zeglisdebis muxlebSi `gagviCenia~/`gavaCineT~ forma aSka-
rad dominirebs,7 gamonaklisia ramdenime muxli, romlis saTauradac àsre iqnas~8 da
àsre iyos~9 aris miTiTebuli.
beqasa da aRbuRas samarTlis wignSic giorgi V-is Zeglisdebis msgavsi miTiTebe-
bia `ganCinebaze~ – ùwin sisxlisa gavaCineT~,10 `naparevisa gaCena asre iqnebis~,11 `mekob-
risa asre gavaCineT~.12
sainteresod da vrclad iyenebs aRniSnul termins bagrat kurapalatis samar-
Tlis wignis Sesavalic: `saxeliTa RmrTisa¡Ta daiwyebis saRmrTo¡sa gaCenili da ga-
saCeneli, pirvelad daviTian bagrat kurapalatisa da aRmaSenebelTa mefeT-mefeTa
brZanebiTa da merme ebiskopozTa, didebulTa da aznaurTa da WkuianTa kacTa mefeTa
2
feodaluri saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi xelisuflebis danawilebis
erTaderTi realuri mcdeloba – XII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi yuTlu-arslanis dasis
gamosvla Tamar mefis winaaRmdeg – uSedegod dasrulda, xolo daviT aRmaSeneblis
mier umaRlesi sasamarTlo dawesebulebis, `saajo karis~, Seqmna, cxadia, xelisuflebis
danawilebis ideisagan Sors dgas.
3
doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, 401-402.
4
iqve, 403.
5
iqve, 402.
6
iqve, 405, 407.
7
iqve, 414, 415, 416, 419, 420.
8
iqve, 405, 416, 418.
9
iqve, 416.
10
iqve, 426.
11
iqve, 448.
12
iqve, 450.
27
winaSe erTbamad gaCenili gangebiTa RmrTisa¡Ta. vinca sabWod sjdebodeT da marTsa

saCivarsa marTlad moi£senebdeT, ...marTali samarTali unda gaaCinoT!~13 sxva magali-
Ti: `didisa didi gaaCineT da cota¡sa – cota... rogorca vis marTebs, agre gaaCineT~.14
`ganCineba~ xSiria sigel-gujrebSic, magaliTad: 1201 wlis Sewirulobis sigeli
Tamar mefisa SiomRvimisadmi (ànton Wyondidelman ganuCinos samsaxuri~15); 1440 wlis
malis amokveTis sigeli aleqsandre mefisa (òrmoci TeTri malad gavaCine~,16 `raoden-
ni zeTi da cvili gagviCenia~17); RmrTaebis gujari (`Tqves Sen mier ganCineba patronad
da damyarebad~18); 1749 wlis gujari erekle II-isa da anton I-sa ninowmindelis pativis
da adgilis Sesaxeb darbazobis dros (`ganCinebaTa Sina maTTa vpoveniT~,19 `ganeCina yo-
veli pativi~20); 1757 wlis ganweseba Teimuraz II-isa saWeremlo samwysos mibarebis Sesa-
xeb (`ganCineba da brZaneba¡ dagviZs~21); 1782 wlis vaxtang erekle II-is Zis mier ganaxle-
buli leon batoniSvilis `ganCineba barisa da mTiurTa adgilTa~22 da a.S.
garda amisa, i. doliZis mier gamocemuli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis IV-VI to-
mebi mTlianad eTmoba sasamarTlo aqtebs, romlebic swored `ganCinebebad~ iwodeba.23
iv. javaxiSvils ekuTvnis mosazreba, rom termini `ganCineba~ samarTlis `gaCe-
nas~ ukavSirdeba – `samarTali an eris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT Seqmnili Cveuleba
da wesia, an saxelmwifos mTavrobisa da kanonmdebeli krebis gaCenilia xolme. uZveles
xanaSi, rasakvirvelia samarTali da eris zne-Cveuleba erTidaigive iyo, Semdeg, roca
kacobrioba ganviTarda da warmatebuli moqalaqeobrivi cxovreba Seqmna, maSin samar-
Tali zne-Cveulebas dahSorda, dawinaurda da kanondebul samarTlad gadaiqca... kano-
nebs saqarTveloSi Cveulebriv mefis mier mowveuli samRvdeloebisa, maRal wodebisa
da moxeleobis warmomadgenelTa da `sabWoTa saqmeTa mecnierTa~ kreba, an saxelmwifo
darbazi adgenda xolme, amitom samarTals im dros `gaCenili~ samarTali erqva..., xo-
lo TviT moqmedebas `ganCineba¡~ ewodeboda, ...anu `ganaCeni~.24 iv. javaxiSvils Sedareba
mohyavs sjuliskanonidan (~ganCineba¡ sarwmunoebisa¡ dadebulisa iqmnes mier RuTis-
metyuelisa¡~) da miiCnevs rom igi berZnul xelnawerebSi miTiTebul èqTeziss~ (εχθεσις)
udris.25
iv. javaxiSvilis versia termin `ganCinebis~ mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT, swo-
ria, magram igi ar gamoricxavs, piriqiT, avsebs, winamdebare statiaSi SemoTavazebul
versias, romelic ganCinebis etimologiis ufro Soreul fesvebze akeTebs aqcents.
13
doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963,464.
14
iqve, 470.
15
iqve, 4 31.
16
iqve, 126.
17
iqve, 127.
18
iqve, 353.
19
iqve, 399.
20
iqve, 400.
21
iqve, 409.
22
iqve, 450.
23
ix. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, Tb., 1972 (sasamarTlo ganCinebani XVI-
XVIII ss.), t. V, Tb., 1974 (sasamarTlo ganCinebani XVIII s.), t. VI, Tb., 1977 (sasamarTlo gan-
Cinebani XVIII-XIX ss.).
24
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. VI, Tb., 1982, 29.
25
iqve.
28
kerZod, `ganCineba~ mxolod raRac ararsebulis `gaCenas~ da Seqmnas rodi aRniSnavs.

mas meore mniSvnelobac aqvs da `CinTan~ – naTelTan aris dakavSirebuli. es mniSvnelo-
ba, savaraudod, qristianuli moZRvrebis mier damkvidrebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi
bazisidan sazrdoobs.
3. ori sawyisis Teoriis uaryofa qristianul moZRvrebaSi
qristianulma moZRvrebam monoTeisturi mrwamsis CamoyalibebiT samyaros ori

sawyisis arseboba uaryo. didi albaTobiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom swored es msof-
lmxedveloba aisaxa samarTlisa da danaSaulis aRmniSvnel Zvel qarTul terminTa
garkveul nawilSi.
wm. ioane damaskelis azriT, àr arsebobs ori dasabami – erTi keTili da erTi uke-
Turi: keTili da ukeTuri urTierTsapirispiroa da urTierTganmxrwneli. isini ur-
TierTSi an urTierTTan ver mdgradoben. amitom, TiToeul maTgans unda earseba yov-
lierebis mxolod erT nawilSi, magram maSin, jer erTi, orive maTgani garSemowerili
iqneboda ara mxolod yovlierebis mier, aramed yovlierebis nawilis mierac. meorec,
vin iqneboda is, vinc TiToeuls Tavis adgils gamouyofda, radgan veravin ityvis, rom
eseni urTierTs SeuTanxmdebodnen da dauzavdebodnen. marTlac, boroteba, romelsac
mSvidoba da zavi aqvs sikeTesTan, boroteba ar aris, da sikeTec, romelic borotebas-
Tan Semoyvsebulia, sikeTe ar aris. amitom, Tu TiToeul maTgans viRac sxva ganusazR-
vravda Tav-Tavis samyofels, umal is iqneboda RmerTi. amasTan, aucilebeli iqneboda
oridan erTi: an is, rom erTimeores Sexebodnen da urTierTi gaexrwnaT maT, anda is,
rom yofiliyo maT Soris ram saSuali, sadac arc sikeTe iqneboda da arc boroteba,
msgavsad raRac Suakedlisa, rac urTierTisgan gamijnavda maT. aseT SemTxvevaSi ara
ori, aramed sami dasabami iarsebebda. aseve, aucilebeli iqneboda qvemoreTagan erT-
erTi: an is, rom mSvidoba hqonodaT maT, rac borotebas ar ZaluZs (radgan mSvidobiani
boroti ar aris), anda is, rom brZolaSi yofiliyvnen, rac ar ZaluZs sikeTes (radgan
mbrZoli srulad keTili ar aris), an kidev is, rom borotebas ebrZola, sikeTe ki ar
SebrZoleboda mas, aramed gaxrwniliyo borotebisgan anda Sewuxebuliyo da gatanju-
liyo misgan, rac sikeTis niSan-Tviseba ar aris. amitom erTia dasabami – keTili, rac
Tavisufalia yovelgvari borotebisgan. magram gvetyvian: Tu es asea, saidan aris boro-
teba? marTlac, SeuZlebelia, rom borotebas sikeTisgan hqondes warmoSoba. amitom,
vambobT, rom boroteba sxva araferia, Tu ara sikeTis nakleboba da bunebiseulisagan
arabunebiseulisken gadaxra, radgan araferia bunebiT boroti. marTlac, yovelive,
rac Seqmna RmerTma, kargia Zalian imgvarad, ragvaradac warmoiqmna. amitom, darCebi-
an ra im saxiT, ra saxiTac Seiqmnen, Zalian kargni arian, magram nebsiT ganudgebian ra
bunebiseuls da wavlen ra bunebis gareganisken, borotebaSi iqnebian. amrigad, yoveli-
ve bunebiT aris mona-morCili Semoqmedisa. amitom roca romelime qmnilebaTagani neb-
siT gaxdeba aulagmavi da eurCeba Tavis Semoqmeds, Tavis TavSi borotebas Seamyarebs
igi, radgan borotebaa ara ram arseba anda Tviseba arsebisa, aramed SemTxveviToba anu
bunebis gareganisken nebsiT gadaxra, rac aris codva. saidan aris codva? igi aris eS-
makis TviTuflebrivi ganzraxulebis aRmonaCeni. borotia ki eSmaki? im saxiT, ra saxi-
Tac Seiqmna, ar aris igi boroti, aramed keTili, radgan dabadebuli iyo Semoqmedisgan
29
mbrwyinav da naTel angelozad. amasTan, igi, rogorc moazrovne, TviTuflebrivad da

nebsiT ganudga bunebiseul saTnoebas da borotebis wyvdiadSi aRmoCnda, ganSorebu-
li RvTisgan, romelic aris mxolo keTili da naTlismoqmedi, radgan misgan keTildeba
yvela sikeTe. amitom, radganac ganSorda igi mas Tavisi ganzraxulebiT (araTu adgi-
liT), borotebaSi aRmoCnda~.26
amrigad, qristianulma moZRvrebam uaryo borotebis substanciuri xasiaTi da
igi arasubstanciur, mxolod sikeTis (rogorc arsebulis, yofierebisa da arsis mqo-
nis) naklebobad (ukeTurobad, yofierebidan gardasvlad) aRiara – `RmerTi Tavad aris
yvela sikeTis dasabami da mizezi, romlis Tanamoqmedebisa da Semweobis gareSe SeuZ-
lebelia CvenTvis keTilis nebeba da qmna. ...boroteba sxva araferia, Tu ara keTilis
ganSoreba, iseve rogorc sibnele – esaa sinaTlis ganSoreba. amrigad, Tu imaSi vmkvid-
robT, rac bunebiseulia, saTnoebaSi vimyofebiT, xolo Tu bunebiseuls, anu saTnoebas
gadavuxvevT, bunebis gareganisaken wavalT da borotebaSi aRmovCndebiT~.27
sikeTisa da borotebis analogiurad wm. mamebma sinaTle miiCnies arsebulad, xo-
lo sibnele – ara damoukidebel, TanabarmniSvnelovan substanciad, aramed mxolod
sinaTlis naklebobad – `sibnele aris ara ram arseba, aramed – SemTxveviToba, radgan
igi naklebobaa sinaTlisa. haers sakuTar arsebaSi ar aqvs sinaTle. amitom, haerisTvis
sinaTlis moklebas uwoda RmerTma sibnele. araTu arsebaa sibnele, aramed – sinaTlis
nakleboba~.28 es mosazreba RvTis mier samyaros Sesaqmis aqts daukavSirda – `RvTisgan
swored sinaTle Seiqmna da Seiqmna, rogorc keTili, radgan `naxa RmerTma yovelive,
rac qmna, da aha – kargi Zalian” (Sesaqme 1.31).29
analogiurad moiqcnen janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis mimarTac, pirveli – bu-
nebriv mdgomareobad iqna miCneuli, xolo meore – am bunebrivi kavSiris anu `simrTe-
lis~ dakargvad (sayuradReboa, rom Zvel qarTulad `ganrRveuli~ sneuls aRniSnavs30).
RvTismetyvelebaSi miRebuli mosazrebiT, `mZime tanjva da sneuleba ar unda miviCni-
oT sruliad kanonier da bunebriv movlenebad, isini ufro normidan gadaxvevas warmo-
adgenen~.31 RmerTma adamiani Seqmna yofierebiTad keTili, iseve rogorc mTeli Sesaqme
da igi `RvTis xelidan uzado sxeuliT gamovida. ueWvelia am gamaogneblad mowyobil
organizms arc Sinagani nakli miuRia Semoqmedisgan da arc garegani. masSi iyo axali,
dauzianebeli Zalebi, ar arsebobda odnavi gaumarTobac ki da ar ekareboda sneuleba
da tanjva, romelTac Sesaqmis wigni ganixilavs, rogorc sasjels Cveni winaprebis da-
cemisa da codvis CadenisaTvis~.32
swored am SexedulebaTa rezonansia `vefxistyaosnis~ strofebSi: `rad daswameb
simwaresa yovelTaTvis tkbilad mxedsa? borotimca rad Seeqmna keTilisa Semoqmed-
sa?~; àm saqmesa dafarulsa brZeni divnos gaacxadebs: RmerTi keTils moavlinebs, miT
borotsa ar dahbadebs;~ ìtyvis: RmerTo, ra gmsaxuro, ganminaTlda raTgan bneli, vcan
26
ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gardamocema, Tb.,
2000, 453-454.
27
iqve, 378.
28
iqve, 349.
29
iqve, 345-346.
30
ix. maTe 8.6; 9.2; 9.6; saqmeni 8.7; 9.33.
31
pomazanski m., dogmaturi RvTismetyveleba, Tb., 2004, 99.
32
iqve, 97.
30
simokle borotisa, keTilia misi grZeli;~ `mze mogveaxla, ukuni CvenTvis aRara bnelia,
borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia!~33
4. ori sawyisis uaryofis kavSiri iuridiul terminebTan
Zneli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom samarTlisa da samarTaldarRvevis aRmniSvneli

Zveli qarTuli terminebis didi nawili asociaciur kavSirSia erT-erT opoziciasTan:
`swori – mrudi~, `mTeli – darRveuli~ da `naTeli – bneli~. amasTan, pirveli ganixile-
ba rogorc substancia, xolo meore – rogorc substanciis armqone, pirvelis substan-
ciis rRveva da nakleboba.
magaliTad, opozicia `swori – mrudi~ Semdeg terminebSi ikveTeba:
a) `kanoni~ – igi qarTulSi berZnulidan, xolo berZnulSi erT-erTi semituri eni-
dan Sevida, sadac lerwams niSnavda. berZnulad xuros erT xis iaraRs erqva, romelsac
muSaobisas Tarazos msgavsad sisworis sazomad iyenebdnen, SemdgomSi ki samarTlis wig-
nis aRmniSvnelad iqca. misi sawinaaRmdegoa ùkanonoba~. kanoni gamoiyeneboda `sasje-
lis~ mniSvnelobiTac rogorc damoukideblad, ise nawarmoebi formiT – `gankanoneba~.34
b) `samarTali~ – es sityva `marTis~, `marTali~-sagan aris warmomdgari, rac Tav-
dapirvelad `swors~ niSnavda. iv. javaxiSvilma analogiuri mdgomareoba sxva enebSic
(franguli, germanuli, laTinuri) SeniSna.35
g) `marTi~ – `samarTlis~ fuZea da isic swors niSnavs. Sdr.: `marTali – utyuari;
marTeba – valad edvas; marTebuli – saqneli qnas; marTva – mrudis gasworeba~ (saba);36
CamoTvlil terminebs upirispirdeba `gardasvla~ da `gardaxdoma~, rac danaSa-
uls aRniSnavda. iv. javaxiSvilis miTiTebiT, `kanonmdeblobis mizans adamianTa ur-
TierTobis mowesrigeba Seadgenda, moqmedebis im sazRvris dadeba, romlis gadasvla
saxelmwifos, sarwmunoebisa Tu sxvisi uflebebisa da interesis Selaxvas warmoadgen-
da. kanoniTa da samarTlis wigniT dadebuli sazRvriT adamianTa Soris `kanoniereba~
unda damyarebuliyo da amitom adamianis swor moqmedebasa da qcevasac aseve kanonie-
rebas uwodebdnen... mcnebis damrRvevi moqmedeba am sazRvrisa Tu kanonis, an wesis, gin-
da mcnebis `gardasvla~-d iyo miCneuli~.37 marTlac, biblia samarTals swor gzaze sia-
rulTan aigivebs, xolo misgan gadaxvevas – danaSaulTan: ècadeT ise moiqceT, rogorc
nabrZanebi aqvs TqvenTvis ufals... ar gadauxvioT arc marjvniv arc marcxniv. sul im
gzaze iareT, romelic gibrZanaT~ (II sjuli 5.29-30).38
SesaZloa, gzidan gadaxvevis ideas atarebs danaSaulis aRmniSvneli termini
`codva~, Secodeba, Secdoma, cdoma, rac `codviT dacemas~ anu svlisas waqcevas, swori
33
rusTaveli SoTa, vefxistyaosani, Tb., 1986, 37; 471; 454; 426.
34
javaxiSvili iv, Txzulebani 12 tomad, Tb., 1982, t. VI, 24-25.
35
iqve, 28.
36
orbeliani s., leqsikoni qarTuli, Tb., 1991, t. I, 439.
37
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani 12 tomad, Tb., 1984, t. VII, 188-189.
38
imaves imeorebs II sjulis 17.11, 28.14; iso naves 1.7, 23.6 muxlebi da, aseve, mcire sju-
liskanoni: `rameTu eSmaki romelTame marjul acTunebs da romelTame marcxeniT
warstyuenavs. xolo Cuen sameufosa gzasa slva¡ Tana-guac~. ix. eqvTime mTawmindeli,
mcire sjuliskanoni, Tb., 1972, 33.
31
gzidan acdenas, `fexis acdenas~ ukavSirdeba. Sdr.: `cdena – marTali SeacTunos; cdu-
neba – marTlis SecTuneba; SecTomili – gzadakarguli~ (saba);39
meore opozicias (`mTeli – darRveuli~) adasturebs kvlav termini `samarTali~,
romelic sisworis garda `mrTels~, mTliansac unda aRniSnavdes – `mrTeli – ese ars
Seumusravi, gina unaklebo, gina useno~ (saba).40 sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobisaa `samar-
TaldaRveva~, rogorc daSla, danawileba – `winaaRmdgomi da damarRueveli kanonisai~,
– igive ùkanonoba¡~, wesierebis gadalaxva, `da£sna¡~;41 aqvea `naklulevaneba¡~, rome-
lic arasrulyofilebis, codvis qonis sinonimia, ara-mTlianis, arasavsisa; `ganrRve-
uls~ da `rRvevas~ ukavSirdeba `Sla~, `daSla~ (nebis armicema), `SeSla~ (rogorc Sec-
doma) da `SeSla~ (rogorc gadacdoma, Wkuidan).
mesame opoziciaSi (`naTeli – bneli~) moTavsdeba `gaCenili~, `ganaCeni~, rogorc
sinaTle, naTeli, `CinTan~ (sinaTlesTan) dakavSirebuli. Sdr.: `Cena – Tvalis xedva; Ci-
ni – Tvalis Cena; ganCineba – samarTlis daskvna; ganaCeni – wigni gansagebeli~ (saba);42
maSasadame, `gaCenili samarTali~, `samarTlis gaCena~, `ganCineba~, garda `Seqmnis~ mniS-
vnelobisa, atarebs sinaTlis mniSvnelobasac. anu is, rac sibneleSia, ar Cans. SeiZleba
uamravi varaudi da dava imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos sibneleSi, magram sakmarisia
misTvis sinaTlis miSuqeba (Sdr.: `sakiTxis gaSuqeba~, `naTeli mohfina~), rom cxadad
gamoCndes, Tu raa igi da Sewydes dava. Sdr.: `gamoCena – sacxadod qmna~(saba).43 amasve
ukavSirdeba `ganxilva~ (naxva, sakuTari TvaliT xilva). is, rac cxadia (aqedan `gancxa-
deba~, `gamocxadeba~) da misi sapirispiro movlena – `danaSauli~, `daSaveba~, anu Savad,
bnelad gardaqmna. Sdr.: `danaSauli – Secodeba, ese igi ars Savad qmna saqmisa; daSaveba
– xeibrad Seqmna; xeibari – kaci daSavebuli~ (saba).44
sayuradReboa, rom `gaCaveba~ (moxevurad, qiziyurad) da `gaCieba~ (ingilourad)
gamJRavnebas, saidumlos gamxelas niSnavs. roca vinmes saidumlos andoben, etyvian:
àrsad gaaCao~.45 megrul enaSi ki `Ce~ TeTrs niSnavs, xolo ùCa~ – Savs, anu ùTeTros~,
siTeTris armqones (Sdr.: `sikeTe~ – ùkeTureba~).
3. daskvna
amrigad, termini `ganCineba~ sakuTar Tavze piruTvnelad mowmobs: masSi asaxulia

qristianuli moZRvrebis mier samyaros ori sawyisis uaryofis modeli. garda amisa, igi
atarebs ara marto sakanonmdeblo Tu sasamarTlo korpusis mier manamde ararsebuli
daadgenilebis Seqmnisa da `gaCenis~ ideas, aramed – bundovani sakiTxisaTvis `naTelis
mofenas~ da gansajaroeba-gaTvalsaCinoebasac gulisxmobs.
39
orbeliani s., leqsikoni qarTuli, Tb., 1993, t.II, 332, 297.
40
orbeliani s., leqsikoni qarTuli, Tb., 1991, t. I, 519.
41
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani 12 tomad, Tb., 1984, t. VII, 190-191.
42
orbeliani s., leqsikoni qarTuli, Tb., 1993, t.II, 318, 320; Tb., 1991, t. I, 144, 136.
43
iqve, Tb., 1991, t.I, 134.
44
iqve, Tb., 1991, t. I, 195, 207; Tb., 1993, t. II, 420.
45
Rlonti al., qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb., 1984, 142, 143.
32
gvanca gugeSaSvili*
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze arsebuli

qonebrivi uflebebis Senatanis saxiT ganxorcielebis
Taviseburebani
1. Sesavali
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali aramaterialuri qonebrivi obieqtebis

gamoyenebasa da dacvasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs aregulirebs. aRniSnul obi-
eqtebze warmoSobili uflebebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc piradi araqonebrivi xasiaTis,
ise qonebrivi anu gansakuTrebuli. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, rac pirad
araqonebriv da qonebriv uflebebs Soris arsebobs, aris is, rom piradi araqonebrivi
uflebebi ganusxvisebelia, xolo qonebrivi uflebebi SesaZlebelia Tavisuflad ga-
daeces mesame pirs. qonebrivi uflebebi damoukidebelia piradi araqonebrivi ufle-
bebisagan. Sesabamisad, piradi araqonebrivi uflebisa da qonebrivi uflebis mflobe-
li Tavisuflad aris SesaZlebeli sxvadasxva piri aRmoCndes. umravles SemTxvevaSi,
swored asec xdeba.
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTlis subieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc fizi-
kuri, ise iuridiuli piri. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom inteleqtu-
aluri sakuTrebis samarTlis obieqtis Semqmneli SeiZleba iyos mxolod fizikuri pi-
ri, vinaidan inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtis Seqmna, rogorc wesi, inteleqtua-
lur SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas moiTxovs. Sesabamisad, iuridiuli piri misi Semqmneli
ver iqneba. Tumca, iuridiuli piri inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiTi uflebebis mopove-
biT Tavisuflad SeiZleba gaxdes inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTlis subieqti.
aRniSnuli uflebebis mopoveba SesaZlebelia kanonis an xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.
gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom qonebrivi uflebebi gasxvisebadia, interes-
moklebuli ar iqneba imis garkveva, SesaZlebelia Tu ara uflebaTa mflobelma, misi
qonebrivi uflebebi Senatanis saxiT Seitanos sawarmoSi. Tu dadginda, rom es SesaZle-
belia, maSin mizanSewonilia gairkves, ra gziT SeiZleba moxdes sawarmosaTvis maTi ga-
dacema da SeiZleba Tu ara sawarmom Tavisi saqmianobisas gamoiyenos inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis is obieqti, romelic Senatanis saxiT miiRo.
aRniSnul sakiTxebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa SesatanTan dakavSirebuli sa-
kiTxebisa da inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebis specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis
analizi.
33
2. Sesatanis zogadi daxasiaTeba
kapitaluri sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas ar aris sakmarisi partniorTa SeTanxme-

ba samewarmeo saqmianobis erToblivad ganxorcielebis Taobaze. paralelurad saWi-
roa moxdes SeTanxmeba SesatanTan dakavSirebiT. Sesatanis sazogadoebis sakuTrebaSi
gadacema uzrunvelyofs sawarmosaTvis aucilebeli kapitalis Seqmnas.1
yoveli partniori Tanabrad aris pasuxismgebeli Sesatanis ganxorcielebaze, Tu
ar arsebobs sxvagvari SeTanxmeba.2
sazogadoebaSi ganxorcielebuli Sesatani SesaZlebelia sxvadasxvagvari iyos,
anu iseve rogorc Sesatanis saxe, misi moculobac SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli iyos.
yvela Sesatani damfuZneblebma piradad unda ganaxorcielon.3
kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebebs ori ganmasxvavebeli niSani aqvs: gancalkevebu-
li samarTalsubieqtoba da SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba. korporaciuli subieqturo-
ba niSnavs, rom sawarmo, da ara partniorebi, pasuxismgebelia sawarmos valebze.4 Tumca,
aRniSnuli ar niSnavs, rom partniorTa pasuxismgebloba absoluturad gamoricxulia.
kapitaluri sazogadoebis wevrebi sawarmos mier dadebuli garigebebidan warmo-
Sobil valdebulebebze pasuxismgebelni arian im Senatanebis moculobiT, rac maT gai-
Res sazogadoebis Tavdapirveli kapitalis Sedgenisas.5
Tavdapirveli kapitalis sworad Sedgenas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. ekonomi-
kuri TvalsazrisiT, aucilebelia, rom kapitalizacia adekvaturad ganxorcieldes.
araadekvaturi kapitalizacia saxezea im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sawarmoSi ganxorcie-
lebuli Sesatanebi aSkarad mcirea sawarmos saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul riskebTan
SedarebiT,6 rac saboloo jamSi, xels uSlis sazogadoebis normalur funqcionirebas
da arTulebs mesame pirebTan urTierTobas.
rogorc ki sawarmos partniorebi Seitanen Sesatans, igi sazogadoebis sakuTre-
bad iqceva da aRar warmoadgens maT pirad sakuTrebas.7korporacia daculia ara marto
wevrebis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobiT, aramed imiTac, rom mas SeiZleba sakuTrebis
ufleba hqondes qonebaze.8
saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlis safuZvelze mesakuTreebs ufleba aqvT
Tavisuflad gankargon TavianTi qoneba. swored gankargvis erTi formaa am sakuTrebis
gamoyeneba kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis dasafuZneblad, kerZod, maT sakuTre-
1
burduli i., Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxe-
bi, avtorTa koleqtivi, red. n. elizbaraSvili, Tb., 2009, 211.
2
Kindler P., Grundkurs Handels-und Gesellchaftsrecht, München, 2008, 240.
3
Hueck G., Gesellschaftsrecht, München, 1991, 51.
4
Ferran E., Principles of Corporate Finance Law, Oxford, 2008, 14.
5
burduli i., Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxe-
bi, avtorTa koleqtivi, red. n. elizbaraSvili, Tb., 2009, 211.
6
Hamilton R. W., The Law of Corporations, St. Paul, Minn, 2000, 142.
7
Schneeman A., The Law of Corporations and other Business Organizations, Delmar Cengage Learning, 5th ed.,
New York, 2010, 67.
8
Bevans N. R., Business Corporations and Corporate law, Thomson Delmar Learning, New York, 2007, 5.
34
gvanca gugeSaSvili, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze arsebuli qonebrivi
uflebebis Senatanis saxiT ganxorcielebis Taviseburebani
baSi gadasacemad. iuridiuli piris qoneba iuridiuli piris, rogorc samarTlis subi-
eqtis, sakuTrebaa da ara misi damfuZneblebis an masSi monawileebis.9
3. Setanaunariani obieqtebi
mniSvnelovania imis dadgena, Tu ra iTvleba Setanaunarianad obieqtad.

mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad, sazo-
gadoebis dafuZnebisas partniorebi unda SeTanxmdnen wilebis ganawilebaze da daT-
qvan kapitalSi maTi Senatanis odenoba. Senatani SeiZleba iyos materialuri da arama-
terialuri qoneba, samuSaos Sesruleba an/da momsaxurebis gaweva.10
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 147-e muxlis Tanaxmad, qonebaSi moiazreba ara
mxolod nivTebi, aramed aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTec.11aramaterialuri qoneb-
rivi sikeTis cneba mocemulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 152-e muxlSi, romlis
mixedviTac: àramaterialuri sikeTe aris is moTxovnebi da uflebebi, romlebic SeiZ-
leba gadaeces sxva pirebs, an gamiznulia saamisod, rom maT mflobels Seeqmnas materi-
aluri sargebeli, anda mieniWos ufleba, mosTxovos sxva pirebs raime~.12
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis zemoaRniSnuli muxlidan irkveva, rom aramaterialuri
qonebrivi sikeTec SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sawarmos kapitalis Sesavsebad.
sakiTxis ukeTesad gaanalizebisaTvis, sainteresoa ganxilul iqnes, Tu ra saxis
Sesatanebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sawarmoSi germaniis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT da
ra gziT unda moxdes maTi gadacema. am sakiTxs germaniaSi aregulirebs germaniis saaq-
cio kanonis 27-e paragrafi. maT ganekuTvneba mxolod qonebrivi obieqtebi, romelTa
Rirebulebis dadgenac SesaZlebelia.13
aRniSnul Setanaunarianad iTvleba moZravi da uZravi nivTebi, romelzec saaq-
cio sazogadoebas SeuZlia sakuTrebis uflebis mopoveba, miwis sakuTrebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli uflebebi, SezRuduli sanivTo uflebebi (servituti, uzufruqti), wili sa-
zogadoebaSi, sazogadoebaSi monawileobis sxva uflebebi, aramaterialuri qonebri-
vi uflebebi, rogoricaa sapatento da saavtoro uflebebi, licenziebi, samrewvelo
nimuSi, komerciuli aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa safirmo saxelwodeba, sasaqonlo niSani,
nou-hau, nivTebisa da uflebebis erToblioba, klientura, safirmo saxelwodeba, gud-
vili da sxv.14
CamonaTvalSi udidesi adgili ukavia inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTlis
obieqtebs. gamodis, rom germaniaSi daSvebulia inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqte-
bis Senatanad ganxorcieleba.
9
zioZe b., Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi,
avtorTa koleqtivi, Tb., 2009, 79.
10
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearc
h&view=docView&id=28408&lang=ge>, [20.02.2014].
11
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&vie
w=docView&id=31702&lang=ge>, [20.02.2014].
12
iqve.
13
Eisenhardt U., Gesellschaftsrecht, München, 2002, 277.
14
Schmidt K., Lutter M. AktG, Köln, 2008, 404.
35
inteleqtualur sakuTrebaze arsebuli qonebrivi anu gansakuTrebuli uflebebi

absoluturi xasiaTisaa. am uflebebs damoukidebeli ekonomikuri Rirebuleba aqvs.15
saerTod, aramaterialur qonebriv obieqtebze uflebaTa ekonomikuri arsi am
obieqtebis ekonomikur brunvaSi CarTvaa.16
TavisTavad cxadia, rom uflebis Senatanis saxiT ganxorcielebac ekonomikur
brunvaSi CarTvis erT-erTi SemTxvevaa.
germaniis kanonmdeblobiT damkvidrebuli midgoma arc saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
lobisTvis aris ucxo. gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-
biT daSvebulia aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTis Senatanad ganxorcieleba, ufle-
bebi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze ki swored amgvar sikeTes miekuTvneba,
gamodis, rom inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze arsebuli qonebrivi uflebebis
Sesatanad ganxorcieleba Tavisuflad aris SesaZlebeli.
4. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebis zogadi daxasiaTeba
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze arsebuli qonebrivi uflebebis Senata-

nad ganxorcielebis Taviseburebebis ganxilvisas, upirveles yovlisa, mizanSewonilia
am obieqtebis specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis analizi.
cneba ìnteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqti” damaxasiaTebelia kontinenturi
evropis (maT Soris postsocialisturi) qveynebisaTvis. saerTo samarTlis sistemis
qveynebi Tavs arideben am cnebis gamoyenebas. samagierod, iyeneben termins “subject mat-
ter” – rac iTargmneba rogorc sagani. saqarTveloSi damkvidrebulia termini obieqti.17
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebis CamonaTvali mocemulia inteleqtua-
luri sakuTrebis msoflio organizaciis damfuZnebeli konvenciis me-2 muxlSi.18aR-
niSnuli muxlis mixedviT, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTlis dacvis obieqti
SeiZleba iyos adamianis mier Seqmnili nebismieri qmnileba, romelic aris inteleqtua-
luri (gonebriv-SemoqmedebiTi) saqmianobis Sedegi. qmnilebis garda, inteleqtualur
sakuTrebas mikuTvnebulia obieqtebi, romlebic SemqmnelobiT Semoqmedebas ar moiTx-
ovs (magaliTad, komerciuli aRniSvnebi). faqtobrivad, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
obieqtebis ori kategoriaa mocemuli ismos CamonaTvalSi – obieqtebi, romlebic pir-
velad iqmneba da moiTxovs SemqmnelobiT (saavtoro) Semoqmedebas (qmnilebebi – nawar-
moebi, gamogoneba, mecnieruli aRmoCena da a.S) da obieqtebi, romlebic dasacavia imis
gamo, rom maTi konkretuli mizniT gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia samewarmeo-gamoyenebi-
Ti xasiaTis SemoqmedebasTan da, umetes SemTxvevaSi, pirveli kategoriis obieqtebis
ekonomikur sargeblobas uwyobs xels (nawarmoebis Sesruleba, fonograma, samauwyeb-
lo gadacema, sasaqonlo da momsaxurebis niSani, safirmo saxelwodeba, sxva komerciu-
li aRniSvnebi).19
15
Калятин В.О., Интеллектуальная собственность ( Исключительные Права), Москва, 2000,8.
16
iqve, 4.
17
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualuri uflebebi, Tb., 2006, 13.
18
The Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, (WIPO), Stockholm, July14,
1967, <http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/convention/trtdocs_wo029.html>, [25.02.2014].
19
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali, Tb., 2006, 11.
36
inteleqtualuri samarTali or Stod iyofa: saavtoro samarTali da samrewvelo

sakuTrebis samarTali. es ori Sto erTmaneTisagan umTavresad im obieqtebis mixedviT
gansxvavdeba, romlebic Seadgenen saavtoro an samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis sagans.20
saavtoro uflebebi or kategoriad iyofa: piradi araqonebrivi da qonebrivi uf-
lebebi. aRniSnul uflebaTa CamonaTvali mocemulia saqarTvelos kanonSi saavtoro
da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb.21
saavtoro samarTlis fuZemdebluri principis mixedviT: avtors aqvs gansakuT-
rebuli ufleba, Tavad moaxdinos nawarmoebis ekonomikuri gamoyeneba, an mesame pirs
misces amis ufleba. aRniSnuli ufleba avtors uqmnis SesaZleblobas, gansazRvros na-
warmoebis gamoyenebis pirobebi da miiRos qonebrivi sargebeli.22
saavtoro uflebis mflobeli aRWurvilia nawarmoebis nebismieri saxiT gamoye-
nebis gansakuTrebuli uflebiT.23
qonebrivi sargeblis miRebis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT samrewvelo sakuTrebis sa-
marTliT daculi obieqtebis mflobelebsac. samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis parizis
konvenciis I muxlis meore winadadebis mixedviT, samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis obieq-
tebia: patentebi gamogonebaze, sasargeblo modelze, samrewvelo nimuSze, sasaqonlo
niSani, momsaxurebis niSani, safirmo saxelwodeba, warmoSobis aRniSvna an adgilwarmo-
Sobis dasaxeleba da arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis aRkveTa.24
saqarTveloSi samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis obieqtebTan dakavSirebuli ur-
TierTobebi specialuri kanonebiT regulirdeba. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli obieqtebis
mflobelTa uflebebic am kanonebSia ganmtkicebuli.
saqarTvelos sapatento kanonis mixedviT, patenti gaicema gamogonebasa da sasar-
geblo modelze.25sapatento samarTalSi arsebobs piradi araqonebrivi da qonebrivi
anu sapatento gansakuTrebuli uflebebi. iseve rogorc saavtoro qonebriv uflebebi,
sapatento qonebrivi uflebebic gasxvisebadia. patentmflobelis gansakuTrebul uf-
lebebs exeba saqarTvelos sapatento kanonis 48-e muxli. xolo aRniSnuli uflebebis
gadacemis sakiTxs aregulirebs amave kanonis me-601 muxli.
sasaqonlo da momsaxurebis niSnebTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs aregulirebs
saqarTvelos kanoni sasaqonlo niSnebis Sesaxeb.26 sasaqonlo niSani aris sityva an sim-
bolo, romelic gamoiyeneba nawarmze misi komerciuli warmoSobis aRsaniSnavad.27
20
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali, Tb., 2006, 30.
21
`saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-17 da me-18 muxlebi,<h-
ttps://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=16198&lang=ge>, [20.02.2014].
22
Липцик Д., Авторское право и смежные права, Русское издание, UNESCO1997, Научно-издательский
центр «Ладомир» Издательство ЮНЕСКО, 2002, 45.
23
`saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis komentari, red. l. Wanturia, Tb.,
2003, 123.
24
The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Paris, 1883, <http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/
ip/paris/trtdocs_wo020.html>, [12.02.2014].
25
saqarTvelos sapatento kanoni, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=d
ocView&id=11470&lang=ge>, [12.02.2014].
26
iqve.
27
Nims H. D., The Law of Unfair Competition and Trademarks with Chapters on Goodwill, Trade Secrets...,
New York, 1947, 81.
37
sasaqonlo niSani, rogorc nebismieri sxva komerciuli aRniSvna, samewarmeo (ko-

merciuli) Semoqmedebis Sedegia da mxolod qonebriv uflebebs warmoSobs. sasaqonlo
niSanTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli uflebebi iseTive Sinaarsisaa, rogoric saav-
toro da sapatento uflebebi.28
sasaqonlo niSnebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 muxli aregulirebs regis-
trirebuli sasaqonlo niSnebidan warmoSobil uflebebs. xolo aRniSnuli uflebebis
gadacemas exeba amave kanonis mesame Tavi.
safirmo saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs aregulirebs saqarTve-
los kanonis mewarmeTa Sesaxeb me-6 muxli, romlis mixedviTac safirmo saxelwodeba
anu firma aris saxeli, romliTac saqmianobs mewarme subieqti.29saxeli, Sesabamisad, sa-
firmo saxelwodebis tareba, iuridiuli piris ara mxolod ufleba, aramed movaleoba-
caa. ar SeiZleba iuridiuli piri arsebobdes saxelis (safirmo saxelwodebis) gareSe.30
safirmo saxelwodebis daniSnulebaa sawarmosa da misi saqmianobis identifici-
reba da garCeva sxva sawarmosagan am ukanasknelis mier bazarze realizebul saqonelsa
da momsaxurebaze miTiTebis aucileblobis gareSe. igi ganasaxierebs sawarmos reputa-
ciasa da gudvils.31
saqarTvelos kanonis mewarmeTa Sesaxeb me-6 muxlSi safirmo saxelwodebis mflo-
belis uflebebi ar aris dakonkretebuli. samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis parizis kon-
venciis mixedviT, safirmo saxelwodeba kavSiris qveyanaSi daculia ganacxadis Setanis
an registraciis valdebulebis gareSe, miuxedavad imisa, Seadgens Tu ara igi sasaqon-
lo niSnis nawils.32 saqarTvelo parizis konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoa, Tumca, ker-
Zo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs ufleba safirmo saxelwodebaze warmoeSobaT mxolod
registraciis Sedegad.
rac Seexeba parizis konvenciis CamonaTvalSi mocemul obieqtebs, rogoricaa
warmoSobis aRniSvna da adgilwarmoSobis dasaxeleba, am obieqtebTan dakavSirebul
urTierTobebs aregulirebs saqarTvelos kanoni saqonlis adgilwarmoSobis dasaxe-
lebisa da geografiuli aRniSvnis Sesaxeb.33
geografiuli aRniSvna saqonlos warmoSobis wyaros maCvenebelia. Tumca, gan-
sxvavebiT sasaqonlo niSnisagan, romelic saqonlis komerciul warmomavlobaze miu-
TiTebs, geografiuli aRniSvna geografiul warmoSobaze mianiSnebs. sasaqonlo niSne-
bis msgavsad, geografiuli aRniSvnebi kanonier mosargebleebs aniWebs ganmasxvavebe-
li aRniSvnis gamoyenebis gansakuTrebul uflebas. Tumca, umTavresi ganmasxvavebeli
28
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualur uflebaTa samarTali, Tb., 2012, 275.
29
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearc
h&view=docView&id=28408&lang=ge>, [12.02.2014].
30
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 222.
31
inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, wigni I, red. d. gabunia, Tb., 2001, 16.
32
samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis parizis konvencia, <http://sakpatenti.org.ge/index.php?lang_id=-
GEO&sec_id=131>, [12.02.2014].
33
saqarTvelos kanoni `saqonlis adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebisa da geografiuli aR-
niSvnis Sesaxeb~, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=16186-
&lang=ge>, [12.02.2014].
38
faqtori aris is, rom geografiuli aRniSvna realuri adgilis aRwerilobiTi niSania
da misi gamoyenebis ufleba im saqonlisaTvis, romelic warmoSobilia Sesabamisi geog-
rafiuli adgilidan, aqvs yvela mewarmes, romelic moRvaweobs mocemul teritoriaze.
rac Seexeba sasaqonlo niSans, igi ganasxvavebs konkretuli konkurentis saqonelsa da
momsaxurebas sxva konkurentebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebisagan.34
arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis aRkveTa, rogorc inteleqtualuri sakuTre-
bis obieqti, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dResdReobiT aris
daculi, Tumca, saqarTvelos kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb Zalian zogadi xasiaTisaa.
kanonis pirveli muxlis, me-4 punqtis b) qvepunqtSi miTiTebulia, rom es kanoni ar
vrceldeba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebze,
garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac es uflebebi konkurenciis SezRudvisa da aRkveTisaT-
vis gamoiyeneba.35 umjobesi iqneboda, Tuki kanonSi ufro dakonkretebuli iqneboda
arakeTilsindisieri konkurentuli qmedebebi.
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis msoflio organizaciis saerTaSoriso biuros mi-
er SemuSavebuli arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis Sesaxeb sanimuSo debulebebis me-2
muxlis mixedviT, nebismieri qmedeba an saqmianoba, ganxorcielebuli samewarmeo an
komerciuli saqmianobisas, romelic iwvevs anda SeiZleba gamoiwvios aRreva sxvisi sa-
warmos an saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT nawarmsa da momsaxureobasTan
dakavSirebiT, romelsac sTavazobs es sawarmo momxmarebels, warmoadgens arakeTil-
sindisier konkurentul qmedebas.36
arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis aRkveTis aRniSnuli definicia cxadyofs, rom
samrewvelo sakuTrebis mocemuli obieqti SeuZlebelia Sesatanis saxiT iqnes gamoye-
nebuli.
Senatanis funqcias ver Seasrulebs adgilwarmoSobis dasaxeleba da geografiu-
li aRniSvna.
safirmo saxelwodeba mxolod sawarmosTan erTad SeiZleba iqnes Setanili sazo-
gadoebis kapitalSi.37safirmo saxelwodeba, damoukideblad Senatanad ver iqneba gamo-
yenebuli.
sasaqonlo niSanic Setanaunariani obieqtia. saqarTvelos kanonis sasaqonlo niS-
nebis Sesaxeb 25-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, sasaqonlo niSani gadaecema sxva pirs
sawarmosTan erTad an mis gareSe. gamodis, rom sasaqonlo niSnis Senatanad ganxorcie-
leba SesaZlebelia sawarmos gareSec moxdes.
sapatento da saavtoro uflebebi Tavisuflad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes Sena-
tanis saxiT.
34
Resinek N., Geographical Indications and Trademarks: Coexistence or “First in Time, First in Right Princip-
le”, European Intellectual Property Review 29(11), 2007, 448.
35
`konkurenciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldms
search&view=docView&id=1659450&lang=ge>, [12.02.2014].
36
Model Provisions on Protection against Unfair Competition, WIPO Pub. №725 (E), Geneva, WIPO, 1994.
37
Wanturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, mesame gamocema, Tb., 2002,
51.
39
5. moTxovnebi, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes Senatani
saerTod, qonebrivi Sesanati garkveul moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. upir-

veles yovlisa, qonebriv Senatans dadgenili (gansazRvruli) ekonomikuri Rirebuleba
unda hqondes, anu SesaZlebeli unda iyos misi realuri fasis dadgena.38
arafuladi Senatanis sazogadoebisaTvis gadacemamde aucilebelia arafula-
di Senatanis ekonomikuri Rirebulebis dadgena.39qarTuli sakorporacio samarTali
Setanis wesebis gansazRvras mTlianad partniorTa SeTanxmebaze damokidebuls xdis.
Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom aseTi Senatanis ekonomikur Rirebulebas partniorebi da-
adgenen. isini iReben valdebulebas auditoruli kompaniisa Tu auditis momsaxurebis
miRebaze, romelic kompetentur daskvnas miscems ama Tu im obieqtis ekonomikuri (sa-
bazro) Rirebulebis Sesaxeb.40
TavisTavad cxadia, Rirebulebis dadgena saWiroa inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
obieqtis Senatanad ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSic.
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis Sefaseba ekonomikuri, organizaciul-teqnikuri,
iuridiuli xasiaTis RonisZiebaTa kompleqsia. igi gamoiyeneba inteleqtualuri sa-
kuTrebis, rogorc Sefasebis obieqtis, saqonlis, fasis dadgenis mizniT.41
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtis Setanaunarianoba swored misi fasis dad-
genasTan aris kavSirSi. amis sailustraciod avstriis federaluri uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba gamodgeba, romelsac unda gaeca pasuxi kiTxva-
ze - SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara arafulad Sesatanad miCneuliyo, magaliTad, jer kidev
ucnobi kompozitoris opereta. sasamarTlom miuTiTa: vinaidan es nawarmoebi ufro
samomavlo Sesrulebis kategorias ganekuTvneba da mas amJamad (sazogadoebis dafuZ-
nebisas) realuri Rirebuleba ar aqvs, igi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT qonebriv Sesatanad,
Tundac igi, marTlac xelovnebis SesaniSnavi nimuSi iyos da SemdgomSi man didi warma-
teba moipovos da sakmao Rirebulebac SeiZinos.42
gamodis, rom, aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT, sasamarTlom operetaze arsebuli
qonebrivi uflebebis Senatanad ganxorcieleba ki ar akrZala, aramed im momentisaTvis
nawarmoebis Rirebulebis dadgenis SeuZlebloba miiCnia uaris Tqmis motivad.
avstriis sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnul gadawyvetilebaze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saavtoro samarTlis nebismieri obieqti anu literaturis, xelovnebis an
mecnierebis nawarmoebi manamde ver iqneba gamoyenebuli Senatanis saxiT, sanam ar mox-
deba sazogadoebisaTvis misi gacnoba. sajaroobis elementi umniSvnelovanes rols as-
rulebs am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas. mas Semdeg rac sazogadoeba gaicnobs nawarmoebs,
38
burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, t. I, Tb., 2010, 200.
39
maxarobliSvili g., Setanaunariani obieqtebis gansazRvris pozitiuri da negatiuri Si-
naarsi, `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, 2012, # 1, 106.
40
iqve, 107.
41
WilaZe g., aramaterialuri aqtivebis Sefasebis meTodologia, `biznesi da kanonmde-
bloba~, 2010, <http://b-k.ge/templates/Jordan/pdf/biznesi%20seqt-2010.pdf>, [12.03.2014].
42
OGH, Judikatur, 2189, 304, 1979, OGH B1, miTiTebulia: burduli i., qonebrivi urTierToba
saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2008, 129.
40
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad imsaxurebs igi mowonebas, ramdenad iq-
neba SesaZlebeli misi gayidva da a.S. am da sxva garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba
dadgindes nawarmoebis Rirebuleba da mxolod amis Semdeg gaxdeba nawarmoebi Setana-
unariani. Sesabamisad, saavtoro uflebaTa mflobeli SeZlebs Tavisi nawarmoebis Sena-
tanis saxiT gamoyenebas.
saavtoro samarTlis obieqtebis msgavsad, samrewvelo sakuTrebis obieqtebic
mxolod mas Semdeg SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli Sesatanis saxiT, rodesac maTi Rire-
bulebis dadgena SesaZlebeli gaxdeba.
patentebi da sasaqonlo niSnebi SeiZleba iZleodnen winaswar gaangariSebulze
ufro maRal ekonomikur sargebels.43 Tumca, veranairi winaswari Tu Semdgomi gaanga-
riSeba ver gaxdis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqts Setanaunarians, Tu mas Sesata-
nis ganxorcielebis momentSi ar aqvs gansazRvruli Rirebuleba.
qonebrivi Sesatani, Rirebulebis dadgenis SesaZleblobasTan erTad, kidev erT
mniSvnelovan moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes. kerZod, sazogadoebas unda SeeZlos Se-
natanis Tavisufali gankargva.44
ra igulisxmeba Senatanis Tavisufal gankargvaSi, rodesac saqme exeba inteleq-
tualuri sakuTrebis obieqts?
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze warmoSobili qonebrivi uflebebi maT
mflobels SesaZleblobas aZlevs Tavad gamoiyenos konkretuli obieqti. mxolod qo-
nebrivi uflebis mflobelia uflebamosili, mesame pirs neba darTos an aukrZalos in-
teleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtis gamoyeneba. gamoyenebis forma mravalgvari SeiZ-
leba iyos imisda mixedviT, romel obieqts exeba da ra mizniT gamoiyeneba igi.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sawarmoSi, Senatanis saxiT, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
obieqtis Setana moxdeba, sawarmo uflebamosili iqneba, gamoiyenos es obieqti. Tumca,
aq sainteresoa gairkves, ra moculobiT SeuZlia sawarmos inteleqtualuri sakuTre-
bis obieqtis gamoyeneba.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtis
Senatanad ganxorcielebisas saWiroa daidos xelSekruleba qonebrivi uflebebis ga-
dacemasTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnul xelSekrulebaSi zustad unda iyos gansazRvru-
li inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtis gamoyenebis farglebi. is, rom inteleqtu-
aluri sakuTrebis obieqti sawarmos sakuTrebaSi gadadis, sulac ar niSnavs, rom masze
warmoSobili yvela qonebrivi ufleba gadavida sawarmoze. magaliTad, saqarTvelos
kanonis saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb me-7 muxlis pirvel punqtSi pirda-
pir aris miTiTebuli, rom `saavtoro ufleba ar aris damokidebuli im materialuri
obieqtis sakuTrebis uflebaze, romelSic gamoxatulia nawarmoebi”.45
materialuri obieqtis gadacema avtomaturad ver gamoiwvevs saavtoro qoneb-
rivi uflebebis gadacemasac. amasTan, Tu avtors an saavtoro qonebrivi uflebebis
43
WilaZe g., aramaterialuri aqtivebis Sefasebis meTodologia, `biznesi da kanonmde-
bloba~, 2010, <http://b-k.ge/templates/Jordan/pdf/biznesi%20seqt-2010.pdf>, [13.02.2014].
44
Kindler P., Grundkurs Handels-und Gesellchaftsrecht, München, 2008, 323.
45
`saavtoro da momijnave uflebebi Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni,<https://matsne.gov.ge/index.
php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=16198&lang=ge>, [20.02.2014].
41
sxva mflobels survili aqvs da mesame piri Tanaxmaa, saavtoro qonebrivi uflebebis
gadacemisaTvis saerTod ar aris saWiro materialuri obieqtis gadacema.46
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sawarmos interesSi Sedis saavtoro samarTlis obieqtze
gansakuTrebuli uflebebis mopoveba, maSin Senatanis ganmaxorcielebel pirsa da sa-
warmos Soris unda daidos saavtoro xelSekruleba, romelSic gansazRvruli iqneba,
ra moculobiT gadascems avtori an saavtoro uflebaTa mflobeli qonebriv ufle-
bebs sawarmos. avtors an saavtoro uflebaTa mflobels SeuZlia yvela qonebrivi uf-
leba an maTi nawili gadasces uflebamonacvles.kanonis imperatiuli moTxovnaa, rom
saavtoro uflebaTa gadacemis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba unda daidos werilobiTi for-
miT.47
xelSekrulebis formasTan dakavSirebiT igive wesi moqmedebs samrewvelo sa-
kuTrebis samarTalSi. sapatento kanonis me-601 muxlis mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli uf-
lebebis gadacemis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba ideba werilobiTi formiT. amave muxlidan
gamomdinareobs, rom sapatento gansakuTrebuli uflebebis gasxviseba unda daregis-
trirdes saqpatentSi arsebuli samrewvelo sakuTrebis reestrSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi gadacemas Zala ar eqneba mesame pirebis winaSe.48
garkveul formalur procedurebTanaa dakavSirebuli sasaqonlo niSanze ar-
sebuli gansakuTrebuli uflebebis gadacemac. sasaqonlo niSnebis Sesaxeb kanonis 25-e
muxlis mixedviT, xelSekruleba sasaqonlo niSnis gadacemis Sesaxeb formdeba weri-
lobiT. sasaqonlo niSnis gadacemidan gamomdinare cvlilebebi Seitaneba samrewvelo
sakuTrebis reestrSi. cvlilebebis reestrSi Setanis gareSe, sasaqonlo niSnis axal
mflobels ar SeuZlia uflebebis gamoyeneba mesame pirebis winaaRmdeg.49
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sawarmos samrewvelo sa-
kuTrebis obieqtebis Senatanad miRebis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod maSin warmoeSoba gansa-
kuTrebuli uflebebi, Tuki werilobiT dadebul xelSekrulebasTan erTad, am ufle-
baTa gadacemis faqti dafiqsirebuli iqneba samrewvelo sakuTrebis reestrSi.
6. daskvna
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebis umravlesoba Setanaunariani, rac niS-

navs imas, rom qonebrivi uflebebi, romlebic am obieqtebze warmoiSoba, SeiZleba Sesa-
tanis saxiT iqnes gamoyenebuli.
Tumca, aucileblad unda mieqces yuradReba im garemoebas, rom inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis obieqtis Setanaunarianoba damokidebulia imaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara kon-
kretuli obieqtis Rirebulebis dadgena. mTavaria SesaZlebeli iyos inteleqtualuri
46
saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis komentari, red. l. Wan-
turia, Tb., 2003, 56.
47
`saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 42-e muxli, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.
php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=16198&lang=ge>, [20.02.2014].
48
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualur uflebaTa samarTali, Tb., 2012, 291.
49
`saqarTvelos kanonis sasaqonlo niSnebis Sesaxeb~, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=-
com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=11482&lang=ge>, [22.02.2014].
42
sakuTrebis obieqtis Rirebulebis dadgena, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi obieqti ver iqneba

Setanaunariani. mas Semdeg, rac inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqti SeiZens Rirebu-
lebas, misi Senatanad ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba. rodesac inteleqtualu-
ri sakuTrebis obieqtis Rirebulebis dadgena SeuZlebelia, Rirebulebis samomavlo
zrdis perspeqtivas mniSvneloba ar aqvs. Senatanad ganxorcielebisas gadamwyvetia, im
momentSi aqvs Tu ara dadgenadi Rirebuleba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqts.
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze arsebuli qonebrivi uflebebis Senata-
nad ganxorcielebisas saWiroa sawarmosa da Senatanis ganmaxorcielebel pirs Soris
daidos xelSekruleba aRniSnuli uflebebis gadacemis Taoabaze. xelSekrulebaSi un-
da ganisazRvros, ra pirobebiT SeuZlia sawarmos isargeblos aRniSnuli obieqtiT. Se-
natanis saxiT ganxorcielebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtiT sargeblobis
farglebi SeiZleba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli iyos. pirma, romel-
sac qonebrivi uflebebi gaaCnia inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis Setanaunarian obieqtze,
SeiZleba ar moisurvos misi uflebebis mTlianad gadacema. aseT SemTxvevaSi xelSekru-
lebaSi garkveviT unda iyos miTiTebuli, ra moculobiT gadadis uflebebi sawarmoze.
sawarmos likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtze arse-
buli qonebrivi uflebebi ubrundeba obieqtis pirvandel mesakuTres, anu im pirs, ro-
melmac gadasca qonebrivi uflebebi sawarmos. Sesabamisad, Tavdapirveli mflobeli
uflebamosilia, sakuTari survilis mixedviT gamoiyenos obieqti, romelzec warmoSo-
bilia inteleqtualursakuTrebiTi uflebebi.
43
lela janaSvili*
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, rogorc samarTlis

ZiriTadi funqcia da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
umniSvnelovanesi principi
1. Sesavali
marTlwesrigis ori tradiciuli elementis – progresisa da usafrTxoebis1 ur-

TierTmimarTeba metad aqtualuria Tanamedrove iurisprudenciaSi.
samarTali drosTan erTad icvleba da ganicdis Sesabamis progress, usafrTxoe-
ba ki mis stabilurobas gulisxmobs. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba klasikur iuridiul
literaturaSi ganxilulia, rogorc erTiani samarTlebrivi sistemis, adamianis Ziri-
Tadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis, socialuri integraciis fundamenturi garantia.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba samarTlis sistemaSi samarTlebrivi normebis meSve-
obiT xorcieldeba da mis mizans warmoadgens socialur-samarTlebrivi sistemisa da
marTlwesrigis uzrunvelyofa da dacva.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, Zalze farTo da mo-
culobiTia, swored misi Sinaarsi ganapirobebs, rom igi ganxilul iqnes, rogorc samar-
Tlis ZiriTadi funqcia da rogorc konstituciuri principi.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba icvleba droisa da situaciis mixedviT da misi iden-
tificireba mxolod realobidan gamomdinarea SesaZlebeli.2 igi araerTxel gamxdara
mecnieruli kvlevis obieqti swored misi cvalebadi xasiaTisa da mimarTulebebis mra-
valferovnebidan gamomdinare.
jer kidev romis samarTalSi ius certum-is, Pax Romana-s Tu Pax, Securitas y libertas-sTan
dakavSirebulma debatebma, samarTlis kazuisturi xasiaTisa da saxelmwifos Sesabamisi
institutebis ararsebobis gamo, ver pova ganviTareba.3 XVI saukuneSi certitudo iuris niSnav-
da samarTlebrivi codnis racionalizaciis mcdelobas. XVIII saukunesa da XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi ukve ikveTeba kodifikaciaTa tendencia, zusti kanonebis miRebis mizniT. XIX
saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, mravasaukunovani deficitis Semdeg, iuri-
diul naSromebSi ukve gvxvdeba samarTlebrivi usafrToxebis sakiTxebi.4
winamdebare naSromi miznad isaxavs samarTlebrivi usafrToxebis ZiriTadi mimar-
Tulebebis arsis warmoCenas, misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebis ganxilvas.
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori.
1
Burdeau G., Essai sur l’évolution de la notion de loi en droit français, archives de Philosophie du Droit, 1939,
48.
2
Ávila H., Teoría de la Seguridad Jurídica, Marcial Pons, Madrid, Barcelona, Buenos Aires, 2012, 35.
3
iqve.
4
F.C. Fon Savigny (1814, 1840), Meyer (1851), von Mohl (1855), Holleuffer (1864), Bendix (1914), Rumelin
(1924), Germann (1935), Scholz (1955) da sxvebi.
44
lela janaSvili, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, rogorc samarTlis ZiriTadi funqcia da
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi princi pi
2. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, rogorc samarTlis ZiriTadi funqcia
samarTlis Teoriis uniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis – samarTlis funqciebis ganxilvi-

sas or urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebas vawydebiT. erTi mxriv, avtorTa erTi jgufis
mosazrebiT, samarTlis funqciebi samarTlis Tanamedrove doqtrinaSi siaxlea da meo-
re mxriv, unda aRiniSnos, rom ius filosofiis mTeli tradicia mimarTuli iyo aRniSnu-
li sakiTxis kvlevisadmi.
sityva `funqcias~ mravali mniSvneloba aqvs. rudolf karnapis5, bertran raselis6
da sxva logikuri skolebis Semdeg funqciaTa koncefciam Tanamedrove filosofiuri
enis xasiaTi SeiZina. samarTlis filosofiaSi funqcionalizmis ganxilva moicavs soci-
ologiuri xasiaTis proeqciebs, romelSic gaerTianebulia miznebi da movlenebi. nor-
misaTvis aseTi `moqmedebis~ miniWebiT xSir SemTxvevebSi miiRweva konfliqtis gadaWris
xerxebi, misi prevencia da Tavidan acileba. aRniSnuli ki, rogorc samarTlebrivi rea-
lizmis dinamikuri aspeqti, xazs usvams Tanamedrove samarTlebriv-filosofiur enaSi
termin `funqciaTa~ gamoyenebas.7
mecnierebaSi sityva `funqciebis~ doqtrinaluri mniSvneloba akumulirebul iq-
na iurisprudenciaSic. `samarTlis funqcia~, klasikuri ganmartebiT, gulisxmobs sa-
marTlebriv urTierTobebze iuridiuli zemoqmedebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, raSic
vlindeba samarTlis arsi da misi socialuri daniSnuleba.
samarTlis funqciebis doqtrina SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom samarTlebrivi az-
rovneba gascdes formalizmsa da sociologizms,8 Tumca, rodesac vsaubrobT samar-
Tlis funqciebze, igi identificirdeba socialur kontrolTan, usafrTxoebasa da
samarTlianobasTan.9 samarTlis funciebis sistematizaciis mraval models Soris sa-
marTlis sociologi angel sanCes de la tore gamoyofs Semdeg jgufebs: a) samarTlis
funqciebi, romlebic mimarTulia sazogadoebisaken; b) samarTlis funqciebi, romlebic
mimarTulia saxelmwifosaken da g) samarTlis funqciebi, romlebic mimarTulia TiTo-
euli individisaken.10 aRniSnuli klasifikacia gamomdinareobs samarTlebrivi wesrigis
socialuri, politikuri da samarTlebrivi xasiaTidan.
5
rudolf karnapi, logikuri pozitivizmis mimdevari, filosofosTa jgufis `venis
wris~ – Wiener Kreis – warmomadgeneli. jgufi 1922 wels Camoyalibda da 1936 wlamde aq-
tiur samecniero saqmianobas eweoda. avstriaSi nacisturi ideologiis aRmavlobis
Sedegad, 1936 wels, nacistma studentma mokla wris damaarsebeli, logikuri empiriz-
mis fuZemdebeli moric Sliki da jgufmac Sewyvita funqcionireba.
6
bertran raseli, filosofosi, maTematikosi da logikosi, nobelis premiis laureati
literaturaSi, subieqturi idealizmis, inglisuri neorealizmisa da neopozitivizmis
warmomadgeneli, enis filosofiaSi mis mniSvnelovan Senatanad iTvlebaàRweris Teo-
ria~, romelic ganxiluli aqvs 1905 wels Jurnal Journal of Mind Philosophy gamoqveynebul
eseSi On denoting.
7
Sánchez de la Toree A., Sociolgia del derecho, Editrial Tecnos, S.A., 1987, Madrid, 76.
8
iqve, 81.
9
Vilajosana, J. M., Funciones del Derecho: un marco conceptual, Analisi e diritti, Ricerche di giuruspudebza
analitica, 2006, 278, < http://www.upf.edu/filosofiadeldret/es/professors/permanents/vilajosana.html>.
10
Sánchez de la Toree, A., Sociologia del derecho, Editrial Tecnos, S.A., 1987, Madrid, 82.
45
profesori giorgi xubua samarTlis funqciebs yofs Semdeg sam jgufad: samar-
Tlis regulaciuri, wesrigis da anTropologiur-personaluri funciebi, xolo samar-
Tlebrivi usafrTxoeba samarTlis wesrigis funqciaTa jgufSia ganxiluli.
usafrTxoeba Zalze farTo cnebaa, Tumca, romeli kuTxiTac ar unda ganvixiloT,
upirveles yovlisa, is gulisxmobs piris Tavisuflebas. uflebas, rodesac individs
aqvs sxvadasxva uflebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. rogorc xSirad xdeba samar-
Tlebriv koncefciebTan da cnebebTan mimarTebaSi, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis cne-
bis ganmarteba misive Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs.
espaneTis samefo akademiis espanuri enis leqsikonis mixedviT, samarTlebrivi
usafrTxoeba ganmartebulia, rogorc marTlwesrigis maxasiaTebeli, rac gulisxmobs
samarTlebriv normaTa simyaresa da misi gamoyenebis kanonierebas.11
samarTlis TeoriaSi `cnebebis~ mniSvnelobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT da aseve im
sirTuleebs, rac mis CamoyalibebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `sa-
marTlebrivi usafrTxoebis~ leqsikografiuli ganmarteba met-naklebad emTxveva mis
Sinaarss, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saubaria samarTlis normaTa sazustesa da mis
avTenturobaze.
kontinenturi evropis samarTlis ojaxSi, gansakuTrebiT ki romanuli samarTlis
qveynebis jgufSi (italia, espaneTi), rodesac saubroben samarTlebriv usafrTxoebaze,
xazs usvamen normis avTenturobas, gonivrulobas, sizustesa da namdvilobas.12
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba aris is faqti, is maxasiaTebeli, romelic ara marto
samarTlis normas xdis namdvils, realurs, aramed samarTlebriv urTierTobebsa da
yvela institucias, radganac, samarTlis mecniereba adasturebs, rom samarTlebrivi
usafrTxoeba ar gulisxmobs mxolod normebTan mimarTebas, aramed sxva samarTlebriv
movlenebsa da samarTlebriv realobebs.13
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba Tanamedrove iuridiul mecnierebaSi ganixileba, ro-
gorc sicxade, simyare, ganWvreta, kanonzomieri mocemuloba. Tu samarTlebrivi norme-
bi da samarTlebrivi institutebi ar iqnebian winaswar cnobili, zusti da myari, Tu isini
Seicaven `saidumloebebs~ da Camoyalibebuli arian bundovnad, am SemTxvevaSi samarTa-
li Tavis funqcias ver axorcielebs.
`samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan moTxovnas warmoadgens gar-
kveuloba. mis mixedviT, kanonebi da misgan gamomdinare samarTlebrivi aqtebi sakmarisad
garkveuli da gansazRvruli unda iyos. Tu samarTlebrivi normebi winaaRmdegobrivi da
gaurkveveli xasiaTisaa, maSin maTi adresati ver SeZlebs am normebze sakuTari moqme-
debis orientirebas... garkveulobasTan erTad, ndobis dacvis principi samarTlebrivi
usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani elementia. aRniSnuli principi moqmedi samarTlis mimarT
11
DRAE – Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia Española. 22 edición.
12
iurisprudenciisa da kanonmdeblobis samefo akademia, avila alsinas moxseneba 1999
wlis 8 Tebervals Temaze:`samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba da samarTlis mecniereba~, sa-
dac saubrobs 1842 wels romSi gamoqveynebul lopes de oniates naSromze `samarTlis
sizuste~.
13
Amorós Dorada F.J., Seguridad Jurídica, Fundación Sociedad de la Información – SOCINFO, seminario ,,Se-
guridad Jurídica y Administración electrónica~, Madrid, 9 de mayo de 2012, 3.
46
moqalaqis ndobis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. samarTlis mimarT moqalaqis ndobis Serye-

vas SeiZleba maSin hqondes adgili, rodesac moulodnelad samarTlis Zireuli Secvla
xorcieldeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi moqalaqes unda hqondes imis SesaZlebloba, rom axal
samarTlebriv normebze moaxdinos orientacia. es problema gansakuTrebiT kanonis
ukuqmedebis dros Cndeba~.14
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principi gamoricxavs, pirovnebis sazianod, ukve gan-
xorcielebul faqtobriv garemoebebze kanonis cvlilebebis ukuZaliT gavrcelebis
SesaZleblobas.15
dauSvebelia mosamarTlis an kanonmdeblis mier iseTi kanonisaTvis ukuZalis mi-
niWeba, romelic dasjadad acxadebs raime qmedebas, an amkacrebs sasjels (nulla poena sine
lege praevia).16
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan funqciad ki swo-
red imitom iTvleba, rom igi aris mraval komponentTa sinTezi, mis gareSe warmoudgene-
lia marTlmsajuleba, ganviTareba, progresi. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba uzrunvel-
yofs socialur mSvidobas.17
3. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, rogorc samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos principi
samarTlebriv usafrTxoebas samarTalSi `principis~ bunebac aqvs. samarTlis

principebis definicia moicvas samarTlis azris, samarTlis Sefardebis safuZvlebis
gansazRvras. samarTlis is zogadi principebi, damyarebuli tradiciebze, socialur
Tanacxovrebaze, mecnierul azrze, marTlmsajulebis doqtrinaze, rogoricaa samar-
Tlebrivi saxelmwifos, xelisuflebis danawilebis, keTilsindisierebis, kanonis winaSe
Tanasworobis, kanonierebisa da sxva, axali principebis Camoyalibebis winapirobaa.18
da ramdenadac, Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba ar aris samar-
Tlebriv normaTa da samarTlebriv institutTa mxolod ubralo maxasiaTebeli, aramed
igi aris samarTlis bazisi, misi fundamenti, amdenad, igi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes ro-
gorc samarTlis principic.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, rogorc konstituciuri principi, TiToeuli qvey-
nis ZiriTad kanonSia Camoyalibebuli, magaliTad, espaneTis konstituciis me-9 muxlis
mesame punqtis Tanaxmad, garantirebulia normaTa ierarqia da normaTa gamoqveyneba. sa-
marTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, romelic asocirdeba normaTa ierarqiasTan, warmoudgene-
lia misi sajaroobis gareSe.
hans kelzenisa da adolf merklis mier Camoyalibebuli marTlwesrigis safexu-
rovani Teoria swored ZiriTadi normis piramidis saTaveSi yofnas gulisxmobs. amdenad,
14
izoria l., Tanamedrove saxelmwifo Tanamedrove administracia, Tb., 2009, 200-201.
15
veselsi i., biolke v., sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, danaSauli da misi agebuleba,
Tb., 2010, 20.
16
iqve.
17
Delgado G., Derecho, Gráficas Hergon, Madrid, 1971.
18
guridad Jurídica y Administración electrónica~, Madrid, 9 de mayo de 2012, 3-4.
47
konstitucia, rogorc norma normarum, da misi Sinaarsi, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis

principebis CaTvliT, uzenaesia da igi aRiarebuli unda iyos rangiT dabali normebis
mier.19
rac Seexeba sajaroobas samarTlebriv usafrToxebaSi, igi gulisxmobs, rom: `Ti-
Toeul moqalaqes unda hqondes imis SesaZlebloba, rom informirebuli iyos samarTlis
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. amitom yvela samarTlebrivi norma sajarod gamoqveynebis valdebu-
lebas eqvemdebareba. samarTlis sistemis mzardi kompleqsurobidan gamomdinare, moqa-
laqisaTvis rTuli xdeba yvela saxis iuridiuli normis swrafad moZieba da srulyofi-
li gageba. es saxelmwifos ori mimarTulebiT avaldebulebs: erTi mxriv, man moqalaqe-
TaTvis samarTlebrivi normis moZieba unda gaamartivos, maT Soris Tanamedrove teqni-
kuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT da, meore mxriv, moqalaqeTaTvis iuridiuli rCevebisa
da momsaxurebis xarisxi unda gaaumjobesos, raTa maT kanonebis gageba gaumartivos~.20
4. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis maxasiaTeblebi (komponentebi)
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba ramdenime mniSvnelovani aspeqtisagan Sedgeba, ro-

melTa Soris unda gamovyoT:
1. samarTali da ena – samarTlis normis, kanonis teqstis naTlad Camoyalibeba;
normis adresatis informirebuloba;
2. samarTlis stabiluroba;
3. saxelmwifo, rogorc samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis garanti.
4.1. samarTali da ena
rogorc aRvniSneT, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principi moiTxovs, rom kanonis

teqsti Camoyalibdes naTlad da garkveviT. kanonis teqstis zusti formulireba, pir-
vel rigSi, aucilebelia normis erTgvarovani interpretaciisa da SefardebisaTvis.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis aRiSnuli aspeqti sruli moculobiT uzrunvel-
yofilia kanonmdeblobis TeoriiT, romelic interdisciplinaruli TvalsazrisiT mo-
icavs, samarTlebrivTan erTad, socialur da politikur faqtorebs. kanoni, romelic
namdvilad ar aris kanonmdeblis fantaziis Sedegi, kompleqsurad unda asaxavdes yvela
SesaZlo wanamZRvars.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garantiaa samarTleb-
rivi enis gamarTuloba. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba samarTlebrivi enis Tan-
xvedras yoveldRiur yofiT enasTan. samarTlebrivi ena unda iyos zusti, mravalfero-
vani da originaluri.21
amasTan, rodesac vsaubrobT samarTlebriv enaze, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom igi
aris maRalganviTarebuli dargobrivi ena, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva enobriv dones:
19
guridad Jurídica y Administración electrónica~, Madrid, 9 de mayo de 2012, 4.
20
izoria l., Tanamedrove saxelmwifo Tanamedrove administracia, Tb., 2009, 202.
21
Бержель Ж.Л., Общая теория права, NOTA BENE, М., 2002, 386-387.
48
1. kanonis ena; 2. mecnieruli (sarecenzio) ena; 2. ganaCenisa da gadawyvetilebis ena; 4) mo-

xeleTa ena.22
samarTlebrivi enis rols gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba samarTalSemoqme-
debisa da samarTlis Sefardebis stadiebze, romelic moiTxovs iuristis, filosofo-
sis, gramatikosisa da lingvistis codnaTa Serwymas.23 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ara-
erTi kvleva Catarebula, Tumca samarTlis Teoretikosi Jan lui berJeli yuradRebas
amaxvilebs iuridiul terminologiasa da frazeologiaze. igi terminologias ganmar-
tavs, rogorc ama Tu im dargisaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikuri normebis erTobli-
obas da ambobs, rom: zusti terminologiis gamoyenebas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs da
sizuste mis aucilebel elements warmoadgens. kanonmdebeli, mosamarTle, praqtikosi
iuristi valdebulia, iyenebdes zust da adekvatur terminologias. amasTan aucilebe-
lia, rom sityvebi Seesabamebodes azrs. mniSvnelovania, rom TiToeulma iuridiulma az-
rma miiRos Sesabamisi definicia da ganisazRvros specifikuri terminiT. am SemTxvevaSi
ki azris definicia TviT xdeba sityvis mniSvneloba. amdenad, iuridiulma terminebma,
romlebic azrs, koncepts gansazRvraven, unda Seasrulon „etiketis“ an „algebruli
niSnis“ funqciebi.24
samarTlis enis srulyofa gulisxmobs ara yofiT enasTan daaxloebas, aramed yo-
fiTi da iuridiuli dargobrivi enis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas. samarTlis enis refor-
ma unda xorcieldebodes sizustisa da gagebis urTierTdaaxloebis mimarTulebiT25.
enis sizuste niSnavs samarTlebrivi debulebebis gaTavisuflebas iseTi enobrivi kon-
struqciebisagan, romlebic iZlevian sxvadasxva interpretaciis saSualebas. aRniSnuli
sirTulis gamo, zust mecnierebebSi cdiloben SeimuSaon formalizebuli, xelovnuri
enebi, romlebSic logikuri struqtura mTeli sisavsiT iqneba warmoCenili, xolo Sina-
arsobrivi, anu semantikuri mxare calsaxad da zustad iqneba warmodgenili. samarTlis,
kerZod ki kanonis dargobrivi enac iswrafis formalizebisa da standartizaciisaken,
rac mis oficialur da funqciur xasiaTSi vlindeba.26
erT-erTi uniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, rac samarTlebriv usafrToxebas ukavSirde-
ba, aris samarTlis normis, kanonis teqstis naTlad Camoyalibeba da normis adresatis
informirebuloba – moqalaqes winaswar hqondes SesaZlebloba dagegmos Tavisi qceva.
ufro metic, winaswar icodes, Tu ra Sedegi mohyveba mas.
aRniSnul TezisTan dakavSirebulia ramdenime sakiTxi:
1. samarTlis norma unda iyos naTlad gamoxatuli. Tuki normis moTxovnas warmo-
adgens normasTan pirisqcevis Sesamabisoba da normis moTxovnaTa dacva, maSin propor-
ciulad, samarTlis normac unda iyos zedmiwevniT naTlad gamoxatuli da amasTan, Sesa-
bamis enaze27 anu im samarTlebrivi sivrcis Sesabamis enaze, sadac vrceldeba aRniSnuli
normis moqmedeba.
22
xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004, 124.
23
Бержель Ж.Л., Общая теория права, NOTA BENE, М., 2002, 386-387.
24
iqve, 388.
25
26
iqve, 125.
27
<http://www.upf.edu/filosofiadeldret/_pdf/vilajosana-funciones_del_derecho.pdf>.
49
2. samarTlis norma winaswar cnobili unda iyos normis adresatis mier. normis ad-
resatebis molodini qcevis SesaZlo modelis Sesaxeb unda iyos stabiluri – individma
winaswar unda icodes, Tu ras moiTxovs misgan samarTlis norma.28 ver visaubrebT samar-
Tlebriv usafrTxoebaze, Tu ver sruldeba miTiTebuli mocemuloba. aRniSnulis Ta-
vidan acilebis erTaderTi gza ki normis sajaro xasiaTia, rac gamoricxavs saidumlo
normebis arsebobas, romlebic dafarulia samarTlis subieqtebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda,
aq saubari ar aris imaze, rom samarTlis yvela subieqtma unda icodes samarTlis yvela
norma, rac, faqtobrivad, miuRwevelia. saubaria mxolod samarTlis normis Sinaarsis
gacnobis SesaZleblobaze - aravis ar SeiZleba aekrZalos da CamoerTvas aRniSnuli Se-
saZlebloba. amasTan, innorantia juris non excusat (kanonis arcodna ar niSanvs mis Seusruleb-
lobas) zogierTi avtoris mier Sefasebul iqna, rogorc samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis
negacia.
3. normis gzavnili adekvaturad unda iqnes aRqmuli adresatis mier. àdekvatu-
roba~ warmoSobilia ramdenime problemidan, rogoricaa normis orazrovneba, bundo-
vaneba, gaurkvevloba, rac samarTlebriv enas arcTu iSviaTad axasiaTebs. Tumca, mxed-
velobaSi unda miviRoT isic, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes absoluturad gaurkvevlad
Camoyalibebuli qcevis wesi.29
4. amasTan, „kanonis teqstic maqsimalurad adekvaturad unda asaxavdes socia-
luri sinamdvilis kanonzomierebebs. kanonis teqstSi unda iyos imdeni samarTlebrivi
sinamdvile, ramdenic saWiroa da teqsti unda iyos imdenad gasagebi, ramdenadac es Se-
saZlebelia. problemis idealuri gadawyveta ar arsebobs. es aris rogorc wris kvadra-
tura – Teoriulad uimedo, praqtikulad SesaZlebeli“.30
4.2. samarTlis stabiluroba
stabiluroba laTinuri sityvaa (stabilitas) da mudmivobas, ucvlelobas, droSi gan-

grZobas niSnavs. `stabilurobis“ filologiuri ganmarteba mis samarTlebriv arss sru-
li moculobiT emTxveva.
samarTali, rogorc cocxali organizmi, imyofeba mudmivi ganviTarebis stadiaze,
rac gulisxmobs samarTlebrivi normebis cvalebadobas socialuri sinamdvilis Sesaba-
misad. hans kelzenis azriT, `normaTa Sinaarsi mimarTulia adamianTa qcevisaken da vi-
Tardeba drosa da sivrceSi~.31
marTlwesrigis erT-erTi mTavari funqcia – sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadas-
xva sferos mowesrigeba – uqmnis Tu ara safrTxes samarTlebriv stabilurobas?
„kargad organizebuli sociumi, sazogadoeba iTxovs stabilurobas“.32 udavoa, rom
samarTali unda iyos stabiluri, amasTan, sociluri sinamdvilis adekvaturad amsaxve-
28
29
ix. <http://www.upf.edu/filosofiadeldret/_pdf/vilajosana-funciones_del_derecho.pdf)>.
30
xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, gamomcemloba`meridiani~, Tb., 2004, 127.
31
Kelsen H., Compendio de Teoría General del Estado, trad. Luis Recasens y Justino de Azcárate, 2.a ed., Bosch,
Barcelona, 1934, 149.
32
Rawls J., Justicia como equidad, Tecnos, Madrid, 1986, 103.
50
li. ra Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves kanonmdeblobis xSir cvlas? aRniSnuli, pirvel rigSi,
iwvevs adresatebis mier qcevis sasurveli masStabis winaswar gansazRvras, rac uaryo-
fiTad aisaxeba marTlwesrigis saerTo mdgomareobaze. mxolod stabiluri kanonmdeb-
loba SeiZleba iyos kanonis moTxovnaTa dacvis garanti. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
„samarTali unda iyos stabiluri da amasTan, evoluciuri, radgan usafrTxoeba moicavs
aseve cvalebadi situaciebis aRiarebas~.33
amdenad, samarTali unda iyos stabiluri da amasTan evoluciuri, radgan usaf-
rTxoeba adaptirdeba cvalebad situaciebTan. Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos mizani swored es aris: oqros Sualedis moZebna cvalebadobasa da stabilurobas
Soris. saxelmwifo yovelTvis mzad unda iyos am Tanasworobis misaRwevad.
4.3. saxelmwifo, rogorc samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis garanti da

ZiriTadi uflebebis dacva
`samarTali, upirveles yovlisa, aris usafrTxoeba. Tanamedrove saxelmwifo yo-

velTvis unda iyos samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo. Tanamedrove saxelmwifos yvela insti-
tucia iziarebs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideas~.34
robert fon molis mier mecxramete saukunis mesame naxevarSi pirvelad gamoyene-
buli termini `samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo~ droTa ganmavlobaSi gadaiqca Tanamedrove
saxelmwifos sinonimad. `rodesac saubaria samarTlebriv usafrTxoebaze, rogorc sa-
xelmwifos erT-erT mTavar mizanze, pirvel rigSi, saubaria socialur usafrToebaze,
romelic moicavs or koncefcias: pirveli, pirovnebisa da misi uflebebis usafrTxoeba
da meore, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, Rirebuleba, romelic aerTianebs usafrTxoe-
bis sxvadasxva tipTa generacias~.35
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad miCneuli samarTlis
normis ierarqia ganmartebulia, rogorc individTa uflebebis dacvis garantia, rom-
liTac miiRweva kanonis uzenaesoba. swored kanonis efeqturoba da miznebi, mniSvneloba
da arsi aris samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba. usafrToebis gareSe ar arsebobs Tavisufle-
ba, demokratia da samarTlianoba. usafrTxoebis gareSe SeuZlebelia sazogadoebis gan-
viTareba.36 aqedan gamomdinare, usafrTxoeba saxelmwifos umTavresi funqciaa.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos demoliberaluri doqtrinis mixedviT, konstitucia,
rogorc ZiriTadi kanoni, uzrunvelyofs ZiriTad uflebebs, samarTlian sasamarTlosa
da samarTlebriv usafrTxoebas.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba
saxelmwifos, xelisuflebis organoebs, raTa dacul iqnes samarTlis sistema. Tumca,
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba ar gulisxmobs marto saxelmwifos saqmianobas am funqci-
33
Rovira Flórez De Quiñones M. C., «Seguridad y Estado de Derecho», en Anales de la Cátedra Francisco
Suárez, 11-1, 1971, 74.
34
Recaséns Sichesl L., Panorama del Pensamiento Jurídico en el Siglo XX, Tomo I. Ed. Porrúa, México, 1963,
506.
35
<http://www.cinder.info/wp-content/uploads/file/DocumentosFortaleza/Castellano.pdf>.
36
Borja Cevallos, R., Enciclopedia de la Política,< http://www.enciclopediadelapolitica.org>.
51
is uzrunvelsayofad. „samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba gamoricxavs saxelmwifos kanonsa-

winaaRmdego qcevas – kanoni erTnairad savaldebuloa rogorc moqalaqis, aseve, saxel-
mwifosaTvis~.37 samarTlebrivi usafrToxeba ganixileba, rogorc Rirebuleba,38 raTa
ganxorcieldes dacva rogorc saxelmwifos mier, aseve saxelmwifosagan, radganac po-
litikuri istoria araerT aseT magaliTs icnobs.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba pirdapirproporciuladaa dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi
uflebebis dacvasTan, ramdenadac moicavs iseT Sinaarsobriv kriteriumebs, rogoricaa
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianuri Rirebulebebi (sicocxle, Rirseba, sakuTreba da
sxva ZiriTadi uflebebi).39
prof. besarion zoiZe samarTlebriv wesrigs usafrTxoebasTan aigivebs da mas Zi-
riTadi uflebebis WrilSi ganixilavs. misi azriT: „ZiriTadi uflebebis dacva SeuZle-
belia, Tuki ar arsebobs uflebaTa saerTo wesrigi... nebismieri wesrigi saerTo konsti-
tuciuri wesrigis gamoxatulebas unda warmoadgendes da samarTliT aRiarebul faseu-
lobebze unda iyos agebuli. aseTi wesrigi sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis
aucilebeli pirobaa~.40 igi samarTlebriv usafrTxoebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis er-
TmaneTTan damokidebulebas Senobasa da mis saZirkvels adarebs: „samarTlebrivi wesri-
gi iseTive mimarTebaSia ZiriTad uflebebTan, rogorc Senobis saZirveli SenobasTan~.41
5. sakonstitucio sasamarTloTa ganmartebani samarTlebrivi

usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb
didia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos roli samarTlis principebis, axali Rirebu-

lebebis damkvidrebaSi.
germaniis federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 1970 wels ganmarta samar-
Tlebrivi usafrTxoeba, rogorc konstituciuri principi da igi ierarqiulad gauTa-
nabra legalurobis princips.42
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb saubaria saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos 2013 wlis 27 dekembris №2/3/522,553 gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze sps „griSa aSor-
dia“ saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg. davis sagans warmoadgenda – „fizikuri da
kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mflobelobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwis nak-
veTebze sakuTrebis uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 73 muxlis pirveli
punqtis da 74 muxlis sityvebis `2012 wlis 1 ianvridan kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri
kargavs marTlzomier mflobelobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwaze sakuTrebis ufle-
bis aRiarebis uflebas~ konstituciuroba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 da 21-e mux-
lebTan mimarTebiT.
37
38
<http://www.cinder.info/wp-content/uploads/file/DocumentosFortaleza/Castellano.pdf>.
39
40
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, germaniis
teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba, 2007, Tb., 45.
41
iqve.
42
Ávila H., Teoría de la Seguridad Jurídica, Marcial Pons, Madrid, Barcelona, Buenos Aires, 2012, 20.
52
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT ar dakmayofilda konstituciuri sarCeli (sps

`griSa aSordia~ saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg) „fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis
iuridiuli pirebis mflobelobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwis nakveTebze sakuTre-
bis uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 73 muxlis pirveli punqtis da 74
muxlis sityvebis `2012 wlis 1 ianvridan kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri kargavs mar-
Tlzomier mflobelobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwaze sakuTrebis uflebis aRiare-
bis uflebas~ konstituciurobis Taobaze saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 da 21-e mux-
lebTan mimarTebiT.
gansaxilvel saqmeze sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom „konstituciis 21-e muxli unda
ganimartos samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principTan kavSirSi. samarTlebrivi usaf-
rTxoebis principi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principidan momdinareobs. sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlos araerT gadawyvetilebaSi ganimarta samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementi – gansazRvrulobis principi, romelic ganamtkicebs
kanonmdeblobis ganWvretadobis garantiebs. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia samarTlebrivi ndobis principi.
samarTlebrivi ndobis principi emsaxureba moqmedi samarTlis mimarT moqalaqeTa
ndobis gantkicebas. dauSvebelia samarTlis adresatTa ndoba Seiryes kanoniT miniWe-
buli uflebebis gaumarTlebeli da xSiri cvlilebebiT. moqalaqes unda hqondes ndobis
gancda kanoniT miniWebul privilegiebTan dakavSirebiT. kanonmdebloba unda asruleb-
des pirovnuli Tavisuflebis uzrunvelmyof funqcias. individebs unda SeeZloT pira-
di, profesiuli da ekonomikuri saqmianobis myar samarTlebriv farglebSi warmarTva.
arsebiTad ganusazRvreli da gauTvleli, arasando samarTlebrivi ganviTareba aCens
gaurkvevlobis gancdas, rac aferxebs adamianis pirovnul ganviTarebas. samarTlebrivi
usafrTxoeba individis pirovnuli Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovani wina pirobaa“.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulia: rom „samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis
principis gaTvaliswinebiT, daculi unda iyos legitimuri molodinebi, romelTa mi-
marTac individebs ndoba gaaCniaT. kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebis mimarT maRalia indi-
videbis ndobis xarisxi. aRniSnuli ndobis gaumarTlebeli Seryeva negatiurad aisaxeba
samarTlis mimarT ndobasa da samarTlebriv usafrTxoebaze.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxliT daculia mxolod kanonier safuZvelze
warmoSobili legitimuri molodini. molodini, rom legitimurad da, Sesabamisad, sa-
qarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxliT daculad CaiTvalos, mas unda gaaCndes kanonieri
safuZveli da unda warmoadgendes konkretuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamom-
dinare moTxovnas. saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxli ar qmnis saxelmwifosgan mate-
rialuri sargeblis upirobod moTxovnis uflebas. aq nagulisxmevia SemTxveva, rodesac
materialuri sargeblis moTxovna emyareba konkretul, namdvil samarTlebriv safuZ-
vels~.
sasamarTlom miiCnia, `rom sadavo normebi miRebulia garkveuli sajaro miznebis
misaRwevad. amasTanave, normebiT dadgenili regulireba logikur kavSirSia misaRwev
miznebTan da warmoadgens maTi miRwevis saSualebas. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba,
rom kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs hqondaT gonivruli SesaZlebloba, esargeblaT
53
saxelmwifos mier miniWebuli uflebiT 2007 wlidan 2012 wlamde. sadavo normebiT dad-
genili regulireba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos ndobis principis sawinaaRmdegod da ar war-
moadgens sakuTrebis SeZenis legitimuri molodinis gaumarTlebel da dausabuTebel
SezRudvas. Sesabamisad, saxeze ar aris winaaRmdegoba saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e
muxlTan~.43
mniSvnelovania espaneTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi samar-
Tlebrivi usafrTxoebis sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. kerZod, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
1981 wlis 20 ivlisis gadawyvetilebiT, `samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba es aris erTianoba
legalurobisa da sizustis, ukuZalis dauSveblobis, normaTa ierarqiisa da gamoqvey-
nebis~, magram ìgi ar moicavs istoriulad Camoyalibebuli arsebuli samarTlebrivi
reJimis gaurkveveli vadiT dacvis saWiroebas, rac marTlwesrigis stagnacias gamoiw-
vevs~.44
`kanonmdebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos samarTlis normis sicxade da ara normati-
uli dabneuloba, samarTlis normis adresatebi, iuridiuli pirebi da moqalaqeebi in-
formirebulni unda iyvnen qcevis SesaZlo modelis Sesaxeb.... ar dauSvan normebiT ma-
nipulireba, romelic gamoiwvevs bundovanebas~, naTqvamia espaneTis sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi.45
6. daskvna
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, rodesac varkvevT misi, ro-

gorc samarTlis funqciis mniSvnelobas, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom igi aris meti, vidre sa-
marTlis funqcia. analogiurad SegviZlia vimsjeloT, rodesac vsaubrobT masze, ro-
gorc samarTlis principze – samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba metia, vidre samarTlis prin-
cipi.
ar SeiZleba samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba gavaigivoT sazogado interesebTan. sa-
marTlebrivi usafrTxoeba mTeli sazogadoebis (kerZo Tu saerTo) interesebis, TviT
saxelmwifos arsebobis safuZvelia. am wesrigiTaa „SezRuduli“ yvela.46
43
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ixileT <www.http://constcourt.ge>.
44
STC 227/1988.
45
STC 46/1990; STC 146/1993.
46
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, germaniis
teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba, 2007, Tb., 46.
54
giga gabriCiZe*
konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis

perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
1. Sesavali
qarTuli samarTlis sistemaSi termini àRsruleba~, rogorc wesi, sasamarTlos

mier miRebuli Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis (an sisxlissamarTlebriv saqmeze - ganaCe-
nis) aRsrulebad aRiqmeba da ar moicavs im etaps, rodesac kerZo piri Tavisi uflebis
dasacavad mimarTavs sasamarTlos, anu realurad iwyebs samarTlis aRsrulebas. kon-
kurenciis samarTlis saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli termini “private enforce-
ment“, qarTulad „kerZo aRsruleba“, ki swored aseT SemTxvevas moicavs. warmodgenil
statiaSi termini ~aRsruleba~ swored am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da,
maSasadame, gulisxmobs SemTxvevas, rodesac konkurenciis samarTlis aRsruleba ker-
Zo piris iniciativiT, konkurenciis saagentos gverdis avliT sasamarTlosadmi mimar-
TviT xorcieldeba. kerZo piris mier konkurenciis kanonmdeblobis darRvevis gamo
miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb sarCelis sasamarTloSi Setanis SesaZleblo-
ba pirvelad qarTul samarTalSi 2012 wlis 8 maiss miRebuli `Tavisufali vaWrobisa
da konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ (2014 wlis 27 marts Setanili cvlilebebis Semdeg „konku-
renciis Sesaxeb“ kanoni) kanoniT iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. ufro metic, axali kanoni
momxmarebels, romelsac ziani miadga konkurenciis samarTlis darRvevis Sedegad, ar
aZlevs saSualebas, mimarTos konkurenciis saagentos da, gamomdinare aqedan, mas saku-
Tari interesebis dasacavad mxolod sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis gza rCeba. amdenad,
konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivma aRsrulebam gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
loba moipova.
winamdebare statiis mizania, gansazRvros, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba konkuren-
ciis samarTlis aRsrulebis sistemaSi axlad Seqmnil organos – konkurenciis saagen-
tos, SeiZleba Tu ara Semcirdes misi mniSvneloba kerZo pirTa mxridan damrRvevis mi-
marT zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis gamartivebiT, emsaxureba Tu ara konkurenciis
samarTlis aRsruleba specialurad Seqmnili damoukidebeli organosa da kerZo pir-
Ta mier erTsa da imave interesebs da bolos, SeiZleba Tu ara kerZo pirTa mier konku-
renciis samarTlis aRsruleba sajarosamarTlebrivi aRsrulebis alternativad iq-
nes ganxiluli? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmoba „konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ kanonis
331-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli TanamSromlobis programisa da kerZo pirTa mier kon-
kurenciis samarTlis aRsrulebis konfliqtis sakiTxs, aseve, kerZo pirTa mier kon-
kurenciis samarTlis saagentosagan damoukidebeli procesis saxiT aRsrulebis per-
speqtivas. garda amisa, Sefasdeba, erTi mxriv, kerZosamarTlebrivi da, meore mxriv,
sajarosamarTlebrivi aRsrulebis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi. statiaSi, aseve,
* samarTlis doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis mowveuli leqtori.
55
mokled ganixileba aSS-is magaliTi, romelsac, konkurenciis samarTlis darRvevis ga-

mo, kerZo pirTa mier zianis anazRaurebis didi gamocdileba aqvs.
2. Tanamedrove tendencia: saxelmwifos mxridan kerZo pirTa mier

konkurenciis samarTlis aRsrulebis xelSewyoba
kerZo pirTa mier konkurenciis samarTlis aRsrulebis gaZlierebis xelSesawyo-

bad bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze mravali nabiji iqna gadadgmuli evropeli kanon-
mdeblis mier. 2012 wlis 8 maiss saqarTvelomac gaiziara aRniSnuli tendencia: miRe-
bul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni „Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis“ (2014 wlis 27
marts Setanili cvlilebebis Semdeg „konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ kanoni) Sesaxeb. evropuli
komisiis mier am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli bolo nabiji iyo 2008 wlis 3 aprils gamo-
cemuli e. w. „TeTri wigni“, romelic evropul kavSirSi konkurenciis samarTlis dar-
Rvevis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas Seexeboda. „TeTri wignis“ mixedviT,
evrokomisia rekomendacias iZleva kerZo pirTa mier konkurenciis samarTlis aRsru-
lebis mxardaWeris kuTxiT. evrokavSiris organo am rekomendacias asabuTebs imiT, rom
ar SeiZleba mxolod saxelmwifos mier konkurenciis samarTlis aRsruleba iyos sakma-
risi, radgan subieqtebi, romlebic ama Tu im ekonomikuri agentis mier konkurenciis
samarTlis darRvevis Sedegad dazaraldnen, Zalian iSviaTad Rebuloben anazRaurebas
miyenebuli zianisaTvis.1
2012 wlis 8 maiss „konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ kanonis miRebam, romelmac pirvelad sa-
qarTvelos konkurenciis samarTlis istoriaSi SemoiRo kerZo piris mier konkuren-
ciis samarTlis aRsrulebis SesaZlebloba, gaaCina Semdegi kiTxvebi: mcirdeba Tu ara
konkurenciis samarTlis aRsrulebis axali gzis SemoRebiT saxelmwifos roli bazar-
ze jansaRi konkurenciis dacvis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT? xom ar „gadaabara“
kanonmdebelma konkurenciis samarTlis aRsruleba kerZo pirebs? am mxriv, evropuli
kanonmdeblobis garda, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aSS-is gamocdileba, saidanac is-
toriulad warmoiSva konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis
idea da jer kidev ori saukunis win ganxorcielda praqtikaSi.
2.1. “Private Enforcement“-is importi amerikidan.

imuSavebs saqarTveloSic?
kerZo subieqtis mier konkurenciis darRvevis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRa-

urebis moTxovnis SesaZlebloba aSS-Si jer kidev 1890 wlidan iyo aRiarebuli (Sermanis
aqtis me-7 Tavi), Tumca, am uflebis gamoyeneba gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gansakuT-
rebiT gaxSirda. statistika moicavs aseve SemTxvevebs, roca konkurenciis samarTlis
aRsruleba xorcieldeboda, e.w. “follow-on“ sarCelis safuZvelze, anu rodesac zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovna xdeboda mas Semdeg, rac sajarosamarTlebrivi gziT gamovlin-
1
Weissbuch der Kommission, Schadenersatzklagen wegen Verletzung des EG-Wettbewerbsrechts, KOM
(2008), 165 endg., 2. <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_paper/whitepa-
per_de.pdf>, [02.05.2014].
56
giga gabriCiZe, konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis
deboda konkurenciis samarTlis darRveva. es imas niSnavs, rom aseTi saxis sarCelebi
aSS-Si ufro metad damatebiTi sanqciis funqcias atareben da, aqedan gamomdinare, gar-
kveulwilad, gadaWarbebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mosazreba, TiTqos aSS-Si kerZo pir-
Ta mier konkurenciis samarTlis aRsrulebam saxelmwifos roli konkurenciis dacvis
sferoSi sagrZnoblad daaknina.2 amasTan, aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli is
faqtic, rom kerZo pirTa aseTi „warmateba“ aSS-Si gamowveulia garkveuli winapirobe-
biT, romelic saqarTveloSi konkurenciis Sesaxeb axali kanonis miRebis Semdegac ar
arsebobs. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmelia Semdegi aspeqtebi:
- konkurenciis samarTlis darRveviT miyenebuli zianis sammagi odenobiT anazR-
aurebis moTxovnis SesaZlebloba. gamomdinare iqidan, rom aseTi regulacia uaryofiT
gavlenas axdens aSS-Si moqmed TanamSromlobis programaze (“Leniency Program“), ekono-
mikuri agentisaTvis, romelic iTanamSromlebs gamoZiebasTan, arsebobs gamonaklisi:
mis mier miyenebuli ziani SeiZleba anazRaurdes mxolod erTmagi odenobiT.
- aSS-Si moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, mosarCele sarCelis daukmayofi-
lebis SemTxvevaSi ar ixdis mopasuxis mier gaweul xarjebs. Sedegi: mosarCeles mniS-
vnelovnad umcirdeba xarjebi.
- mtkicebulebis mopovebis gamartivebuli wesi (pre-trial discovery), romelic kerZo
pirebs umsubuqebs konkurenciis samarTlis darRvevis tvirTs.
2.2. 2012 wlis kanoni: ra gansakuTrebuli nabijebi gadaidga

kerZo pirTa mier konkurenciis samarTlis aRsrulebis
xelSesawyobad?
qarTvelma kanonmdebelma 2012 wlis 8 maisis kanonSi gaiTvaliswina araerTi debu-

leba, romlebic calsaxad miuTiTeben im faqtze, rom konkurenciis samarTlis kerZo
pirTa mier aRsrulebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos. sakiTxavi rCeba,
Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kanonmdeblis nebas am normebis praqtikaSi aRsrulebis meqa-
nizmebis gamarTuloba. statiis am TavSi ganxiluli iqneba is cvlilebebi, romlebmac
kerZo pirTa mier konkurenciis samarTlis aRsrulebas unda Seuwyos xeli.
2.2.1. konkurenciis saagentos mier saqmis mokvlevis dawyebis wesi
„konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-18 muxlis 1-li punqtis „a“ qvepunqtis Tanax-
mad, konkurenciis saagento uflebamosilia awarmoos saqmis mokvleva wardgenili gan-
cxadebis an/da saCivris safuZvelze [an sakuTari iniciativiT]. amave kanonis me-3 mux-
lis „n“ da „o“ punqtebi ganmartavs, vin SeiZleba iyos ganmcxadebeli an momCivani:
„ganmcxadebeli – piri, romelsac aqvs informacia an mtkicebuleba, rom arsebi-
Tad irRveva konkurenciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, Tumca amis Sedegad
mas uSualod ar adgeba qonebrivi ziani [gamoyofilia avtoris mier], razedac Sesabami-
si gancxadebiT mimarTavs konkurenciis saagentos.
2
Möschel W., Behördliche oder privatrechtliche Durchsetzung des Kartellrechts? Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb
2007, 483, (486).
57
momCivani - ekonomikuri agenti, romelsac miaCnia, rom konkurenciis Sesaxeb sa-

qarTvelos kanonmdeblobis darRvevis Sedegad mas uSualod adgeba qonebrivi ziani,
razedac Sesabamisi saCivriT mimarTavs konkurenciis saagentos“.
maSasadame, kanoni saSualebas aZlevs ekonomikur agents, romelsac miadga ziani
konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis darRvevis Sedegad, mimarTos konkurenciis sa-
agentos. magram igive wesi ar moqmedebs fizikuri pirisaTvis. fizikuri piris SemTxve-
vaSi qonebrivi ziani ar unda iyos saxeze, raTa igi uflebamosili iyos waradginos gan-
cxadeba saagentoSi. aqedan gamomdinare, kanonis me-3 muxlis „o“ qvepunqti saSualebas
ar aZlevs fizikur pirebs, romlebsac ziani miadgaT konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonmdeb-
lobis darRvevis Sedegad, mimarTon konkurenciis saagentos. am normiT kanonmdebelma
fizikur pirebs (romelTac ziani miadgaT) ar dautova arCevanis ufleba da isini pir-
dapir kerZosamarTlebriv aRsrulebaze gadaamisamarTa.
2.2.2. sasamarTlosadmi saagentosaTvis gverdis avliT

mimarTvis SesaZlebloba
„konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ kanonis darRvevis gamo saagentosaTvis gverdis avliT sa-

samarTlosadmi mimarTvis SesaZlebloba gaTvaliswinebulia amave kanonis 28-e muxlis
1-li punqtiT:
„pirs ufleba aqvs, mimarTos sasamarTlos am kanonis darRvevis Taobaze saagen-
tosaTvis mimarTvis gareSe“.
meore punqti gansazRvravs uflebamosil sasamarTlos: „am kanonis darRvevis Ta-
obaze davas ganixilavs Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo“.
maSasadame, qarTvelma kanonmdebelma „konkurenciis Sesaxeb“kanonis miRebiT,
garkveulwilad, gauzarda fizikur pirebs kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT konkurenciis
samarTlis aRsrulebis motivacia, Tumca, amerikul samarTalTan SedarebiT, qarTu-
li samarTali am mxriv kerZo pirisTvis, romelsac konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblo-
bis darRvevis Sedegad ziani miadga, naklebad mimzidvelia. sakiTxavi rCeba: praqtikaSi
ramdenad SesaZlebelia qarTuli kanonmdeblobis pirobebSi fizikurma pirebma konku-
renciis samarTali aRasrulon konkurenciis saagentosagan damoukideblad? am kiTvas
pasuxi momdevno TavSi gaecema.
3. zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb kerZo sarCelebis efeqturoba

konkurenciis samarTalSi
3.1. zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb kerZo sarCelebi karteluri

SeTanxmebebis winaaRmdeg
ekonomikur agentebs Soris karteluri SeTanxmebis arsebobis damtkiceba praq-

tikaSi nebismieri mosarCelesaTvis urTules problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli. viTare-
ba, am mxriv, arc axali kanonis miRebis Semdeg Secvlila arsebiTad. Sesabamisad, Cndeba
logikuri kiTxva: rogor unda gaZlierdes kerZo aRsruleba, anu, rogor unda SeZlos
58
kerZo mosarCelem konkurenciis samarTlis darRvevis damtkiceba, roca mas araviTari

wvdoma Sesabamis sawarmoSi arsebul dokumentaciaze ar gaaCnia? TviT konkurenciis
saagentosTvisac ki, romelic, kerZo pirebTan SedarebiT, saqmis mokvlevis procesSi
didi uflebamosilebebiT aris aRWurvili, urTulesi iqneba ekonomikur agentebs So-
ris karteluri SeTanxmebebis arsebobis damtkiceba.
arc saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxli, romelic mtki-
cebis tvirTsa da mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobas aregulirebs, iTvaliswinebs kerZo
pirTaTvis mtkicebis tvirTis Semsubuqebis sakiTxs, radgan igi pirdapir miuTiTebs,
rom „damtkiceba SeiZleba TviT mxareTa (mesame pirTa) axsna-ganmartebiT, mowmeTa Cve-
nebiT, faqtebis konstataciis masalebiT, werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebebi-
Ta da eqspertTa daskvnebiT“. karteluri SeTanxmebebi, rogorc wesi, zepirsityvieri
formiT ideba da Tundac igi werilobiTi formiT iyos dadebuli, mosarCele ver mo-
ipovebs amis Sesaxeb informacias da mas ar SeeZleba am xelSekrulebis sasamarTloSi
mtkicebulebis saxiT wardgena.
maSasadame, konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanons ar Seuqmnia realuri meqanizmebi, rome-
lic kerZo pirs sasamarTlos winaSe ekonomikur agentebs Soris karteluri SeTanxme-
bis arsebobis damtkicebas gauadvilebda. mtkicebis tvirTis erTaderT Semamsubuqe-
bel faqtors kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg warmoadgens “follow-on“ sarCeli, anu kerZo
piris mier sasamarTloSi Setanili sarCeli, romelSic ekonomikuri agentis mier kano-
nis darRvevis damadasturebel mtkicebulebad konkurenciis saagentos mier miRebu-
li Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebaa warmodgenili (romelSic aRniSnuli ekonomikuri agen-
tis mier Cadenili kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedeba aris dadasturebuli).
karteluri SeTanxmebis SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikur agentebs, ro-
gorc wesi, naklebad aqvT im informaciis deficiti, romelic dominirebuli mdgoma-
reobis borotad gamoyenebis dasasabuTebladaa saWiro. gamomdinare aqedan, SesaZloa
kerZo pirTa mier konkurenciis samarTlis aRsrulebas ufro didi perspeqtiva eko-
nomikuri agentis mier dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
(„konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-6 muxli) hqonoda. am kiTxvaze pasuxi momdevno Tav-
Si iqneba gacemuli.
3.2. zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis Sesaxeb sarCeli dominirebuli

mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebisas
rogorc wesi, ekonomikur agentebi ukeT arian im bazrebis Sesaxeb informire-

bulni, romlebzec isini saqmianoben, vidre konkurenciis saagento. aqedan gamomdina-
re, karteluri SeTanxmebebisagan gansxvavebiT, kerZo pirebs aq ufro meti moqmedebis
sfero da SesaZlebloba aqvT, daasabuTon sakuTari moTxovnebi sasamarTlos winaSe.
aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia Tanamedrove tendencia konkurenciis samarTlis praqti-
kaSi aRsrulebaSi, romelic more economic approach-s terminiT damkvidrda da romelic
dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis Sefasebisas Sesabamis organoebs
sifrTxilisaken mouwodebs, radgan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sawarmos aseT moqmedebas
SesaZloa bazris ganviTarebisaTvis dadebiTi gavlena moexdina. es imas niSnavs, rom
59
konkurenciis dacvaze pasuxismgebeli organoebi mzad arian Tvali daxuWon dominire-

buli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebaze, Tuki mas, saerTo jamSi, momxmareblisa da
bazris ganviTarebisaTvis sargebloba moaqvs.3 garda amisa, ekonomistebi konkurenci-
is samarTlis dacvaze pasuxismgebel organoebs xSirad miuTiTeben im faqtze, rom maT
Carevas bazarze im mizniT, rom dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone ekonomikurma agen-
tma garkveul produqtze Seamciros fasi, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, konkurenciisaTvis
saziano Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves.4 yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelobas iZens
konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi aRsruleba dominirebuli mdgomareo-
bis borotad gamoyenebisas.
am TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa, saintereso gaxdes SemTxvevebi, rodesac romelime
cnobili markis produqtis damamzadebeli uars ganucxadebs romelime ekonomikur
agents mis miyidvaze. aseT SemTxvevebSi, damamzadeblebi cdiloben, awarmoon konku-
renciis samarTliT akrZaluli politika.5 konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTleb-
rivi gziT aRsruleba am SemTxvevaSi iqneboda alternativis gareSe.
„konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ kanonis analizi cxadyofs, rom kerZosamarTlebrivi
gziT konkurenciis samarTlis aRsrulebas perspeqtiva mxolod dominirebuli mdgo-
mareobis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aqvs. karteluri SeTanxmebebis SemTxvevaSi
ki, realurad, misi SesaZleblobebi “follow-on“ sarCeliT Semoifargleba.
3.3. evrokomisiis winadadebebi 2008 wlis „TeTri wignis~ mixedviT
2008 wlis 3 aprils evrokomisiam gamosca „TeTri wigni“ konkurenciis samarTlis

darRvevis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazraurebis Sesaxeb.6 mis mier SemoTavazebuli
winadadebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Semdgomi sami:
- koleqtiuri samarTlebrivi dacva. konkurenciis samarTlis darRvevisas, ro-
gorc wesi, calkeuli kerZo pirisTvis miyenebuli ziani sakmaod mcirea, magram, iqidan
gamomdinare, rom dazaralebulTa raodenoba didia, miyenebuli ziani, saerTo jamSi,
Zalian maRalia. TiToeuli kerZo piris gadmosaxedidan ekonomikurad gaumarTlebe-
lia sarCelis Setana zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. aman SesaZloa is Sedegi moitanos,
rom konkurenciis samarTlis damrRvevi pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisufldes. am
problemis Tavidan acilebisaTvis evrokomisias Semoaqvs winadadeba, saxelmwifoebma
xeli Seuwyon momxmarebelTa Tu sxva kavSirebisa da gaerTianebebis mier kerZo pirTa
jgufis saxeliT sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanas. am sarCelSi calkeuli individualu-
ri moTxovnebi erTad gaerTiandeba.7 es gaaZlierebs konkurenciis samarTlis kerZo-
3
Schmidt A., Voigt S., Der „more economic approach“ in der Missbrauchsaufsicht, Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb
2006, 1097, (1103).
4
Kuhn T., Preishöhenmissbrauch (excessive pricing) im deutschen und europäischen Kartellrecht, Wirtschaft
und Wettbewerb 2006, 578, (579).
5
2007, 483, (485).
6
(2008), 165 endg., 2.
7
iqve, 5.
60
samarTlebriv aRsrulebas, radgan sarCeli kompetenturi dawesebulebis mier iqneba

momzadebuli.8
- mtkicebulebis gamartivebuli wesiT mopovebis SesaZlebloba. mopasuxes un-
da daekisros valdebuleba, warmoadginos „konkretulad miTiTebuli mniSvnelovani
mtkicebuleba“.9 amasTan, evrokomisia xazs usvams, rom TanamSromlobis programam (Le-
niency Program) ar dakargos Tavisi mimzidveloba.10
- pasuxismgebloba konkurenciis samarTlis darRvevisaTvis braleulobis mi-
uxedavad.11 arsebuli kanonmdeblobebiT, karteluri SeTanxmebebisas braleulobis
sakiTxi naklebad mniSvnelovania maSin, roca dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi braleulobis damtkicebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.
evrokomisiis es SemoTavazeba, garkveulwilad, problematuria, radgan Tuki samomav-
lod darRvevis dasadgenad braleuloba aRar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, aman SeiZleba
gamoiwvios ekonomikurad sasurveli inovaciebis SezRudvis saSiSroeba.12
miuxedavad imisa, rom evrokomisiis mier gamocemuli „TeTri wigni~ cdilobs mox-
snas konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis barierebi da ga-
aumjobesos am mxriv samarTlebrivi pirobebi, warmodgenili winadadebebi ar iZleva
arsebuli mdgomareobis mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesebis saSualebas.
4. TanamSromlobis programa – konfliqti konkurenciis samarTlis sa-

jarosamarTlebriv da kerZosamarTlebriv aRsrulebas Soris
4.1. sakiTxis problemuroba
„konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ kanonis 331-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli TanamSromlobis

programa konfliqtSi modis konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebriv aRsrule-
basTan. TanamSromlobis programis mimzidveloba sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, rodesac
ekonomikur agents, saagentosTan TanamSromlobis miuxedavad, SesaZloa kerZo pire-
bisaTvis miyenebuli zianis srulad anazRaureba mouwios. aseTi konfliqtis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi TanamSromlobis programaSi monawile
ekonomikuri agents SeiZleba daekisros zianis mxolod erTmagi odenoba (nacvlad sam-
magisa) da amasTan is pasuxs ar agebs solidarulad.
maSasadame, kanonis 331-e muxlis (TanamSromlobis programa) efeqtian aRsrule-
bas Riad upirispirdeba konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi aRsrulebis Se-
saZlebloba. kerZo pirs SeuZlia TanamSromlobis programis farglebSi miwodebuli
informacia zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb sarCelis dasasabuTeblad gamoiyenos. aqedan
gamomdinare, sakiTxavia, xom ar dakargavs es programa Tavis mimzidvelobas (gansakuT-
rebiT, follow-on sarCelebis SiSiT)?
8
Ritter J-S., Private Durchsetzung des Kartellrecht, Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb 2008, 762 (767).
9
(2008), 165 endg., 5.
10
iqve, 12.
11
iqve, 7.
12
Ritter J-S., Private Durchsetzung des Kartellrecht, Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb 2008, 762 (770).
61
qarTveli kanonmdeblis mier SemoRebuli TanamSromlobis programa warmoadgens

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi aprobirebul meTods karteluri SeTanxmebebis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad. programaSi monawile ekonomikuri agenti Tavisufldeba (nawilobriv
an srulad) sanqciisagan. Tumca, es ar vrceldeba kerZosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblo-
baze. es imas niSnavs, rom im ekonomikur agents, romelic ifiqrebs konkurenciis sa-
agentosTan SesaZlo TanamSromlobaze, mouwevs gaiTvaliswinos zianis anazRaurebis
Sesaxeb kerZo sarCelebi, romlebic mis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba iqnes Setanili sasamar-
TloSi. es gansakuTrebiT im ekonomikur agents exeba, romelsac sanqciisagan srulad
gaTavisuflebis molodini ara aqvs. TanamSromlobis programis aseTi monawile SeiZ-
leba follow-on sarCelis pirveli adresati gaxdes.13 garda amisa, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT aseT ekonomikur agents Se-
saZloa miyenebuli zianisaTvis solidarulad pasuxismgebloba daekisros da, Sesaba-
misad, TanamSromloblis programa misTvis SesaZloa saintereso aRarc ki gaxdes.
TanamSromlobis programaSi monawile ekonomikuri agenti valdebulia, konku-
renciis saagentos miawodon informacia kartelur SeTanxmebaSi ara marto sakuTa-
ri, aramed sxva ekonomikuri agentebis monawileobis Sesaxeb. aseTi saxis informacia
karteluri SeTanxmebis Sedegad dazaralebulisaTvis Zalian Zvirfasia. Sesabamisad,
Tuki dazaralebulebs aseTi informacia xelSi CauvardebaT da kerZosamarTlebrivi
gziT zianis anazRaurebas moiTxoven, TanamSromlobis programis efeqturobas, SesaZ-
loa, seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmnas.14
maSasadame, TanamSromlobis programis efeqturoba saqarTveloSi, garkveulwi-
lad, damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad iqneba ekonomikuri agentis mier mowo-
debuli informacia daculi, rom ar moxdes misi kerZosamarTlebrivi moTxovnebis da-
sadastureblad gamoyeneba.
4.2. ekonomikuri agentis „aRiarebis“ konfidencialurobis dacva
konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis xelSewyobasTan

erTad, evrokomisia did mniSvnelobas aniWebs im faqtsac, rom TanamSromlobis prog-
ramam Tavisi mimzidveloba ar dakargos. evrokomisiis mizania, rom TanamSromlobis
programaSi monawile „ufro cud mdgomareobaSi“ ar Cavardes, vidre danarCeni ekono-
mikuri agentebi.15 es imas niSnavs, rom TanamSromlobis programis monawile ar Rebu-
lobs imunitets kerZosamarTlebrivi sarCelebis mimarT, magram ar SeiZleba is ufro
mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes, vidre karteluri SeTanxmebis monawile sxva ekonomi-
kuri agentebi. Tumca evrokomisia samomavlod ar gamoricxavs, rom TanamSromlobis
programaSi monawilis mimarT, romelic sanqciisagan ganTavisuflda, zianis anazRau-
rebis moTxovna SeizRudos mxolod xelSekrulebis pirdapir da arapirdapir partni-
orebze16.
13
Jüntgen D-A., Zur Verwertung von Kronzeugenerklärungen in Zivilprozessen, Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb
2007, 128, (128).
14
iqve, 128, (129).
15
(2008), 165 endg., 13.
16
iqve.
62
4.3. dokumentebze kerZo pirTa wvdoma
a) konkurenciis saagentos mflobelobaSi arsebuli dokumentebi

TanamSromlobis programis efeqturobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, konkurenciis
saagentom yoveli Rone unda ixmaros imisaTvis, rom ekonomikuri agentebis „aRiarebe-
bi“ kerZo pirTa wvdomisagan daicvas. samarTlebrivi safuZveli, romelze dayrdobi-
Tac kerZo pirebs SeeZlebodaT am dokumentaciis gamoTxovna, ar arsebobs. garda amisa,
konkurenciis saagentom sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos, rom savaldebulo gamoqveynebi-
sas TanamSromlobis programaSi monawile ekonomikuri agentis saxeli da gansakuTre-
biT „aRiarebis“ zusti Sinaarsi sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar gaxados. Tavis
mxriv, evrokomisia Sesabamis organoebs mouwodebs, gamoTqvan mzadyofna „aRiarebe-
bis“ zepiri formiT misaRebad.
b) TanamSromlobis programaSi monawilis mflobelobaSi arsebuli dokumentebi

TanamSromlobis programaSi monawile ekonomikuri agentis mflobelobaSi arse-
buli dokumentebi naklebad daculia kerZo pirTa wvdomisagan, vidre konkurenciis
saagentoSi. aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri agentebi cdiloben (Seecdebian) sawarmo-
Si ar Seinaxon „saSiSi dokumentebi“.
maSasadame, konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis gaZ-
liereba winaaRmdegobaSi modis TanamSromlobis programis efeqturobasTan. Tumca,
„aRiarebebis“ gansajaroebis safrTxe am etapze arc ise maRalia imisaTvis, rom ekono-
mikurma agentebma Tavi Seikaon konkurenciis saagentosTan TanamSromlobisagan.
5. sajarosamarTlebrivi Tu kerZosamarTlebrivi aRsruleba?
konkurenciis samarTalSi wina planze wamowevis Semdegac kerZosamarTlebrivma

aRsrulebam warmoSva kiTxva: sajarosamarTlebrivi Tu kerZosamarTlebrivi aRsru-
leba? pasuxi am kiTxvaze martivi ar aris iqidan gamomdinare, rom orive maTgans gaaC-
nia garkveuli upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi.
5.1. konkurenciis samarTlis sajarosamarTlebrivi aRsruleba
konkurenciis samarTlis sajarosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis upiratesobe-

bad SeiZleba dasaxeldes Semdegi punqtebi:17
- konkurenciis saagentos saxelmwifo Zalaufleba aqvs. es mas uadvilebs mok-
vlevis Catarebasa da darRvevis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi sanqciebis dakisrebis ufleba-
mosilebas aniWebs. sanqciebis dakisreba konkurenciis samarTlis darRvevis prevenci-
isaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania.
- konkurenciis samarTlis sajarosamarTlebrivi aRsruleba ufro nakleb xar-
jebTanaa dakavSirebuli, vidre kerZosamarTlebrivi. es aixsneba konkurenciis saagen-
tos specializebiT.
17
Wils W.P., Should Private Antitrust Enforcement be Encouraged in Europe?, World Competition, 2003, 473-
488.
63
- arsebobs naklebi albaToba imisa, rom konkurenciis saagentom mikuTvnebuli

uflebamosileba borotad gamoiyenos.
konkurenciis samarTlis sajarosamarTlebrivi aRsrulebis naklad SeiZleba
dasaxeldes politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSiSroeba. es exeba gansakuTrebiT
„konkurenciis Sesaxeb” kanonis me-11 da Semdgomi muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebul koncen-
traciaTa regulirebas. konkurenciis saagento SeiZleba gaxdes qarTuli sawarmos
ucxouri sawarmos mier Sesyidvis Tavidan acilebis meqanizmi. magaliTad, konkuren-
ciis saagento gadawyvetilebis miRebisas SesaZloa, konkurenciasTan kavSirSi armqo-
ne kriteriumebi gaiTvaliswinos. aqedan gamomdinare, konkurenciis saagentos abso-
lutur damoukideblobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba konkurenciis samarTlis
efeqtur aRsrulebaSi.
5.2 konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi aRsruleba
roca saqme exeba konkretul bazars, xSir SemTxvevaSi kerZo mosarCele ufro
kompetenturia, vidre konkurenciis saagentos TanamSromeli. garda amisa, kerZosa-
marTlebrivi gziT zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba warmoadgens konkurenciis Se-
saxeb kanonis damrRvevisaTvis damatebiT sanqcias. Tumca am upiratesobebTan erTad,
konkurenciis samarTlis aRsruleba dakavSirebulia mraval uaryofiT garemoebas-
Tan. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
- konkurenciis samarTali moicavs mraval, bolomde dauzustebel samarTleb-
riv termins, romelTa interpretireba konkurenciis saagentos mier TiToeuli Sem-
TxvevisaTvis individualurad SeiZleba moxdes;
- mosarCelis danaxarjebi mis mier sasamarTlo procesis wagebis SemTxvevaSi ma-
Ralia: igi valdebulia, gadaixados ara marto sakuTari, aramed mopasuxe mxaris mier
gaweuli xarjebi;
- konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis erT-erT mTa-
var nakls warmoadgens am uflebis borotad gamoyenebis saSiSroeba18. es xdeba im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomikuri agenti, romelic ver axerxebs jansaRi konkurenciis
gawevas konkurentTan, cdilobs konkurenciis samarTlis „daxmarebiT“ xeli SeuSalos
mas.
5.3. interesebi sajarosamarTlebrivi da kerZosamarTlebrivi aRsru-

lebisas
dabolos, pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas: aqvs sajarosamarTlebriv da kerZosamar-

Tlebriv aRsrulebas erTi da igive miznebi? SeuZlia kerZo pirs garkveulwilad Seas-
rulos saxelmwifos valdebuleba jansaRi konkurencia uzrunvelyofis Tvalsazri-
siT?
18
2007, 483, (483).
64
a) sajarosamarTlebrivi aRsruleba
konkurenciis saagento sajaro interesebis dacvis meqanizmia. saxelmwifom mas-
ze jansaRi konkurenciis xelSewyobis valdebulebis delegireba moaxdina.
b) kerZosamarTlebrivi aRsruleba
kerZo pirebs, rogorc wesi, amoZravebT mxolod sakuTari interesi. aqedan gamom-
dinare, konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi aRsruleba SeiZleba ganxilul
iqnes mxolod rogorc sajarosamarTlebrivi aRsrulebis Semavsebeli faqtori.
maSasadame, sajarosamarTlebriv da kerZosamarTlebriv aRsrulebas sxvadasxva
mizani aqvs. kerZosamarTlebrivi aRsrulebis gaZlierebiT ver Semsubuqdeba konku-
renciis saagentos mier gasawevi samuSao, radgan mis mier Catarebuli mokvlevis ga-
reSe kerZo pirisaTvis Zalian rTuli iqneba sasamarTlos winaSe konkurenciis Sesaxeb
kanonis darRvevis damtkiceba.
konkurenciis samarTlis normebis dacva sazogadoebis interesis sagania. Sesa-
bamisad, mizanSewonilia konkurenciis samarTlis dacvis kontrolis gadacema Sesaba-
misi damoukideblobiT aRWurvili organosaTvis. Tumca, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom konkurentebi, rogorc wesi, uSualod floben informacias konkurenciis samar-
Tlis darRvevis Sesaxeb da piradad arian dainteresebuli samarTlis aRsrulebiT.
6. daskvna
kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT kanonis aRsrulebis xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiT, re-

formis naklad unda CaiTvalos is, rom kanonmdebels ar SemouTavazebia norma, rome-
lic kerZo pirs mtkicebis tvirTs gaumartivebda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mis sarCels
win ar uswrebda konkurenciis saagentos mier gamotanili gadawyvetileba konkuren-
ciis Sesaxeb kanonis konkretuli muxlis darRvevis Sesaxeb.
Tuki qarTvelma kanonmdebelma gadawyvita upiratesoba mianiWos konkurenciis
samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis xelSewyobas, maSin mizanSewonili
iqneboda ekonomikuri agentis xelmZRvanelobis pasuxismgeblobis gazrda: normis mi-
Reba, romelic saSualebas miscemda ekonomikur agentSi wilis mflobels, aqcioners,
gamartivebuli gziT moeTxova im zianis anazRaureba xelmZRvaneli pirisagan (pire-
bisagan), romelic miadga sawarmos konkurenciis samarTlis darRvevis gamo saagantos
mier dakisrebuli jarimiT. xelmZRvaneli piris pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli iqneboda
sazogadoebis winaSe arsebuli saqmeebis keTilsindisierad gaZRolis valdebulebis
darRveva.
kvlevam aCvena, rom kerZosamarTlebriv aRsrulebas momavali aqvs mxolod do-
minirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevis dasamtkiceblad. karte-
luri SeTanxmebisas misi SesaZleblobebi mxolod `follow-on~ sarCeliT Semoifargleba.
amasTan, kanonis 33-e prima muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli TanamSromlobis programis war-
mateba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad kargad iqneba daculi ekonomikuri agente-
bis „aRiarebebi“ kerZo mosarCeleebisagan. aseve, mniSvnelovania, kerZosamarTlebrivi
65
pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevaSi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian Tu ara programaSi

monawileebi danarCenebTan SedarebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, negatiur gavlenas moaxdens
programaSi monawilis solidaruli pasuxismgebloba. aseve, mniSvnelovania, eqnebaT
Tu ara e.w. passing-on-defence SesaZlebloba.
dabolos, sajarosamarTlebriv da kerZosamarTlebriv aRsrulebas gaaCnia gan-
sxvavebuli amocanebi da miznebi, Sesabamisad, maT ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTis Canacvleba.
amrigad, konkurenciis samarTlis kerZosamarTlebrivi gziT aRsrulebis gaZlierebis
SemTxvevaSic ki konkurenciis saagentos roli jansaRi konkurenciis dacvis uzrun-
velyofis TvalsazrisiT ver Sesustdeba.
66
giorgi amiranaSvili*
Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi – istoriuli sawyisi da

Tanamedrove gamoxatuleba
`Secdoma adamianuria...~1
1. Sesavali
qarTuli samarTlis reformam uzrunvelyo mxareTa kerZo avtonomiis damkvid-

reba2, rac samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, ganaxorci-
elon kanoniT aukrZalavi nebismieri moqmedeba, maT Soris, iseTic, romelic kanoniT
pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
garigeba kerZo avtonomiis ganxorcielebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saSuale-
3
baa. nebismieri garigeba nebis gamovlenis meSveobiT arsebobs. Tumca, aris SemTxve-
va, rodesac garegnulad gamoxatuli neba ar emTxveva misi gamomvlenis Sinagan nebas,
rac sxvadasxva gareSe faqtoris zemoqmedebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes; Sesabamisad,
am dros, saxezea naklis mqone nebis gamovlena.4 nebis naklis safuZvelze dadebul ga-
rigebaTa erT-erTi saxe sacilo garigebis saxeliT aris cnobili.
garigebis Secilebis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes Secdoma kontrahentis pirovne-
baSi. zogadi ganmartebiT, amgvari Secdoma saxezea, rodesac garigebis kontrahenti
sxva piria da ara is, visac nebis gamomvleni garigebis meore mxared moiazrebda.5
Secdoma pirovnebaSi ar aris ucxo sisxlis samarTlisTvisac.6 kerZod, qmedebis
obieqtSi Secdomaze maSin aris saubari, rodesac amsruleblis gonebaSi Camoyalibe-
buli mcdari warmodgena qmedebis obieqtis an Sesabamisi pirovnebis maidentificire-
bel, an sxva msgavs niSans exeba. am dros, mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, sxva saxes xom
ar miiRebda qmedebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi Sefaseba, amsruleblis warmodgena sinam-
dvilis Sesabamisi rom yofiliyo.7
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, mowveuli leqtori

1
Errare humanum est – es cnobili laTinuri fraza ekuTvnis hieronimuss: kapanaZe n., kvaWa-
Ze m. (Semdg.), laTinur-qarTuli iuridiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 2008, 29.
2
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 284.
3
4
iqve, 360; aseve, ix. zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirve-
li, samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebani, muxli 50, Tb., 1999, 166.
5
xubua g., ToTlaZe l. (red.), ganmartebiTi iuridiuli leqsikoni, berlini, 2012, 575.
6
Tanamedrove qarTul samecniero literaturaSi sisxlis samarTalSi pirovnebaSi Sec-
domis sakiTxze dawvrilebiT ix.: turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, pirve-
li wigni, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tb., 2011, 512-514; misive, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi
nawilis mimoxilva, mecxre gamoc., Tb., 2013, 156-157; gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisx-
lis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba (2013 wlis 5 Tebervlis mdgomareobiT), mesame
Sevsebuli gamoc., wignSi: sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, III tomi, Tb., 2013, 331.
7
ix. veselsi i., boilke v., sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili: danaSauli da misi agebule-
ba, Tb., 2010, 140-141.
67
1964 wlis saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis samoqalaqo samar-

Tlis kodeqsi (SemdgomSi – sabWoTa kodeqsi) SecdomiT dadebul garigebas uZRvnida
erTaderT normas (55-e muxli), romelSic saubari iyo arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone
cdomilebis gavleniT dadebuli garigebis baTilobasa da mis samarTlebriv Sedegze,
xolo imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad raSi SeiZleboda gamoxatuliyo piris
Secdoma, romelic cdomilebis gavleniT moqmedebda, kodeqsi dumils amjobinebda.
amas ver vityviT 1997 wlis saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsze (SemdgomSi – moqmedi ko-
deqsi), romelmac didi yuradReba dauTmo SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis samarTleb-
riv mowesrigebas. kerZod, igi amomwuravad CamoTvlis Secdomis im saxeebs, romlebic
pirs garigebis Secilebis uflebas aZlevs. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom qarTvel ka-
nonmdebels saSualeba hqonda, gaeTvaliswinebina sazRvargareTis qveynebis samar-
Tlis mecnierebaSi miRweuli warmateba.
marTlac, garigebis baTiloba postsabWoTa sivrcis arc erTi qveynis kanonmdeb-
lobiT ise detalurad ar aris mowesrigebuli, rogor amas aqvs adgili moqmed kodeq-
sSi. gansakuTrebiT es exeba SecdomiT dadebul garigebas.8 rogorc mosamzadebeli ma-
salebidan irkveva, kanoni mTlianad SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis monapovars da-
emyara da sakuTari stili ipova.9 sacilo garigebis kodifikaciisas, komisiam araerTi
qveynis kanonmdeblobas mimarTa, maT Soris, angloamerikul samarTlsac.10
statiis mizania kontrahentis pirovnebaSi Secdomis mowesrigebis ganxilva is-
toriul WrilSi da im Taviseburebis Cveneba, rac moqmed kodeqss axasiaTebs, am sakiTx-
is regulirebis TvalsazrisiT.
2. Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi, rogorc Secilebis safuZveli,

romis samarTlis mixedviT
romis samarTalSi Secdoma (error11) gulisxmobda winaaRmdegobas piris warmodge-

nasa da realobas Soris, nebisa da misi gamovlenis Seusabamobas.12
8
9
kniperi r., kodifikaciis meTodebi da koncefciebi gardamavali periodis sazogadoe-
bebSi (saqarTvelos mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT), krebulSi: samarTlis reforma
saqarTveloSi, 1994 wlis 23-25 maiss TbilisSi gamarTuli saerTaSoriso konferenciis
masalebi, Tb., 1994, 185.
10
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 348-349. an-
gloamerikul samarTalSi normebi garigebaTa Sesaxeb Sedis Law of Contract-Si. miuxeda-
vad amisa, am qveynebis samarTlis mecniereba aRiarebs xsenebuli institutis did mniS-
vnelobas: Чантурия Л.Л., Введение в общую часть гражданского права (сравнительно-правовое
исследование с учетом некоторых особенностей постсоветского права), Изд. “Статут”, М., 2006, 229.
11
laTinuri terminis ganmartebis Sesaxeb ix. Dumesnil J.B.G., Latin synonyms, with their differ-
ent significations, and examples taken from the best Latin authors, Printed for G. B. Whittaker etc., London,
1819, 227, <http://ia600502.us.archive.org/19/items/latinsynonymswit00garduoft/latinsynonymswit00gardu-
oft.pdf>,[28.03.13].
12
ix. Яковлев В.Н., Древнеримское частное право и современное российское гражданское право, Изд.
“Волтерс Клувер”, М., 2010, 429.
68
giorgi amiranaSvili, Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi – istoriuli sawyisi da
marTalia, romaelebs ar hqoniaT SemuSavebuli Secdomis Teoria, Tumca, isini

gansazRvravdnen amgvari cdomilebis samarTlebriv Sedegs, kerZod, garigebas cnob-
dnen an sacilod, an baTilad.13
romis samarTlis mixedviT, faqtobrivi Secdoma SeiZleba dakavSirebuli yofi-
liyo kontrahentis pirovnebasTan, an mis TvisebebTan (error in persona).14 amgvar Secdo-
mas mniSvneloba eniWeboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac, garigebis xasiaTidan ga-
momdinare, mniSvnelovani iyo kontrahentis piradi Tvisebebi; magaliTad, Tu myidve-
lis pirovnebaSi Secdomas yuradReba eqceoda gadaxdis ganvadebiT nasyidobis dros,
igi sruliad umniSvnelod miiCneoda naRdi angariSsworebiT nasyidobisas. meore maga-
liTSi garigeba inarCunebda Zalas, myidvelis pirovnebaSi Secdomis miuxedavad; pir-
vel magaliTSi ki, gamyidvels hqonda Secilebis ufleba.15
sayuradReboa, rom ulpianes komentarebSi gadmocemulia Secdomis yvela tra-
diciuli kategoria, error in persona-s garda, Tumca, `misi gamotoveba bunebrivicaa, rad-
gan, nasyidobis dros, amgvar Secdomas iSviaTad eniWeba mniSvneloba~.16 rac Seexeba
imas, rasac Tanamedrove iuristebi aRiareben Secomad inter praesentes (mxareTa pirispir
Sexvedra), igi naxsenebi ar aris. buklendis mixedviT, `SeuZlebelia adgili hqondes
Secdomas pirovnebaSi, rodesac mxareebi pirispir deben xelSekrulebas. marTlac, sa-
eWvoa, rom rodesac SevuTanxmdi saqonlis SeZenaze balbuss, SemiZlia, uari vTqva ga-
rigebaze mxolod imitom, rom igi ticiusi megona, romelzedac me rekomendacia gami-
wies~.17 nebismieri saxis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dros, imis miuxedavad, SeTanxmeba
xdeba personalurad, Tu distanciaze, iSviaTia iseTi nasyidoba, romelic warmoSobs
problemebs identobasTan dakavSirebiT.18
maSasadame, Tu pirs, Secdomis gamo, raime ziani ar adgeboda da iRebda garigebiT
gaTvaliswinebul sargebels, umniSvnelod iyo miCneuli, monawileobda Tu ara ama Tu
im konkretul samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi mis mier Cafiqrebuli kontrahenti. es, ro-
gorc wesi, exeboda wvrilman vaWrobas. Tumca, principi sruliad naTelia, rom Secdo-
ma pirovnebaSi, SesaZloa, yofiliyo arsebiTi da gamoewvia xelSekrulebis baTiloba.19
13
Яковлев В.Н., Древнеримское частное право и современное российское гражданское право, Изд.
“Волтерс Клувер”, М., 2010, 429. romis samarTalSi SecdomiT dadebul garigebaTa samarT-
lebrivi mowesrigebis mimoxilva naxeT: Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 368.
14
ix. Санфилиппо Ч., Курс римского частного права, Изд. “БЕК”, М., 2002, 67.
15
Новицкий И.Б., Римское право, Изд. “Волтерс Клувер”, М., 2009, 161. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
aseve, ix.: Барон Ю., Система римского гражданского права, Кн. 1, Изд. “Юридический центр Пресс”,
Санкт-Петербург, 2005, 160; Дождев Д.В., Римское частное право, Изд. “Инфра-М; Норма”, М., 1996,
139.
16
Zulueta F. De, The Roman Law of Sale, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1957, 25, cit.: MacMillan C., Mistakes in
Contract Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2010, 17.
17
Buckland W.W., A Textbook of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian, 3rd Ed., Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1963, 288; cit.: MacMillan C., Mistakes in Contract Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2010, 17.
18
MacMillan C., Mistakes in Contract Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2010, 17.
19
ix. McKeag E.C., Mistake in Contract: A Study in Comparative Jurisprudence, Studies in History, Economics
and Public Law, Volume XXIII, Number 2, The Columbia University Press, New York, 1905, 167, <http://
archive.org/download/mistakeincontrac00mckerich/mistakeincontrac00mckerich.pdf>, [28.03.13].
69
3. cdomilebis gavleniT dadebuli garigebis mowesrigeba

sabWoTa kodeqsSi
rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, sabWoTa kodeqsi SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis mo-

wesrigebas mxolod erT normas uTmobda. kerZod, saubaria kodeqsis 55-e muxlze, rom-
lis mixedviTac, `garigeba, dadebuli arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone cdomilebis gav-
leniT, cnobili iqneba baTilad im mxaris sarCeliT, romelic cdomilebis gavleniT
moqmedebda~. rac Seexeba imas, Tu konkretulad raSi SeiZleba gamovleniliyo arsebi-
Ti mniSvnelobis mqone cdomileba, amis Taobaze kanonmdebeli dumda. amdenad, kontra-
hentis pirovnebaSi Secdoma, rogorc Secilebis safuZveli, sakanonmdeblo doneze ar
iyo ganmtkicebuli, magram praqtikisaTvis ucxo ar iyo am safuZvliT garigebis gaba-
Tilebis SemTxveva.
sabWoTa samarTalSi termini `cdomileba~ (`Secdoma~) gamoiyeneboda sxvadas-
xva mniSvnelobiT. Tu piri, romelmac icoda garkveuli faqtebi, romlis safuZvelze
da rasTan dakavSirebiTac mas uwevda garigebis dadeba, iRebda araswor, aragonivrul,
aramizanSewonil gadawyvetilebas, cxovrebaSi xSirad ambobdnen, rom igi `Secda~ (im
gagebiT, rom saWiro iyo sxvagvarad moqceva). amgvar Secdomas araviTari saerTo ar
hqonda im Secdomasa Tu cdomilebasTan, razec saubari iyo sabWoTa kodeqsis Sesabamis
muxlSi. xolo cdomileba, rogorc teqnikuri termini, romelic gamoxatavda garige-
bis Secilebis erT-erT safuZvels, moTxovnas misi baTilad cnobis Taobaze, gulis-
xmobda, rom, misi ganxorcielebisas, piri moqmedebda mocemul garigebasTan dakavSi-
rebuli garkveuli garemoebis Sesaxeb araswori, sinamdvilis Seusabamo warmodgeniT
(araswori warmodgenis gverdiT ganixileboda garkveul garemoebaTa arcodnac).20
viwro mniSvnelobiT, termin `cdomilebaSi~ moiazreboda iseTi SemTxveva, ro-
desac piri, ganzraxvisa da raime zegavlenis gareSe (motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis
sapirispirod), iyalibebda araswor warmodgenas, an misTvis ucnobi rCeboda esa Tu is
garemoeba da, am mcdari warmodgenis an ucodinrobis gavleniT, axdenda nebis imgvar
gamovlenas, rogorsac ar gamoavlenda, adgili rom ar hqonoda cdomilebas. aseTi sa-
xis cdomileba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli yofiliyo, magaliTad, kontrahentis pirovne-
basTan.21
ramdenadac cdomilebas kanoni dadebuli garigebis baTilad cnobis safuZvlad
Tvlida, xolo amgvari Sedegi saqmiani urTierTobis simyares arRvevda, xdeboda `cdo-
milebis~ cnebis gansazRvrul CarCoSi moqceva. garigebis baTilad cnobis moTxovna
daiSveboda mxolod arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone cdomilebisas. saxeldobr, ra Sem-
TxvevaSi SeiZleboda cdomilebis miCneva arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqoned da Tu ra iyo
amosavali kriteriumi, kodeqsi ar uTiTebda, riTac sasamarTlos aZlevda saSualebas,
TiToeul SemTxvevasTan mimarTebiT, moeZebna gansaxilveli saqmis Taviseburebis Sesa-
bamisi gamosavali. doqtrinaSi principulad swor midgomad iTvleboda is, rom sabWo-
Ta kodeqsSi ar iyo mocemuli cdomilebis calkeul SemTxvevaTa skrupulozuri reg-
lamentacia. Tumca, isic ar iyo uaryofili, rom zogierTi ZiriTadi, saxelmZRvanelo
20
Новицкий И.Б., Сделки. Исковая давность, Госюриздат, М., 1954, 102.
21
iqve, 103.
70
sakanonmdeblo regulacia, mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sasurveli iqneboda da

daexmareboda sasamarTlos mis winaSe mdgari amocanis gadawyvetaSi.22
samarTlis am normebis amocana iyo, cdomilebaSi myof pirs miscemoda SesaZleb-
loba, uari eTqva SecdomiT dadebul garigebaze, magram, imavdroulad, ar darRveu-
liyo garigebis meore mxaris interesi, ramdenadac am ukanasknelma ar icoda da arc
SeiZleba scodnoda, rom mxare nebas avlenda cdomilebis gavleniT.23
Tuki mxare nebas avlenda cdomilebis gavleniT da garigebis meore mxare amas xe-
davda, magram arakeTilsindisierad ar umxelda mas saqmis namdvil viTarebas da sar-
geblobda cdomilebiT, raTa xelidan ar gaeSva sasurveli garigeba, am arakeTilsin-
disier pirze zrunvis safuZveli aRar arsebobda, radgan garigebis baTilad cnoba ar
SeiZleba yofiliyo misTvis moulodneli Sedegi. pirs, romelic amCnevda meore mxaris
cdomilebas da mainc debda masTan garigebas, Tavidanve unda scodnoda, rom cdomile-
ba, adre Tu gvian, SeiZleba gamomJRavnebuliyo da maSin dadgeboda garigebis baTilad
cnobis sakiTxi. amdenad, piri, romelic amCnevda kontrahentis cdomilebas da ar um-
xelda mas namdvil viTarebas, iTvleboda arakeTilsindisierad, kerZod, misi mxridan
adgili hqonda motyuebas, ris gamoc, ar imsaxurebda kanonismier dacvas garigebis ba-
Tilad cnobis araxelsayreli Sedegisagan.24
cdomilebis arsebiTobis dadgenisas, idga aucilebeli kriteriumebis gansazR-
vris sakiTxi, kerZod, saWiro iyo Tu ara zogadi kriteriumiT xelmZRvaneloba, Tu das-
kvna unda dayrdnoboda konkretul garemoebebs, romelTa arsebobis pirobebSic ide-
boda garigeba.25
rodesac saqme exeboda piris cdomilebis arsebiTobas, imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu
ramdenad pativsadebi iyo misi qceva, sabWoTa samarTlisaTvis ufro metad damaxasi-
aTebeli iyo Tvalsazrisi, rom yvela sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda emoqmeda
pirs, ras SeiZleba da ras unda miscemoda mniSvneloba, ra unda CaTvliliyo arsebi-
Tad, pativsadebad da a.S., e.i. piris qcevis Sefasebis sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo,
marTalia, obieqturi (da ara abstraqtuli) kriteriumis safuZvelze, Tumca, uTuod,
mxedvelobaSi unda miRebuliyo mocemuli saqmis konkretuli garemoebebi.26
normis gamoyenebisas, arsebiTad unda CaTvliliyo cdomileba, rasac, konkre-
tul garemoebebSi da konkretuli pirisaTvis, arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda ara misi
axirebidan, Taviseburi gemovnebidan, aramed, konkretul pirobebSi, ama Tu im garemo-
ebidan gamomdinare. amrigad, cdomilebis arsebiTobis sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo
saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis safuZvelze, romelTa Sefasebac unda momxdariyo
gonivrulad da keTilsindisierad. amasTan, ar iyo gamoricxuli farTo diferencia-
cia; piriqiT, gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo piris statusis konkretuli Tavise-
bureba, misi saqmianobis xasiaTi, sacilo garigebis mniSvneloba da a.S.27
22
Новицкий И.Б., Сделки. Исковая давность, Госюриздат, М., 1954, 103-104.
23
iqve, 104.
24
iqve, 104-105.
25
iqve, 105.
26
iqve, 106.
27
iqve.
71
4. sacilo garigebis mowesrigeba moqmed kodeqsSi
moqmed kodeqsSi garigebis momwesrigebeli normebi, germanuli samarTlis gav-

leniT, zogad nawilSi moTavsda im logikiT, rom, Tavdapirvelad, nebis gamovlenis ar-
si unda iyos dadgenili da Semdgom unda gairkves igi konkretul samarTlebriv urTi-
erTobaSi.28
piri nebis gamovlenis gareSe samarTlebriv Sedegs ver miaRwevs.29 radgan nebis
gamovlenas aseTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, saWiroa gansazRvruli pirobis dacva, rom igi
vargisi iyos samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an SewyvetisaTvis. ne-
bis gamovlenis amgvar Tvisebas nebis gamovlenis namdviloba ewodeba.30 nebis gamovle-
nis namdviloba mraval garemoebazea damokidebuli, rasac garigebis samarTlebriv
pirobas uwodeben.31 sacilo garigebis SemTxvevaSi, irRveva garigebis namdvilobis is
piroba, romelic dadgenilia mxareTa interesis dacvis mizniT.32 maSasadame, saTanado
samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arsebobisas, SeiZleba daisvas sakiTxi nebis gamovlenis ba-
Tilobis Taobaze.33 erT-erTi aseTi safuZveli SeiZleba iyos nebis nakli.
nebis naklis safuZvelze dadebul garigebas moqmedi kodeqsi sxvadasxva samar-
Tlebriv Sedegs ukavSirebs. aseTi garigebis erTi jgufi baTilia dadebis momentidan
da samarTlebriv Sedegs ar warmoSobs, xolo meore jgufSi erTiandeba sacilo gari-
geba, romlis baTiloba damokidebulia uflebamosili piris mier garigebis Secileba-
ze.34 SecdomiT dadebuli garigeba, motyuebiT da iZulebiT dadebuli garigebis gver-
diT, am ukanasknel jgufs miekuTvneba. isini sacilo garigebis yvelaze gavrcelebul
SemTxvevas warmoadgenen, amitom aqcevs kanonmdebeli am tipis garigebas gansakuTre-
bul yuradRebas da kodeqsis zogad nawilSi mas calke Tavs uTmobs.35
zogadad, saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principi gulisxmobs imas, rom pirs
Tavisuflad SeuZlia, SearCios misTvis sasurveli kontrahenti. amis safuZveli swo-
red nebis gamovlenis Tavisuflebaa. moqmedi kodeqsi, nebis gamovlenisas, subieqtis
Sinagani, namdvili nebis gamoxatvis samarTlebriv garantias iZleva.36 xelSekrulebis
Tavisufleba saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis farglebSi moqmedebs. amitom icavs ka-
noni im pirs, romelmac Secdomis, motyuebis, iZulebis an sxvagvari zemoqmedebis Sede-
28
ix. zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 235-236.
29
zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
zogadi debulebani, muxli 50, Tb., 1999, 166.
30
31
iqve, 293.
32
zogadi debulebani, muxli 59, Tb., 1999, 196.
33
iqve, muxli 50, 166.
34
ix. Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 360.
35
iqve, 394.
36
72
gad dado xelSekruleba.37 amdenad, Secilebis uflebis gamoyeneba kerZo avtonomiis

gamovlinebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.38
5. SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis adgili moqmedi kodeqsis sistemaSi
SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis kodifikaciisas, komisiam ar mibaZa im qveynebs,

romelTa samoqalaqo kodeqsSi saciloobis safuZveli saxelSekrulebo samarTalTan
urTierTkavSirSi aris ganxiluli.39 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom zogadi nawili didi
upiratesobiT sargeblobs im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi arsebul debulebaTa gameore-
ba kodeqsis sxva adgilebSi aRar aris saWiro,40 SesaZlebeli xdeba garigebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli normebis gamoyeneba nebismieri kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis mimarT,
romelsac nebis gamovlena udevs safuZvlad,41 ris gamoc, qarTuli kodeqsis midgoma
ufro racionalurad unda CaiTvalos.
inglisur samarTalSi arsebobs diskusia imasTan dakavSirebiT, xom ar warmo-
adgens `Secdoma identobaSi~ ofertisa da aqceptis erT-erT Semadgenel elements.42
vfiqrob, es mosazreba ar aris gasaziarebeli, ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs
mxareTa ukve SeTanxmebuli neba, e.i. nebis gamovlena, romelmac daakavSira garigebis
monawileebi. Sesabamisad, safuZvels moklebuli unda iyos msjeloba, rom SecdomiT
dadebul garigebaSi unda dadgindes, piris Secdomas gamovlenili nebis adresatisken
mimarTvamde Tu mimarTvis Semdeg hqonda adgili.43
37
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, valdebule-
biTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, muxli 325, Tb., 2001, 80.
38
Sead. Todua m., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 2006, 109.
39
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri
cnebebi, evropuli da SedarebiTi samarTlis institutis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2009, 318;
Todua m., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 2006, 109.
40
zogadi nawilis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samar-
Tlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 45-46; misive, Свобода и ответственность: право и правосудие
постсоветской эпохи, Изд. “Сани”, Тбилиси, 2004, 32-33; zoiZe b., qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis Seqmnis istoriidan, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 6/2003-1, 110.
41
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 293. garigebis momwesrige-
beli normebi ganmsazRvrelia kerZo samarTlis araerTi dargisTvis, maT Soris, sakor-
poracio samarTlisTvisac: iqve, 46. magaliTad, damfuZnebel partniorTan, mesame pir-
Tan SesaZlebelia daidos garigeba sazogadoebis dafuZnebis dros, misi momzadebisas,
gansaxorcielebeli saqmianobisaTvis, momsaxurebisaTvis – anazRaurebis sanacvlod. es
garigeba, umeteswilad, dakavSirebulia pirad TvisebasTan. kerZod, igi, SesaZloa, ukav-
Sirdebodes piris profesiul Tvisebas, magaliTad, sazogadoebis erT-erTi wevris, dam-
fuZnebeli partnioris iuridiul ganaTlebas an mis ekonomikur gamocdilebas, romlis
codnac aucilebelia sazogadoebis daarsebis procesSi da sxva: burduli i., qonebrivi
urTierToba saaqcio sazogadoebaSi (gansakuTrebiT misi Camoyalibebis procesSi) qar-
Tuli da avstriuli samarTlis magaliTze, Tb., 2008, 100. Sesabamisad, amgvari garigebis
dadebisas, Tuki adgili eqneba Secdomas pirovnebaSi, am sakiTxs zogadi nawilis norma
daaregulirebs.
42
ix.: Spark G., Vitiation of Contracts: International Contractual Principles and English Law, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, New York, 2013, 115; Fauvaque-Cosson B., Rutgers J., Tallon D., Vogenauer S., (eds.), Cases,
Materials and text on Contract Law, 2nd Ed., Hart Publishing, Oxford, Portland, Oregon, 2010, 468.
43
ix. mariamiZe g., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili, I gamoc., Tb., 2011, 91.
73
rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, SecdomiT dadebuli garigeba arcerTi postsabWou-

ri44 qveynis kanonmdeblobiT45 ar aris ise detalurad mowesrigebuli, rogorc es moq-
med kodeqsSia. proeqtze muSaobisas, komisia saerTo samarTlis debulebebsac ecnobo-
da, Sesabamisad, zogierT normaze anglosaqsuri samarTlis gavlena igrZnoba.46 Tumca,
es naklebad exeba SecdomiT dadebul garigebas. kerZod, am SemTxvevaSi, komisiam, ger-
manulTan erTad, gamoiyena Sveicariuli da italiuri samarTlis normebi. `valdebu-
lebaTa Sesaxeb~ Sveicariis kanonis 23-e da 24-e muxlebi, romlebSic arsebiTi Secdomis
definicia da klasifikacia aris mocemuli, mTlianad aisaxa moqmed kodeqSi; igive unda
iTqvas Sveicariis kanonis 26-e muxlis me-2 punqtzec, romelic daudevrobiT gamowveu-
li Secdomis samarTlebriv Sedegs exeba; zogierTi debuleba safrangeTis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 1110-e muxlze dayrdnobiT SemuSavda. amdenad, komisias ar uxelmZRvanelia
mxolod erTi romelime qveynis kanonmdeblobiT.47
6. Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi, rogorc arsebiTi Secdomis

erT-erTi saxe
Secdoma araswori warmodgenaa ama Tu im faqtsa Tu movlenaze.48 samoqalaqo ko-

deqsis 72-e muxlis mixedviT, garigeba SeiZleba sacilo gaxdes,49 Tu nebis gamovlena
moxda arsebiTi Secdomis safuZvelze.50 Secdomis dros warmodgena saqmis viTarebaze
ar Seesabameba mis namdvil mdgomareobas, Sesabamisad, Secdoma uaryofiTad moqmedebs
nebis formirebaze da pirs yalb warmodgenas uqmnis imasTan dakavSirebiT, rac mas si-
44
moqmedi kodeqsisa da am kodifikaciebis saerTo niSania is, rom sacilooba garigebis
Sesaxeb moZRvrebis nawilad aris moazrebuli da masTan urTierTkavSirSia mowesrige-
buli: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 317.
45
gamonaklisia azerbaijanis respublikis 1999 wlis 28 dekembris samoqalaqo kodeqsi,
romlis 347-e muxli did msgavsebas avlens qarTul kodeqsSi arsebul normebTan ro-
gorc struqturuli, ise Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT.
46
zoiZe b., saerTo (inglisur-amerikuli) samarTlis gavlena qarTul samoqalaqo kod-
eqsze, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, pirveli-meore kvartali, 1999, 18.
47
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 237. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, aseve, ix. kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi,
Tb., 2009, 319.
48
49
literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazebis Tanaxmad, formulireba – `garigeba SeiZleba
sacilo gaxdes~ ar aris sakmarisad zusti. avtoris varaudiT, kanonmdebeli gulisx-
mobs, rom `garigeba saciloa~ da misi gamoxatva surda fraziT – `garigeba SeiZleba
Secilebul iqnes~: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb.,
2009, sq. 1589, 318. avtoris pozicia ufro metad Teorizebulia, ramdenadac ar Cans, Tu
ra praqtikul Sedegamde mivyavarT mis mier SemoTavazebul formulirebas. aq kanon-
mdeblis logika sruliad naTelia. kerZod, ramdenadac sacilo garigebaTa momwesrige-
beli normebi pirs aniWeben garigebis Secilebis SesaZleblobas da ara valdebulebas,
formulireba – `garigeba SeiZleba sacilo gaxdes~ niSnavs imas, rom SeiZleba arc gax-
des, Tuki uflebamosili piri, gansazRvrul vadaSi, Sesabamis nebas ar gamoavlens.
50
moqmedi kodeqsis 72-e da 52-e muxlebis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb ix. cipeliu-
si r., iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, Tb., 2009, 65-66.
74
namdvileSi surs.51 amdenad, Secdomam, e.i. nebis naklma, SeiZleba gamoiwvios garigebis
baTiloba, magram nebismieri Secdoma garigebis baTilobis safuZveli rom iyos, amiT
samoqalaqo brunvas safrTxe daemuqreboda, swored amitom usvams xazs kanonmdebeli,
rom garigebis Secileba SeiZleba mxolod arsebiTi Secdomis SemTxvevaSi.52
moqmedi kodeqsis upiratesoba isaa, rom masSi SecdomiT dadebul garigebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxi, gansxvavebiT sxva qveynebis kanonmdeblobisagan, dawvrilebiT
aris mowesrigebuli. es normebi sazRvargareTis qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis did
gamocdilebas emyareba.53
moqmedi kodeqsis 72-e muxli garigebis erT-erT mxares aniWebs Secilebis ufle-
bas, Tu nebis gamovlena moxda arsebiTi Secdomis safuZvelze. 73-e muxlis saTauris
formulireba iZleva imis molodins, rom masSi CamoTvlili iqneba Secdomis yvela is
saxe, romelsac kanoni miiCnevs arsebiTad. Tumca, 74-e, 75-e da 76-e muxlebSi arsebuli
Canaweri – `Secdoma... mxolod maSin (Ca)iTvleba arsebiTad, Tu...~; `Secdoma... arsebi-
Ti mniSvnelobisaa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki...~; `Secdoma... ar CaiTvleba arsebiTad,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac...~ – mianiSnebs imaze, rom 73-76-e muxlebSi kanonmdebe-
li gvTavazobs arsebiT SecdomaTa amomwurav CamonaTvals. kerZod, kanoni adgens, Tu
ra winapiroba unda arsebobdes, garigeba rom sacilo gaxdes; amdenad, aq saqme gvaqvs
nebis gamovlenis namdvilobisaTvis aucilebel negatiur winapirobebTan.54
amrigad, qarTveli kanonmdebeli moqmedi kodeqsis 73-76-e muxlebSi ganamtkicebs
arsebiTi Secdomis Svid55 saxes: 1) Secdoma garigebis tipis arCevaSi; 2) Secdoma garige-
bis SinaarsSi; 3) Secdoma garigebis safuZvelSi; 4) Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi;
5) Secdoma sagnis ZiriTad TvisebebSi; 6) Secdoma uflebaSi; 7) Secdoma garigebis mo-
tivSi.
kontrahentis pirovnebaSi Secdoma mowesrigebulia moqmedi kodeqsis 74-e mux-
lis pirveli nawiliT. arsebiTi Secdomis am saxes ganamtkicebs, magaliTad, `valdebu-
lebaTa Sesaxeb~ Sveicariis kanonis 24-e muxlis pirveli punqtis me-2 qvepunqti; ita-
liis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1429-e muxlis me-3 nawili; germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
119-e paragrafis me-2 abzaci; avstriis zogadi samoqalaqo kodeqsis 873-e paragrafi;
safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1110-e muxli; espaneTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1266-e
muxli; luizianas samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1950-e muxli da kvebekis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
1400-e muxli.
postsabWoTa kodifikaciebidan gamonakliss warmoadgens azerbaijanis samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi, romelic iTvaliswinebs arsebiTi Secdomis mocemul saxes. ruseTis
51
zogadi debulebani, muxli 72, Tb., 1999, 223. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, ix. Tuman-
iSvili g.g., garigebebi (samarTlebrivi buneba da normatiuli regulireba), Tb., 2012, 54.
52
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 365. aseve, ix. WeWelaSvili
z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali (SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvleva ZiriTadad qarTuli
samarTlis safuZvelze), (meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema), Tb., 2010, 49.
53
Wanturia l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 370.
54
Sead. cipeliusi r., iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, Tb., 2009, 5-6.
55
Sead. jorbenaZe s., garigebaSi daSvebuli Secdomis saxeebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis mixedviT, wignSi: roman Sengelia – 70, saiubileo krebuli, samarTlis prob-
lemebi, Tb., 2012, 401.
75
federaciis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 178-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, cdomileba

arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa mxolod garigebis tipTan an saganTan dakavSirebiT.56 aRsaniS-
navia, rom sacilo garigebis problemas ruseTSi bolo wlebSi araerTi disertacia57
mieZRvna, romlis avtorebi iZlevian rekomendacias, rom am normas daematos debuleba,
romliTac kontrahentis pirovnebaSi Secdoma arsebiTi mniSvnelobis cdomilebad Ca-
iTvleba.58
7. daskvna
statiaSi ganviTarebuli msjeloba garkveuli daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas

iZleva.
ramdenadac sacilo garigebis dros saqme gvaqvs mxareTa ukve SeTanxmebul nebas-
Tan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kontrahentis pirovnebaSi Secdoma ver CaiTvleba ofertisa
da aqceptis erT-erT Semadgenel elementad.
moqmedi kodeqsis 72-e muxlSi arsebuli formulireba – `garigeba SeiZleba sa-
cilo gaxdes~ mianiSnebs imaze, rom Secileba aris piris ufleba da ara valdebuleba,
rac imas niSnavs, rom garigeba SeiZleba arc gaxdes sacilo, Tuki uflebamosili piri,
saamisod gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi, Sesabamis nebas ar gamoavlens.
qarTveli kanonmdebeli moqmedi kodeqsis 73-76-e muxlebSi arsebiT SecdomaTa
amomwurav CamonaTvals gvTavazobs, e.i. adgens im winapirobebs, romelTa arsebobac
garigebis saciloobas ganapirobebs; Sesabamisad, isini SegviZlia miviCnioT nebis ga-
movlenis namdvilobisaTvis aucilebel negatiur winapirobebad.
dabolos, moqmedi kodeqsis 73-76-e muxlebis Sinaarsi iZleva imis Tqmis safuZ-
vels, rom kanoni ganamtkicebs arsebiTi Secdomis Svid saxes: 1) Secdoma garigebis ti-
pis arCevaSi; 2) Secdoma garigebis SinaarsSi; 3) Secdoma garigebis safuZvelSi; 4) Sec-
doma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi; 5) Secdoma sagnis ZiriTad TvisebebSi; 6) Secdoma uf-
lebaSi; 7) Secdoma garigebis motivSi.
56
ix.: Садиков О.Н., Комментарий к Гражданскому кодексу Российской Федерации, части первой, Изд.
“Контракт”, “Инфра-М”, М., 1997, 224; Толстой Ю.К., Сергеев А.П. (ред.), Гражданское право, Т. 1,
Изд. “Проспект”, Санкт-Петербург, 1996, 213.
57
am Temaze daculi erT-erTi uaxlesi disertacia 2008 wliT TariRdeba: <http://www.dis-
sercat.com/content/zabluzhdenie-pri-sovershenii-sdelki-evropeiskaya-pravovaya-traditsiya-i-sovremennoe-
rossiisk>, [28.03.13].
58
Sead. Саволайнен А.Н., Актуальные проблемы, связанные со сделками, совершенными под влиянием
заблуждения, Электронный журнал “Современные научные исследования и инновации”, Октябрь,
2011, <http://web.snauka.ru/issues/2011/10/3016>, [28.03.13].
76
qeTevan andRulaZe*
eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT dadebuli xelSekruleba
èleqtronuli fosta pirveli klasis werils Seesabameba~ 1
1. Sesavali
samarTlis mizani individis interesebis samarTliani ganxorcieleba da SesaZlo

interesTa konfliqtis mSvidobiani mowesrigebaa.2 xelSekruleba yoveldRiuri cxov-
rebis ganuyofeli nawili da samarTlis subieqtTa Soris urTierTobebis mareguli-
rebeli meqanizmia.3 xelSekrulebis dadebasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia samarTlis
arsebuli principebis Sefardeba Tanamedrove midgomebTan.
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT xelSekrulebis dadebis yvelaze gav-
rcelebuli gza eleqtronuli fostis gamoyenebaa. erTi SexedviT, internetisa da faq-
similes an teleqsis meSveobiT xelSekrulebis dadeba ar gansxvavdeba eleqtronuli
fostis gamoyenebiT dadebisagan; aseve savaraudoa masze Cveulebrivi fostis gamoye-
nebis mimarT ukve arsebuli wesebi vrceldebodes. am sakiTxebis dasadgenad mniSvne-
lovania sasamarTlos praqtikis, rogorc moqmedi samarTlis damdgeni meqanizmis, ana-
lizi.
saqarTvelosa da Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT xelSekrulebis dadebis Taviseburebebis warmoCenis,
saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi formulirebis Camoyalibebisa da Semdgomi sa-
samarTlo praqtikis sworad ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado problemebis dasmis mizniT,
naSromSi gamoyenebulia SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi da analitikuri meTodebi.
statiaSi ganxilulia eleqtronuli fostis funqcionirebis maxasiaTeblebi, sa-
ubaria sxvadasxva konvenciis, sistemisa Tu konkretuli qveynis Sexedulebebze, gaa-
nalizebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasTan da sasamarTlo praqtikasTan dakavSi-
rebuli calkeuli sakiTxebi da bolos, daskvnis saxiT, warmodgenilia Semajamebeli
Sefasebebi.
2. eleqtronuli fosta
xelSekrulebebi ZiriTadad Sepirebebs efuZneba da amdenad, saxelSekrulebo

samarTlis roli samoqalaqo brunvis subieqtebs Soris urTierTobis stabilurobis
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti
1
Darrow J.J., Ferrera G.R., Who Owns a Decedent’s E-mails: Inheritable Probate Assets or Property of the
Network?, Journal of Legislation and Public Policy, Vol. 10:281, 2007, 281.
2
kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 8.
3
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 290-298. aseve, ix.: kobaxi-
Ze a., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, 2001, Tb., 298. TumaniSvili g., garigebebi
(samarTlebrivi buneba da normatiuli regulireba), Tb., 2012, 1-17.
77
SenarCunebaa. teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT ki msgavsi dapirebebis gakeTeba gamartive-

buli, xolo xelSekrulebis dadeba SesaZloa martivad dauregulirebeli aRmoCndes.
erT-erTi mTavari meTodi/saSualeba, romelic Tanamedrove sakomunikacio teq-
nologiebSi gamoiyeneba, eleqtronuli fostaa. biznesurTierTobebis specifikidan
gamomdinare, radgan mis monawile mxareebs moqmedebebis swrafad ganxorcielebis sur-
vili ufro mzardi aqvT, xelSekrulebebis dadeba swored eleqtronuli fostis meSve-
obiT xorcieldeba.
2.1. funqcionirebis wesi
arsebobs mosazreba, rom eleqtronuli fosta dauyovnebeli komunikaciis for-

maa, romelic saWiroebs miRebis dadasturebas, imisaTvis, rom igi namdvilad CaiTva-
los.4 Tumca, gabatonebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, eleqtronuli fosta materialuri
formis werilis eleqtronuli ekvivalentia. miuxedavad misi siswrafisa, igi myisieri
ar aris da srulad Seesabameba Cveulebrivi fostis gagzavnisTvis arsebul wesebs.5
eleqtronuli fosta, rogorc werilis ekvivalenti, da misi arasaTanadod aRqma
SesaZloa garigebis baTilobas daukavSirdes, radgan martivi werilobiTi formis Sem-
TxvevaSic, Tuki ar kmayofildeba saTanado moTxovnebi, garigeba baTilad miiCneva.6
eleqtronuli fostis `mogzauroba~ ase SeiZleba aRiweros: mas Semdeg, rac igi
Seqmnilia gamgzavnis mier, pirvel rigSi ukavSirdeba internetis momsaxurebis momwo-
debels. Semdgom, gagzavnis Rilakze daWeriT, eleqtronuli fosta gadaecema kompiu-
terebis saerTaSoriso qselSi, sanam igi ar miaRwevs mimRebis internetis momsaxurebis
mimwodebelTan. internetis meSveobiT ki mimRebs SeuZlia CamotvirTos Setyobineba.7
miuxedavad imisa, rom, zogierTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, eleqtronul fostazec
sxva komunikaciis maregulirebeli wesebi unda gavrceldes, msgavsi Sexeduleba albaT
ar iqneba misaRebi. kerZod, teleqsi ganixileba, rogorc komunikaciis myisieri forma,
rac internetiT komunikaciis konkretul SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba, magram eleqtro-
nuli fosta msgavs myisier komunikacias ar uzrunvelyofs.8 amdenad, teqnologiebis
mimarT arsebuli Sexedulebebi eleqtronul fostaze ver gavrceldeba da swored
amitom eleqtronuli fostiT gamovlenili neba araTanmyof pirTan gamovlenil nebad
unda miviCnioT.
4
Christen S., Formation of Contracts by Email – Is it Just the Same as the Post?, Queensland University of
Technology Law & Justice Journal, 2001, 32, <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sour
ce=web&cd=2&ved=0CDIQFjAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Flr.law.qut.edu.au%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F5
8%2F57&ei=vpOLUuD7NMS2hQfii4HACg&usg=AFQjCNF5Jx_XHcbDqJ77YBm55CavMkZTuA&sig2=
MJTUYh8JaO12_j_dhl261g&bvm=bv.56643336,d.bGE>, [19.10.2013].
5
Murray A., Entering Into Contract Electronically: The Real W.W.W, Oxford, 2000, 1-2.
6
kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, 2001, Tb., 300.
7
Ibrahim M.A., Ababneh A., Tahat H., The Postal Acceptance Rule in the Digital Age, Journal of International
Commercial Law and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2007.
8
Technology Law & Justice Journal, 2001, 33, <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source
=web&cd=2&ved=0CDIQFjAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Flr.law.qut.edu.au%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F58%
2F57&ei=vpOLUuD7NMS2hQfii4HACg&usg=AFQjCNF5Jx_XHcbDqJ77YBm55CavMkZTuA&sig2=MJ
TUYh8JaO12_j_dhl261g&bvm=bv.56643336,d.bGE>, [19.10.2013].
78
qeTevan andRulaZe, eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT dadebuli xelSekruleba
2.2. namdvilobis pirobebi
miuxedavad sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi aqtis arsebobisa, daregulirebuli ar aris

da gansaxilvelia, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos nebis gamovlena namdvilad, Tuki
gamgzavnis xelmoweris damadasturebeli saTanado winadadeba (elfostis xelmowera)
ar erTvis fostas konkretulad, damatebiT ra informacias unda Seicavdes eleqtro-
nuli komunikacia meti sandoobisa da namdvilobisaTvis?
SekiTxvebi ara marto formasTan, aramed SinaarsTan dakavSirebiTac Cndeba. xel-
Sekrulebis pirobebTan mimarTebiT, Tundac igi cxadad iyos Camoyalibebuli, ori
saxis problemaa arsebiTi – erTi, rom mxareebma zustad unda gansazRvron, Tu eleq-
tronul fostaze mimagrebuli romeli dokumenti Seadgens xelSekrulebas da meore,
ramdenad zustad aris Camoyalibebuli pirobebi imisaTvis, rom davis ganmxilvelma
organom swori interpretacia gaukeTos mas.9
3. saerTaSoriso midgomebi
Tanamedrove msoflioSi gabatonebulma Sexedulebam e.w. sworzedapiriani msof-

lios Taobaze10 daamkvidra mosazreba da asaxa realoba, rom Tanamedrove garemoSi
mxolod Ria sazogadoebam SeiZleba iarsebos, romlisTvisac ucxoa sazRvrebi. evro-
kavSiris direqtiva11 avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, dauyovnebliv Secvalon arsebuli
kanonmdebloba, romelic xels SeuSlis eleqtronuli dokumentaciis brunvas xelSek-
rulebis dadebasTan mimarTebiT.
swored am tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmna qvemoT miTiTebuli sxvadasxva aq-
ti, romlebic Tanamedrove teqnologiebis da maT Soris eleqtronuli fostiT komu-
nikaciis samarTlebriv Sefasebas axdenen.
3.1. unsitralis modeluri kanoni eleqtronuli vaWrobis Taobaze
unsitralis modeluri kanoni eleqtronuli vaWrobis Taobaze12 ukve konkretu-

lad aregulirebs saerTaSoriso standarts, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
dadebulad eleqtronuli SetyobinebebiT, maT Soris eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT
dadebuli xelSekrulebebi. modeluri kanonis me-11 muxli adgens, rom:
„xelSekrulebis dadebis TvalsazrisiT, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac mxareebi
sxva rameze arian SeTanxmebuli, oferti da aqcepti SeiZleba gakeTdes eleqtronuli
9
Murray A., Entering into Contract Electronically: The Real W.W.W, Oxford, 2000, 9.
10
The Flat World Theory.
11
direqtiva kontinenturi da angloamerikuli midgomebis Sejerebas iTvaliswinebs: Elec-
tronic Commerce Directive, European Commission, 1998, <http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/e-commerce/
directive/index_en.htm>.
12
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment (1996) with additional ar-
ticle 5 bis as adopted in 1998, <http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05-89450_Ebook.pdf>,
[24.09.2013].
79
Setyobinebebis meSveobiT. Tuki xelSekruleba dadebulia eleqtronuli Setyobine-

bis gamoyenebiT, msgavsi xelSekruleba ar unda iqnes miCneuli baTilad an SeuZlebeli
iyos misi Sesruleba mxolod imitom, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis mizniT eleqtronu-
li Setyobineba iyo gamoyenebuli“.
amdenad, dasaSvebadaa miiCneuli, rom mxareTa neba eleqtronuli formiT iyos
gamoxatuli. garda amisa, aRniSnulia, rom eleqtronuli Setyobineba gamgzavnis mier
inicirebulad miiCneva, Tuki Setyobineba gagzavnilia im sainformacio sistemiT, ro-
melic daprogramebulia gamgzavnisve mier, raTa imoqmedos avtomaturad.13
eleqtronuli komunikaciis gamoyenebisas xSirad bundovania, rogor da sad xde-
ba monacemTa gadacema. amdenad, Setyobinebis gagzavnisa da miRebis dro da adgili Se-
saZloa ver dadgindes. Tuki aRniSnuli modeluri kanonis me-15 muxlis Sesabamisad
vimsjelebT, eleqtronuli Setyobineba gagzavnilad miiCneva gagzavnis Rilakze gam-
gzavnis xelis daWerisas, rac „meilboqsis wesis“ asaxvaa.14 msgavsi Setyobineba miRebu-
lad iTvleba, rodesac igi Sedis gansazRvrul15 sainformacio sistemaSi, an rodesac
Setyobineba miRebulia/mopovebulia adresatis mier.16
Setyobinebis miRebis adgilis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT, modeluri kanoni cdi-
lobs mxareTa adgilsamyofelTan maqsimalurad daakavSiros igi. am sakiTxis aqtualo-
ba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi iurisdiqciebis sxvaobiTaa ganpirobebuli.17 regu-
lireba calsaxad metyvelebs imaze, rom sistemis mier Setyobinebis miRebis miuxeda-
vad, Tuki mimRebs ar aqvs faqtobrivi saSualeba ixilos igi, modeluri kanonis mizne-
bisaTvis Setyobineba miRebulad ar CaiTvleba.18
13
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment (1996) with additional article 5
bis as adopted in 1998, Article 13 (2) (b), <http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05-89450_Eb-
ook.pdf>, [24.09.2013].
14
Glatt C., Comparative Issues in the Formation of Electronic Contracts, International Journal of Law and In-
formation Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1997, 59, <http://ecommercelaw.ru/sites/default/files/comparative%20
issues%20in%20formation%20of%20electronic%20contracts.pdf>, [23.10.2013].
15
Tavad am sityvaSi, gansazRvrulobaSi ar unda iqnes nagulisxmevi SemTxveva, rodesac
eleqtronuli fostis misamarTi ubralod miTiTebulia werilis formaze. mxareebs
sakomunikaciod cxadad unda hqondeT aRniSnuli esa Tu is sistema: Glatt C., Comparative
Issues in the Formation of Electronic Contracts, International Journal of Law and Information Technology,
Vol. 6, No. 1, 1997, 60, <http://ecommercelaw.ru/sites/default/files/comparative%20issues%20in%20forma-
tion%20of%20electronic%20contracts.pdf>, [23.10.2013].
16
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment (1996) with additional article
5 bis as adopted in 1998, 54-55,<http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05-89450_Ebook.pdf>,
[24.09.2013]; Ibrahim M.A., Ababneh A., Tahat H., The Postal Acceptance Rule in the Digital Age, Journal of
International Commercial Law and Technology, Vol.2, Issue 1, 2007, 51.
17
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Johnson K.D., Measuring Minimum Contracts over the Internet: How
Courts Analyze Internet Communications to Acquire Personal Jurisdiction over the Out-of-state Person, Uni-
versity of Louisville Law Review, Vol. 46, 2008.
18
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment (1996) with additional article
5 bis as adopted in 1998, 56, <http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05-89450_Ebook.pdf>,
[24.09.2013].
80
3.2. venis konvencia
myari samarTlebrivi garemosTvis da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mxardaWerisTvis

Seqmnili venis konvencia19 erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani dokumentia misi ratifika-
ciis masStaburobiTa da xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT.20miuxedavad imisa, rom xelSekru-
lebis werilobiT dadebasTan dakavSirebiT konvencia ucvleli rCeba da kompiuterze
dafuZnebuli xelSekrulebebis dadebas pirdapir ar aregulirebs, misi ganmartebiT
SesaZloa Tavisuflad dadgindes, rom im moTxovnebs, romelic konvencias aqvs dawese-
buli, eleqtronuli fosta akmayofilebs.21 konvenciis 24-e muxlis mixedviT: „..ofer-
ti, aqcepti an nebis nebismieri gamovlena adresatamde „aRwevs~, rodesac is ganxorci-
elebulia adresatTan zepirsityvierad, an misulia piradad masTan raime sxva saSua-
lebiT, mis saqmianobis adgilas an safosto misamarTze, an, Tu mas ar aqvs saqmianobis
adgili an safosto misamarTi, mis sacxovrebel adgilas~.
am formulirebiT, eleqtronuli fosta „miaRwevs“ adresatamde maSin, rodesac
igi miva piris safosto yuTSi da mzadaa wasakiTxad.22
3.3. germaniis sakanonmdeblo regulireba
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis ganxorcielebaSi moqmedi piris neba germaniis sa-

moqalaqo kodeqsis ZiriTadi koncefciaa.23 xelSekruleba, rogorc samarTlebrivi ur-
TierTobis ZiriTadi magaliTi, ideba mxolod imitom, rom mxareebs aqvT msgavsi survi-
li da, Sesabamisad, misi pirobebic srulad mxareTa nebazea damokidebuli. neba SeiZle-
ba cxadad iyos gamoxatuli, an moqmedebidan gamomdinareobdes.24
19
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 1980, Art. 24, “...an offer, decla-
ration of acceptance or any other indication of intention “reaches” the addressee when it is made orally to him
or delivered by any other means to him personally, to his place of business or mailing address or, if he does
not have a place of business or mailing address, to his habitual residence”.
20
konvenciis poziciis danergva da zustad asaxva Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan saTanado
SemTxvevaSi, misi araswori interpretaciis SemTxvevaSi dairRveva is ZiriTadi princi-
pebi, ramac misi Seqmna ganapiroba. dawvrilebiT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Grbic K., Put-
ting the CISG Where it Belongs: In the Uniform Commercial Code, Touro L. Rev., 2012, 174 da Semdgomni.
21
kerZod, konvenciis me-13 muxli mxolod telegramasa da teleqss moixseniebs, rogorc
xelSekrulebis dadebisTvis saWiro werilobiTi formis saxeobebs. aRniSnulTan dakav-
SirebiT ix. Hill J.E., The Future of Electronic Contracts in International Sales: Gaps and Natural Remedies
under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Northwestern Journal
of Technology and Intellectual Property, Vol. 2, 2003, 3, 21-22.
22
Christen S., Formation of Contracts by Email – Is it Just the Same as the Post? Queensland University of
23
formation Technology, Vol. 6 No. 1, 1997, 38, <http://ecommercelaw.ru/sites/default/files/comparative%20
24
81
mTavari principi ofertisa (mxaris mboWveli neba) da aqceptis, rogorc nebis ga-
movlenis formis, namdvilobasTan dakavSirebiT aris is, rom isini, miuxedavad imisa,
mimarTulia Tanmyofi25 Tu araTanmyofi pirisaTvis, „mimRebis Zalauflebis sferoSi“26
unda moeqces da maTi Sinaarsis realurad codna araa saWiro; Tumca, gasaTvaliswine-
belia, rom unda arsebobdes molodini mis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT.27
Tuki SevajerebT am yovelives eleqtronul fostasTan, miviRebT TiTqmis iden-
tur wess. eleqtronuli Setyobinebis miReba da Senaxva xdeba mimRebis kompiuteris
safosto yuTis meSveobiT. eleqtronuli Setyobinebebis gacvla SesaZlebelia pirda-
pir28 an „miRebisa da gadamisamarTebis“ sistemis gamoyenebiT. swored es ukanaskneli
gulisxmobs eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT monacemTa gacvlas.
xelSekrulebis formulireba, rogorc zemoT araerTxel aRiniSna, mxareTa nebis
gamovlenis meSveobiT xdeba. imavdroulad, cnobilia, rom xelSekrulebis nebismieri
piroba eleqtronuli formiT xelSekrulebis dadebisas SesaZloa mTlianad teqnikis
meSveobiT ganxorcieldes. radgan teqnikis mier ganxorcielebuli raime qmedeba/ pa-
suxi saboloo jamSi konkretuli fizikuri piris nebas ukavSirdeba, amitom garkveuli
sasamarTlo praqtikiT ukve dadgenilia, rom „teqnikis neba“ samarTlebriv Sedegebs
warmoSobs.29
germaniaSi eleqtronuli fostis gamoyenebiT dadebuli xelSekruleba araTan-
myof pirTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebis kategorias miekuTvneba. erTaderTi, rac
dasamtkicebelia, is aris, Tu ramdenad asaxulia xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi pirobebi
25
magaliTad, rodesac ofertis Semcveli werili uSualod xelSia gadacemuli aqcep-
tantisaTvis da am dros, ramdenad realurad icoda aqceptantma werilSi aRwerili
ofertis Sesaxeb, aRar aris mniSvnelovani Tavad ofertis namdvilobisaTvis. ix. Glatt C.,
Comparative Issues in the Formation of Electronic Contracts, International Journal of Law and Information
Technology, Vol. 6 No. 1, 1997, 39, <http://ecommercelaw.ru/sites/default/files/comparative%20issues%20
in%20formation%20of%20electronic%20contracts.pdf>, [23.10.2013].
26
27
Glatt C., Comparative Issues in the Formation of Electronic Contracts, International Journal of Law and Infor-
mation Technology, Vol. 6 No. 1, 1997, 39-40, <http://ecommercelaw.ru/sites/default/files/comparative%20
28
EDI – eleqtronuli monacemebis gacvla – rac moicavs monacemebis gagzavnas erTi kom-
piuteridan meoresTan eleqtronuli gziT. msgavsi Setyobinebebi gadaicema sxvadasxva
qselis gavliT, rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, imasac gulisxmobs, rom mezobel oTaxSi gagza-
vnilma Setyobinebam SeiZleba msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis movliT miaRwios adresa-
tamde, Christen S., Formation of Contracts by Email – Is it Just the Same as the Post?, Queensland Univer-
sity of Technology Law & Justice Journal, 2001, 32-33, <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&es
rc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDIQFjAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Flr.law.qut.edu.au%2Farticle%2Fdow
nload%2F58%2F57&ei=vpOLUuD7NMS2hQfii4HACg&usg=AFQjCNF5Jx_XHcbDqJ77YBm55CavMkZ
TuA&sig2=MJTUYh8JaO12_j_dhl261g&bvm=bv.56643336,d.bGE>, [19.10.2013]; Glatt C., Comparative
Issues in the Formation of Electronic Contracts, International Journal of Law and Information Technology,
Vol. 6 No. 1, 1997, 37; <http://ecommercelaw.ru/sites/default/files/comparative%20issues%20in%20forma-
tion%20of%20electronic%20contracts.pdf>, [23.10.2013].
29
Glatt C., Comparative Issues in the Formation of Electronic Contracts, International Journal of Law and
Information Technology, Vol. 6 No. 1, 1997, 45,<http://ecommercelaw.ru/sites/default/files/comparative%20
82
da ramdenad Seicavs eleqtronuli Setyobineba mxaris nebas, iyos SeboWili sakuTari

SeTavazebiT.30 garda imisa, rom gamovlenili neba mimRebis gavlenis sferoSi unda mo-
eqces, aucilebelia dadasturdes, rom adresats hqonda realuri Sansi CamoetvirTa/
enaxa eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT miRebuli Setyobineba. fizikuri da iuridiuli
pirebis mimarT gansxvavebuli wesi moqmedebs31 – Tuki iuridiul pirs moeTxoveba, rom
eleqtronuli safosto misamarTi samuSao saaTebis ganmavlobaSi Seamowmos da ivarau-
deba, rom imave dRes naxavs Setyobinebas, fizikur pirisTvis SeiZleba gonivruli iyos
dReSi erTxel eleqtronuli fostis Semowmeba da amdenad, Setyobineba misi gavlenis
sferoSi miRebulad unda CaiTvalos gagzavnidan meore dRes.
3.4. saerTo samarTlis midgoma
eleqtronuli fosta, Cveulebrivi fostis msgavsad, SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc

aramyisieri komunikaciis forma, romelic garkveuli Suamavlis meSveobiT midis adre-
satamde, rac, saerTo samarTlis mqone qveynebSi arsebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, safos-
to (meilboqsis) wesis gamoyenebis upiratesobaze metyvelebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
momenti xelSekrulebis formirebisas aqceptis miRebaa, riTic xdeba xelSekrulebis
dadeba; safosto yuTis wesis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom aqcepti namdvilia, rogorc
ki igi gagzavnilia da ara maSin, rodesac miRebulia.32
garda amisa, safosto wesis gamoyenebis upiratesobad uTiTeben im garemoebas,
rom radgan xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac ver xdeba eleqtronuli safosto gzavnilis
drouli miReba, riski ara mimRebze, aramed mis gamgzavnze unda iyos, rogorc Cveuleb-
rivi fostis gagzavnis dros. aseve, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, SeuZlebelia miRebis
konkretuli drois dadgena da ofertis gamgzavnma romc moiTxovos dasturis gagzav-
na, mainc uSedego iqneba, Tuki es Setyobineba aqceptants saerTod ar miuvida.33
meore mxriv, safosto wesi Tavis droze imisaTvis Seiqmna, rom biznesisaTvis da-
majerebloba uzrunveleyo im pirobebSi, rodesac fostiT komunikacias ramdenime
kvira sWirdeboda. gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, eleqtronuli fostis, rogorc
swrafi komunikaciis formis, mimarT am wesis gamoyeneba aradamajereblobas Sematebs
30
Glatt C., Comparative Issues in the Formation of Electronic Contracts, International Journal of Law and Infor-
mation Technology, Vol. 6 No. 1, 1997, 47-49, <http://ecommercelaw.ru/sites/default/files/comparative%20
31
32
Murray A., Entering into Contract Electronically: The Real W.W.W, Oxford, 2000, 4 da Semdgomni; dam-
atebiT ix. Ibrahim M.A., Ababneh A., Tahat H., The Postal Acceptance Rule in the Digital Age, Journal of
International Commercial Law and Technology, 2007, 47.
33
Technology Law & Justice Journal, 2001, 33-34, <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sou
rce=web&cd=2&ved=0CDIQFjAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Flr.law.qut.edu.au%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F
58%2F57&ei=vpOLUuD7NMS2hQfii4HACg&usg=AFQjCNF5Jx_XHcbDqJ77YBm55CavMkZTuA&sig2
=MJTUYh8JaO12_j_dhl261g&bvm=bv.56643336,d.bGE>, [19.10.2013].
83
Tanamedrove bizenssa da saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebs.34 msgavsi wesis gamoyeneba

aseve asocirdeba gamosayenebeli samarTlis arCevis problemasTan.
amdenad, saerTo samarTlis mecnierebi eleqtronuli fostis gamoyenebis Sem-
TxvevaSi zogadi wesis moqmedebas emxrobian, kerZod, eleqtronuli fostiT gagzavni-
li aqcepti namdvili iqneba misi miRebis dros.35 miRebis drod gulisxmobs im moments,
rodesac saTanado Setyobineba mivida aqceptantis internetis mimwodebelTan, rode-
sac miiRo aqceptantis kompiuterma, an rodesac Setyobineba waikiTxa Tavad aqceptan-
tma.36 es xom ar niSnavs imas, rom msgavs SemTxvevaSi miRebis konkretuli drois gansazR-
vra SeuZlebelia?
4. saqarTveloSi arsebuli regulireba
samoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebam saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo istoriaSi SeZlo sa-

moqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis saZirkvlis Cayra.37 Tumca, msoflios ganviTarebasTan er-
Tad, samoqalaqo samarTlisaTvis da amdenad, yvelaze metad, samoqalaqo kodeqsisaT-
vis aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove sakomunikacio teqnologiebis meSveobiT dadebuli
xelSekrulebebis namdvilobis sakiTxis ganxilva, misi Sefardeba arsebul regulire-
basTan da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis sistemuri analizi.
4.1. kanonmdebloba
pirveli SekiTxva, romelic eleqtronuli formiT saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-

bis formulirebas exeba, aris is, Tu ramdenad regulirdeba msgavsi xelSekrulebebi
arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT? Tu regulirdeba, maSin konkretulad rodis da ra gare-
moebebis arsebobisas SeiZleba CavTvaloT xelSekruleba dadebulad? radgan xelSek-
rulebebis mimarT arsebobs formaluri moTxovnebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mxareTa
xelmowera, an SemdgomSi misi registracia garkveul organoSi, sainteresoa ganvixi-
loT, formalur moTxovnebs ramdenad daakmayofilebs eleqtronuli dokumenti.
eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT Setyobinebis gagzavnisa da miRebis xelSewyoba
asaxulia saqarTvelos sasamarTloebisaTvis gankuTvnil rekomendaciaSic.38 aRniSnu-
34
35
inglisis magaliTze, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebiT ganisazRvra, rom aucilebelia
misi mimRebis gavlenis sferoSi moxvedra.
36
37
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 2000, 3.
38
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, rekomendaciebi samoqalaqo samarTlis sasamarTlo
praqtikis problematur sakiTxebze, Tb., 2007, 50, <http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/
pdf/samoqrek.pdf>, [04.11.2013].
84
li mowmobs imas, rom eleqtronuli fosta Cveulebrivi safosto momsaxurebis Camnac-

vleblad Tavisuflad SegviZlia moviazroT.39
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT (SemdgomSi – ssk) regulirebuli wesebis gan-
xilvasTan erTad, aucilebelia Tanamedrove midgomebis analizi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom SeiZleba pirdapiri formulireba ar arsebobdes, SesaZloa konkretuli muxlis
ganmartebam migviyvanos swored Tanamedrove midgomebiT sakiTxis aRqmamde. miT ume-
tes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, safrangeTis SemTxvevas, rodesac mkvdari norma 200 wlis
Semdgom sruliad axleburi xedviT iyo interpretirebuli.40 amdenad, sruliad SesaZ-
lebelia axleburi xedva Camoyalibdes eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT xelSekrule-
bis dadebasTan dakavSirebiTac.
4.1.1. xelSekrulebis elementebi
ssk adgens mboWavi Zalis mqone xelSekrulebis zogad elementebs, magram ar iTx-
ovs xelSekrulebis dadebis konkretul meTods an formas. miRebulia, rom xelSekru-
leba SeiZleba daidos sxvadasxva meTodis meSveobiT41, rogoricaa:
1) zepiri formiT Tanmyof pirTan an telefonis meSveobiT;
2) kanoniT an mxareTa mier gansazRvruli werilobiTi formiT, korespondenciis
fostis, teleqsis an faqsimilis gacvlis meSveobiT an blanketuri xelmoweriT;
3) sanotaro formiT;
4) da bolos, eleqtronuli formiT.
imisaTvis, rom xelSekruleba daidos,42 aucilebelia ori momentis arseboba – wi-
nadadebis SeTavazeba da misi miReba, riTic gamoixateba mxareTa neba, dadon xelSek-
ruleba, raTa warmoiSvas saTanado samarTlebrivi Sedegi.43 samoqalaqo kodeqsis 51-e
muxli exeba nebis gamovlenas da amdenad, exeba xelSekrulebasac. nebis gamovlenasTan
dakavSirebiT arsebuli Teoriebidan aRniSnuli muxlis mier gaziarebulia nebis ga-
movlenis miRebis Teoria.44
Tanamedrove samyaroSi eleqtronuli fostiT komunikacia mxareTa Soris Cveu-
lebrivi movlenaa. Tuki eleqtronuli formiT gaformebul xelSekrulebas Cveuleb-
riv, tradiciuli gagebiT werilobiT gaformebul xelSekrulebas gavuTanabrebT, Ta-
39
sasamarTlos mier xdeba eleqtronuli fostis gamoyeneba Zalian efeqturad, ix., mag.:
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-1633-1623-2011, 26 dekemberi, 2011,
<http://prg.supremecourt.ge/DetailViewCivil.aspx>, [04.11.2013].
40
samarTlis norma SesaZloa sulac ar moqmedebdes misi pirveladi formiT, risi maga-
liTicaa safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis saTanado muxli, romelsac damoukidebeli
funqcia ar gaaCnda, xolo SemdgomSi, miRebidan TiTqmis 100 wlis Semdgom, garkveuli
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sefasebis umniSvnalovanesi safuZveli gaxda, ix.: kerese-
liZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 59.
41
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 339-348.
42
ssk-is 327-e I muxli.
43
axvlediani z., valebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 14.
44
jorbenaZe s., axvlediani z., besarion z., niniZe T., Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 2002, 170.
85
visuflad SeiZleba mxareTa mier xelmoweril dokumentSi cvlilebebis Setana eleq-

tronuli fostis meSveobiTac ganxorcieldes.45
4.1.2. nebis gamovlenis misvla
a) zogadi wesi
kerZo avtonomiis farglebSi adamianTa Soris urTierTobaTa mowesrigebis yve-

laze gavrcelebuli saSualeba garigebaa.46 rogorc ssk-is 50-e muxli axdens formu-
lirebas, `garigeba aris calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlena”. Tavis
mxriv, nebis gamovlena samarTlebrivi Sedegebis warmoSobisken unda iyos mimarTuli
da garkveul winapirobebs akmayofilebdes. swored misi `vargisianobis” SemTxvevaSi
SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom gamovlenili neba namdvilia.47
ssk ar iTvaliswinebs gamovlenili nebis Tanmyof da araTanmyof pirebTan mis-
vlis, anu misi namdvilobis, momwesrigebel normebs da amdenad, misi ganmartebisaTvis
kvlav 51-e muxlis gamoyeneba xdeba.48 neba misulad iTvleba maSin, rodesac igi mimRebis
mflobelobis sferoSi moxvdeba ise, rom mas SeuZlian nebis aRqma.49
nebis adresatamde misvlisTvis aucilebelia, rom neba mimRebis teritoriu-
li mflobelobis sferoSi moxvdes. eleqtronul safosto misamarTze gadagzavnili
Setyobineba ki maSin CaiTvleba teritoriuli mflobelobis sferoSi moxvedrilad,
rodesac mimRebs SeeZleba gaxsnas igi eleqtronul safosto yuTSi.50 aRniSnul sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT saWiroa ganisazRvros is SemTxvevebi, rodesac eleqtronuli Setyo-
binebis miRebis faqtis dadgena kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba, rasac Tavad msgavsi sistemis
arseboba ganapirobebs. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtronuli safosto yuTis Se-
mowmeba mudmivad aris SesaZlebeli, sanam ar dadgindeba, Tu ramdenad realurad SeeZ-
lo pirs gamovlenili nebis miReba, manamde CaiTvleba, rom mas ar miuRia.51
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 51-e muxli dispoziciuri normaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom mxa-
reebs SeuZliaT nebis misvlis gansxvavebuli wesi daamkvidron sakuTari Sexedulebi-
samebr.
45
am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: Holmes S., Stevens v. Publicis: The Rise of “No
E-Mail Modificaton” Clauses?, Washington Journal of Law, Technology& Arts, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2010.
46
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 2000,
311.
47
iqve, 312-313; mariamiZe g., saxelmZRvanelo konspeqti iuristebisTvis, samoqalaqo
samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili, Tb., 2011, 51 da Semdgomni.
48
mariamiZe g., saxelmZRvanelo konspeqti iuristebisTvis, samoqalaqo samarTali, zoga-
di nawili, I nawili, Tb., 2011, 92.
49
Kenntnis nehmen – gageba, wakiTxva, danaxva da a.S. mariamiZe g., saxelmZRvanelo konspeqti
iuristebisTvis, samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili, Tb., 2011, 92.
50
51
iqve,95-96.
86
SesaZloa nebis gamovlenis adresatamde dagvianebiT misvla an miusvleloba ga-

mowveuli iyos miRebisaTvis saWiro mowyobilobis ararsebobiT an defeqtiT.52 sakiTx-
avia, ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac araTanmyof pirTan xelSekrulebis dadebis
TvalsazrisiT, nebis gamomvlenis mier akrefili eleqtronuli Setyobineba arasrul-
wlovanma gaagzavna an miiRo da igi realurad mimRebs arasdros unaxavs.53
formalurad yvela moTxovna daculi iqneba xelSekrulebis dasadebad. msgavsi
SemTxvevebi didi riskis Semcvelia, radgan Tundac keTilsindisier mxares naklebad
eqneba imis SesaZlebloba, amtkicos formalur moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdego garemo-
ebebi. es SemTxveva SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc nebis gamovlenis darRveviT da-
debuli garigeba, romelic dadebulia ise, rom saerTod ar arsebobda mxaris Sinaga-
ni Tavisufali nebis gamovlena;54 miT umetes imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom eleqtronuli
formiT xelSekrulebis dadebisas mxareebi SeiZleba arc ki icnobdnen erTmaneTs da
ufro metic, SesaZlo arc arasdros Sexvdnen SemdgomSi, Tundac davis warmoSobis Sem-
TxvevaSi, radgan dRevandel samyaroSi saqmis warmoeba arbtraJis meSveobiT davis gan-
xilvisas sruliad Tavisuflad SeiZleba warimarTos aseve eleqtronuli formiT.
aqcepti, rogorc miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena, mxolod oferentamde
misvlis momentidan xdeba namdvili. oferentamde misvlis momentamde aqceptants Se-
uZlia nebismier dros Tqvas uari masze.55
b) dro da adgili
xelSekrulebis dadebis zusti drois codna metad mniSvnelovania, radgan xel-

Sekrulebis pirobebis dadgena da misi Sesrulebis dawyeba swored am momentTanaa da-
kavSirebuli.56 xelSekrulebis dadebis drois msgavsad, aseve mniSvnelovania dadebis
adgili, radgan saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis SemTxvevaSi maszea damo-
kidebuli samomavlo/saWiro sasamarTlos gansjadobisa da, Sesabamisad, gamosayenebe-
li samarTlis sakiTxi.57 Cveulebrivi fostis msgavsad, Setyobinebis wakiTxva SeuZle-
belia, sanam is ar aris gaxsnili misi mimRebis mier.58
jer kidev sakiTxavia, rodis da ra formiT CaiTvleba eleqtronuli fostis meS-
veobiT xelSekruleba dadebulad. jerjerobiT ar arsebobs arc kanonmdeblobis zus-
52
53
aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilva ix.: Darrow J. J., Ferrera G. R., Who Owns a Decedent’s E-mails: In-
heritable Probate Assets or Property of the Network?, Journal of Legislation and Public Policy, Vol. 10:281,
2007.
54
kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, 2001, Tb., 298.
55
ssk-is 51-e II muxli.
56
mag., rodesac saqme Seexeba wilebis nasyidobas, nasyidobis fasi SesaZloa damokidebuli
iyos xelSekrulebis gaformebis periodze. Hill S. W. B., Email Contracts – When is the Contract
Formed?, Journal of Law and Information Science, Vol. 12, No 1, 2001, 48-49.
57
Hill S. W. B., Email Contracts – When Is the Contract Formed?, Journal of Law and Information Science, Vol.
12, No 1, 2001, 49.
58
iqve, 50.
87
ti regulireba da arc sasamarTlos mier Tundac moqmedi kanonmdeblobis detaluri

ganmarteba.
arsebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, eleqtronuli fostis miRebis adgili ara fizi-
kurad misi miRebis/gaxsnis mixedviT, aramed funqciuri gagebiT unda ganvixiloT.59
radgan elfostis miReba yvelgan SeiZleba, da Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu sad daido
xelSekruleba, amitom yvelaze metad misaRebia Sexeduleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs
fostis miRebas im momentidan, rodesac igi miaRwevs mimRebis eleqtronuli monaceme-
bis Semnaxvel adgils. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos is sirTule, romelic dakavSirebulia
miRebis adgilsa da drosTan mimarTebiT. Tuki realuri SesaZlebloba ar aqvs mimRebs,
rom wvdoma hqondes, ramdenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos gonivrulad fostis miReba,60 an yo-
vel konkretul SemTxvevaSi rogor unda ganisazRvros miRebis adgili?
g) forma
rogorc cnobilia, samarTlebrivi Sedegis warmoSobisaTvis mxolod nebis gamov-

lenis namdviloba rodia sakmarisi. aucilebelia aseve kanoniT dawesebuli garkveu-
li formis an winapirobebis dacva, rogoricaa warmomadgenlobis, qmeduunarobis an
SezRuduli qmedunarianobis61 da a.S. SemTxvevebSi. Tavis mxriv, nebis gamovlena da misi
namdviloba da Sinaarsobrivi Tanxvedra ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi garigebis, xelSek-
rulebis namdvilobis safuZvelia.62
neba SeiZleba sxvadasxva formiT gamoixatos63, maT Soris, Tanamedrove sakomuni-
kacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, usazRvro msoflioSi saq-
miani urTierTobis warmoebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma eleqtronuli
fostaa. eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT gamoxatuli neba ofertisa da aqceptis saxiT
ki xelSekrulebis dadebis winapirobebis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.
eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT nebis gamovlenisa da samoqalaqo kodeqsis mier
gaziarebuli pozicia, dumilTan dakavSirebiT, identuria. dumili, rogorc wesi, niS-
navs uars garigebis dadebaze.64 eleqtronuli formiT komunikaciis specifikis gaTva-
liswinebiT, gansaxilvelia, ramdenad SeiZleba mxareebi SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom dumili
SeiZleba Tanxmobis formad gamoiyenon. Tumca, dasaSvebia konkludenturi moqmedebiT
dadasturebulad CaiTvalos mxareTa mier gamovlenili neba, rac arakeTilsindisier
59
Hahnkamper W., Acceptance of an Offer in Light of Electronic Communications, Journal of Law and Com-
merce, Vol. 25:147, 2006, 150.
60
magaliTad, Tuki fosta verasdros gaxdeba xelmisawvdomi mimRebisaTvis im ubralo
mizeziT, rom teqnikuri xarvezis gamo, eleqtronuli fosta `SeWmulia~ sistemis mier,
ix. Bindman J. C., The Spam Filter Ate My E-mail: When Are Electronic Records Received?, William Mitch-
ell Law Review, Vol. 39:4, 2013, 1296-1297.
61
ssk-is regulireba nebis gamovlenis naklTan dakavSirebiT.
62
319.
63
aRniSnuli sakiTxis Taobaze dawvrilebiT ix. Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 2000, 329 da Semdgomni.
64
342-343.
88
mxares ar miscems SesaZleblobas, uaryos maT Soris arsebuli xelSekrulebis namdvi-

loba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 68-e muxlis meore winadadebis Sesabamisad, mxareebs Tavad
SeuZliaT gansazRvron garigebis forma, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac kanoni pirda-
pir iTvaliswinebs aseT dacvasavaldebulo formas da amdenad, ssk ganamtkicebs gari-
gebis formis Tavisuflebis princips.65 msgavsi Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare, Tuki mxa-
reebi SeTanxmebian, rom maT mier nebis gamovlena moxdeba eleqtronuli fostis meSve-
obiT, maSin namdvilobis sakiTxis gadawyveta umtkivneulod SeiZleba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia SemTxveva, Tu rogor moxdeba im garigebis namdvilobis da-
dastureba, romlisTvisac damatebiTi formaa dadgenili. magaliTad, uZravi qonebis
an ijaris registraciis momentisaTvis Tuki mxares SeuZlia mxolod eleqtronuli
fostis komunikaciis wardgena, radgan, rTuli forma ukve gauqmebulia da mas ar aqvs
mxareTa mier xelmowerili dokumentis wardgenis valdebuleba. swored amitom, samo-
qalaqo brunvis simyaris uzrunvelyofis mizniT, sajaro reestris mier moiTxoveba
notarialurad damowmebuli xelSekruleba an mxareTa xelmoweris ganxorcieleba ad-
gilze. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT, formasavaldebulo ga-
rigebaTa ricxvs mravali garigeba gamoaklda. aRniSnuli ki, metad savaraudoa, xelSem-
wyobi garemoeba iyos eleqtronuli formis gamoyenebiT xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis.
ssk 69-e muxli aregulirebs martivi werilobiTi formiT dadebuli garigebis
namdvilobis sakiTxs, rodesac mxolod mxareTa xelmoweris arsebobaa sakmarisi, rom
garigeba namdvilad CaiTvalos. radgan xelmowera dokumentis arsebobas gulisxmobs66,
Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli xelmoweris dadastureba dokumentze
eleqtronul fostaze arsebuli xelmoweriT da aisaxeba Tu ara nebis gamovlenis nam-
dvilobaze igi?
4.1.3. detaluri regulireba
miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia eleqtronuli xelmowerisa

da dokumentis Sedgenis wesi, gasarkvevia, ramdenad jdeba da saerTod, jdeba Tu ara
eleqtronuli fosta nebis gamovlenis damadasturebel saSualebad da akmayofilebs
Tu ara arsebuli kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs.
specialurad Seqmnili kanoni,67 romelic kompiuteris meSveobiT gadacemuli in-
formaciis gavrcelebis regulirebas isaxavs miznad, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
msgavs sferoSi, aregulirebs ra zust xedvas Tundac xelSekrulebis formirebasTan
dakavSirebiT. msgavsi tipis kanonmdeblobis Seqmna albaT yvelaze xelsayreli iqneba
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloc ukve didi xania CarTulia da ufro metad er-
Tveba saerTaSoriso eleqtronul vaWrobaSi.
65
346, 352.
66
iqve, 350.
67
rogoricaa UCITA – The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, <http://www.ucitaonline.
com>, [02.11.2013].
89
damatebiT, eleqtronul fostasTan mimarTebiT, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT keTil-

sindisierebis valdebulebis maregulirebeli norma. ssk-is me-8 muxlis mixedviT Tuki
vimsjelebT, yvela zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxi swored am muxlidan SeiZleba gamomdinare-
obdes da avsebdes mas.
aseve, gansaxilvelia, ramdenad an rogor SeiZleba gavrceldes standartuli pi-
robebi eleqtronuli fostiT dadebul xelSekrulebaze, Tuki mxareTa koresponden-
ciaSi ar momxdara msgavs pirobebze miniSneba da arc mxare gacnobia maT.
4.1.4. nebis seriozulad aRqma
eleqtronul fostasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba SekiTxva, Tu ramdenad seriozu-

lad SeiZleba aRviqvaT sakomunikacio saSualebiT miRebuli neba, rom mas saTanado
samarTlebrivi Sedegi, xelSekrulebis dadeba, mohyves. dro icvleba, icvleba sazo-
gadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi da misi moTxovnebi, saTanado muxlis ganmarteba ki Se-
iZleba sxva konteqstSi iyos SesaZlebeli.68
eleqtronuli formiT komunikaciasTan dakavSirebiT, SesaZloa daisvas sakiTxi,
Tu ramdenad aRqmadia eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT gamovlenili neba meore mxa-
risaTvis. xelSekrulebis baTilobas gamoiwvevs nebis gamovlena, romelic xumrobiT,
araseriozuladaa gakeTebuli im varaudiT, rom misi mimRebi mixvdeboda nebis araseri-
ozulobas.69 albaT savaraudoa, rom gansxvaveba msgavs SemTxvevaSi subieqtTan dakavSi-
rebiT SesaZloa iyos. Tuki kompaniis eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT xdeba Setyobi-
nebis gagzavna, metad savaraudoa mxare meti seriozulobiT moekidos SeTavazebas da
xumroba ver aRiqvas. gansxvavebiT fizikuri piris mier eleqtronuli fostis meSveo-
biT gamovlenili nebisgan, sadac varaudi imisa, rom SesaZloa neba araseriozuli iyos,
ufro didia. Tumca, mtkicebis tvirTi SeiZleba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaze iyos
damokidebuli, Tu rodis SeiZleba msgavsi garigeba CaiTvalos baTilad.
4.2. sasamarTlo praqtika
saqarTveloSi arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtika eleqtronuli fostis samarTleb-

riv SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT Zalze mwiria da imavdroulad aramyarad argumentire-
buli, rasac qvemoT ganxiluli ramdenime gadawyvetilebis analizi cxadyofs, magali-
68
ix. ssk-is 57-e muxli, nebis gamovlenis araseriozulobis gamo garigebis baTilobis
Taobaze: `1. baTilia nebis gamovlena, romelic gakeTebulia araseriozulad (xum-
robiT) im varaudiT, rom araseriozuloba gamocnobili iqneboda. 2. nebis mimRebs unda
aunazRaurdes is ziani, romelic warmoiSva imis gamo, rom igi endoboda nebis gamovle-
nis seriozulobas, Tuki man ar icoda da arc SeiZleboda scodnoda araseriozulobis
Sesaxeb.~ am sakiTxis sworad gadawyvetisa da ganmartebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba
imis gansazRvra, ramdenad seriozulad aRqmadi unda iyos ama Tu im tipis eleqtronuli
fostis meSveobiT miRebuli Setyobineba.
69
magaliTad, rodesac SeTavazeba gakeTebulia iseT nivTze, romelic gamyidvels aras-
dros ar hqonia, ix. kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, 2001, Tb., 299.
90
Tad, eleqtronuli fostiT ganxorcielebul mimoweras, rogorc werilobiT Setyobi-

nebas sameTvalyureo sabWos sxdomis gamarTvis Taobaze, mieniWa mtkicebulebis Zala,
Tumca sasamarTlos mier ar aris ganxorcielebuli saTanado samarTlebrivi Sefaseba
nebis gamovlenis formasTan dakavSirebiT.70
eleqtronul fostasTan mimarTebiT araswori ganmartebebia mocemuli Semdeg
saqmeSi,71 romelSic eleqtronuli fostis, rogorc dokumentis, aRiareba Znelad xor-
cieldeba èleqtronuli xelmowerisa da eleqtronuli dokumentis~ saqarTvelos ka-
nonis me-4 da me-5 muxlebis miTiTebiT. kerZod, savaldebulo kriteriumad iqna miCne-
uli eleqtronuli fostis miRebis damatebiT xelmoweriT dadastureba, rac mniSvne-
lovanwilad Seaferxebs eleqtornuli fostiT komunikacias saqmian urTierTobebSi,
radgan arakeTilsindisier mxares yovelTvis SeeZleba uari ganacxados aRniSnulis
dadasturebaze.
sasamarTlos ar umsjelia amave kanonis me-3 muxlis me-5 punqtis mixedviT, rome-
lic adgens, rom sasamarTlom ar SeiZleba uari Tqvas eleqtronuli dokumentis mtki-
cebulebis saxiT daSvebaze mxolod imitom, rom isini warmodgenilia eleqtronuli
formiT.
aseve mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda sasamarTlosTvis is garemoeba, rom sazogadoebis
wesdeba ar iTvaliswinebda saerTo krebis mowvevis Taobaze partnioris eleqtronuli
fostis saSualebiT gafrTxilebas. Tumca, ganmartebuli ar aris, Tu ratom da ra miz-
nisaTvis aris es yovelive mniSvnelovani.
mocemuli saqme idealuri iqneboda sasamarTlos praqtikis ganviTarebisaTvis,
Tumca, faqtia, rom aRniSnuli saqme swored am praqtikasTan SesabamisobiT, magram ka-
nonis araswori ganmartebiT iqna gadawyvetili.
5. daskvna
winamdebare naSromSi, eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT xelSekrulebis dadebas-

Tan dakavSirebiT, sruli suraTis Sesaqmnelad, ganxorcielda saerTaSoriso aqtebisa
da Sexedulebebis analizi da maTi Sedareba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da sasamar-
Tlo praqtikasTan. warmoCinda aRniSnuli sakiTxis Zireuli problemebi da misi mniS-
vneloba.
aucilebelia, samarTalma sakuTari mizani, jerovnad da individis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT samarTlianad ganaxorcielos. amisaTvis ki saTanado sivrcis Seqmna
da misi ganviTarebaa saWiro. vinaidan saqarTvelo aqtiuradaa Cabmuli da ufro metad
70
Sefaseba ganxorcielda mxolod eleqtronuli mimoweris, rogorc mtkicebulebis,
mimarT, ix. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-712-675-2013, 7 oqtom-
beri, 2013, <http://prg.supremecourt.ge/DetailViewCivil.aspx>; aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis msgav-
sad, eleqtronuli werilis Sefaseba ar ganxorcielebula saqmeebze: №as-1179-1044-10,
23 dekemberi, 2010 <http://prg.supremecourt.ge/DetailViewCivil.aspx>; №as-882-1094-08, 13 ian-
vari, 2009, <http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/kr20101.pdf>.
71
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-683-644-2011, 27 ivnisi, 2011, <http://
prg.supremecourt.ge/DetailViewCivil.aspx>.
91
win miiwevs saerTaSoriso eleqtronuli vaWrobis ganviTarebaSi, aucilebel saWiroe-

bas warmoadgens eleqtronul fostasTan mimarTebiT saerTaSoriso midgomebis asaxva
ukve arsebul kanonmdeblobaSi – iqneba es Zveli kanonis cvlilebiT, Tu specialurad
am sakiTxis maregulirebeli axali sakanonmdeblo aqtis SeqmniT. saerTaSoriso aqte-
biT dadgenili standartis arasworad gageba, analizi, saziano aRmoCndeba qarTuli
samarTlebrivi sivrcisaTvis.
SesaZloa sakanonmdeblo sivrce sityvasityviT ar iTvaliswinebs eleqtronuli
fostis maregulirebel normebs, magram, misi miznebidan da Seqmnis istoriidan gamom-
dinare, SesaZloa kavSiris damyareba maT Soris. Tumca, bunebrivia, ukeTesi iqneba Se-
muSavdes specialuri normatiuli aqti, romelic am sakiTxs daaregulirebs saerTaSo-
riso standartebis Sesabamisad. manam, sanam kanonmdeblobiT zustad ar iqneba reguli-
rebuli eleqtronuli formiT xelSekrulebis dadeba, masTan dakavSirebuli calkeu-
li problema yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis mixedviT unda gadawydes.
bolos, aucilebelia xazi gaesvas eleqtronuli fostis moxmarebis upirateso-
bebs: Setyobinebis gagzavna SeiZleba nebismier dros, nebismieri adgilidan; gagzavna
martivi da mosaxerxebelia yvelanairi damatebiTi procedurebis ganxorcielebis ga-
reSe;72 nebismier dros SeiZleba miviRoT informacia, ramdenad gaigzavna da miiRebul
iqna saTanado Setyobineba da amdenad, mtkicebulebis mopovebis/SenarCunebis kuTxiT,
keTilsindisieri mxare mudmivad daculia.
Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom xelSekrulebebi ZiriTadad Sepirebebs efuZne-
ba da amdenad, saxelSekrulebo samarTlis roli samoqalaqo brunvis subieqtebs Soris
urTierTobis stabilurobis SenarCunebaa. teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT ki msgavsi dapi-
rebebis gakeTeba gamartivebulia da SesaZloa, martivad dauregulirebeli aRmoCndes.
xolo eleqtronuli fosta, rogorc werilis ekvivalenti, da misi arasaTanadod aRqma
SesaZloa garigebis baTilobas daukavSirdes, radgan martivi werilobiTi formis Sem-
TxvevaSic, Tuki ar kmayofildeba saTanado moTxovnebi, garigeba baTilad miiCneva.
saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT, yoveli saxelmwifo valdebulia dauyov-
nebliv Secvalos arsebuli kanonmdebloba, Tuki igi xels uSlis eleqtronuli do-
kumentaciis brunvas xelSekrulebis dadebasTan mimarTebiT. unsitralis modeluri
kanoni, venis konvencia, germaniis regulireba, saerTo samarTlis midgomas asaxavs –
Tuki xelSekruleba dadebulia eleqtronuli Setyobinebis gamoyenebiT, msgavsi xel-
Sekruleba ar unda iqnes miCneuli baTilad, an SeuZlebeli iyos misi Sesruleba mxo-
lod imitom, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis mizniT eleqtronuli Setyobineba iyo gamo-
yenebuli.
SesaZloa eleqtronuli formiT dokumentebisa da mxareTa mier gamovlenili ne-
bis komunikaciam materialuri dokumentisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli proble-
mebi ar warmoSvas,73 magram eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT nebis gamovlenis namdvi-
lobasTan dakavSirebiT mravali sakiTxi warmoiSveba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sad da
72
Internet Electronic Mail: A Last Bastion for the Mailbox Rule, Hofstra Law Review, Vol. 25:971, 1997, 991.
73
Smith S. E., The United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communication in International Con-
tracts (Cuecic): Why it Should be Adopted and how it will Affect International E-Contracting, SMU Science
and Technology Law Review, Vol. 11, 2008, 137 da Semdgomni.
92
rodis iTvleba msgavsi nebis gamovlena miRebuli, ra SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba, rom miRe-
buli Setyobineba mimRebis gavlenis sferoSia moqceuli, `teqnikis mier gamovlenili
neba~ asocirdeba Tu ara fizikuri piris mier gamovlenil nebasTan, ra wesi unda gamo-
iyenebodes fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis mimarT eleqtronuli fostis Semowmebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT, formis ra moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes gamovlenili neba, rom
namdvilad CaiTvalos da a.S.
sasamarTlos praqtikis analiziT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve droa nebis eleqtro-
nuli formiT gamovlenas detaluri samarTlebrivi Sefaseba mieces da Camoyalibdes
swori praqtika da ar SevqmnaT damabrkolebeli garemoebebi msgavsi formiT mxareTa
Soris komunikaciisaTvis.
93
Tamar lakerbaia*
xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis

ufleba evropis momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi
1. Sesavali
momxmareblis cneba SedarebiT axalia kerZo samarTlis mecnierebaSi. bolo as-

wleulis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri urTierTobebis zrdam, misi masStabebis gafar-
Toebam da samoqalaqo brunvis ganviTarebam, sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan erTad,
dRis wesrigSi daayena momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis aucileblobac. gasuli sau-
kunis meore naxevridan momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva erT-erT prioritetad iqca
mTel civilizebul samyaroSi. sakiTxisadmi interesi ganapiroba monopoliuri saqmi-
anobis winaaRmdeg brZolam, uTanasworo sabazro urTierTobis SedarebiT daucveli
mxaris – momxmareblis – mewarmeTa TviTnebobisagan dacvis saWiroebam.
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove pi-
robebSi, roca brunvaSi monawile pirTa ekonomikuri urTierTobebi gascda erovnul
sazRvrebs da saerTaSoriso xasiaTi SeiZina. aucilebeli gaxda momxmarebelTa ufle-
bebis damcavi saxelmwifoTaSoriso regulaciebis SemoReba. am TvalsazrisiT gansa-
kuTrebiT sagulisxmoa evropis kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoTa Zalisxmeva erTiani ev-
ropuli samarTlebrivi sivrcis SeqmnisaTvis. momxmarebelTaTvis myari garantiebis
miniWebisa da maTi uflebebis dacvis srulyofis mizniT, evrokavSiris mier miRebulia
araerTi direqtiva, romelTa safuZvelzec dainerga momxmareblTa uflebebis dacvis
evropuli standartebi.
momxmarebelTa dacvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan garantiad xelSekrulebis dade-
baze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxova iTvleba, iseve rogorc am uflebis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis srulyofili samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis Seqmna. amasTan, momxmareblis
es ufleba ara erTi diskusiis sagania rogorc sxvadasxva evropuli qveynis doqtri-
naSi, aseve sasamarTlo praqtikaSic.
sagulisxmoa, rom momxmareblisaTvis miniWebuli nebis ukan gamoTxovis sakiTxi
saTanadod ar aris gamokvleuli qarTul kerZo samarTalSi. ufro metic, is mwire reg-
ulacia, romelsac iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi quCaSi dadebuli
xelSekrulebebis mimarT, ar Seesabameba am uflebis momwesrigebel evropul stand-
artebs, rac warmoSobs am sakiTxis ufro siRrmiseuli kvlevis aucileblobas.
winamdebare kvlevis mizania momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi evro-
kavSiris direqtivebiT damkvidrebuli nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis samarTlebrivi
bunebisa da misi realizebis winapirobaTa ganxilva. amasTan, statia ar efuZneba Sedar-

Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
94
Tamar lakerbaia, xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba
evropis momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi
ebiTsamarTlebriv kvlevas. masSi warmoCenilia xelSekrulebis uaryofis evropuli

standarti, romelic gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes am uflebis qarTul samomxmareblo
samarTalSi mowesrigebisas.
2. momxmareblis ufleba, rogorc samarTliT daculi sikeTe
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi momxmarebelis ufleba adamianis Rirseuli arsebo-

bis ganuyofel nawiladaa aRiarebuli. konsumerizmi1 – SedarebiT axali mimdinareobaa
samarTlis mecnierebaSi. misi mizania saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SemZenis interesebis
dacva. momxmareblis uflebebi krebiTi cnebaa da aerTianebs ekonomikur urTierTo-
bebSi monawile individis uflebas, miiRos xarisxiani da usafrTxo saqonli Tu momsax-
ureba, masTan dakavSirebuli sruli informacia, mewarmeTa mxridan am valdebulebaTa
ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba.2
momxmarebelTa uflebebisadmi interesi Tavdapirvelad amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gaCnda. Zlieri monopolisturi da oligopolis-
turi bazris regulirebis mizniT, 1914 wels specialuri saagento – federaluri
savaWro komisia Seiqmna. organizaciis erT-erTi mimarTuleba bazarze absoluturi
Zalauflebis mqone mewarmeebisagan momxmarebelTa dacva iyo. am TvalsazrisiT Semd-
gomi RonisZiebebi ukve 1930-ian wlebSi gatarda, magram maT mniSvnelovani Sedegebo ar
mohyoliaT.3
Zlieri monopilisturi bazari evropis kontinentzec seriozul problemas war-
moadgenda. misi daZlevis erT-erT gzad ki, saerTo evropuli bazrisa da misi kontro-
lis qmediTi meqanizmebis SemoRebas miiCnevdnen. yovelive es safuZvlad daedo 1957
wels evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis daarsebas. Tumca, erTiani bazris Seqmna Seu-
Zlebeli iqneboda momxmareblis uflebebis dacvis gareSe, romlebic am bazris ganuy-
ofel nawilad moiazrebodnen.4 momxmareblis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi, Tanamedrove
gagebiT aqtualuri 1960-ian wlebidan gaxda im periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli adamia-
nis uflebaTa aRiarebisa da dacvis saerTo tendenciis fonze.5
`momxmarebeli yovel Cvengans gulisxmobs~ – am sityvebiT daiwyo Tavisi

moxseneba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma kenedim, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis kongresSi 1962 wels. moxseneba Seicavda miTiTebas momxmarebelTa oTx
fundamentur uflebaze: informaciis miRebis, usafrTxoebis, arCevanisa da war-
1
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva.
2
Hondius E., The Notion of consumer: European Union versus Member States, Sidney Law Review, Vol.
28:29, 2006, 90, <http://sydney.edu.au/law/slr/slr28_1/Hondius.pdf >, [04.04.2014].
3
Antoniolli L., Consumer Law as an Inatance of the Law of Diversity, Vermont Law Review, Vol. 30:855, 2006,
857, <http://lawreview.vermontlaw.edu/files/2012/02/antoniolli.pdf>, [3.05.2014].
4
Chirita A. D., The Impact of Directive 2011/83/EU on Consumer Rights, Ius Commune Law Series, Keirse,
Samoy I., Loos M. (eds.), Intersentia, 2012, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1998993>,
[12.13.2013].
5
95
momadgenlobis uflebaze.6 swored am momentidan momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva

prioritetad iqca mTel msoflioSi da maT Soris evropis kontinentze.
2.1. momxmareblis uflebebis aRiareba evropaSi
1970-ian wlebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis idea dasavleT evropaSic gavr-

celda. Seiqmna momxmarebelTa nacionaluri asociaciebi, SemuSavda araerTi samarT-
lebrivi instrumenti momxmarebelTa interesebis dasacavad. 1973 wels evropis gaer-
Tianebam daamtkica qartia momxmarebelTa Sesaxeb, xolo 1975 wels Tavis rezoluciaSi
momxmarebelTa uflebebisa da interesebis Taobaze pirvelad aRiara momxmarebelTa
uflebebis relevanturoba saerTo bazris miznebisaTvis. Tumca, am periodisaTvis
evropis gaerTianebas ar gaaCnda specialuri kompetencia momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis sferoSi.7
miuxedavad amisa, 1975 wels evropis gaerTianebam daamtkica momxmarebelTa da-
cvis winaswari programa. prezident kenedis mowodebis kvaldakval, sabWom daasaxela
momxmarebelTa xuTi ZiriTadi ufleba:
- janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis ufleba;
- ekonomikuri interesebis dacvis ufleba;
- zianis anazRaurebis ufleba;
- informaciis miRebisa da ganaTlebis ufleba;
- warmomadgenlobis ufleba (mosmenis ufleba).8
mniSvnelovani Zvrebi am TvalsazrisiT ganxorcielda 1980-ian wlebSi erTiani
evropuli aqtis miRebiT. aqtma Secvala yvela mniSvnelovani debuleba Sida bazarTan
dakavSirebiT, romelic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad iTvaliswinebda momxmarebelTa dacvis
maRali standartiT uzrunvelyofis valdebulebas. aman gavlena iqonia samomxmare-
blo samarTalze, Tumca mxolod iribi.9 1991 wlamde momxmarebelTa uflebebis dam-
cavi regulaciebi upiratesad evropis gaerTianebis xelSekrulebebSi iyo mocemuli
yovelgvari realuri Sedegisa Tu mniSvnelobis gareSe.10
me-20 saukunis bolosaTvis momxmareblis cnebam samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba
SeiZina, xolo momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva evropis gaerTianebis erT-erT um-
Tavres amocanad iqca. gasuli saukunis miwuruls am axalma fenomenma sabolood daim-
kvidra adgili rogorc evropis qveynebis samarTalSi, aseve saxelmwifoTaSoriso
aqtebSic.
6
Hondius E., The Notion of consumer: European Union versus Member States, Sidney Law Review, Vol.
28:29, 2006, 90, <http://sydney.edu.au/law/slr/slr28_1/Hondius.pdf>, [04.04.2014].
7
8
evropis sabWos 1975 wlis 14 aprilis rezolucia momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis wi-
naswari programis Sesaxeb, evropis kavSiris oficialuri Jurnali, 1975, 92/1, <http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:1975:092:0002:0016:EN:PDF>, [24.03.2014].
9
863,<http://lawreview.vermontlaw.edu/files/2012/02/antoniolli.pdf>, [3.05.2014].
10
Hondius E., The Notion of Consumer: European Union Versus Member States, Sidney Law Review, Vol.
96
ZiriTadi cvlilebebi am sferoSi daiwyo 1990-ian wlebSi, roca TandaTan baz-

ris regulirebidan aqcenti gadatanil iqna evropis gaerTianebis farglebSi ufro
mWidro ekonomikur da socialur TanamSromlobaze. mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidga
1992 wels, roca xeli moewera maasrixtis xelSekrulebas evropis kavSiris daarsebis
Sesaxeb. Sedegad, evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba gardaiqmna evropis saxelmwifoTa
gaerTianebad. xelSekrulebiT aseve ganisazRvra evropis sabWos kompetencia momx-
marebelTa uflebebTan mimarTebaSi da aRiarebul iqna momxmarebelTa uflebebis
maRal doneze dacvis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba.11
mogvianebiT, 1997 wels, xeli moewera amsterdamis xelSekrulebas, romliTac
cvlilebebi iqna Setanili evropis kavSiris daarsebis Sesaxeb maasrixtis xelSekrule-
baSi. amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT kidev ufro gafarTovda gaerTianebis kompetencia
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. ufro metic, ganisazRvra momxmarebelTa
uflebebis savaldebulo gaTvaliswineba evropis kavSiris yvela aqtSi da maTi hori-
zontaluri integraciis uzrunvelyofa.12
momxmarebelTa dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli kavSiris valdebulebebi agreTve aisaxa
ZiriTadi uflebebis Sesaxeb evropuli kavSiris qartiaSic, romlis farglebSic ev-
ropuli kavSiris politika momxmarebelTa dacvis maRal dones ganamtkicebs. garda
amisa, evropuli komisia sistematurad aqveynebs samomxmareblo politikis strate-
gias, romelic kavSiris samomxmareblo politikasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenimewlian
gegmas moicavs. 2007 wlis 13 marts, komisiam warmoadgina samomxmareblo politikis
axali strategia, romelic Seicavda samomxmareblo politikis ZiriTad koncefcias
2007-2013 wlebisaTvis. axali strategiis mizani momxmarebelTa informirebulobisa
da kompetenciis gaZliereba, evropul bazarze maTi usafrTxo da aqtiuri moZraobis
uzrunvelyofa iyo.13
amdenad, evropaSi samomxmareblo samarTlis ganviTarebas, misi mniSvnelobis
transnacionalur doneze zrdas xeli Seuwyo evropis kavSiris Seqmnam. am organiza-
ciis upirvelesi mizani Sida bazris kontroli, wveri saxelmwifoebis integracia da am
mizniT stabilurobisa da keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaa. saerTo samoqmedo bazris
daarseba SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tavisufali brun-
vis uzrunvelyofiT, momxmareblisaTvis am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenisaTvis pi-
robebis SeqmniT rogorc erovnul sazRvrebSi, ise maT gareT.14
unda aRiniSnos, rom samarTali sakmaod mouqneli aRmoCnda momxmareblis av-
tonomiur kategoriad aRiarebaSi. magram ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis
11
erqvania T., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebi eleqtronuli
vaWrobis sferoSi da qarTuli kanonmdebloba, ,,marTlmsajuleba da kanoni“, #3, 11, 46;
12
iqve, 866.
13
erqvania T., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebi eleqtronuli
vaWrobis sferoSi da qarTuli kanonmdebloba, ,,marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, 2011 #3, 11,
46.
14
97
wnexi imdenad didi iyo, rom sabolood aman gamoiwvia mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi. dRes,
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTali, rogorc kategoria, aRiarebulia da misi
mniSvneloba dRiTi dRe izrdeba. samarTlis am dargis mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebaa
interdisciplinuri midgoma. is ara mxolod samarTlebriv, socialur, ekonomikur
da politikur aspeqtebs aerTianebs, aramed Tavs uyris danawesebs, romlebic damaxa-
siaTebelia sxvadasxva samarTlis dargisaTvis, rogoricaa konstituciuri, adminis-
traciuli, kerZo da sisxlis samarTali.15
3. momxmareblis cneba evropuli samarTlis mixedviT
termini `momxmarebeli~ udavod me-20 saukunis pirmSoa. unda iTqvas, rom igi
Tavdapirvelad ekonomikur-sociologiur kategoriad miiCneoda.16 mxolod meore
msoflio omis Semdgom SeiZina man samarTlebrivi datvirTva. momxmareblis iuridiul
fenomenad aRiarebas win uswrebda im periodis RirebulebaTa gadafaseba – warmoebaze
orientirebuli sazogadoebidan momxmarebelze orientirebul sazogadoebad Camoya-
libeba.17
momxmareblis definicias gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba kerZo samarTal-
Si, vinaidan igi gansazRvravs samomxmareblo samarTlis moqmedebis farglebs. Tumca,
erTiani midgoma am sakiTxis mimarT ar arsebobs arc evropis da arc wevri saxelmwi-
foebis samarTalSi.18
sagulisxmoa, rom evropis gaerTianebis yoveli aqti `momxmarebels~ sakuTari
miznebisTvis ganmartavda. aucilebeli gaxda `momxmareblis~ erTiani da Tanmimdevru-
li cnebis Camoyalibeba, romelic daawesebda minimalur standarts da SezRudavda
Semdgomi ganmartebis farglebs.19
3.1. maS, vin aris momxmarebeli?
evropis sabWos pirveli direqtiva momxmarebelTa Sesaxeb momxmarebels ganmar-

tavs, rogorc fizikurs pirs, romelic am direqtivis farglebSi dadebul xelSek-
rulebebSi moqmedebs Tavisi savaWro an profesiuli saqmianobis miRma.20 SemdgomSi
15
16
Daunel-Lieb B., (Cologne), A Special Private Law for B2C? Silver Bullet or Blind Alley? New Features in
Conctract Law, Schulze R. sd. pub. München, Sellier, European Law Publishers, 2007, 107-117.
17
The Concept of the European Consumer under the Spotlight – Development, Criticism and Opportunities,
<http://www.jus.uio.no/forskning/nettverk/europarettsnettverket/arrangementer/europarettsforum/presentas-
joner-forum/schuller-060510.pdf>, [12.04.2014].
18
Schulte-Nolke H., Twigg-Fllesner CH., Ebers M., EC Soncumer Law Compedium, The Consumer Aquis and
its Transposition in the Member States, Sellier, Münich, 2008, 454.
19
Sead., Rafal M., The Notion of “Consumer” in EU Law, Library Briefing, Library of the European Parliament,
<http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130477/LDM_BRI(2013)130477_
REV1_EN.pdf>, [27.03.2014].
20
evropis sabWos 1985 wlis 20 dekembris direqtiva 85/577 momxmarebelTa uflebebis dac-
vis Sesaxeb araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis dros.
98
miRebuli direqtivebiT,21 momxmareblis cneba daixvewa da mas kidev erTi piroba dae-
mata. sabolood Camoyalibda Semdegi definicia: momxmarebeli aris fizikuri piri,
romelic moqmedebs Tavisi savaWro, samewarmeo anda profesiuli saqmianobis miRma.22
evropis sabWos direqtivebSi momxmareblis gansxvavebuli ganmartebebis miuxe-
davad, yvela maTgani Seicavs miTiTebas imaze, rom
- momxmarebli, upirveles yovlisa, fizikuri piria da, meore
- moqmedebis interesi – savaWro, samewarmeo da profesiuli saqmianobis miRma.23
mocemul ganmartebaSi ori ZiriTadi sakiTxi ikveTeba. pirveli, subieqtur kri-
teriums gulisxmobs da gansazRvravs, rom momxmreblad miiCneeva mxolod individi,
xolo meore niSani funqciur kriteriums efuZneba da am moqmedebis mizanSi gamoixate-
ba.24 erTi SexedviT amomwuravi ganmartebis miuxedavad, xSir SemTxvevaSi wevri saxelm-
wifoebis kanonmdebloba momxmarebelSi gulisxmobs gacilebiT mets, vidre es evropis
kavSiris samarTliT iqna dadgenili.25
3.2. momxmarebeli evropis wevri saxelmwifoebis

kanonmdeblobis gagebiT
wevr saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam moaxdina direqtivebiT damkvidrebuli momx-

mareblis cnebis harmonizacia erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. Tumca, xSirad `momxmare-
beli~ ganimarteba gacilebiT farToT, vidre es Tavdapirvelad iqna SemoTavazebuli.
zogierTi saxelmwifo iyenebs erT yovlismomcvel definicias, romelic saerToa yve-
la samomxmareblo xelSekrulebisaTvis (magaliTad, avstria, germania, poloneTi). zo-
gierTi, konteqstidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxvagvar ganmartebas mimarTavs. ramdenime
saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobaSi ki momxmareblis cnebis Sinaarsi damokidebulia uSua-
lod aqtis Sinaarsze.26
frangul doqtrinas kidev ufro gansxvavebuli pozicia eWira am sakiTxTan mimar-
TebaSi. kerZod, momxmareblis cnebis sakanonmdeblo definicia saerTod ar arsebobda.
es Tema mTlianad mindobili iyo sasamarTlosaTvis, romelic yoveli konkretuli saq-
midan gamomdinare gansazRvravda piris momxmareblad miCnevis sakiTxs.27
21
evropis sabWos 93/13, 97/7, 99/44, 2000/31 da 2002/65 direqtivebi.
22
Schulte-Nolke H., Twigg-Fllesner CH., Ebers M., EC Sonsumer Law Compedium, The Consumer Aquis and
its transposition in the Member States, Sellier, European Law Publishers, Münich, 2008, 454.
23
Howells G., Consumer Concepts for a European Code?, New Features in Conctract Law, R. Schulze sd. pub.
München, Sellier, European Law Publishers, 2007, 119-135.
24
ramiSvili a., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis kerZosamarTlebrivi meqanizmebi samo-
mxmareblo kreditis xelSekrulebaSi, ,,samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2011, 117.
25
Sead., Rafal M., The Notion of “Consumer” in EU law, Library Briefing, Library of the European Parliament,
REV1_EN.pdf>, [27.03.2014].
26
iqve.
27
Schulte-Nolke H., Twigg-Fllesner CH., Ebers M., EC Consumer Law Compedium, The Consumer Aquis and
its Transposition in the Member States, Sellier, European Law Publishers, Münich, 2008, 457.
99
3.3. iuridiuli piri rogorc momxmarebeli
evropis kavSiris samarTlis mixedviT, momxmareblis cneba ar moicavs iuridiul

pirebs maSinac ki, roca isini moqmedeben arasamewarmeo mizniT (magaliTad, arakomer-
ciuli iuridiuli piri).28 garda amisa, evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlom patrik
di pintos saqmeSi mouTiTa, rom dauSvebelia momxmareblis cnebis farTo ganmarteba
da igi unda Semoifarglos mxolod fizikuri pirebiT.29 wevr saxelmwifoTa umravle-
soba miyveba am danawess da momxarebelSi mxolod fizikur pirebs moiazrebs (germania,
estoneTi, litva, latvia, italia, da sxva).30
am gadawyvetilebis sapirispirod, ramdenime wevri saxelmwifo momxmarebel-
Si iuridiul pirsac gulisxmobs, Tu igi saqonels anda momsaxurebas arasamewarmeo
mizniT iZens (magaliTad, avstria, CexeTis respublika), an Tu moqmedebs saboloo mim-
RebisaTvis (saberZneTi, espaneTi). safrangeTSi gamoiyeneba e.w. àraprofesiuli~ momx-
mareblis cneba misi didi da Zlieri kompaniebisagan dasacavad.31 faqtobrivad, safran-
geTis sasamarTlo praqtika momxmareblad miiCnevs fizikur da iuridiul pirebs, rom-
lebic moqmedeben ara Tavisi profesiuli, samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis.32
3.4. patara da mcire zomis sawarmo, rogorc momxmarebeli
evropis kavSiris samarTlis mixedviT, arc patara da mcire zomis sawarmo ganixi-
leba momxmarebelad, individualuri mewarmeobis da saojaxo biznesis SemTxvevaSic ki.
28
Hondius E., The Notion of Consumer: European Union versus Member States, Sidney Law Review, Vol.
29
Case C-361/89, Patrice Di Pinto, [1991] ECR, <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CE
LEX:61989CJ0361:EN:PDF>, [22.05.2014].
30
31
Sead., Rafal M., The Notion of “Consumer” in EU Law, Library Briefing, Library of the European Parliament.
REV1_EN.pdf>, [27.03.2014].
32
Schulte-Nolke H., Twigg-Fllesner CH., Ebers M, EC Consumer Law Compedium, The Consumer Aquis and
its Transposition in the Member States, Sellier, European Law Publishers, Münich, 2008, 458. preceden-
tul gadawyvetilebad, am TvalsazrisiT, miiCneva safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlos
1987 wlis 28 aprilis gadawyvetileba. saqmis masalebis mixedviT, uZravi qonebis saagen-
tom Tavisi ofisisaTvis SeiZina signalizaciis sistema, romelic kargad ar muSaobda.
saqmianobis zogadi wesebis Tanaxmad, myidvels ar SeeZlo arc xelSekrulebis moSlis
da arc zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna. sakasacio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, safran-
geTis samomxmareblo kodeqsis normebis gamoyeneba mainc SesaZlebeli iyo. vinaidan,
xelSekrulebis sagans ar hqonda pirdapiri kavSiri samewarmeo saqmianobasTan, xolo
saagentos ar gaaCnda teqnikuri gamocdileba signalizaciis sistemebTan dakavSire-
biT. am garemoebebze miTiTebiT, sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi myidveli
unda ganixilebodes, rogorc momxmarebeli. mogvianebiT miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi
sasamarTlom aseve ganmarta, rom samomxmareblo kodeqsis gavrcelebis ZiriTadi kri-
teriumia ara profesiis farglebSi moqmedi piris teqnikuri kompetencia, aramed ganx-
orcielebuli qmedebis kavSiri samewarmeo saqmianobasTan (safrangeTis sakasacio sa-
samarTlos 1995 wlis 24 ianvris gadawyvetileba).
100
miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi wevri saxelmwifos samarTali maTzec avrcelebs momxma-

rebelTa uflebebis maregulirebel wesebs. magaliTad, holandiaSi patara sawarmoe-
bi (49-mde dasaqmebuliT) SesaZloa daeyrdnon garkveul wesebs xelSekrulebaSi usa-
marTlo pirobebTan dakavSirebiT momxmarebelTan saerTo safuZvlebiT. safrangeTSi
sasamarTlo individualur mewarmes iseve icavs, rogorc momxmarebels, roca xelSe-
kruleba pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba mis samewarmeo saqmianobas. gaerTianebul samefo-
Si kompaniebi SesaZloa daeyrdnon momxmarebelTa dacvis normebs nasyidobis xelSe-
krulebaSi usamarTlo pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi an im saqmianobaSi, romelic ar
aris maTTvis Cveulebrivi.33
momxmareblis mxolod fizikuri piris cnebiT SezRudvis gamo, patara da mcire
zomis organizaciebi, faqtobrivad, dacvis gareSe rCebian msxvil kompaniebTan mimar-
TebaSi. Tumca, dRemde sadavoa, ramdenad SesaZlebelia gaerTianebebi, romlebsac ar
gaaCniaT saTanado gamocdileba da sabazro Zalaufleba ganixilebodnen momxmareble-
bad. albaT, swored amitom, zogierTi wevri saxelmwifo aseT organizaciebsac miiCne-
vs momxmareblebad da maTze Sesabamisi dacvis reJims avrcelebs (avstria, belgia, sa-
frangeTi, da sxva).34
3.5. dasaqmebuli, rogorc momxmarebeli
germanuli samarTlis Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi dasaqmebuls, romelic Tavisi

profesiis farglebSi moqmedebs (magram ara TviTdasaqmebuls), momxmareblad ganixi-
lavs. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom yvela samomxmareblo samarTlis norma avtomat-
urad vrceldeba dasaqmebulze. miTiTebuli sakiTxi sasamarTlo praqtikiT ganimarta.
kerZod, SromiT xelSekrulebebSi standartuli pirobebis mimarT vrceldeba evropis
sabWos 93/13/ direqtiva samomxmareblo xelSekrulebaSi usamarTlo pirobebis Sesaxeb.
Tumca, SromiTi xelSekrulebis araoficialur pirobebSi, magaliTad, sacxovrebeli
saxlis karTan an quCaSi dadebis SemTxvevaSi, masze ar gavrceldeba nebis ukan gamoTxo-
vis momwesrigebeli normebi. germaniis federaluri SromiTi davebis ganmxilveli sa-
samarTlos ganmartebiT, aseTi xelSekruleba ar jdeba sacxovrebel karTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebis SinaarsSi, vinaidan ar aris komerciuli mizniT dadebuli.35
3.6. momxmarebeli dakavSirebul xelSekrulebebSi
dRemde sadavoa momxmareblis ganmarteba iseT xelSekrulebebSi, romelSic

piri erTdroulad moqmedebs piradi da profesiuli mizniT. es ZiriTadad exeba indi-
vidualur mewarmeebs, romlebic iZenen sxvadasxva moxmarebis nivTebs. arsebobs oTxi
ZiriTadi midgoma amgvari xelSekrulebebis mimarT:
33
Rafal M., The Notion of “Consumer” in EU Law, Library Briefing, Library of the European Parliament,
REV1_EN.pdf>, [27.03.2014].
34
35
iqve, 462.
101
- iTvleba samomxmarbelo xelSekrulebebad;

- mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvlebian samomxmareblo xelSekrulebad, Tu piradi
interesi gamokveTilia;
- mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiCnevian samomxmarbelo xelSekrulebebad, Tu profe-
siuli interesi sadavoa;
- yovelTvis miiCnevian samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebad.36
amdenad, erTiani midgoma amgvari Sereuli xelSekrulebebis mimarT, faqto-
brivad, ar arsebobs. gamonakliss Seicavs direqtiva produqtis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb,
romelic exeba naklis mqone produqtebs da upiratesad gamoiyeneba piradi miznebi-
saTvis. asevea momxmarebelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb direqtiva, romelic ganmartavas, rom
Tu vaWrobis mizani imdenad mcirea, rom ver iqneba miCneuli dominirebulad mocemul
konteqstSi, Sereuli miznis mqone xelSekrulebebi unda iqnes miCneuli samomxmareb-
lo xelSekrulebad.37
sawyis etapze evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom piris pro-
fesiul saqmianobasTan minimaluri kavSiric ki gamoricxavs dadebul garigebaze
araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb direqtivis moqmedebas.38
mogvianebiT imave sasamarTlom saqmeSi johan gruberi bei va agis winaaRmdeg miuTiTa,
rom Tu xelSekrulebis samewarmeo mizani umniSvneloa miwodebis saerTo konteqst-
Tan mimarTebaSi, pirs SeuZlia isargeblos momxmarebelTa uflebebis maregulirebe-
li normebiT. sasamarTlos amave gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, piri ver daeyrdnoba imas,
rom igi momxmarebelia, Tu daudevrad (uyuradRebod) Seqmnis STabeWdilebas, rom mo-
qmedebda Tavisi samewarmeo interesebis farglebSi (magaliTad, kompaniis titulovani
furclis, safosto baraTze kompaniis beWduri saTauris an misamarTis gamoyeneba).39
am gadawyvetilebiT sasamarTlom kidev ufro SezRuda momxmareblis cneba. gar-
da amisa, sasamarTlom ganmarta samomxmareblo xelSekrulebis arsic da miuTiTa, rom
samomxmareblo xelSekruleba fizikuri piris mier dadebuli garigebaa, romelic moq-
medebs, erTi mxriv, Tavisi saqmianobis farglebs miRma da, meore mxriv, nawilobriv Ta-
visi savaWro an samewarmeo interesis farglebSi. sagulisxmoa, rom es ganmarteba ewi-
naaRmdegeba evropis sabWos sxvadasxva direqtivaSi mocemul momxmareblis cnebas.40
wevri saxelmwifoebis umravlesobas ar gaaCnia konkretuli wesebi dakavSire-
bul xelSekrulebebTan mimarTebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi qveyana maT samomx-
mareblo xelSekrulebad miiCnevs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirovnuli interesi dominirebs
36
REV1_EN.pdf>, [27.03.2014].
37
iqve.
38
Case C-45/96, Bayerische Hypotheken _ und Wechselbank AG, [1998] ECR, <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Lex-
UriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61996CJ0045:EN:PDF>, [12.11.2013].
39
Case C-464/01, Johann Gruber v Bay Wa AG, [2005] ECR,<http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.
do?uri=CELEX:62001CJ0464:EN:PDF>, [12.11.2013].
40
102
(germania, skandinaviuri qveynebi), an Tu kavSiri samewarmeo saqmianobasTan mxolod

iribia (poloneTi). avstriis da belgiis kanonmdebloba srulad gamoricxavs Sereuli
xelSekrulebis samomxmareblo kontraqtad kvalifikacias.41
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garigebis samomxmareblo xelSekrulebad
miCnevisaTvis, gadamwyvetia, rom misi erT-erTi mxare momxmarebeli iyos. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba momxmareblTa uflebebis damcavi normebis da maT So-
ris, nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis realizeba. samomxmareblo xelSekrulebis mniS-
vnelovani elementi is aris, rom xelSekrulebis meore mxare aucileblad unda iyos
sakuTari savaWro, profesiuli anda samewarmeo miznebisaTvis moqmedi piri – mewarme.
sxva saxis urTierTobebze momxmarebelTa uflebebis damcavi, savaldebulo xasiaTis
mqone danawesebi ar vrceldeba.42
4. xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba

saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi
cxadia, rom 21-e saukunis gamowvevebma momxmarebeli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis

mniSvnelovan moTamaSed aqcia. civilizebulma samyarom erTxmad aRiara momxmareblis
monawileobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebis gansakuTrebuli dacvis saWiroeba, rac
upiratesad saxelSekrulebo molaparakebebis procesSi momxmareblis `sust~ mxared
aRiarebam ganapiroba.
momxmarebelTa interesebis dacvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan instrumentad xelSek-
rulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba iTvleba. momxmareblis
es ufleba SedarebiT axalia kerZo samarTalSi da Tavisi SinaarsiT radikalurad gansx-
vavdeba nebis ukan gamoTxovis manamde arsebuli danawesisagan. evropeli kanonmdeblis
gagebiT, xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba, erTi mxriv, uzrunvelyofs momxmareblis
saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis dacvas, xolo meore mxriv, ganixileba xelSekrulebi-
sagan gaTavisuflebis martiv saSualebad. igi arc xelSekrulebidan gasvlis da, arc
saxelSekrulebo boWvisagan gaTavisulebis tradiciuli institutebis identuri ar
aris. amasTan, misi realizeba SesaZlebelia ara yvela saxis, aramed mxolod konkretu-
li xelSekrulebebis mimarT.
vidre momxmareblis am eqskluziuri uflebis samarTlebriv bunebas Sevexebo-
deT, mniSvnelovania ramdenime Zireuli sakiTxis garkveva. upirveles yovlisa sain-
teresoa, ras niSnavs `xelSekrulebis susti mxare~, an ris safuZvelze xdeba momxmareb-
lis aseTad miCneva? ra ganapirobebs momxmareblisaTvis, rogorc xelSekrulebis sus-
ti mxarisaTvis, xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis
miniWebas.
41
REV1_EN.pdf>, [27.03.2014].
42
103
4.1. momxmarebeli, rogorc xelSekrulebis `susti~ mxare
xelSekrulebis dadebis inovaciurma saSualebebma, distanciuri da eleqtro-

nuli komerciis ganviTarebam, eleqtronuli mediisa da internetis arnaxulma pro-
gresma aucilebeli gaxada ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi institutebis adaptireba
axal teqnologiebTan da vaWrobis wesebTan.43 teqnologiurma progresma gavlena
moaxdina saxelSekrulebo samarTalzec. xelSekrulebis dadebis axalma saSualebebma
dRis wesrigSi daayena momxmareblTa mZafri dacvis aucilebloba. marTalia, Taname-
drove gagebiT, `momxmarebeli~ sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul da informirebul subieq-
tad ganixileba, magram arcTu ise iSviaTad uSualod xelSekrulebis dadebis procesi
mas araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs gamocdil an/da profesional mewarmesTan Sedar-
ebiT. aseT viTarebaSi nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba mimarTulia, erTi mxriv, bazris
stabilurobisa da, meore mxriv, misi araefeqturobis Sedegebis aRmofxvrisaken. up-
irveles yovlisa, bazris sistemur xarvezad miiCneven momxmareblis qcevas, romelic
yovelTvis ar eqvemdebareba racionalur axsnas. misi arCevani xSirad damokidebulia
im viTarebaze, romelSic mas uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba, rac momxmareblisaTvis
garkveulwilad stresTan aris dakavSirebuli.44
informaciisa da gamocdilebis nakleboba, mewarmis sabazro Zalaufleba Tu
vaWrobis agresiuli teqnika gavlenas axdens momxmareblis nebis formirebaze da sab-
olood ganapirobebs gaucnobierebel Tanxmobas xelSekrulebis pirobebze.45 momx-
mareblis e.w. `Caketil~ arCevanTan gvaqvs saqme, magaliTad, im SemTxvevebSi, roca igi
aSkarad cdeba miRebuli gadawyvetilebis sisworeSi da araswori warmodgena aqvs al-
ternatiuli mewarmis Tu momwodeblis arsebobis Sesaxeb, rasac ganapirobebs mewarmis
damarwmunebeli da Tavsmoxveuli informacia SeTavazebuli saqonlis anda momsax-
urebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb.46
momxmareblis xelSekrulebis `sust~ mxared aRiareba efuZneba mis mier xelSek-
rulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis Taviseburebas. igulisxmeba, rom sxvadasxva ga-
reSe faqtoris zegavleniT, momxmarebeli SezRudulia xelSekrulebis kontrahentis
arCevanSi, iseve rogorc xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvaraSi, rac, mkvlevarTa az-
43
Katz A.W., Is Electronic Contracting Different? Contract Law in the Information Age, Ökonomische Anal-
yse des Sozialschutzprinzips im Zivilrecht (Economic Analysis of the Social Protection Principle in Civil
Law), ed. Hans-Bernd Schäfer and Claus Ott.Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004, 2-4, <http://www.columbia.
edu/~ak472/papers/Electronic%20Contracting.pdf>, [12.03.2014].
44
Haupt S., An Economic analysis of Consumer Protection In Contract Law, German Law Journal, Vol. 04,
No.11, 1148, 2003, <http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol04No11/PDF_Vol_04_No_11_1137-1164_
Private_Haupt.pdf>, [ 12.04.2014].
45
Gheorghe A.N., Spasici C., Consumer’s Right to Withdraw, The International Conference CKS 2013, Chal-
lenges of the Knowledge Society; Bucharest, 17th -18th May 2013, 7th ed.; Pro Univertitaria Bucutsit, 2013,
270, <http://cks.univnt.ro/download/100_e_book_final_.pdf >, [25.04.2014].
46
Haupt S., An Economic analysis of Consumer Protection in Contract Law, German Law Journal, Vol. 04,
No.11, 1148, <http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol04No11/PDF_Vol_04_No_11_1137-1164_Pri-
vate_Haupt.pdf>, [12.04.2014].
104
riT, upirveles yovlisa, zRudavs momxmareblis saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebas da mas

gansakuTrebuli dacvis obieqtad aqcevs.47
4.2. momxmareblis saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba
evropis saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi momxmareblis statusis gaZliereba da

miT umetes misTvis konkretul garemoebebSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebidan nebis
ukan gamoTxovis uflebis miniWeba, evrokavSiris mier sxvadasxva dros miRebuli da
SemdgomSi wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobaSi implimentirebuli direqtivebis
Sedegia. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi, romelic Tavisufali mewarmeobis
`gardauval analogad~ miiCneoda momxmareblis monawileobiT dadebul xelSekrule-
bebSi, garkveuli SezRudvebis qveS moeqca.48
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis masStabebma iseTive gavlena moaxdina saxelSek-
rulebo samarTalze, rogorc me-18-19 saukuneebSi teqnologiurma da organizaci-
ulma inovaciebma.49 xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi, romelic isedac mudmivi
gadafasebis fonze viTardeboda, dadga axali gamowvevebis winaSe.50 klasikuri gagebiT,
igi iTvaliswinebs momxmareblisa da mewarmis Tanabar uflebas, sakuTari pasuxismge-
blobiTa da nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis gziT, dadon nebismieri kanoniT aukrZalavi
Sinaarsis xelSekruleba.51 meore mxriv, igi logikuradaa dakavSirebuli nebis Tavisu-
flebis ideasTan da TviTpasuxismgeblobasTan. 52 igulisxmeba, rom brunvis monawile
yoveli piri moqmedebs gonivrulad, damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da mza-
daa pasuxi agos Sedegebze.53
saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi momxmareblis gansakuTrebuli dacvis qveS myof
subieqtad aRiarebas mohyva misi, rogorc bazris daucveli piris, interesebis saval-
debulo gaTvaliswineba momxmareblis monawileobiT dadebul yvela garigebaSi da
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis mimarT ormagi standartis damkvidreba.
xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba, erTi mxriv, ganixileba sabazro urTierTobebis mamoZ-
ravebel da xelSemwyob faqtorad, rac nebismieri kanoniT aukrZalavi xelSekrulebis
dadebis SesaZleblobaSi vlindeba da, garkveulwilad, mxareTa uTanasworobasac ga-
namtkicebs.54
47
Kessler F., Contract of Adhesion – Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract, Yale Law School Legal Schol-
arship Repository, 1-1-1943, HeinOnline , 43 Colum. L. Rev., 1943, 630, <http://digitalcommons.law.yale.
edu/fss_papers/2731 630>, [28.02.2014].
48
iqve.
49
Katz A.W., Is Electronic Contracting Different? Contract Law in the Information Age, Ökonomische Anal-
yse des Sozialschutzprinzips im Zivilrecht (Economic Analysis of the Social Protection Principle in Civil
Law), ed. Hans-Bernd Schäfer and Claus Ott.Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004, 2-8, <http://www.columbia.
edu/~ak472/papers/Electronic%20Contracting.pdf >, [12.03.2014].
50
Zumbansen P., The Law of Contracts, Reimann M., Zekoll J., Introduction to German Law, Kluwer Law Inter-
national, 2005, 180.
51
cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis
sferoSi, tomi I, Tb., 2000, 16.
52
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 90-94.
53
iqve.
54
iqve; Whittaker S., The Optional Instrument of European Contract Law and Freedom of Contract, European
105
meore mxriv, zRvardaudebeli Tavisufleba ekonomikuri eqspluataciis riskis

matarebelia, rac gamoixateba ekonomikurad da informaciulad Zlieri mxaris upi-
ratesobaSi, isargeblos meore mxaris gamoucdelobiT, Tu masze damokidebulobiT.
xelSekrulebis mxareebis araTanabari mdgomareoba xSir SemTxvevaSi xelsayrelia me-
warmisaTvis, romelsac SeuZlia SesTavazos, ufro zustad ki wauyenos, kontrahents
iseTi pirobebi, romlebzec Tanxmoba gamowveulia arCevanis ararsebobiT, momxibvle-
li winadadebiT, moulodnelobiT da sxva marketinguli xrikebiT.55 swored aRniSnul-
ma warmoSva momxmareblis, rogorc brunvaSi monawile susti mxaris, interesebis dac-
vis aucilebloba, risi miRwevac SeuZlebeli iqneboda saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis
principis SezRudvis gareSe.
amdenad, momxmareblis monawileobiT dadebul garigebebSi samarTlebrivi dac-
vis xarisxi damokidebulia am urTierTobaSi monawile pirebis statusze.56 Tu erT-er-
Ti mxare momxmarebelia, maSin misi saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis dacva xdeba meore
mxaris, mewarmis, saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis SezRudvis xarjze. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom Tanamedrove socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xelSek-
rulebis Tavisuflebis principi erT SemTxvevaSi ganixileba ufro farTod, rogorc
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis warmoSobis safuZveli brunvaSi monawile yoveli
pirisaTvis. meore SemTxvevaSi misi moqmedeba daiyvaneba konkretul urTierTobebSi
SedarebiT daucveli mxaris, momxmareblis, interesebis gaTvaliswinebamde.57 amasTan,
erTi mxaris, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, mewarmis, moqmedebis Tavisufleba izRudeba im
moculobiT, rac aucilebelia sxva pirTa, momxmarebelTa interesebis uzrunvelsayo-
fad. moqmedebis farglebis aseTi dakonkretebis mizania arasamarTliani Sedegebisa-
gan calkeuli individisa da, zogadad, samarTlebrivi wesrigis dacva.58
4.3. xelSekrulebis mboWavi Zala
momxmareblis `sust~ mxared aRiarebam da misTvis xelSekrulebis gauqmebis

uflebis miniWebam gavlena iqonia saxelSekrulebo samarTlis iseT fuZemdeblur
principzec, rogoricaa Pucta Sunt Servanda. kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi midgomis Tanax-
mad, dadebuli xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes. es imas niSnavs, rom xelSekrulebis
dadebiT xelSekrulebis monawileebi nebayoflobiT da ormxrivad kisruloben ama Tu
im valdebulebis Sesrulebas, rac saxelSekrulebo TviTboWvis saxeliTaa cnobili.59
Review of Contract Law, Vol. 7, Issue 3,371-398, <http://ec.europa.eu/justice/news/consulting_public/0052/

contributions/333_en.pdf>, [03.05.2014].
55
Покровский Н.А., Основные проблемы гражданского права, из. Статус, М., 1998, 263.
56
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSek-
rulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 29.
57
Whittaker S., The Optional Instrument of European Contract Law and Freedom of Contract, European Review
of Contract Law, Volume 7, Issue 3, 371-398, <http://ec.europa.eu/justice/news/consulting_public/0052/con-
tributions/333_en.pdf>, [03.05.2014].
58
59
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, muxli 319-e, Tb.,
2001, 57.
106
amdenad, Tu piri gadawyvets xelSekrulebis dadebas da misi es ganzraxva mo-

palarakebis sagnad iqceva, es warmoSobs meore mxaris kanoniT dacul molodins, rac
xelSekrulebis mboWavi Zalis safuZvelia. daideba ra xelSekruleba, mxareebi ar arian
uflebamosilni calmxrivad uari Tqvan masze ukve gacxadebuli nebis ukan gamoTxovis
gziT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelSekrulebo TviTboWva saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis
safasuria.60 Tu xelSemkvrel mxareebs eqnebodaT xelSekrulebis calmxrivad Sewyvetis
upirobo ufleba, saxelSekrulebo pirobis Sesrulebis mTeli idea azrs dakargavda da
mis safuZvelze damyarebuli saxelSekrulebo samarTalic daimsxvreoda.61
midgoma xelSekrulebis mboWavi Zalis mimarT mniSvnelovnad Seicvala xelSek-
rulebebSi, romlebSic erTi mxare mewarme, xolo meore mxare momxmarebelia. marTa-
lia, pucta sunt servanda-s principi saxelSekrulebo samarTlis qvakuTxedad miiCneva, ma-
gram igi yovelTvis ver asrulebs Tavis funqcias. mxareTa pasuxismgebloba micemuli
pirobis Sesrulebaze sustdeba iq, sadac piroba ar aris Tavisufali nebis Sedegi.62
sagulisxmoa, rom romis samarTalSic yvela xelSekrulebas ar hqonda absoluturad
mboWavi Zala. xelSekrulebis formaluri moTxovnebis dacva yovelTvis ar warmoSob-
da mis mboWav efeqts.63
nebis Teoria, romlis fuZemdebladac frederik savini miiCneva, xelSekrulebis
mboWav Zalas ukavSirebs personalur avtonomias. saxelSekrulebo pirobaTa savalde-
buloba mxareTa nebayoflobiTi gadawyvetilebis, Tavisufali nebis Sedegs unda war-
moadgendes. nebis gamovlenis nakli ki akninebs pirobis namdvilobas da xelSekrulebis
gauqmebis safuZvlad iTvleba.64 nebis gamovlenis namdvilobaze saubrisas savini sam
elements gamoyofs: nebas, mis gamovlenas da maT urTierTSesabamisobas. am sami ele-
mentidan erT-erTis xarvezi iwvevs nebis gamovlenis ararsebobas an aranamdvilobas.65
swored nebis Tavisufleba, misi Sesabamisoba individis Sinagan moTxovnilebeb-
Tan da realizebis SesaZleblobebi gansazRvravs mxareTa Tanasworobas urTierToba-
Si. nebismieri zemoqmedeba nebis formirebaze saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis naklad
aRiqmeba.66 erT SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos xelSekrulebis dadebis formaluri, xolo
sxva SemTxvevaSi proceduruli wesebis darRveva. samarTlebrivi Sedegebis gamowveva
SesaZloa dauSvebeli iyos garigebis Sinaarsis, misi dadebis garemoebebis, nebis gamov-
60
Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligatons, Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, set, printed and hound
in the Republic of South Africa by the Rusticapress LTD, Ndabeni, Cape, 1992, 585. Wanturia l., samo-
qalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 90-94.
61
Sir Markesinis B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract, Hart Publishing, Oxford and
Portland, Oregon, 2006, 263.
62
63
Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligatons, Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, set, printed and hound
in the Republic of South Africa by the Rusticapress LTD, Ndabeni, Cape, 1992, 585.
64
Sir Markesinis B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract, Oxford and Portland, Oregon,
2006, 263.
65
66
cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTlamcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis
sferoSi, tomi I, Tb., 2000, 16.
107
lenis formis, nebis naklisa da misi gamovlenis xarvezebis gamo, rac SeiZleba ukav-
Sirdebodes pirovnebis gacnobierebul an uneblie moqmedebas.67
amasTan, ramdenime proceduruli standarti SeiZleba miviCnioT xelSekrulebis
gauqmebis klasikur safuZvlad: SecdomiT, motyuebiTa da iZulebiT dadebuli garige-
bebi. Tumca, me-20 saukunis meore naxevridan Tavs imkvidrebs xelSekrulebis mboWavi
Zalisagan gaTavisuflebis axali wesi, romelic, erTi mxriv, icavs urTierTobis
konkretuli subieqtis – momxmareblis saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebas, xolo meore
mxriv, uzrunvelyofs misTvis xelSekrulebisagan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas.
5. nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis terminologiuri da

Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva
5.1. terminis ganmarteba
evropuli direqtivebi, romlebic momxmarebels aniWeben dadebuli xelSekrule-

bidan nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebas,68 iyeneben gansxvavebul terminebs am uflebis
aRsaniSnavad.69 kidev ufro did sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli am terminis SemoReba
qarTul sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi, vinaidan igi, Tavis SinaarsiTa da datvirTviT, arc
erT cnobil xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis aRmniSvnel samarTlebriv termins ar emTxveva.
erTaderTi norma, romelic garkveulwilad exmianeba evropis samomxmareblo
samarTalSi damkvidrebul regulacias nebis ukan gamoTxovasTan dakavSirebiT, saqa-
rTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 336-e muxlia,70 romelic quCaSi dadebul xelSekrule-
67
68
evropis sabWos 1985 wlis 20 dekembris direqtiva 85/577 momxmarebelTa uflebebis dac-
vis Sesaxeb araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis dros; evropis sabWos
1990 wlis 8 noembris 90/619 direqtiva sicocxlis dazRvevasTan dakavSirebuli samarT-
lis, regulaciebisa da administraciuli mowesrigebis koordinaciis Sesaxeb da aseve
79/267 direqtiva sicocxlis dazRvevis Sesaxeb direqtivaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesa-
xeb; evropis parlamentisa da evropis sabWos 1994 wlis 26 oqtombris 94/47 direqtiva
SemZenTa interesebis dacvis Sesaxeb uZrav nivTebze vadiani TanasakuTrebis uflebis
SeZenis dros; evropis parlamentisa da evropis sabWos 1997 wlis 20 maisis 97/7 direqti-
va momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebis
dros; evropis parlamentisa da evropis sabWos 2002 wlis 23 seqtembris 2002/65 direq-
tiva distanciuri marketingisa da finansuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb; evropis parlamen-
tisa da evropis sabWos 2008 wlis 23 aprilis 2008/48 direqtiva samomxmareblo kredi-
tis Sesaxeb.
69
The Right of Renunciation; The Right of Cancelation; The Right of Revocation; The Right of Rescind; The
Right of Withdrawal. Principles of the Existing Ec conTract law (Acquis principles), Contract I, Pre-contrac-
tual obligations, Conclusion of Contracts, Unfair Trems, prepared by Research Group on thr Existing EC Pri-
vate Law, European Law Publishers, 2007, 156. amasTan, wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobaSi
momxmareblis es ufleba Semdegi terminebiT gamoiyeneba: inglisurad – ~right of withdraw-
al~, frangulad – ~droit de retraction~, germanulad – ~widerrufsrecht~, italiurad – ~diritto di
recesso~.
70
ssk-is 336-e muxlis Tanaxmad, momxmarebelsa da sakuTari sarewis farglebSi movaW-
re pirs Soris quCaSi, saxlis win da msgavs adgilebSi dadebuli xelSekruleba Zala-
108
bebs exeba. miTiTebuli muxlis komentarSi momxmareblis es ufleba moxseniebulia

xelSekrulebis ùaryofis uflebad~.71 saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sesaxeb SedarebiT
axal literaturaSi momxmareblis am uflebaze msjelobisas gamoyenebulia termini
`xelSekrulebis gauqmebis ufleba~.72 amasTan, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis qar-
Tul TargmanSi momxmareblis mier nebis gamovlenis gamoTxovis aRmniSvnel terminad
miTiTebulia `xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqma~.73
sagulisxmoa, rom dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs momxmarebelTa ufle-
bebis dacvis Sesaxeb erTiani sakanonmdeblo aqti,74 romelic moawesrigebda momxmareb-
lis uflebebTan dakavSirebul problematur sakiTxebs. upirveles yovlisa ki gansaz-
Rvravda mis statuss da am subieqtis monawileobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Ta-
viseburebas. miT umetes rTulia saubari imaze, Tu ra saxiT damkvidrdeba qarTul sa-
momxmareblo samarTalSi dadebuli xelSekrulebidan nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba.
Tumca, momxmareblis am uflebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasurve-
lia kanonmdebelma momxmareblis mier xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis ufleba gamovle-
nili nebis ukan gamoTxovis formiT daamkvidros.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropis direqtivebSic momxmareblis am uflebis aRm-
niSvneli termini ar aris erTgvarovani. zogierTi direqtiva mas moixseniebs, rogorc
nebis ukan gamoTxovas, zogierTi xelSekrulebis gauqmebad, zogic xelSekrulebis
uaryofis uflebad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela dasaxelbuli ganmarteba sinonimebad
unda iqnes miCneuli rogorc zogadad am uflebaze msjelobisas, aseve winamdebare naS-
romis miznebisTvisac.
Sia mxolod maSin, Tu momxmarebeli erTi kviris vadaSi xelSekrulebas werilobiT ar

uaryofs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca xelSekrulebis Sesruleba xdeba misi dadebi-
sTanave, ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, parlamentis uwyebani, 31, 24/07/1997.
71
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, muxli 336-e,
Tb., 2001, 149-153.
72
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekru-
lebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 27-30.
73
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT), z. WeWelaSvilis
TargmaniTa da redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2010, 59-63.
74
pirveli mcdeloba momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis maregulirebeli normebis saka-
nonmdeblo reglamentaciisa ganxorcielda 1996 wels, `momxmarebelTa uflebebis da-
cvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis miRebiT. mogvianebiT, 1997 wlis 15 maiss, miRebuli
iqna saqarTvelos kanoni `samomxmareblo kooperaciis Sesaxeb~. 2012 wels miiRes saqar-
Tvelos kanoni `produqtis usafrTxoebisa da Tavisufali mimoqcevis kodeqsi~, romli-
Tac gauqmda 1996 wlis kanoni `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~. imavdroulad,
evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasa da standartebTan daaxloebis mizniT, saqarTvelos
parlamentis evropasTan integraciis komitets daevala `momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanonproeqtis SemuSaveba, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda am dargSi
evrokavSiris qveynebis praqtikasTan. dReisaTvis kanonproeqtze muSaobis procesi ar
aris dasrulebuli.
109
5.2. nebis ukan gamoTxovis Sinaarsi
gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba ar aris ucxo kontinenturi evropis

kerZo samarTlisaTvis, Tumca man sruliad gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT daimkvidra Tavi.
momxmarebelTa uflebebisadmi mometebuli interesis gaCenamde, nebis ukan gamoTxo-
vis sakiTxi ZiriTadad ofertis mboWavi Zalis konteqstSi ganixileboda, rogorc sag-
amonakliso regulacia.75 magaliTad, igi reglamentirebulia germaniis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 130-e muxliT da iTvleba adresatamde jer armisuli nebis ukan gamoTxo-
vis SesaZleblobad, ra drosac xelSekrulebis dadebaze winadadebis mimcems eZl-
eva ufleba, Tavidan aicilos gamovlenili nebis namdviloba ofertis mboWavi Zalis
uaryofiT. 76 franguli samarTlis mixedviTac, ofertis gamoTxova SesaZlebelia ad-
resatis mier aqceptis ganxorielebamde. imave danawess iTvaliswinebs ofertis gamox-
mobasTan dakavSirebiT saerTo samarTalSi arsebuli regulaciebi.77 kontinenturi
evropis tradiciebis msgavsad, nebis gamovlenis gamoTxova wesrigdeba saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 51-e muxliTac,78 romelic am uflebas, aseve ofertis mboWavi Za-
lis WrilSi ganixilvas.79
samomxmareblo samarTalSi damkvidrebuli nebis gamovlenis gamoTxova Tavisi
SinaarsiT radikalurad gansxvavdeba ofertis mboWavi Zalisagan gaTavisuflebis dan-
awesisagan. 80 es aris ara ofertis, aramed aqceptis – xelSekrulebis dadebaze gacxade-
buli Tanxmobis uaryofis ufleba, romelic kontinenturi evropis saxelSekrulebo
samarTalSi evropis kavSiris samarTlis gavleniT damkvidrda. kerZod, aqceptis ukan
gamoTxovis uflebis momwesrigebeli normebi ZiriTadad momxmarebelTa uflebebis
damcav evrokavSiris direqtivebSia Tavmoyrili, rasac eyrdnoba wevri saxelmwifoe-
bis samarTalSi Semdgom implementirebuli am uflebis saerTo koncefcia. swored amis
gamoZaxilia, rom dadebuli xelSekrulebidan nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba wevri
saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobaSi ZiriTadad momxmarebls ukavSirdeba da misi intere-
sebis sadarajoze dgas.
75
Jansen N., Zimmermann R., Contract Formation and Mistake in European Contract Law: A Genetic Compari-
son of Transnational Model Rules, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies Advance Access, 2011, 15-16, <http://
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1788882>, [10.04.2014].
76
Rott P., Harmonizing Different Rights of Withdrawal: Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Con-
sumer Law?, Developments, German Law Journal, vol. 07, No. 12, 2006, 1110, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/
LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/germlajo2006&div=110&id=&page=>, [9.04.2014].
77
baRiSvili e., nebis gamovlenis (ofertis) gamoTxova unificirebul kerZo samarTalSi,
`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, specialuri gamoSveba, 2007, 76-80.
78
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, parlamentis uwyebani, 31, 24/07/1997.
79
zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I, muxli 51-e, Tb., 2002,
170-172. kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 248 da
Semdgomni.
80
sumer Law?, Developments, German Law Journal, vol. 07 No. 12, 2006, 1110, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/
110
xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis uaryofis ufleba araTanabari mo-

laparakebebis Sedegebis Tavidan acilebis saSualebad evlineba momxmarebels81 da ga-
nixileba gamouxmobadi xelSekrulebebis sagamonakliso regulaciad.82 misi mizania,
daicvas momxmarebeli im SemTxvevebSi, roca mas xelSekrulebis dadebaze nebis gamov-
lenisas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, mieRo arsebiTad Tavisufali da swori gadawyvetile-
ba.83 momxmareblis es ufleba doqtrinaSi ganmartebulia, rogorc xelSekrulebidan
warmoSobili samarTlebrivi urTierTobis calmxrivad gauqmebis saSualeba, romlis
realizeba dasaSvebia yovelgvari dasabuTebis, motivaciisa da pasuxismgeblobis ga-
reSe. uflebis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi (ro-
gorc wesi, 14 dRe). am uflebis mizania uflebamosili pirisaTvis damatebiTi vadis
micema xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis mis Sinagan nebasTan SesabamisobaSi
dasarwmuneblad.84
momxmareblisaTvis miniWebuli nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba ramdenime kompo-
nents moicavs. upirveles yovlisa, am uflebis ukan dgas specialuri dacvis meqanizmi,
romelic xelmisawvdomia ara zogadad yvela momxmareblisaTvis, aramed mxolod maT-
Tvis, vinc xelSekrulebaSi SemZenad an momsaxurebis mimRebad gamodis. amasTan, es aris
xelSekrulebis calmxrivad gauqmebis SesaZlebloba. kerZod, xelSekrulebis mboWavi
Zalisagan gaTavisufleba xdeba ara klasikuri Sewyvetis formiT, aramed calmxrivad,
gacxadebuli Tanxmobis ukan gamoTxovis gziT.85 am gagebiT, momxmarebels akisria
xelSekrulebis arsebobis, misi namdvilobis sakiTxis gadawyvetis pasuxismgebloba,
meore mxaris Tanxmobis Tu masTan SeTanxmebis gareSe.86
ufro metic, nebis ukan gamoTxova, xelSekrulebebs, romelTa mimarTac dasaSve-
bia am uflebis realizeba, meryevad baTil garigebebad aqcevs, romelTa namdviloba
damokidebulia uflebamosili piris Secilebaze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xelSek-
rulebis dadebulad miCnevisaTvis gadamwyvetia ara ofertis aqceptireba, rogorc es
Cveulebrivad xdeba, aramed momxmareblis mier Secilebis uflebis gamouyenebloba.87
nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba, iTvaliswinebs ra xelSekrulebis dadebaze gacxade-
buli Tanxmobis uaryofas, mxareebs ayenebs xelSekrulebis dadebis sawyis stadiaze
81
82
lenges of the Knowledge Society; Bucharest, 17th -18th May 2013, 7th ed., Pro Univertitaria Bucursit, 2013,
268, <http://cks.univnt.ro/download/100_e_book_final_.pdf>, [25.04.2014].
83
sumer Law?, Developments, German Law Journal, Vol. 07 No. 12, 2006, 1110, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/
84
Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law Draft Common Frame of Reference
(DCFR); Edited by Ch. von Bar, E.Clive, H. Schulte-Nölke and others, Sellier, Munich, 2009, 201-204.
85
Gheorghe A.N., Spasici C., Consumer’s Right to Withdraw, The International Conference CKS 2013,Chal-
86
iqve.
87
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, 336-e muxli, Tb.,
2001, 150.
111
da uzrunvelyofs ucabedi gadawyvetilebis gardaqmnas Sedegze orientirebul nebis

gamovlenad. 88
Sesabamisad, nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis realizeba iwvevs xelSekrulebis
retroaqtiul gauqmebas, restituciis SedegebiT.89 misi efeqti orive mxarisaTvis
xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebebis SewyvetaSi gamoixateba. igi aTavisu-
flebs orive mxares xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebisganac. val-
debulebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb wamoyenebuli nebismieri moTxovna Zalas kargavs, ro-
gorc ki uflebamosili piri isargeblebs nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebiT.90 sabolood
ki, xelSekruleba baTilad, ararsebulad iTvleba misi dadebis momentidan, xolo mxa-
reebs warmoeSobad am xelSekrulebis safuZvelze miRebulis ukan dabrunebis valde-
buleba.91
5.3. xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis

uflebis gansxvaveba xelSekrulebis mboWavi Zalisagan
gaTavisuflebis sxva institutebisagan
evropuli direqtivebiT damkvidrebuli uaryofis ufleba gansxvavdeba xelSek-

rulebis mboWavi Zalisagan ganmaTavisuflebeli sxva samarTlebrivi institutebisa-
gan. igi ar ukavSirdeba arc kanonmdeblobiT reglamentirebul Secdomis, motyuebis
anda iZulebis danawesebs. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom momxmareblisaTvis miniWebuli
xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis ukan swored garigebis baTilad cnobis miTiTebu-
li safuZvlebis saerTo koncefcia dgas.92
momxmareblisaTvis `gadafiqrebis~ uflebis miniWebas ori ZiriTadi faqtori
ganapirobebs. pirveli, dacviTi funqcia, mimarTulia mewarmis fsiqologiuri ze-
wolisagan dacvisaken, xolo meore, arasaTanado informaciis miwodebiT gamowveu-
li uaryofiTi Sedegebis acilebisaken.93 orive maTgani ukavSirdeba momxmareblis
nebis formirebaze uaryofiT zegavlenas da, Sesabamisad, Sinagan nebasTan Seusabamo
gadawyvetilebis miRebas.
88
Haupt S., An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection in Contract Law, German Law Journal, Vol. 04
No.11, 1148, < http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol04No11/PDF_Vol_04_No_11_1137-1164_Pri-
89
Loos M., Rights of Withdrawal, Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series No.
2009/04, 3, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1350224>, [12.1.2013].
90
91
2009/04 , 3, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1350224>, [12.1.2014].
92
Jansen N., Zimmermann R., Contract Formation and Mistake in European Contract Law: A Genetic Compari-
son of Transnational Model Rules, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies Advance Access, 2011, 33-35, <http://
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1788882>, [10.04.2014].
93
Smith J.M., Rethinking the Usefulness of Mandatory Rights of Withdrawal in Consemer Contracts Law: The
Right to Change Your Mind?, Maastricht European Private law Institute, Working Paper No. 2001/01, 7,
<http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1719104>, [21.11.2013].
112
tradiciulad, SemTxvevebi, sadac garegnulad gamovlenili neba ar emTxveva misi

gamomvlenis Sinagan nebas da xorcieldeba mxolod sxvadasxva gareSe faqtoris zemo-
qmedebiT, kerZo samarTalSi nebis naklis saxeliTaa cnobili94. amasTan, meryevad baTi-
li garigebebis klasikur saxeebad miiCneva Secdomis, motyuebis an iZulebis Sedegad
dadebuli garigebebi, romelTa Secilebis ufleba uzrunvelyofs individis SesaZle-
blobas, misi Sinagani nebis sawinaaRmdegod warmoSobili samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, xe-
laxali nebis gamovleniT, dadebis momentidan baTilad aqcios95.
amasTan, garigebis meryevi baTilobis efeqtisaTvis unda arsebobdes specialuri
Semadgenloba. SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis SemTxvevaSi saxeze unda iyos ara nebis-
mieri, aramed arsebiTi Secdoma. aseTad ki miiCneva Secdoma garigebis tipis arCevaSi,
garigebis SinaarsSi, mis safuZvelSi, kontrahentis pirovnebaSi, sagnis ZiriTad Tvise-
baSi, Secdoma motivSi.96
motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis SemadgenlobisaTvis mniSvnelovania ar xelSe-
krulebis dadebaze nebis gamomvleni piris mier garemoebaTa araswori Sefaseba, ara-
med misi kontrahentis ganzraxi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedeba piris SecdomaSi Sesayva-
nad.97 rac erT SemTxvevSi SeiZleba gamoixatos tyuilis TqmaSi, xolo meore SemTxveva-
Si – simarTlis damalvaSi.98
nebis formirebaze yvelaze dauSvebel da mZime formad iZuleba miiCneva, rome-
lic nebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebad ganixileba. amasTan, misi gansxvaveba SecdomiTa
da motyuebiT dadebuli garigebisagan mdgomareobs piris cnobierebaSi. es is SemTxve-
vaa, roca pirma icis, rom debs misTvis arasasurvel garigebas, magram iZulebis wesiT
eTanxmeba mas.99
meryevad baTili garigebebis yvela dasaxelebuli koncefcia gaerTianebulia
momxmareblis nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebaSi. erTaderTi iZulebis elementia Seda-
rebiT naklebi simZafris matarebeli. samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebSi iZuleba vlin-
deba ufro fsiqologiur zewolaSi, vidre klasikuri muqaris, SantaJis an sxva marTl-
sawinaaRmdego qmedebaSi.
moqmedebis principi isaa, rom nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba asrulebs saxelSe-
krulebo urTierTobas yovelgvari specialuri Semadgenlobis arsebobis gareSe, rac
aucilebeli iqneboda meryevad baTili garigebebis SemTxvevaSi. erTaderTi SezRudva,
rac dakavSirebulia am uflebis realizebasTan, aris drois is monakveTi, romelic ga-
Tvaliswinebulia misi ganxorcielebisaTvis.100
94
365.
95
kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, evropuli da Sedarebi-
Ti samarTlis institutis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2009, 317.
96
364-375.
97
iqve, 376-379.
98
99
379; jorbenaZe s., Secdoma garigebaSi, paraleli sxva samarTlebriv institutebTan,
`samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2011, 210-211.
100
113
amasTan, nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba miiCneva erT-erT saukeTeso alternati-

vad momxmareblisaTvis. mas SeuZlia moiTxovos xelSekrulebis gauqmeba maSinac, roca
saxezea motyuebiT an SecdomiT dadebuli garigeba da ufro swrafad daaRwios Tavi
xelSekrulebis mboWav Zalas.101 uflebis upiratesoba imaSic vlindeba, rom mosafiqre-
beli vadis ganmavlobaSi momxmarebeli uflebamosilia, kidev erTxel dafiqrdes xel-
Sekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis Sesabamisobaze mis namdvil, Sinagan nebasTan
da Sesabamisad gadawyvitos xelSekrulebis namdvilobis sakiTxi.102
am gagebiT, xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis ZiriTadi mizania, misces momxma-
rebels damatebiTi dro Semdgomi dafiqrebisaTvis da saTanado informaciis mopove-
bisaTvis, rac, Cveulebriv, xelSekrulebis dadebis wina etapisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Sinagani nebis Sesabamisobis dadgena garegan, gamovlenil
nebasTan xdeba ara xelSekrulebis dadebisas, aramed xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg,
mosafiqreblad gansazRvruli damatebiTi vadis ganmavlobaSi. swored amitom ganixi-
laven nebis ukan gamoTxovis instituts ukuqceviTi efeqtis mqone uflebad.
SesaZlebelia movlenebis imdagvari ganviTarebac, roca nebis ukan gamoTxovis
yvela formaluri moTxovna saxezea, magram xelSekruleba namdvilia anda sadavoa sxva
safuZvlebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qmedunarianoba, uflebamosilebis nakli da a.S.
an roca saxezea saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis Sewyvetis sxva safuZvlebi, magaliTad,
meore mxaris mier valdebulebis darRveva. aseT SemTxvevaSic uflebamosili piri ar
aris SezRuduli xelSekrulebis gauqmebis miTiTebuli (sxva) safuZvlebiT, aramed
uflebamosilia, daasrulos saxelSekrulebo urTierToba nebis ukan gamoTxoviT da
miiRos dakmayofileba misi Tanmdevi SedegebiT (restitucia).103 amasTan, uaryofis
uflebis realizeba dasaSvebia meore mxaris mier xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebule-
bebis darRvevis gareSec, rac aucilebeli iqneboda Cveulebriv viTarebaSi xelSekru-
lebidan gasvlis uflebiT sargeblobisaTvis.104
momxmareblis specialuri ufleba, gaauqmos xelSekruleba, damoukidebelia
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis zogadi midgomisagan. am uflebis gamoyeneba Se-
saZloa saerTodac ar iyos dakavSirebuli romelime ganxilul safuZvelTan an saxel-
Sekrulebo molaparakebebis procesSi ZalTa uTanasworobasTan. momxmarebels maSi-
nac SeuZlia uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze, roca mis nebis gamovlenas safuZvlad ude-
vs kargad gaazrebuli da informirebuli gadawyvetileba xelSekrulebis dadebaze.
erTaderTi mizezi am SemTxvevaSi mxolod azris Secvlaa. metic, albaToba imisa, rom
momxmarebeli, rogorc wesi, ar aris im viTarebaSi, rom SeuZlia miiRos kargad infor-
mirebuli gadawyvetileba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul zogierT SemTxvevebSi, romelTa
101
102
103
104
iqve.
114
ricxvi dRiTi dRe izrdeba, ewinaRmdegeba ideas Tavisufali da pasuxismgeblobis mqo-

ne individis Sesaxeb. amitom xSirad nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba momxmarebels eniWe-
ba ara xelSekrulebis dadebis garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed im varaudiT, rom
xelSekrulebis bunebis aRqma misi dadebis momentSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda.105
amasTan, xelSekrulebis mxare, romlis mimarTac gamoyenebulia nebis ukan gamo-
Txovis ufleba, inarCunebs valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovnis uflebas mosafiqre-
beli vadis amowurvamde. aseTi xelSekruleba namdvilia nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufle-
bis arsebobis miuxedavad.106
5.4. nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis imperatiuli xasiaTi
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia imperati-

uli normebis siWarbe.107 xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxo-
vis ufleba erT-erT maTgans miekuTvneba da, kanonmdeblobiT, specialurad gaTval-
iswinebul SemTxvevebSi xelSekrulebis savaldebulo daTqmadaa aRiarebuli. amasTan,
igi doqtrinaSi ganixileba, rogorc gamouxmobadi xelSekrulebebis sagamonakli-
so regulacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs damatebiT garantiebs da uflebis ganxor-
cielebis moqnil meqanizms.108 misi dacviTi funqciis gaTvaliswinebiT, dauSvebelia
am uflebis mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gauqmeba, evropuli direqtivebiT dadgenili stand-
artebisagan SezRuduli regulacia an masSi cvlilebebis Setana uflebamosili piris
interesebis sazianod. Tumca, im SemTxvevaSi Tu nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis sa-
xelSekrulebo mowesrigeba ufro farToa, vidre amas direqtivebi anda wevri saxelm-
wifoebis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs, maSin misi Sinaaris gansazRvra dasaSvebia mxa-
reTa SeTanxmebiTac.109
6. nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis moqmedebis farglebi
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dacvis saSu-

alebaTa kategorizeba, maTi mimarTva erTi konkretuli kategoriis urTierTobebze.110
aqedan gamomdinare, momxmarebelTa uflebebis dasacavad damkvidrebuli xelSek-
105
106
107
108
lenges of the Knowledge Society; Bucharest, 17th -18th May 7th ed., Pro Univertitaria Bucursit, 2013, 269 <
http://cks.univnt.ro/download/100_e_book_final_.pdf>, [25.04.2014]..
109
110
115
rulebis uaryofis SesaZleblobac ar aris upirobo. naTelia, rom nebis ukan gamoTxovis
ufleba gamonaklisia saxelSekrulebo samarTlis zogadi midgomidan. Tumca, es sagam-
onakliso regulacia savaldebulo wesiT moqmedebs ar yvela SesaZlo xelSekrulebis
mimarT, aramed mxolod iseT SemTxvevebSi, romelic pirdapiraa gaTvaliswinebuli ka-
noniT. misi moqmedeba Semoifargleba konkretuli xelSekrulebebiT, sadac momxmare-
blis nebis formireba garkveul TaviseburebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad,
momxmareblisaTvis miniWebuli nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis samarTlebrivi bunebis
ganxilvisaTvis mniSvnelovania am uflebis moqmedebis farglebis dadgena.
6.1. araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebi
nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba, rogorc momxmareblis damcavi instrumenti, pir-

velad evropis sabWos 1985 wlis 20 dekembris 85/577 direqtiviT iqna SemoRebuli. igi
exeba araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebis pirobebSi momxmarebel-
Ta interesebis dacvas. es samewarmeo urTierTobebis ganviTarebis is etapia, roca,
saqonlisa an/da mosaxurebis SeTavazebis mizniT, saxlSi, samuSao adgilze an sazo-
gadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi momxmarebelTan saxelSekrulebo molaparakebebis
warmoeba komerciis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul formad iTvleboda. amitomac
evropeli kanonmdeblis mizans im droisaTvis warmoadgenda momxmareblis dacva iseT
garemoebebSi, sadac xelSekrulebis dadeba gamowveuli iyo uCveulo da moulodneli
faqtorebiT.111
umeteswilad aq igulisxmeba iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca mewarmeebi iyeneben mola-
parakebis warmoebis TavdasxmiT teqnikas da erTi SexedviT sruliad uwyinar, magram
imavdroulad pirisaTvis winawar gauTvaliswinebel viTarebaSi cdiloben mis dayo-
liebas xelSekrulebis dadebaze.112
1980-iani wlebidan dRemde araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebul xelSekrulebebs
Tavisi aqtualoba ar daukargavT. piriqiT, dRevandel pirobebSi TiTqmis yvelaferi
SeiZleba iqnes SeTavazebuli momxmareblisaTvis mewarmeTa savaWro punqtebs gareT.
Cveuli gaxda movaWreTa ucabedi gamoCena konferenciebze, seminarebze, kolegebTan
araformalur diskusiebze anda sxva sajaro adgilebSi. `kardakar~ vaWroba sul ufro
popularuli xdeba da, Sesabamisad, aseT urTierTobebSi momxmareblis interesebis
dacvac prioritetad rCeba. Tavis mxriv, dacvis aucilebloba gamowveulia momxmareb-
lis nebis formirebis TaviseburebiT, kerZod ki ofertis moulodneli efeqtiT. 113
111
Working Document of the Commission, Responses to the Consultation on the Council Directive 85/577/EEC
of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated away from Business Prem-
ises Summary of Responses, <http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/docs/doorstepselling_responses.pdf>,
[27.04.2014].
112
Sir Markesinis B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract, HART publishing, Oxford and
113
Working Document of the Commission, Responses to the Consultation on the Council Directive 85/577/EEC
of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated away from Business Prem-
[27.04.2014].
116
araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmაrეbeli, rogorc

wesi, araTanabar mdgomareobaSia gamyidvelTan, romelic ar an ver uzrunvelyofs mas
saTanado informaciiT. gamyidvels Tavisuflad SeuZlia moaxdinos SemZenis (momxma-
reblis) nebis formirebaze zemoqmedeba, Tavs moaxvios arasasurveli xelSekruleba
da daarwmunos iseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, romelsac igi sxva dros an adgilas ar
miiRebda.114 amdenad, dacvis aucilebloba gamowveulia nebis gamovlenis SemTxveviTi
xasiaTiT, ra drosac momxmarebeli ar aris winaswar momzadebuli, ara aqvs warmodgena
dasadeb xelSekrulebaze, ar aris informirebuli analogiuri nivTis Tu momsaxurebis
Sesaxeb bazarze arsebuli fasebis Sesaxeb.115
Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom quCaSi dadebuli yvela xelSekruleba ar SeiZle-
ba miCneul iqnes araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebul garigebad, iseve rogorc yvela
araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis mimarT ver iqneba realizebuli
nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba.116 upirvels yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom bazrobaze an qu-
CaSi gamarTul saxeldaxelod mowyobil savaWro obieqtze nivTebis yidva formalu-
rad ki aris araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebuli xelSekruleba, magram aseTi adgile-
bi Tavisi daniSnulebiT gamiznulia savaWrod da iq misuli momxmarebeli winaswar aris
ganwyobili raime nivTis SesaZenad.117 Sesabamisad, aseTi adgilebi ar iTvleba mewar-
misaTvis araoficialur viTarebad da arc momxmareblisTvis warmoSobs dadebuli
xelSekrulebis gauqmebis uflebas.118
sakanonmdeblo danawesebis sicxadisaTvis, iseve rogorc momxmarebelTa ufle-
bebis dacvisaTvis erTgvarovani midgomis uzrunvelsayofad, evropuli direqtivebiT
pirdapir iqna gansazRvruli SemTxvevebi, romelTa arsebobis pirobebSi xelSekrule-
bebi miiCneva araoficialur viTarebaSi dadebulad. kerZod, aseTia `nebismieri xel-
Sekruleba, romelic dadebulia momxmarebelisa da mewarmis TandaswrebiT adgilebSi,
romlebic ar ganekuTvneba mewarmis Cveulebrivi saqmianobis adgils an iuridiul ad-
gilsamyofels, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad mewarme an misi warmomadgeneli swored Tavisi
profesiuli miznebisTvis moqmedebs~.119
aroficialur viTarebaSi dadebul xelSekrulebad miiCneva iseTi SemTxvevebic,
roca mewarmis viziti inicirebulia momxmareblis gamoZaxebiT konkretuli nivTis
114
Loos M, Rights of Withdrawal, Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series No.
115
2001, 149-153
116
Loos M., Rights of Withdrawal, 9, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1350224>,
[12.1.2014]
117
2001, 149-153.
118
iqve.
119
Working Document of the Commission, Responses to the Consultation on the Council Directive 85/577/
EEC of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated away from Business
Premises Summary of Responses, <http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/docs/doorstepselling_responses.
pdf>, [27.04.2014]. qardava e., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebis
SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi mimoxilva quCaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebis magaliTze,
`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, specialuri gamoSveba, 2007, 128.
117
SeZenis Tu momsaxurebis miRebis mizniT. Tumca, momxmareblisaTvis moulodnelad

xelSekrulebis sagani xdeba sul sxva produqcia, romlis Sesaxeb momxmarebeli wi-
naswar ar iyo informirebuli. misTvis ucnobia msgavsi saqonlis Sesaxeb informacia
anda bazarze arsebuli fasebi, xolo Tanxmoba xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamowveulia
mewarmis damarwmunebeli da Tavsmoxveuli xelSekrulebis pirobebiT.120
yvela ganxilul garemoebas axasiaTebs erTi Tavisebureba – moulodnelobis efe-
qti, rac mewarmeTa marketinguli politikis ZiriTadi starategiaa da am urTierTo-
bebSi momxmareblTa araTanabari mdgomarebis ganmsazRvrelia. kerZod, aseT pirobebSi
momxmarebeli ixibleba ucnaur viTarebaSi SemoTavazebuli garigebiT, ganicdis TviT-
kmayofilebas, roca misadmi gamovlenilia individualuri yuradReba, gansakuTrebiT
misTvis komfortul garemoSi, saxlSi vizitisas. am dros yuradRebis miRma rCeba gari-
gebis negatiuri mxare: xelSekrulebis fasi, romelic, Cveulebriv, orjer aRemateba
analogiur saqonelze bazarze arsebul fasebs, iseve rogorc SeZenili nivTis xaris-
xi.121 umeteswilad swored am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT aniWebs kanonmdebeli momxma-
rebels xelSekrulebis mboWavi Zalisagan martivad gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas,
rac xelSekrulebis calmxrivad gauqmebis uflebaSi vlindeba.
6.2. nebis ukan gamoTxova distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebSi
Tanamedrove samyaroSi distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebi saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis SeTavazebis drosa da sivrceSi gamartivebul saSualebad iTvleba. sa-
marTlebrivi urTierTobis damyarebis es forma qmnis unikalur SesaZleblobas ro-
gorc mewarmeebisTvis, aseve momxmareblebisTvisac, Tavisuflad miiRon monawileoba
rogorc Sida, aseve transsasazRvro savaWro urTierTobebSi da ase daikmayofilon Ta-
vianTi interesebi. swored am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, distanciuri vaWroba, bolo
aTwleulis manZilze, saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, xolo am
urTierTobis erT-erTi mxaris – momxmareblis interesebis dacva Tanamedrove civi-
lizebuli samarTlis erT-erT prioritetad iqna aRiarebuli.122
teqnologiurma progresma gavlena moaxdina rogorc momxmarebelTa cnobire-
baze, aseve mewarmeebzec, romlebic kontrahentebTan pirispir komunikaciidan Tan-
daTan gadavidnen distanciuri komunikaciis wesebze.123 Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi
dadga distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebis maregulirebeli normebis miRebis
120
qardava e., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebis SedarebiTsamar-
Tlebrivi mimoxilva quCaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebis magaliTze, `qarTuli samarT-
lis mimoxilva~, specialuri gamoSveba, 2007, 128.
121
iqve, 124.
122
Twigg-Flesner C., A Cross-Border-Only Gerulations for Consumer Transactions in the EU, 35-41, <http://
www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781461420460-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-
45-1276573-p174250279>, [10.11.2013].
123
Working Document of the Commission, Responses to the consultation on the Council Directive 85/577/EEC
of 20 December 1985 to protect the consumer in respect of contracts negotiated away from business prem-
[27.04.2014].
118
aucilebloba. momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvisadmi evropis tradiciulad mkacri

midgomidan gamomdinare, 1997 wels evropis kavSirisa da evropis parlamentis mier mi-
Rebul iqna direqtiva distanciurad nasyidobisas momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis
Sesaxeb,124 romelmac distanciuri vaWrobisaTvis daamkvidra ramdenime mniSvnelovani
dacviTi saSualeba. maT Soris, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa momxmareblisaTvis ne-
bis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis miniWeba.125
distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis
prioriteti gamowveulia maTi araTanabari mdgomareobiT mewarme subieqtebTan mimar-
TebaSi. distanciuri vaWroba xasiaTdeba im TaviseburebiT, rom gamyidveli amyarebs
samewarmeo urTierTobebs myidvelTan ise, rom am urTierTobis monawile pirebi ara-
Tu pirispir ar xvdebian erTmaneTs, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanxmoba ofertze Se-
moifargleba mxolod Sesabamis Rilakze daWeriT, rac sakmarisia xelSekrulebis da-
debulad miCnevisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, TviTboWvisaTvis. aseT dros myidveli eqceva
SedarebiT araxelsayrel pirobebSi, vidre iarsebebda pirispir komunikaciis dros,
magaliTad, savaWro dawesebulebaSi.126
am gziT SeZenili nivTebi arcTu iSviaTad ar akmayofileben SemZenis interess. ma-
galiTad, nayidi kompiuteri ar muSaobs ise swrafad, rogorc unda emuSava, SeZenili
tansacmeli sul sxva zomis an xarisxisaa, vidre iyo aRwerili, dekoratiuli nivTi ar
uxdeba SemZenis interiers, wvrilman sayofacxovrebo teqnikas (uTo, blenderi da a.S.)
gacilebiT xanmokle garantia moyveba, an ar aris im simZlavris, rogorc es vebgverdze
iyo miTiTebuli da a.S. aseT SemTxvevebSi, rogorc wesi, SemZeni cdilobs miRebuli ni-
vTis ukan dabrunebas. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom gamyidvelma igi marTlac daibrunos,
an sxva nivTiT Secvalos. Tumca umravles SemTxvevebSi gamyidvels ar gaaCnia samarT-
lebrivi valdebuleba, ukmayofilo SemZenisagan gayiduli saqoneli ukan daibrunos,
Tu es pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli xelSekrulebiT an msgavsi urTierTobebis
maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobiT.127
erTi SexedviT, yvela zemoCamoTvlili SemTxveva SesaZloa miviCnioT nasyido-
bis xelSekrulebis naklad da maTze gavavrceloT Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi danawe-
sebi. Tumca, aseT viTarebaSi mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba momxmarebelTa fsiqologiur
ganwyobaSia, rac or ZiriTad problemaSi aisaxeba. pirveli is gaxlavT, rom xelSemkv-
rel mxares ara aqvs SesaZlebloba, pirispir SeaTanxmos xelSekrulebis arsebiTi pi-
robebi, xolo meore isaa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi momxmarebels uWirs SeZenili saqonlis
anda momsaxurebis zedmiwevniT warmodgena. ufro metic, zusti Sefaseba SesaZlebelia
mxolod saqonlis da momsaxurebis miRebis Semdeg.128
124
evropis parlamentisa da evropis sabWos 1997 wlis 20 maisis 97/7 direqtiva momxmare-
belTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebis dros.
125
Siegfried FINA, The Consumer’s Right of withdrawal and Distance Selling in Europe, 32, <http://unternehm-
ensrecht.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/privat_fina/Fina_Beitrag_FS_Zehetner.pdf>, [10.04.2014].
126
iqve.
127
Ben-Shahar O., Posner E. A., The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law, Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 40, 2011,
115, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/658403>, [7.05.2014].
128
Haupt S., An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection in Contract Law, German Law Journal, Vol. 04
No.11, 1138, <http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol04No11/PDF_Vol_04_No_11_1137-1164_Pri-
119
evropelma kanonmdebelma distanciur xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebuli yvela

aRwerili uxerxuloba momxmareblisaTvis xelSekrulebaze dadebuli nebis ukan ga-
moTxovis uflebis miniWebiT daZlia, rac xelSekrulebis calmxrivad SewyvetaSi ga-
moxateba. kerZod, zemoaRniSnuli SemTxvevebi upiratesad arasworad miwodebuli in-
formaciis Sedegia da ganixileba distanciuri xelSekrulebebis sistemur naklad.129
distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebidan nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebis mi-
niWebiT kanonmdebelma momxmarebeli Caayena im viTarebaSi, romelic iarsebebda piris-
pir dadebuli xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, mosafiqrebeli vadis ganmavlobaSi
mas eZleva SesaZlebloba darwmundes nivTis sasargeblo TvisebebSi da Seamowmos misi
xarisxi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SenaZeni ar gaamarTlebs momxmareblis molodins, igi ufle-
bamosilia, yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe gaauqmos xelSekruleba.130
amdenad, Tu xelSekruleba dadebulia zemoganxilul romelime viTarebaSi, es av-
tomaturad warmoSobs momxmareblis uflebas, ukan gaixmos xelSekrulebis dadebaze
gacxadebuli Tanxmoba. amasTan, ar aris aucilebeli, rom es gamowveuli iyos maincda-
mainc molaparakebis uxeSi teqnikis gamoyenebiT, an nebis formirebaze uxeSi gavleniT,
an imiT, rom momxmarebeli advilad moeqca mewarmis zegavlenis qveS. rogorc ukve iT-
qva, am uflebis realizeba ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebul motivacias.131
7. daskvna
winamdebare kvlevam cxadyo, rom momxmarebelTa interesebis dacvis erT-erT

mniSvnelovan garantiad xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis
ufleba iTvleba. igi aRiarebulia evropis samarTliT da, evrokavSiris mier miRebu-
li direqtivebis safuZvelze, implimentirebulia evropis qveynebis erovnul kanon-
mdeblobaSi. cxadia, rom nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria
gansazRvruli kategoriis saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi, rogoricaa araoficial-
ur viTarebaSi da distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebi.
amasTan, momxmareblis am uflebasTan dakavSirebuli mravali sakiTxi damoukideb-
el da safuZvlian kvlevas saWiroebs. gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, roca es ufleba Se-
darebiT axalia qarTuli samarTlisaTvis. marTalia, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis 336-e muxli Seicavs quCaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb danawess, magram igi
ver asaxavs momxmareblis am uflebis srul Sinaarss. qarTveli kanonmdeblis gagebiT,
xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba exeba jer kidev Seusrulebeli xelSekrulebis gau-
qmebis SesaZleblobas. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelSekruleba dadebisTanave srul-
129
Fina S., The Consumer’s Right of Withdrawal and Distance Selling in Europe, 32-35, <http://unternehmen-
srecht.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/privat_fina/Fina_Beitrag_FS_Zehetner.pdf>, [09.05.2014].
130
sumer Law?, Developments, German Law Journal, Vol. 07, No. 12, 2006,1110, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/
131
Markesinis B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract, HART Publishing, Oxford and Port-
land, Oregon, 2006, 274.
120
deba, momxmarebeli veRar isargeblebs nebis ukan gamoTxovis uflebiT. urTierTobis

amgvari mowesrigeba ki ewinaaRmdegeba am uflebis ZiriTad funqcias.
garda amisa, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar Seicavs distanciurad dadebuli
xelSekrulebebis momwesrigebel normebsac. Sesabamisad, aseTi formiT dadebuli ga-
rigebebis mimarT vrceldeba kerZo samarTlis normebi, romlebic ver uzrunvelyofen
momxmarebelTa srul da efeqtian dacvas msgavs urTierTobebSi, rac qarTuli kanon-
mdeblobis xarvezad unda iqnes miCneuli. Sesabamisad, samomxmareblo samarTlis mom-
wesrigebel normebze muSaobisas kanonmdebelma unda moaxdinos nebis ukan gamoTxovis
uflebis zusti reglamentacia, yvela im urTierTobis amomwuravi CamonaTvali da dax-
asiaTeba, romelTa arsebobis pirobebSi momxmarebeli SeZlebs nebis ukan gamoTxovis
uflebis realizebas.
121
daviT maisuraZe*
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi
RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba aqcionerTa
`SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ WrilSi
(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva upiratesad delaverisa da
qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis magaliTze)
1. Sesavali
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi sakorporacio samar-

Tlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi Ro-
nisZiebebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria sazogadoebaTa dauflebisa da Serwymis dros,
rodesac korporaciebs surT Serwyma, an rodesac erTi korporacia cdilobs meore
korporaciaze kontrolis mopovebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi korporaciebma SeiZleba gaa-
taron Serwymis xelSekrulebis dacvis RonisZiebebi, rom nebismierma sxva korporaci-
am ver SeZlos xeli SeuSalos maT gaerTianebas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi samizne kor-
poraciis mier ganxorcielebuli TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi mimarTuli iqneba sakuTriv
samizne kompaniis dasacavad agresoris winaaRmdeg.
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba dakavSi-
rebulia sakorporacio samarTlis Zalian bevr sakiTxTan, magaliTad, mmarTvelobis
organoebis monawileobasTan, uSualod direqtorebis rolTan, aqcionerebis nebis ga-
movlenasTan da sxva. korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi mravali
saxis SeiZleba iyos da, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, iyofa or ZiriTad kategoriad: Tav-
dacvis RonisZiebebi, romlebic icavs reorganizaciis xelSekrulebas da Tavdacvis
RonisZiebebi, romlis mizania samizne korporaciis dacva.
rogorc cnobilia, aqcionerebis, gansakuTrebiT erTi klasis aqcionerebis, Sig-
niT moqmedebs Tanasworuflebianoba, Tumca korporaciulsamarTlebrivi Tavdac-
viTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis dros samizne korporaciis mizania Tavis dacva, ra
drosac SeiZleba moxdes aqcionerTa `Tanabari mopyrobis~ principidan gadaxveva da
`SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ principis damkvidreba.
naSromis mizania mkiTxvels srulyofili STabeWdileba Seuqmnas korporaciul-
samarTlebrivi TavdacviT RonisZiebis iuridiul bunebaze da korporaciulsamar-
Tlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebis iseT saxeebze, romlebic, sazogadoebis interese-
bidan gamomdinare, aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ aucileblobas qmnian.
naSromi ganxiluli iqneba SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi meTodis safuZvelze. qar-
Tuli sakorporacio samarTali Sedardeba delaveris sakorporacio samarTals da ga-
nisazRvreba, ramdenad SesaZlebeli iqneba qarTul sakorporacio samarTalSi aqcio-
nerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ principis ganxorcieleba.
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, mowveuli leqtori.
122
daviT maisuraZe, korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi
RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ WrilSi
sakuTriv delaveris sakorporacio samarTali aSS-Si da zogadad, msoflioSi

erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani da aqtualuri sakorporacio samarTlis sis-
temaa.1 naSromSi aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ iuridiuli bunebis ukeT
warmosaCenad delaveris sasamarTlo praqtikis magaliTebia gamoyenebuli.
2. korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebis

zogadi daxasiaTeba da iuridiuli buneba
delaveris sakorporacio samarTalSi korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi

RonisZiebis ganmartebisTvis gamoiyeneba termini ”defensive measure”2 an ”defensice tactics,3
aseve, termini ”takeover defenses”.4 dasaxelebuli terminebi aRniSnavs samizne korpora-
ciis mier mtruli SeZenisgan Tavdacvis dros gatarebul Tavdacvis RonisZiebebs an
Serwymis xelSekrulebis monawile ori korporaciis mier gatarebul Tavdacvis Ronis-
Ziebebs, romelTa mizania reorganizaciis dacva mesame korporaciis Carevisgan.
Tavdacvis RonisZiebis mizania korporaciis interesebis dacva. Sesabamisad, au-
cilebelia terminebis `TavdacviTis~ da `korporaciulis~ gamoyeneba. termini `samar-
Tlebrivi~ ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, radgan yvela korporaciuli TavdacviTi Ro-
nisZieba unda iyos imavdroulad samarTlebrivad gamarTuli. sabolood: korporaci-
ulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZieba an korporaciuli TavdacviTi RonisZieba.
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZieba SeiZleba ganvmartoT, ro-
gorc sazogadoebis TavdacviTi RonisZieba, romelic mimarTulia sazogadoebis aqci-
onerebisa da sxva steikholderebis5 saukeTeso interesebis dasacavad. erT SemTxveva-
Si sazogadoebis steikholderebis saukeTeso interesi SeiZleba gamoixatos mtruli
SeZenisgan Tavis dacvaSi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi Serwymis xelSekrulebis ganxorcie-
lebis dacvaSi. TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis dros, rodesac saxezea mtruli
SeZenis mcdeloba, SemZeni kompania ganixileba àgresorad~, xolo kompania, romelsac
unda daeuflos SemZeni – `samizne kompaniad~.6 sazogadoebis megobrul SeZenad miiCne-
va SemTxveva, rodesac reorganizacia xdeba SemZeni da samizne korporaciebis direq-
torebis monawileobiT, xolo sazogadoebis mtrul dauflebad miiCneva SemTxveva,7
rodesac SemZeni kompania samizne kompaniis direqtorebis gverdis avliT da mis sawi-
1
Black S. L. Jr., Why Corporations Choose Delaware, Delaware Department of State, 2007, <http://corp.dela-
ware.gov/pdfs/whycorporations_english.pdf>.
2
Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co., Delaware Supreme Court, 1985, 493 A.2d 946.
3
Thompson O., Corporations and Other Business Associations, 5th ed., Aspen Publishers, NY, 2006, 762.
4
iqve, 766.
5
Stakeholders – are persons interested in the corporation’s success, among them are: shareholders, employees,
local community and etc. Joo W. T., Corporate Governance, Law, Theory and Policy, Kent Greenfield, There’s
a Forest in Those Trees: Teaching About the Role of Corporations in Society, Carolina Academic Press, 2nd
ed., Durham, 2010, 12-17.
6
7
Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 231-232.
123
naaRmdegod cdilobs aqciebis SeZenas.8 Sesabamisad, Serwymisa da dauflebis procesis

mTavari monawileebi arian swored sawarmos menejmentis warmomadgenlebi.
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis implementaciis mate-
rialuri safuZvlebs warmoadgens korporaciis sadamfuZneblo dokumentacia da/an
Serwymis xelSekruleba, aseve, korporaciuli TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis saxeebi da ga-
moyenebis uflebamosileba SeiZleba pirdapir momdinareobdes sakuTriv sakorpora-
cio samarTlis maregulirebeli normebidan. naSromSi ganixileba ramdenime Tavdacvis
korporaciulsamarTlebriv RonisZieba da maT gamoyenebis aqtualuroba aqcionere-
bis `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ WrilSi.
sakorporacio samarTlis maregulirebeli normebi da sasamarTlo praqtika sa-
warmos mmarTvelobis organos aniWebs mosalodnel mtrul dauflebasTan dakavSire-
biT keTilsindisierebis principis dacviT gadawyvetilebis miRebis da aqcionerebi-
saTvis, korporaciis saukeTeso interesebidan gamomdinare, rekomendaciis9 micemis
valdebulebas. menejmenti, sawarmos bordi, mmarTvelobis is rgolia, romelic iRebs
gadawyvetilebas Tavdacvis korporaciulsamarTlebrivi RonisZiebebis implementa-
ciis Sesaxeb. `mTavari problema, romelic am dros warmoiSoba, ukavSirdeba direq-
toris qcevas. kerZod, ra unda gaakeTos direqtorma: brmad daemorCilos SemZenebis
nebas, rac maT SeiZleba samsaxuris dakargvadac daujdeT, Tu winaaRmdegoba gauwios
aseT nasyidobas. sasamarTloebi uflebas aniWeben direqtorebs winaaRmdegoba gauwi-
on amgvar nasyidobebs, Tuki isini amis aucileblobas da korporaciis interesebis pri-
mats daasabuTeben~.10
amerikuli samarTlis korporaciuli marTvis modeli gansxvavdeba evropulis-
11
gan. Sesabamisad, delaveris samarTalSi Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis mimRebi mmarTvelo-
bis organo SeiZleba iyos direqtorTa bordi, xolo evropulSi aseTi organo SeiZleba
iyos direqtorati an sameTvalyureo sabWoc ki wesdebiT aseTi uflebamosilebis mini-
Webis SemTxvevaSi.
delaveris sakorporacio samarTlis 141-e muxli gansazRvravs bordis ufleba-
mosilebas korporaciasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad, garda
8
maisuraZe d., samewarmeo gansjis wesi sakorporacio samarTalSi (amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebisa da saqarTvelos samarTlis magaliTze), red. i. burduli, Tb., 2011, 125-126.
9
Gordon N., Mergers and Acquisitions: “Just say never?” Poison Pills, Deadhand Pills, and Share-holder ad-
opted bylaws: and essay for Warren Buffet, 19 Cardozo Law Review 511, Yeshiva University, 1997, 15, “One
reading of section 141(a) would give the board exclusive power to manage, unless otherwise provided in the
articles, with the understanding that a charter amendment requires an initial board resolution, and thus board
consent, to any limitations on its power. But the proviso also permits variations “otherwise provided” in the
chapter, which includes section 109, a broad source of shareholder power - but whose use cannot be “inconsis-
tent with” the charter or the law, meaning - and here the circle starts again - section 141(a). Under prevailing
modes of corporate statutory interpretation in Delaware, in which different statutes have “equal dignity” or
“independent legal significance”, nothing can be resolved about the scope of section 109(b) from the reference
in section 141(a) to the articles alone, not the bylaws. The idea of a bylaw may be less clearly cabined than
supposed in light of the expansive description of section 109(b): “any provision ... relating to the business of
the corporation”.
10
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 231.
11
iqve, 109-110.
124
TviTon delaveris sakorporacio samarTliT an sazogadoebis saregistracio ganacxa-

diT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa, korporaciis marTvas da saqmianobis menejments
axorcieleben direqtorebi. dasaxelebuli muxli korporaciis saqmianobis gankargvis
farTo uflebamosilebas aniWebs bords.12
amerikul samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, Tu vis xelSi unda
iyos Tavmoyrili an unda iyos Tu ara bordis xelSi Tavmoyrili korporaciuli Tav-
dacviTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis uflebamosileba. mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom Tav-
dacvis RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba unda iyos aqcionerebis uflebamosileba, rom
maT TviTon SeZlon mtruli SeZenis dros gadawyvetilebis miReba, kerZod, daeTanxmon
agresori kompaniis SeTavazebas, Tu uari Tqvan aRniSnul SeTavazebaze.13 mecnierTa na-
wili Tvlis, rom marTebulia Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosi-
lebis direqtorebisaTvis gadacema, radgan swored kompaniis menejmenti aris yvelaze
ukeT informirebuli korporaciis namdvili Rirebulebis da samomavlo perspeqtive-
bis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad, isini ukeT SeZleben korporaciis da aqcionerebis interesebis
dacvas.14 sakuTriv delaveris sasamarTlo mtkiced akuTvnebs Tavdacvis RonisZiebe-
bis ganxorcielebas bordis uflebamosilebaTa farglebs.15
Sesabamisad, delaveris sakorporacio samarTalis 141-e muxli moicavs, aseve, di-
reqtorebis mier Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebasac.
qarTul sazogadoebebSi direqtorebis xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba Ziri-
Tadad damyarebulia `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis mecxre muxlis pirvel, meore da me-
same punqtebze. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-9 muxlis pirvel punqtSi CamoTvlilia
xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosilebis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtebi: `xelmZRvanelo-
bis ufleba aqvT: solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebaSi – yvela partniors,
komanditur sazogadoebaSi – srul partniorebs (komplementarebs), komplementari
iuridiuli piris SemTxvevaSi – mis mier daniSnul fizikur pirs, SezRuduli pasuxis-
mgeblobis sazogadoebaSi, saaqcio sazogadoebaSi da kooperativSi – direqtorebs, Tu
wesdebiT (partniorTa SeTanxmebiT) sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~.16 meore da me-
same punqtebi gansazRvravs sakuTriv xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosilebas, kerZod, `me-
warmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis meore punqtis Tanaxmad, `xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba
gulisxmobs uflebamosilebis farglebSi sawarmos saxeliT gadawyvetilebis miRebas,
xolo warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba gulisxmobs sawarmos saxeliT gamosvlas
12
Delaware General Corporation Law, 141 (a): “the business and affairs of every corporation organized under
this chapter shall be managed by or under the direction of a board of directors, except as may be otherwise
provided in thic chapter or in its certificate of incorporation. If any such provision is made in the certificate of
incorporation, the powers and duties conferred or imposed upon the board of directors by this chapter shall be
exercised or performed to such extent and by such person or persons as shall be provided in the certificate of
incorporation.”
13
Joo W. T., Corporate Governance, Law, Theory and Policy, Lucian Arye Bebchuk, The Case Against Board
Veto in Corporate Takeover, Carolina Academic Press, 2nd ed., Durham, 2010, 562.
14
iqve, 576-577.
15
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. v. Airgas, Inc. 2011 WL 806417 (Del. Ch. 2011).
16
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, 1994, muxli 9.1.
125
mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi~.17 amave kanonis mecxre muxlis mesame punqtis Tanaxmad,
`xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba gulisxmobs warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosile-
basac, Tu partniorTa SeTanxmebiT (wesdebiT) sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~.18
aseve, aRsaniSnavia dasaxelebuli kanonis 56-e muxli, romelic uSualod exeba saaqcio
sazogadoebis direqtorebis uflebamosilebas. kerZod, aRniSnuli muxlis pirveli
punqtis Tanaxmad, `sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneloba da warmomadgenloba evalebaT di-
reqtorebs~.19
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis dasaxelebuli muxlebis safuZvelze SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom direqtorebis uflebamosilebaSi Sedis xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosi-
lebis ganxorcieleba, xolo Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis gatareba, rogorc delaveris
sakorporacio samarTlis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos kanonis mixedviTac am xelmZRva-
nelobis uflebamosilebis nawilia, Tu, ra Tqma unda, es uflebamosileba ar aris SezR-
uduli partniorTa saregistracio ganacxadiT an wesdebiT.
aseve, sainteresoa `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 54-e muxlis me-6 punqti, romelic
gansazRvravs korporaciis saerTo krebis uflebamosilebaTa CamonaTvals, xolo da-
saxelebuli punqtis~l~ ) qvepunqtis bolo winadadebis Tanaxmad, wesdebiT SeiZleba
me-6 punqtSi CamoTvlili saerTo krebis20 uflebamosilebebis samerTvalyureo sabWo-
ze an/da direqtorebze gadanawileba.21 aRniSnuli Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan kor-
poraciisTvis mniSvnelovan da kritikul dros SeiZleba gaaZlieros bordis, rogorc
Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis ganmaxorcielebeli organos, efeqturi saqmianoba.
SemdgomSi uSualod sasamarTlo praqtikis magaliTebis ganxilvis drosac da-
dasturdeba, rom sakorporacio samarTalSi TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis ganxorciele-
bis mTavar iniciatorebs, Tavdacvis korporaciuli RonisZiebebis ganmaxorcielebel
subieqtebs, warmoadgenen swored direqtorebi.
3. aqcionerTa Tanasworuflebianoba da misi gamarTlebuli

SezRudvis samarTlebrivi farglebi
Cveni naSromis erT-erTi mizani aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ sa-

kiTxis ganxilvaa, magram Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia aqcionerTa `Tanabari mopyro-
17
18
iqve, muxli 9.3.
19
iqve, muxli 56.1.
20
zogadad, saerTo kreba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs reorganizaciis procesSi, radgan
aqcionerebis Tanxmoba TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi aris gadamwyveti reorganizaciis
ganxorcielebisaTvis. magram direqtorebi, romlebic warmoadgenen aqcionerebis mier
daqiravebul menejerebs, valdebulni arian moamzadon reorganizaciis dokumentebi
da garigeba korporaciis da aqcionerebis saukeTeso interesebis Sesabamisad ganax-
orcielon. aqedan gamomdinare, direqtorebi, aseve, valdebulni arian, aqcionerebs
gauwion rekomendacia TiToeul, aqcionerTa krebaze gasatan sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT, kerZod, aqcionerebi unda daeTanxmon Tu ara konkretul garigebas da ratom. Tu
SemZeni korporaciis winadadeba ar Seesabameba korporaciis saukeTeso interesebs, di-
reqtorebi ganaxorcieleben Tavdacvis RonisZiebebs da rekomendacias gauweven aqcio-
nerebs, rom es ukanasknelebi ar daeTanxmon SeTavazebas.
21
126
bis~22 sakiTxis ganxilva da misi gamarTlebuli SezRudvis farglebis, aseTis arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi, gansazRvra.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-9 punqti iTvaliswinebs, rom `sps-is,
ks-is, Sps-is, ss-is da kooperativis partniorebs Tanabar pirobebSi Tanabari ufleba-
movaleobebi aqvT, Tu am kanoniT an wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili. wesdebiT, Se-
saZlebelia maT mier Setanili Senatanebisgan damoukideblad ganisazRvros gansxvave-
buli ufleba-movaleobebi~.23 `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis aRniSnuli danawesi iTvalis-
winebs `wesdebiT sxva ramis gaTvaliswinebas~. magram aRniSnuli danawesi aris `mewar-
meTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis zogadi nawilis Semadgeneli. aqcionerTa Tanasworuflebianobis
sakiTxis ganxilvisas unda SevexoT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 52-e muxlis 1 punqts,
kerZod, `Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, aqciebi SeiZleba iyos Cveulebrivi
da privilegirebuli. erTi Cveulebrivi aqcia uzrunvelyofs erTi xmis uflebas aqci-
onerTa saerTo krebaze, xolo privilegirebuli aqcia ar iZleva xmis uflebas. privi-
legirebuli aqcia uzrunvelyofs dividendis miRebas dadgenili ganakveTiT. dividen-
dis odenoba da miRebis wesi ganisazRvreba sawarmos wesdebiT. wesdebiT SeiZleba dad-
gindes gansxvavebuli wesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs Cveulebrivi da privilegirebuli
aqciebis uflebaTa sxvagvarad gansazRvras. erTi klasis aqciebi Tanabari uflebebiT
uzrunvelyofen maT mflobelebs. dividendebis uciloblad gacemis Sepireba baTili-
a~.24 `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis dasaxelebuli muxli saubrobs ori saxis aqciaTa kla-
sis arsebobaze, Tu sazogadoebis wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, kerZod, aqciaTa
es saxeebia – Cveulebrivi, romelic uzrunvelyofs xmis uflebas da privilegirebuli,
romelic uzrunvelyofs dividendis miRebis uflebas.
àqcia adasturebs piris wevrobas ss-Si da am wevrobidan gamomdinare mis ufle-
bebsa da movaleobebs. amave dros, aqcioneri araa valdebuli monawileoba miiRos sa-
zogadoebis marTvaSi. aqcioners SeuZlia arc monawileobdes sazogadoebis saqmeebSi
da miiRos mxolod dividendebi~.25
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 52-e muxlis 1-li punqti xazs usvams, rom erTi klasis
aqciebi Tanabari uflebebiT uzrunvelyofen maT mflobelebs. Tumca aqciaTa gansxva-
vebuli klasebis arsebobac ar ayenebs aqciaTa erT klass meore klasze ufro priori-
tetul samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi.
`tradiciulad, ganasxvaveben Cveulebriv aqcias, rogorc wevrobis uflebamo-
sileba-valdebulebaTa Cveulebriv SemTxvevas da privilegirebul (upirates) aqcias,
romelic, sxva aqciebTan SedarebiT, garkveuli upiratesobiT xasiaTdeba. magram es
ise ar unda iqnes gagebuli, TiTqos upiratesi aqciis floba gansakuTrebul, ukeTes
samarTlebriv mdgomareobas aniWebdes aqcioners (vidre, vTqvaT, Cveulebrivi aqcia).
kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebaTa samarTalSi ganmtkicebulia e.w. Gleishbehandlung der
Aktionare-s, anu aqcionerTa erTnairi, Tanabari samarTlebrivi mopyrobis principi~.26
22
burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, tomi I, Tb., 2010, 330.
23
24
iqve, muxli 52.1.
25
Wanturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, mesame gamocema, Tb., 2002,
315.
26
127
aqedan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni saubrobs

sxvadasxva saxis aqciaTa klasebis arsebobaze, sakorporacio samarTali ganamtkicebs
yvela aqcioneris `Tanabari mopyrobis~ princips. Tavis mxriv, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ ka-
nonic ar saubrobs, rom aqciaTa romelime klass unda mivaniWoT upiratesi samarTleb-
rivi mdgomareoba. `rac Seexeba sakorporacio samarTalSi Tanasworobis princips, igi
efuZneba sazogadoebis winaSe yvela aqcioneris (partnioris, mewilis) Tanabar mdgo-
mareobas garkveuli, magaliTad, aqciidan gamomdinare upiratesobis gaTvaliswine-
biT. garkveuli privilegia, rogorc iTqva, ZiriTadad, aqcioneris sanivTo (qonebriv)
uflebebs Seexeba, amitom privilegirebuli aqciis mflobeli piri sargeblobs, maga-
liTad, ufro maRali dividendis miRebis uflebiT, aseve, sazogadoebis likvidaciis
dros darCenili qonebidan moTxovnis (kreditorTa Semdeg) upiratesi dakmayofile-
bis uflebiT~.27
yovelive zemoT dasaxelebulidan gamomdinare, saaqcio sazogadoebis aqcione-
rebs aqvT Tanaswori uflebrivi mdgomareoba, anu sargebloben `Tanabari mopyrobis~
principiT. aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli aqcionerTa `Tanabari mopyrobis~ principidan
`gadaxveva~?
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 52-e muxli iTvaliswinebs aqciaTa klasebis da aqci-
ebSi konvertirebadi fasiani qaRaldebis arsebobas. aRniSnuli muxlis 11 punqtis Ta-
naxmad, `garda am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli aqciaTa klasebisa, aqcionerTa saerTo
krebis gadawyvetilebiT, sazogadoebam SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos sxva klasis aqciebis
arsebobac. nebismieri klasis aqciebis raodenoba, maTTan dakavSirebuli ufleba-mo-
valeobebi da maTi Secvlis pirobebi unda aisaxos sazogadoebis wesdebaSi (xolo saja-
ro SeTavazebis SemTxvevaSi – emisiis prospeqtSic), am klasis aqciebis ganTavsebamde.
aqciebis ganTavsebis Semdeg ganTavsebul aqciebTan dakavSirebuli ufleba-movaleo-
bebis Secvla, aseve wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli am klasis aqciebis cvlilebebis wesis
Secvla dauSvebelia~.28
imisTvis, rom warmodgena Segveqmnas, ra konteqstSia èrTi klasis aqciebi Tanaba-
ri uflebebiT uzrunvelyofen maT mflobelebs~ `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi gamoyene-
buli, dasaxelebuli muxlis pirveli punqti Tavidan bolomde Segnebulad aris moyva-
nili. es ukanaskneli zogadad yvela uflebaze saubrobs Tu mxolod xmis uflebaze da
dividendis miRebis uflebaze? imave muxlis 11 punqti saubrobs sxva aqciaTa klasebis
arsebobaze da maTTan dakavSirebul ufleba-movaleobebze, romelic SeiZleba gaTva-
liswinebul iqnes wesdebaSi. Tumca imave punqtSi erTi klasis aqciebis SigniT Tanabar
ufleba-movaleobebze ar aris saubari. anu, gamodis, rom kanonmdebelma daazusta xmis
uflebis da dividendis miRebis uflebis Tanabari uflebrivi mdgomareoba erTi kla-
sis aqcionerebs Soris, xolo sxva ufleba-movaleobebTan dakavSirebiT araTanabari
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanaba-
ri mopyrobis~ principis arsebobis SesaZleblobis ukeT gasaanalizeblad aucilebe-
27
28
128
lia naSromis msvlelobisas Sinaarsobrivad iqnes ganxiluli aseTi SerCeviTi uflebe-

bis arsebobis magaliTebi.
aqcionerTa Soris Tanasworuflebianobis principidan `gadaxvevis~ ZiriTad sa-
fuZvels warmoadgens sazogadoebis interesis dacva. sazogadoebis interesi SeiZle-
ba gulisxmobdes korporaciis dacvas mtruli SeZenisgan, xolo bordma am interesis
dacva moaxdinos Tavdacvis korporaciulsamarTlebrivi RonisZiebis implementaci-
iT. aseT SemTxvevaSi bordi, rogorc Tavdacvis korporaciuli RonisZiebis ganmaxor-
cielebeli subieqti, aris xelmZRvanelobis valdebulebaTa matarebeli korporacii-
sa da aqcionerebis winaSe, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli yvela Tavdacvis RonisZieba
iyos korporaciis da aqcionerebis saukeTesi interesebis Sesabamisi.
bordis mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedebani unda akmayofilebdes gansazRvrul
samarTlebriv kriteriumebs, mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba bordis mier ganxor-
cielebuli qmedeba da Sesabamisad, aqcionerTa `Tanabari mopyrobis~ principidan `ga-
daxveva~, xelmZRvanelobis valdebulebis Sesabamisad. naSromis momdevno TavSi ganxi-
lulia kriteriumebi, romlebic unda daakmayofilos bordma, raTa ganxorcielebuli
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi CaiTvalos samarTlebrivi Za-
lis mqoned. aseve, momdevno Tavi Seexeba bordis mier aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari
mopyrobis~ safuZvelze gamoyenebul Tavdacvis korporaciul RonisZiebas.
4. ìunikalis~ testi
iunikali mesa potroliumis winaaRmdeg29 erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani

saqmea, romelic exeba bordis mier, mtruli SeZenis sawinaaRmdegod, korporaciulsa-
marTlebrivi Tavdacvis RonisZiebis gamoyenebas. aRniSnuli saqmis safuZvelze amoq-
medda Tavdacvis RonisZiebis Zalmosilebis Semowmebis fuZemdebluri wesi, romelic
iunikalis testis saxeliT damkvidrda.
mesa petroliumma, romelic iyo iunikalis aqciaTa 13%-is mflobeli, ganacxa-
da pretenzia aqciaTa 37%-is SeZenaze, mesa petroliumi fiqrobda iunikalis aqciebis
mTlianad xelSi Cagdebas. erTi aqciis Sesyidvis fasad gamoacxada 54 dolari.
aRniSnul SeTavazebasTan dakavSirebiT Seikriba iunikalis bordi, romlebmac
imsjeles, Tu ra gadawyvetileba unda mieRoT SeTavazebasTan mimarTebaSi. iunikalis
bords 8 mowveuli (romlebic ar warmoadgendnen korporaciis TanamSromlebs) da 6 Si-
da (romlebic warmoadgendnen korporaciis TanamSromlebs) direqtori30 hyavda. bor-
dma msjelobis Semdeg gadawyvita, rom iunikalis aqciebis fasi iyo ufro meti, vid-
re mesas mier gakeTebuli SeTavazeba da ganxilul iqna sxvadasxva SesaZlo Tavdacvis
RonisZieba. Semdeg calke Seikribnen mowveuli direqtorebi, romlebmac gadawyvites
erCiaT bordisTvis, rom uari eTqva aRniSnul SeTavazebaze da ganexorcielebina Tav-
dacvis RonisZiebebi. SesaZlo Tavdacvis RonisZiebad dasaxelda kompaniis aqciebis
Sesyidva satendero SeTavazebis gziT.
29
Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co. Delaware Supreme Court, 1985, 493 A.2d 946.
30
129
bords aqvs valdebuleba gansazRvros, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba aRniSnuli SeTa-

vazeba kompaniis saukeTeso interesebs. bordis mier misaRebi gadawyvetileba, rogorc
zemoT aRiniSna, dakavSirebulia xelmZRvanelobis valdebulebasTan.31
iunikalis saqmis ganxilvis dros sasamarTlo Camoyalibda orstandartian wes-
ze, romelic iunikalis testis saxeliT damkvidrda. am testis pirveli standartis
Tanaxmad, safrTxe unda iyos realuri, anu realuri safrTxe unda emuqrebodes kor-
poraciis interesebs da meore standarti – direqtorebis mier gatarebuli Tavdacvis
RonisZiebebi unda iyos safrTxis adekvaturi. Zalian mniSvnelovania balansis dacva am
or standarts Soris. am testis orive standarts Soris unda iyos gonivruli kavSiri
da bordis gadawyvetileba unda iyos SesabamisobaSi orive standartTan.
sabolood, bordma gadawyvita, ganexorcielebina Tavdacvis korporaciuli Ro-
nisZiebebi mesa petroliumis SeTavazebasTan dakavSirebiT. mesa petroliumis SeTava-
zebis sapirispirod bordi TviTon SeiZenda sakuTari kompaniis aqciebs ufro Zvirad,
vidre amas mesa petroliumi sTavazobda aqcionerebs. bordi mesa petroliumis mier
SeTavazebuli fass Tvlida sabazro Rirebulebaze dabal fasad da sakuTari SeTava-
zeba miaCnda realur da adekvatur SeTavazebad. amasTan, iunikalis mier gakeTebuli
SeTavazeba iyo e.w. aqciebis SerCeviTi Sesyidva satendero SeTavazebis gziT, romelic
gamoricxavda mesa petroliumis mflobelobaSi arsebuli aqciebis SeZenas. miuxedavad
amisa, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom iunikalis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi iyo saf-
rTxis adekvaturi, xolo aqciebis SerCeviTi Sesyidva ar arRvevda mesa petroliumis
uflebebs, radgan direqtorebma aqciebis SerCeviTi Sesyidvis gadawyvetileba kompa-
niis saukeTeso interesebidan da im safrTxidan gamomdinare miiRes, romelic kompani-
as emuqreboda.32
imave sasamarTlo saqmeze da or standartze saubrobs batoni lado Wanturia sa-
kuTar wignSic. kerZod, `XX saukunis oTxmociani wlebis dasawyisSi delaveris umaR-
lesma sasamarTlom kidev ufro ganaviTara es praqtika da ufro daazusta kriteriu-
mebi, romelTa arsebobazec aris damokidebuli Business Judgement Rule-is gamoyeneba, e.w.
mtruli SeZenis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sesafaseblad: pirveli, direq-
torebma unda daasabuTon, rom SeZena safrTxes uqmnis korporacias; meore, gatare-
buli Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi safrTxis Sesabamisia. garda amisa, sasamarTlos azriT,
31
Thompson O., Corporations and Other Business Associations, 5th ed., Aspen Publishers, NY, 2006, 775, “In
the board’s exercise of corporate power to forestall a takeover bid our analysis begins with the basic principle
that corporate directors have a fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the corporation’s stockholders. As
we have noted, their duty of care extends to protecting the corporation and its owners from perceived harm
whether a threat originates from third parties or other shareholders.”
32
conclusion, there was directorial power to oppose the Mesa tender offer, and to undertake a selective stock
exchange made in good faith and upon a reasonable investigation pursuant to a clear duty to protect the corpo-
rate enterprise. Further, the selective stock repurchase plan chosen by Unocal is reasonable in relation to the
threat that the board rationally and reasonably believed was posed by Mesa’s inadequate and coercive two-tier
tender offer. Under those circumstances the board’s action is entitled to the measured by the standards of the
business judgement rule.”
130
mtruli SeZenisas bordi valdebulic kia gamoikvlios, sawarmos SeZena Sedis Tu ara
korporaciis an aqcionerebis interesebSi~.33
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, bordis mier miRebuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi maSin
aris xelmZRvanelobis valdebulebis Sesabamisi, rodesac bordis gadawyvetileba ak-
mayofilebs iunikalis testis orive kriteriums.
4.1. samizne korporaciis da Semsyidveli korporaciis aqcionerebi
iunikalis saqme gamorCeulad mniSvnelovania ori mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, am

saqmis ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom SeimuSava Tavdacvis korporaciulsamarTlebrivi
RonisZiebebis Zalmosilebis Semowmebis kriteriumebi (ìunikalis~ testi) da meore,
sainteresoa Tavdacvis korporaciulsamarTlebrivi RonisZiebis meTodi, romelic
gamoiyena iunikalis bordma.
delaveris sasamarTlom, sxvadasxva sasamarTlo saqmeebze dayrdnobiT, Seimu-
Sava da ganaviTara mtruli dauflebis mcdelobisas moqmedi sxva testebic,34 magram
iunikalis testi dRemde rCeba, rogorc bordis mier ganxorcielebuli Tavdacvis
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi RonisZiebis Semowmebis umTavresi safuZveli, xolo ge-
nezisisa da omniqearis sasamarTlos saqmis Semdeg iunikalis testis gamoyeneba sasa-
marTlom gaavrcela Serwymis xelSekrulebis dasacavad gatarebul Tavdacvis Ronis-
Ziebebzec.35
korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacvTi RonisZiebis meTodi, romelic iuni-
kalma ganaxorciela, aris, rogorc aRiniSna, aqciebis SerCeviTi Sesyidva satendero
SeTavazebis gziT. iunikalis bordma aqciebis Sesyidva SesTavaza marto ZirZvel aqci-
onerebs da ara mesa petroleums, romelsac ukve hqonda iunikalis aqciebis garkveu-
li raodenoba Sesyiduli. Sesabamisad, iunikalis bordma scada SerCeviTi uflebebis
implementacia aqcionerebs Soris da Tavdacvis korporaciuli RonisZiebis formad
satendero SeTavazeba gamoiyena, xolo sasamarTlom mxari dauWira sazogadoebis in-
teresidan gamomdinare samizne korporaciis aqciebis mflobelebis – samizne korpo-
raciis da Semsyidveli korporaciis – aqcionerebad dayofas. sasamarTlom mxari da-
uWira bords, rom korporaciis da aqcionerebis interesebs emuqrebodaT realuri
33
34
magaliTad, revlonis testi, sadac bordi valdebulia kompania saukeTeso pirobebiT
gaasxvisos, rom aqcionerebma naxon maqsimaluri mogeba. revlonis testi, sxvadasxva
safuZvlis gamo, SeiZleba amoqmeddes; amoqmedebis erT-erTi safuZvelia bordis mier
mtruli SeTavazebis pasuxad kompaniis gayidvis aqtiuri procesis dawyeba, Revlon, Inc. v.
MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc. Delaware Supreme Court, 1986, 506 A.2d 173.
35
Omnicare, Inc. v. NCS Healthcare, Inc. Delaware Supreme Court, 2003, 818 A.2d 914. aRniSnul saq-
mis ganxilvamde iTvleboda, rom iunikalis testi gamoiyeneboda sawarmos mier mtruli
SeTavazebisgan Tavdacvis dros, Tumca delaveris sasamarTlom iunikalis testis moq-
medeba gaavrcela reorganizaciis xelSekrulebis Tavdacvis korporaciuli RonisZie-
bebis gamoyenebazec, anu iunikalis testis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia Sefasdes reorga-
nizaciis xelSekrulebis Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis Zalmosilebac, Davis C. D., Omnicare v.
NCS Healthcare: Critical Appraisal, 4 Berkeley Business Law Journal 177, 2007, 4.
131
safrTxe da gatarebuli SerCeviTi satendero SeTavazebis meTodi miiCnia arsebuli

safrTxis adekvaturad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bordma aRniSnuli meTodi warmatebiT ganaxorciela, xo-
lo sasamarTlom mxari dauWira bords. aucileblia aRiniSnos, rom amerikulma SEC-m
akrZala iunikalis mier gamoyenebuli SerCeviTi Sesyidvis meTodis gamoyeneba.36 SEC-
is wesebis Tanaxmad, kompaniam satendero SeTavazebis dros aqciebi unda Seisyidos
aqciebis gasxvisebis msurveli yvela aqcionerisagan da ara mxolod sakuTari ZirZve-
li aqcionerebisagan. iunikalis mier gamoyenebuli meTodi iyo satendero SeTavazeba
ZirZveli aqcionerebis mimarT – selective self-tender offer. iunikalis testi darCa, rogorc
Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis Zalmosilebis Sesamowmebeli ZiriTadi wesi, magram iunikalis
mier gamoyenebuli satendero SeTavazebis meTodi Seusabamod cno SEC-m. SEC-m akrZala
kompaniis mier satendero SeTavazebis gziT aqciebis Sesyidvis SerCeviToba da ara zo-
gadad aqciebis Sesyidvis SerCeviToba.
qarTul sakorporacio samarTalSi `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 532-e muxliT gan-
sazRvrulia savaldebulo satendero SeTavazebis sakiTxi, magram aRniSnuli muxli ar
iZleva aqciebis mflobelebis samizne da Semsyidveli korporaciis aqcionerebad da-
yofis SesaZleblobas. piriqiT, dasaxelebuli muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad, `Tu aq-
cioneri an SeTanxmebis safuZvelze moqmed aqcionerTa jgufi (am muxlis miznebisTvis
`myidveli”) SeiZens aqciaTa pakets, ris Sedegadac akontrolebs saaqcio sazogadoebis
xmaTa saerTo raodenoba 1/2-ze mets, igi valdebulia, am faqtis dadgomidan araugvi-
anes 45 dRisa, ganaxorcielos `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gaTvalis-
winebuli satendero SeTavazeba yvela darCenili aqciis gamosyidvis Taobaze, an ima-
ve vadaSi Camoiyvanos misi kontrolis qveS arsebuli xmebis saerTo raodenobis 1/2-ze
qveviT~.37 savaldebulo satendero SeTavazebis dros aucilebelia yvela `darCenili~,
xmis uflebis mqone, aqciis gamosyidvaze ganacxadis gakeTeba. Sesabamisad, savaldebu-
lo satendero SeTavazebis dros erTi klasis aqciebis mflobel aqcionerebs Soris
SeuZlebelia gansxvavebuli uflebrivi mdgomareobis arseboba. rac Seexeba `fasiani
qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ kanons, aRniSnuli kanonis me-15 muxlis me-4 punqtis Ta-
naxmad, `satendero SeTavazebis pirobebi da SemTavazeblis mier miwodebuli informa-
cia erTnairi unda iyos saTanado fasiani qaRaldebis yvela mesakuTrisaTvis~.38 amave
muxlis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad, `Tu SemTavazebeli miiRebs ufro meti fasiani qaRaldis
gayidvis Tanxmobas, vidre es aRniSnuli iyo satendero SeTavazebaSi, igi SeiZens fasian
qaRaldebs proporciuli gadanawilebis safuZvelze~.39 Sesabamisad, `fasiani qaRalde-
bis bazris Sesaxeb~ kanonic amkvidrebs satendero SeTavazebis dros aqcionerebs So-
ris `Tanabari mopyrobis~ princips.
momdevno TavebSi ganvixilavT korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi Ronis-
Ziebebis gamoyenebis da, Sesabamisad, àqcionerTa SerCeviTi Tanabari~ mopyrobis sxva
formebs.
36
Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, rule 13e-4, 14d-10.
37
38
saqarTvelos kanoni `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~, `saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
macne~, 1998, muxli 15.4.
39
iqve, muxli 15.5.
132
5. `damatebiTi ufleba~ (Poison Pills)
Poison Pills, anu damatebiTi ufleba – ras gulisxmobs aRniSnuli termini? vin Se-
iZleba iyos aRniSnuli uflebis matarebeli da rogor SeiZleba am uflebis ganxorci-
eleba?40
aRniSnuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi gaTvaliswinebulia delaveris sakorporacio
samarTliT,41 maT, aseve, iTvaliswinebs modeluri kanoni korporaciebis Sesaxeb.42 Poi-
son Pills, anu am terminis sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT `mowamluli abebi~ aqcionerebi-
saTvis miniWebuli uflebebis krebiTi saxelia, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs aqcio-
ners, konkretuli movlenis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi moiTxovos kompaniisgan damatebiTi
fasiani qaRaldebi.43 bordis mier aRniSnuli RonisZiebis, iseve rogorc sxva Tavdacvis
RonisZiebebis, ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi unda dakmayofildes iunikalis testiT
gaTvaliswinebuli orive kriteriumi.
Poison Pills ZiriTadad ori saxisaa.44 pirvel SemTxvevaSi, direqtorebi kompaniis
yvela aqcioners aniWeben gansazRvrul uflebebs, romelTac Cveulebriv SemTxveva-
Si ar aqvT Rirebuleba. magram maTi Rirebuleba warmoiqmneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac,
magaliTad, SemZeni gadawyvets dasaxelebul kompaniaSi aqciebis 20%-is an 25%-is Se-
Zenas, an gamoacxadebs satendero SeTavazebas. aseTi movlenebis dadgomis SemTxveva-
Si kompaniis yvela aqcioneri, igulisxmeba kompaniis Tavdapirveli aqcionerebi, iZens
uflebas, Seisyidos kompaniis mier gamoSvebuli damatebiTi aqciebi sabazro Rirebu-
lebaze bevrad ufro iafad (flip-in). Semsyidvel kompanias igive ufleba ar aqvs. Sede-
gad Semsyidvel kompanias gacilebiT ufro Zviri SeiZleba daujdes samiznis SeZena.
meore SemTxvevaSi, dasaxelebuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebis safuZvelze, samizne kompa-
niis aqcionerebs eniWebaT ufleba, SeiZinon SeRavaTian fasad im kompaniis aqciebi, ro-
mel kompaniaSic unda gaerTiandes samizne kompania (flip-over).45 Tu Semsyidveli kompania
tranzaqciis pirvel etapze moaxerxebs samizne kompaniis aqciebis sakontrolo pake-
tis xelSi Cagdebas (`mowamluli abebis~ meore varianti), xels SeuSlis Semsyidvels,
gaerTiandes samiznesTan da miscems SesaZleblobas samizne kompanias, ganviTardes da-
moukideblad.46
40
41
DGCL, §151.
42
MBCA, §6.01.
43
Thompson O., Corporations and Other Business Associations, 5th ed., Aspen Publishers, NY, 2006, 779, “poi-
son pill” is a colloquial name for various rights given to shareholders entitling them to additional securities of
the company upon the happening of certain events. These plans have been adopted by more than 1000 public
corporations and over half of the largest 500 American corporations, making them one of the most popular
defensive tactics adopted by management seeking to deter hostile takeovers”.
44
Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, Takeover Law and Practice, 2012, 64, <http://www.law.qmul.ac.uk/docs/
events/corporate%20law/65795.pdf>.
45
46
SesaZlebelia, Segvxvdes mowamluli abebis sxva CamonaTvalic, magaliTad, “Flip-over“
Rights allow the holders to purchase shares in the acquiring company under certain circumstances, “flip-in“
Rights allow the holders to purchase shares of the target company, and “back-end” Rights entitle the holders
to acquire debt securities or other assets,” Velasco J., The Enduring Illegitimacy of the Poison Pill, 27 Iowa
Journal of Corporation Law 381, 2002, 2.
133
zogadad, aRniSnuli Tavdacvis RonisZieba damatebiTi stimulia Semsyidvelis-

Tvis, rom mivides samizne kompaniis bordTan da SeTavazeba gaxados megobruli, radgan
Tu Semsyidvelma mainc SeiZina aqciebis is raodenoba, rac gaxda `mowamluli abebis~
amoqmedebis safuZveli, `mowamluli abebis~ gamoTxova SeuZlebeli iqneba.47 `mowamlu-
li abebis~ amoqmedebamde direqtorebs, rogorc aRniSnuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebis im-
plementatorebs, aqvT dasaxelebuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebis ukan gamoxmobis ufleba.48
rogorc vxedavT, `damatebiTi uflebis~ matarebeli aris aqcioneri da ara aqcia.
xolo, Tavis mxriv, aqciis mflobeloba ganapirobebs am uflebis ganxorcielebas.49
marTalia, aqciis gamoSvebis Semdeg aqciasTan dakavSirebuli ufleba-movaleobebis
Secvla dauSvebelia, magram, rogorc delaveris sakorporacio samarTliT gaTvalis-
winebul muxlebSi vnaxavT, SesaZlebelia maTi gamosyidva, gardaqmna da a.S. samizne
korporaciis ZirZvel aqcionerebs `damatebiTi ufleba~ warmoeSobaT aqciebis flo-
bidan gamomdinare, anu, erTi da imave klasis SigniT SeiZleba aqciebs hqondeT Tanabari
ufleba-movaleoba, magram es ar niSnavs, rom aqcionerebic Tanabari uflebebiT sar-
gebloben. swored aqcionerisaTvis am uflebis miniWeba gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, rom
gamoviTxovoT damatebiTi ufleba, rogorc Tavdacvis RonisZieba. gamoSvebis Semdeg
aqciisaTvis miniWebuli uflebis gamoTxova SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
delaveris sakorporacio samarTlis 151 (e) muxlis Tanaxmad, aqciaTa nebismier
klass SeiZleba mieniWos ufleba, rom gardaiqmnas an gaicvalos konkretuli movle-
47
48
Velasco J., The Enduring Illegitimacy of the Poison Pill, 27 Iowa Journal of Corporation Law 381, 2002, 2,
“There are only three known ways around the poison pill. The first is to negotiate a friendly transaction with
the target company. This is possible because the Rights are redeemable by the target company’s board of di-
rectors until the poison pill is triggered. If a friendly arrangement can be reached, the poison pill Rights can
be redeemed and the takeover can continue. However, this is little more than a phantom option; if a friendly
transaction were feasible, a hostile bid would not have been necessary. A second way around the poison pill is
to persuade the courts that the target company’s board of directors is breaching its fiduciary duties by refusing
to redeem the poison pill Rights. If this can be done, the court may order the company to redeem the Rights
and allow the takeover to continue. However, courts are not easily persuaded. The target company can often
develop a plausible rationale for resisting the hostile takeover in the interests of its shareholders. Despite the
obvious benefits to shareholders, who would prefer to sell their shares at an often substantial premium to
market price, courts are hesitant to second-guess the business judgment of directors. Thus, the courts tend to
permit the target company’s directors to resist hostile takeovers, by means of the poison pill or otherwise. The
third way around the poison pill is to launch a proxy contest to remove the target company’s board of directors
and replace them with a more sympathetic group. This new board of directors can then redeem the poison pill
Rights and allow the hostile takeover to proceed. A proxy contest, however, is expensive and time-consuming.
Thus, only the most determined bidders can proceed with this option, and yet, this is the only real option avail-
able to most hostile bidders.”
49
Velasco J., The Enduring Illegitimacy of the Poison Pill, 27 Iowa Journal of Corporation Law 381, 2002, 1,
“The poison pill operates in a fairly simple manner. A company’s board of directors adopts a “Shareholder
Rights Plan“ pursuant to which a dividend of one “Right” is declared on each share of common stock. Each
Right is attached to, and not tradable separately from, its corresponding share. Initially, the Rights are es-
sentially meaningless. However, if certain specified events occur, such as the acquisition by a hostile bidder
of more than a specified percentage of the company’s shares, the poison pill is triggered. Once triggered, the
Rights would detach from the shares and entitle all of the target company’s shareholders, other than the hostile
bidder, to acquire securities at a discount.”
134
nis safuZvelze, aqciis mflobelis an korporaciis mier imave an sxva klasis aqcieb-
Si saregistracio ganacxadis an bordis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze
dadgenil fasad da wesiT.50 xolo 157 (a) muxlis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis saregistracio
ganacxadis Sesabamisad, korporaciis bordis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, yvela kor-
poracias SeuZlia Seqmnas da gamouSvas aqciasTan da sxva fasiani qaRaldis gamoSvebasa
da gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli an masTan kavSiris gareSe arsebuli ufleba, romelic
mflobels aniWebs korporaciis aqciebis Sesyidvis uflebas.51
modeluri kanonis korporaciebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, am kanonis 6.01 (c)(2)-s Tanax-
mad, `saregistracio ganacxadi SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes, rom aqciaTa gansazRvrul
klasebs SeiZleba hqondeT gamosyidvis an gardaqmnis ufleba korporaciis, aqcioneris
gadawyvetilebis an konkretuli movlenis dadgomis safuZvelze fasiani qaRaldis,
fulis, valis an sxva qonebis nacvlad dadgenili wesiT gansazRvruli odenobiT~.52
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saxezea aqciasTan dakavSi-
rebuli ufleba, gardaiqmnas sxva fasian qaRaldad, an iyos gamosyiduli gansazRvrul
fasad. am uflebis matarebeli aris samizne korporaciis aqcioneri. amasTan, sxva fasian
qaRaldad gardaqmna SesaZlebelia ara mxolod im kompaniaSi, romlis aqcionerebic ari-
an, aramed aseve sxva kompaniaSic da, rac mTavaria, aRniSnuli uflebis asamoqmedeblad
aucilebelia konkretuli movlenis (triggering event an substantial event) dadgoma. ra Tqma
unda, direqtorebis gadawyvetileba ver iqneba saregistracio ganacxadiT dadgenili
wesis sawinaaRmdego. direqtorebi gvevlinebian rogorc aRmasruleblebi, romlebic
saregistracio ganacxadiT da kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT moqmedeben.53
modeluri kanonis 6.02 muxli saubrobs, rom direqtorebs saregistracio ganacxa-
diT SeiZleba mieniWos nebadarTuli54 aqciebisTvis uflebebis da damatebiTi pirobebis
gansazRvris SesaZlebloba, rac imavdroulad mianiSnebs bordis uflebaze, rom gaiT-
valiswinos aqciebis gamoSvebis dros aqciebis gamosyidvis an gardaqmnis privilegiac.
50
DGCL, § 151 (e), “Any stock of any class or of any series thereof may be made convertible into, or exchange-
able for, at the option of either the holder or the corporation or upon happening the specified event, shares of
any other class or classes or any other series of the same or any other class or classes of stock of the corpora-
tion, at such price or prices or at such rate or rates of exchange and with such adjustments as shall be stated in
the certificate of incorporation or in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issue of such stock adopted
by the board of directors as hereinabove provided”.
51
DGCL, § 157 (a), “Subject to any provisions in the certificate of incorporation, every corporation may create
and issue, whether or not in connection with the issue and sale of any shares of stock or other securities of
the corporation, rights or options entitling the holders thereof to aquire from the corporation any shares of its
capital stock of any class or classes, such rights or options to be evidenced by or in such instrument or instru-
ments as shall be approved by the board of directors”.
52
MBCA, §6.01 (c), “The articles of incorporation may authorize one or more classes of shares that: (2) are deem-
able or convertible as specified in the articles of incorporation: (i) at the option of the corporation, the share-
holder, or another person or upon the occurrence of a specified event; (ii) fro cash, indebtedness, securities, or
other property; and (iii) at prices and in amounts specified, or determined in accordance with a formula”.
53
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, delaveris sakorporacio samarTali da sasamarTlo praqtika
gansakuTrebul xazs usvams bordis mier kompaniis xelmZRvanelobis sakiTxs, DGCL, §141.
54
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, 1994. 59-e muxli ganmartavs `nebadarTuli
aqciebis~ mniSvnelobas.
135
rac Seexeba TviTon termins Poison Pills, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs `mo-
wamlul abebs~. Sinaarsobrivi mniSvneloba xazs usvams aqcionerisaTvis damatebiTi
uflebis miniWebis sakiTxs da swored es damatebiTi uflebebi aris Tavdacvis Ronis-
Ziebis ganmapirobebeli faqtori. amasTan, rogorc gansaxilvel sasamarTlo saqmeebSi
vnaxavT, ar arsebobs `mowamluli abebis~ erTi konkretuli mimarTuleba, is ufro sxva-
dasxva saxis RonisZiebebis aRmniSvneli erToblivi saxelia. Sesabamisad, mowamluli
abebis qarTul Sesatyvisad SegviZlia gamoviyenoT termini `damatebiTi ufleba~, anu
Tavdacvis korporaciuli RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis WrilSi, aqcionerebisaTvis mini-
Webuli damatebiTi ufleba. es damatebiTi ufleba miscems aqcioners samizne kompaniis
mier gamoSvebuli an Semsyidveli kompaniis aqciebis sabazro Rirebulebaze ufro da-
bal fasad Sesyidvis uflebas.
imisaTvis, rom kargad gavaanalizoT `mowamluli abebis~, rogorc TavdacviTi
RonisZiebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, aucilebelia, ganvixiloT sasamarTlo praq-
tikis magaliTebi.55 erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sasamarTlo saqme, romelic gani-
xila delaveris sasamarTlom da romelmac ganamtkica `mowamluli abebis~ samarTleb-
rivi mdgomareoba, aris saqme morani haushold inTerneiSenalis winaaRmdeg.56
haushold inTerneiSanali diversificirebuli kompaniaa, romelsac aqvs Svilo-
bili kompaniebi finansur servisebSi, transportirebis da manufaqturis mimarTule-
biT. morani iyo hausholdis erT-erTi direqtori da daison-kisner-moranis xelZRva-
neli. dasaxelebuli kompania imavdroulad aris haushold inTerneiSenalis yvelaze
didi aqcioneri. 1984 wels haushold inTerneiSenalis bordma miiRo gadawyvetileba
Tavdacvis korporaciuli RonisZiebebis saxiT ùflebaTa xelSekrulebis~ damtkice-
bis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli dokumenti gulisxmobda Semdegs – kompaniis Cveulebrivi klasis
aqciebis mflobelebs eqnebodaT erTi ùfleba~ erTi aqciis sanacvlod, romelic gau-
aqtiurdebodaT sxvadasxva safuZvelze dayrdnobiT. es safuZvlebi iyo Semdegi saxis
– hausholdis aqciaTa 30%-ze satendero SeTavazebis gamocxadeba da meore, haushol-
dis aqciaTa 20%-is SeZena nebismier sxva organizaciis an sxva aqcionerTa jgufis mier.
Tu gamocxaddeboda kompaniis 30%-ze satendero SeTavazeba, Tavdacvis RonisZiebiT
55
`mowamluli abebis~ gamoyenebis da sasamarTlos mier ganxilvis pirveli SemTxveva
dafiqsirda niu jersis StatSi, Cohen M. M., “Poison pills” as a negotiating tool: seeking a cease-fire
in the corporate takeover wars, Columbia Business Law Review 459, 1987, 4, “Lenox, Inc. (“Lenox”) issued
the first poison pill to initiate litigation in June 1983 in response to the unwelcome advances of Brown-Forman
Distillers Corp. (“Brown-Forman”). Brown-Forman had commenced a tender offer for “any and all” shares of
Lenox at $ 87 and announced a follow-up merger. Lenox responded by issuing an original pill - a dividend of
convertible preferred stock at the ratio of one share for every forty common shares. This preferred stock was
convertible into the voting common stock of the acquirer should Lenox merge with another entity or sell all of
its assets. Brown-Forman sought a temporary restraining order, but the Federal District Court in New Jersey
refused to issue the order. The court found that Lenox’s defensive tactics, including the pill, were not “clearly
illegal and contrary to the shareholder’s interests.” Thus, the poison pill appeared to have withstood its first
legal challenge. This victory would proved short-lived - the first crude poison pill had been too weak. Share-
holders were still enticed to tender because of the large premium offered. The preferred stock had not deterrent
effect because it only provided an additional dividend of twelve cents per share. Lenox finally capitulated and
sold out at $ 90 per share, but not before Brown-Forman agreed to retain upper management.“
56
Moran v. Houshold International, Inc. Delaware Supreme Court, 1985, 500 A.2d 1346.
136
gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi gaaqtiurdeboda da SesaZlebeli iqneboda axali privil-

gიrეbuli aqciebis erTi measedis SeZena 100 dolarad da es uflebebi gamosyidvadi iyo
bordis mier, rogorc erTi ufleba 0.50 dolari. Tu hausholdis aqciaTa 20%-s SeiZen-
da romelime sxva kompania, aRniSnuli uflebebi gaaqtiurdeboda da SeeZleboda erTi
measedi privilegirebuli aqciebis SeZena da imavdroulad es uflebebi gamosyidvadi
aRar iqneboda. aseve, aRniSnuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebis Tanaxmad, Tu aqcioneri ar ga-
moiyenebda uflebas privilegirebuli aqciebis mimarT, maSin mas eqneboda Semsyidveli
kompaniis 200 dolari Rirebulebis Cveulebrivi aqciebis 100 dolarad SeZenis ufle-
ba. es ukanaskneli ufleba aRmocendeboda, Tu Semsyidveli kompania gadawyvetda sa-
mizne kompaniasTan gaerTianebas.
hausholdis bordma Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis gatarebamde gaiara konsultaciebi
sxvadasxva kompaniasTan, romlebmac, im dros arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
urCies mtruli SeZenis sawinaaRmdego politika gaetarebina. bordis sxdomaze, rode-
sac `mowamluli abebis~ miReba daamtkices, xmaTa raodenoba gaiyo: 14 momxre da 2 wina-
aRmdegi. sxdomas eswrebodnen aseve eqspertebi, romlebmac urCies Tavdacvis Ronis-
Ziebebis gatareba.57 Sedegad moranma da misma kompaniam Seitanes sarCeli hausholdis
winaaRmdeg.
sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilva daiwyo direqtorebis xelmRvanelobiTi ufleba-
mosilebis gansazRvris sakiTxiT – ramdenad iyo TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba direqtorebis uflebamosilebis farglebSi. mosarCe-
leebis TvalsazrisiT, bordi ar iyo uflebamosili, daemtkicebina Tavdacvis RonisZi-
ebebi, aseve, bordi ar iyo uflebamosili, SeezRuda aqcionerebis ufleba, rom am uka-
nasknelebs aerCiaT mtruli SeTavazeba aqciebis SesyidvasTan dakavSirebiT.
mosarCele mxare delaveris sakorporacio samarTlis 157-e muxls, romlis sa-
fuZvelzec aris SesaZlebeli Tavdacvis korporaciuli RonisZiebebis implementacia,
uwodebda muxls, romelic iZleoda mxolod korporaciis finansirebisTvis damatebi-
Ti uflebebis damtkicebis SesaZleblobas. mosarCeleebma aRniSnes, rom 157-e muxli ar
iZleoda modelirebuli uflebebis gamocemis SesaZleblobas, ise rogorc es gaakeTa
bordma. mosarCeleebi ambobdnen, rom 157-e muxli ar iZleoda sxva kompaniis aqciebTan
dakavSirebiT uflebebis miniWebis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, bords ar SeeZlo 157-e
muxlis safuZvelze Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis implementacia. sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma
mosarCeelebis pozicias delaveris sakorporacio samarTlis 157-e muxlTan dakavSi-
rebiT.58 kerZod, mosarCeleebma ver SeZles damtkiceba, rom 157-e muxlis mizani aris
mxolod korporaciis finansirebisTvis `damatebiTi uflebis~ gamocema. aseve, sasa-
marTlom aRniSna, rom aqcionerebisTvis miniWebuli uflebebi ar iyo modelirebuli,
57
Cohen M. M., “Poison pills” as a negotiating tool: seeking a cease-fire in the corporate takeover wars”, Co-
lumbia Business Law Review 459, 1987, 5, “The court found it important that the Household pill had been
adopted by a board composed primarily of outside directors before a takeover had been initiated.”
58
DGCL §157 (a), “Subject to any provisions in the certificate of incorporation, every corporation may create
and issue, whether or not in connection with the issue and sale of shares of stock or other securities of the cor-
poration, rights or options entitling the holders thereof to acquire from the corporation any shares of its capital
stock of any class or classes, such rights or options to be evidenced by or in such instrument or instruments as
shall be approved by the board of directors”.
137
radgan `mowamluli abebiT~ miniWebuli uflebebis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli iqne-

boda, rodesac dadgeboda amis safuZveli (Sesyiduli iqneboda hausholdis aqciaTa
20% an gamocxaddeboda satendero SeTavazeba hauholdis aqciaTa 30% SeZenasTan da-
kavSirebiT). aseve, 157-e muxlis safuZvelze, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom SesaZlebelia
sxva kompaniis aqciebTan dakavSirebiT uflebebis miniWeba. bordi uflebamosili iyo
aRniSnuli muxlis safuZvelze gaetarebina Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi.
rogorc aRiniSna, mosarCeleebi acxadebdnen, rom bordi ar iyo uflebamosili,
moexdina aqcionerebis uflebebis xelyofa – daTanxmebodnen Tu ara mtrul SeTavaze-
bas. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom aqcionerebis uflebebi mtruli SeZenis SezRudvasTan
dakavSirebiT ar iyo xelyofili, miuxedavad Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis gatarebisa, aq-
cionerebs hqondaT SesaZlebloba mieRoT mtruli SeTavazeba. aseve, sasamarTlos gan-
cxadebiT, gatarebuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi ar iyo absoluturi. arsebobda mtru-
li SeZenis sxva saSualebebic, romelTac aRniSnuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi ar iTva-
liswinebda.59 aseve, Tu direqtorebi mtrul SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetdnen
gatarebuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis amoqmedebas, maTi gadawyvetileba mainc iqnebo-
da Semowmebuli xelmZRvanelobis valdebulebis farglebSi.
mosarCeleebma, aseve, ganacxades, rom Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi xels uSlida erTi
aqcionerisaTvis rwmunebulebis miniWebas, kerZod, aqcionerTa jgufs rom mieniWebina
erTi aqcionerisaTvis xmaTa 20%-is gamoyenebis ufleba. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom
Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis safuZveli SeiZleba damdgariyo, Tu erTi
aqcioneri gaxdeboda 20% aqciebis beneficiari mesakuTre. xolo is faqti, rom erT aq-
cioners mieniWeboda 20% xmis ufleba rwmunebulebiT, ar gaxdeboda Tavdacvis Ronis-
Ziebis amoqmedebis safuZveli.
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom Tavdacvis
RonisZiebebis amoqmedeba iyo bordis uflebamosileba. am sakiTxis garkvevis Semdeg
sasamarTlom daiwyo ganxilva, Tu ramdenad icavda bordis mier miRebuli gadawyveti-
lebas Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis gatarebis Sesaxeb samewarmeo gansjis wesi.60 aRniSnul
59
Henry L. G., Continuing Directors Provisions: these next generation shareholder rights plans are fair and
reasoned responses to hostile takeover measures, 79 Boston Law Review 989, 1999, 3, “The dissident share-
holder next argued that poison pills would prevent shareholders from receiving tender offers. In accord, the
Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filed an amicus brief, stating that “the Rights Plan will deter
... virtually all hostile tender offers.” The court struck down that argument on four counts. First, the court
pointed out the fallacy in such arguments by highlighting a contemporaneous acquisition that had occurred
even though the target had a poison pill. Second, the court noted that one could form a group of up to 19.9
percent and solicit proxies for consents to remove the board and redeem the Rights. Third, the court stated that
an incumbent board may not arbitrarily reject an offer. Rather, a board faces the same fiduciary standards that
any board would face in adopting a defensive tactic. Fourth, the court compared poison pills to other defen-
sive mechanisms and noted that pills do “less harm to the value structure of the corporation than do the other
mechanisms.” Unlike some measures, the poison pill does not increase the debt load of the target, it does not
require an outflow of cash from the corporation, and it does not dilute earnings per share or have negative tax
consequences for the corporation or its shareholders.“
60
maisuraZe d., samewarmeo gansjis wesi sakorporacio samarTalSi (amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebisa da saqarTvelos samarTlis magaliTze), sakorporacio samarTali, krebuli I,
red. i. burduli, Tb., 2011, 120; Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805 (Del. 1984) – It is a presumption that
138
sasamarTlo saqmeSi sainteresoa is sakiTxi, rom Tavdacvis RonisZiebis implementa-

cia moxda iqamde, sanam realurad saxeze iqneboda mtruli SeZenis mcdeloba, anu pre-
venciuli meqanizmi iqna danergili. sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, ukeTesi iyo Tavdacvis
RonisZiebis gatareba prevenciuli saxiT, radgan mtruli SeZenis mcdelobis dros di-
reqtorebs gadawyvetilebis miRebisas naklebad stresuli mdgomareoba eqnebodaT.61
ase rom, samewarmeo gansjis wesi ufro metad daicavda swored aseTi tipis prevenciul
RonisZiebas.
aseve, saqmidan Cans, rom direqtorebi informirebuli iyvnen gasatarebeli Tav-
dacvis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. maT miecaT gasatarebeli Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis sam-
gverdiani mimoxilva da aseve, statia, sadac aRwerili iyo im dros arsebuli mtruli
Sesyidvis zogadi mdgomareoba. aseve, moranis mxridan gamoTqmuli iyo kritika aRniS-
nul gegmasTan dakavSirebiT. es direqtorebisTvis am sakiTxze meti codnis SeZenis da-
matebiTi faqtoria, radgan maT mosmenili hqondaT aRniSnuli gegmis kritikac. aseve,
im dros arsebuli korporaciuli klimati orientirebuli iyo mtrul Sesyidvebze. Se-
sabamisad, radgan safrTxe aris realuri (Tan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtors, rom
morans TviTonac ukve gamoTqmuli hqonda survili, rom sakuTari korporaciis meSve-
obiT SeeZina Haushold Interneishanal-is aqciebi), direqtorebis mier miRebuli gadawyve-
tilebac aris safrTxis proporciuli.62 Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom mxari dauWira mo-
pasuxeebs.
5.1. damatebiTi uflebis da aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari

mopyrobis~ principis urTierTmimarTeba
rogorc aRiniSna, `mowamluli abebi~ moicavs or ZiriTad nawils – aqcioner-

Ta uflebebs kompaniis aqciebTan dakavSirebiT da aqcionerTa uflebebs Semsyidveli
kompaniis aqciebTan dakavSirebiT.
in making a business decision the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith and in
the hobest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the company.
61
Thompson O., Corporations and Other Business Associations, 5th ed., Aspen Publishers, NY, 2006, 781, “...
here we have a defensive mechanism adopted to ward off possible future advances and not a mechanism ad-
opted in reaction to a specific threat. This distinguishing factor does not result in the Directors losing the pro-
tection of the business judgement rule. To the contrary, pre-planing for the contingency of a hostile takeover
might reduce the risk that, under the pressure of a takeover bid, management will fail to exercise the reason-
able judgement. Therefore, in reviewing a pre-planned defensive mechanism it seems even more appropriate
to apply the business judgement rule.”
62
Henry L. H., Continuing Directors Provisions: these next generation shareholder rights plans are fair and rea-
soned responses to hostile takeover measures, 79 Boston Law Review 989, 1999, 3, “The court then addressed
whether the directors had met their burden under the business judgment rule. The court held that the business
judgment rule protects the board’s decision to implement the rights plan. When the business judgment rule is
applied to defensive mechanisms, the initial burden lies with the directors. First, the directors must show that
they had reasonable grounds to believe that a danger to corporate policy and effectiveness existed. The direc-
tors meet that burden by showing good faith and reasonable investigation. Second, the directors must show
that the defensive tactic is reasonable in relation to the threat posed. Only then does the burden shift back to
the plaintiffs, who have the ultimate burden of demonstrating that the directors breached their fiduciary duty.“
139
`mowamluli abebis~ arseboba dakavSirebulia SerCeviTi uflebebis arsebobas-

Tan. davuSvaT samizne kompaniis wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebulia `mowamluli abebis~
amoqmedebis safuZveli, kerZod, Semsyidveli kompaniis mier samizne kompaniaSi 15% aq-
ciebis SeZena. rogorc ki Semsyidveli SeiZens 15% aqciebs samizne kompaniaSi, samizne
kompaniis Tavdapirvel aqcionerebs gauqtiurdebaT damatebiTi uflebis danawesiT
gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da SeeZlebaT samizne korporaciis mier gamoSvebuli axa-
li aqciebis sabazro Rirebulebaze ufro iafad SeZena.63 analogiuri uflebebi, miu-
xedavad imisa, rom Semsyidvels `mowamluli abebis~ amoqmedebis momentSi Sesyiduli
aqvs samizne korporaciis aqciebis nawili, Tavad Semsyidvelis aqcionerebs ar uaqti-
urdebaT. gamodis, rom aqciaTa erTi da imave klasis aqcionerebs Soris SesaZlebelia
gansxvavebuli ufleba-movaleobebis arseboba,64 Tumca delaveris sasamarTlos kor-
poraciis erTi da imave klasis aqcionerebisaTvis gansxvavebuli uflebebis miniWebis
sakiTxi pirdapir arasodes ganuxilavs. es gaTvaliswinebulia delaveris sakorpora-
cio samarTliT.65 modeluri kanoni pirdapir aniWebs erTi da imave klasis aqcionerebs
identur uflebebs, xolo delaveris sakorporacio samarTliT es gaTvaliswinebuli
ar aris, Sesabamisad arc ikrZaleba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom analogiuri midgoma
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad.
zemoT ganvixileT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-9 punqti da 52-e mux-
lis 1-li da 11 punqtebi. ganxilvis dros aRiniSna, rom gansxvavebiT xmisa da dividendis
miRebis uflebisagan, sxva sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi SesaZlebelia erTi klasis aqciebis
mflobelebs Soris gansxvavebuli uflebrivi mdgomareobis arseboba. iunikalis saq-
mis ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom SerCeviTi uflebebis arsebobis gasamarTlebel safuZ-
vlad korporaciis da aqcionerebis interesebis dacva daasaxela.
63
Ji L. X., A New Look at Dead Hand Provisions in Poison Pills: Are They Per Se Invalid After Toll Brothers
and Quiturn?, 44 Saint Louis University Law Journal 223, 2000, 3, “Although there are many variations as
discussed below in detail, poison pills all share some common key features. One key feature is that when a
“triggering event” occurs, the pill entitles all shareholders of the target company, other than the hostile bidder,
to purchase stock of the target company or that of the bidder at a substantial discount compared to the then-
current market price. An exercise of this right results in a severe dilution of the hostile bidder’s holdings. The
dilution is so substantial that hostile bidders are forced to negotiate with the target board instead of triggering
the pill since typically the board is the only body entitled to redeem the pill. In the case of a dead hand poison
pill, only the continuing directors can redeem. In any event, in the absence of elimination of the pill, the bidder
can proceed with the acquisition only by suffering a massive dilution.”
64
saintereso mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli aqcionerebis SerCeviT uflebebTan dakavSirebiT,
kerZod, SesaZlebelia diskriminacia aqcionerebs Soris da ara aqciebs Soris, Velasco J.,
The Enduring Illegitimacy of the Poison Pill, 27 Iowa Journal of Corporation Law 381, 2002, 10, “The flip-in
pill and back-end pill are most susceptible to the criticism that they impermissibly discriminate among shares
of the same class by granting meaningful Rights to some shareholders and meaningless Rights to others. This
is problematic because, while most state corporation laws permit shares of different classes to have different
rights, they forbid, either explicitly or implicitly, discrimination among shares of the same class. Most courts
that have struck down the poison pill have done so on this ground. Delaware courts have never directly dealt
with this issue. However, other courts that have dealt with the issue have argued that poison pills do not dis-
criminate among shares (which is forbidden), but only among shareholders (which is not forbidden).”
65
Henry L. G., Continuing Directors Provisions: these next generation shareholder rights plans are fair and rea-
soned responses to hostile takeover measures, 79 Boston Law Review 989, 1999, 3.
140
rogorc iTqva, `mowamluli abebis~ arseboba dakavSirebulia SerCeviTi uflebe-

bis arsebobasTan. Sesabamisad, qarTul sakorporacio samarTalSi `mowamluli abebis~,
rogorc korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebis, implementacia SeuZ-
lebeli iqneba aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ principis gamoyenebis ga-
reSe.
Tu Cven am ukanasknel pozicias mivyvebiT, SegveZleba `mowamluli abebis~ Tav-
dacvis korporaciuli RonisZiebis meqanizmis gamoyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Semsyidve-
li kompania ganizraxavs samiznis xelSi Cagdebas. magaliTad, wesdebiT SeiZleba gaviT-
valiswinoT, rom `mowamluli abebis~ principi amoqmeddes mas mere, rac Semsyidveli
SeiZens samizne kompaniis aqciebis 15%-s. aseTi movlenis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi samizne
kompaniis danarCen aqcionerebs warmoeSobaT ufleba, rom SeiZinon kompaniis axlad ga-
moSvebuli aqciebi sabazro Rirebulebaze iafad, xolo sakuTriv Semsyidvel kompanias
amisi ufleba ar eqneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom `mowamluli abebis~ amoqmedebis dros
Semsyidveli kompania ukve aris samizne kompaniis aqciebis nawilis mflobeli. amasTan,
rogorc aRiniSna, am uflebebis gamoTxova SeuZlia mxolod samizne kompaniis bords.
ramdenad eqnebaT qarTuli kompaniis aqcionerebs `damatebiTi ufleba~ Semsyid-
veli kompaniis aqciebTan mimarTebaSi? aseTi tipis sakiTxebs pirdapir iTvaliswinebs
delaveris sakorporacio samarTali, da `mowamlul abebs~ efeqti im kompaniazec eqne-
baT, visac SeiZleba samizne kompania gauerTianon. qarTuli sakorporacio samarTali
ar krZalavs sazogadoebis wesdebiT am saxis `damatebiTi uflebis~ gaTvaliswinebas.
SesaZlebelia, samizne kompaniis wesdebiT gaviTvaliswinoT Semsyidvel kompaniasTan
SesaZlo gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi samizne kompaniis aqcionerTa uflebebi Semsyidve-
li kompaniis aqciebTan dakavSirebiT. Tu gaerTianeba moxdeba am uflebebis gamoyene-
bis gareSe, maSin gamova, rom mxareebma daarRvies samizne kompaniis wesdeba da ar gana-
xorcieles aqcionerebisaTvis wesdebiT miniWebuli uflebebi. wesdebiT, `damatebiTi
uflebis~ gaTvaliswineba Semsyidveli kompaniis aqciebTan mimarTebaSi daexmareba sa-
mizne kompanias, rom dablokos tranzaqciis meore safexuri – Serwyma Semsyidvel kom-
paniasTan da ganviTardes damoukideblad.
Cemi azriT, rodesac erTi kompania cdilobs meore kompaniis xelSi Cagdebas, es
Tavidanve gulisxmobs samizne kompaniis da samizne kompaniis aqcionerebis araTanabar
mdgomareobaSi Cayenebas. Semsyidveli kompania swored imitom yidulobs samizne kom-
paniis aqciebs, rom samizne kompania Tavisi gavlenis qveS gadaiyvanos da aiZulos mas-
Tan mierTeba, an aqcios Tavis Svilobil kompaniad. amas SeiZleba Tan axldes aqciebis
orsafexuriani Sesyidva, romelic atarebs iZulebiT xasiaTs.66 Cemi azriT, araTanaba-
66
aRiarebulia, rom aqciebis orsafexuriani Sesyidva aris ìZulebiTi~ xasiaTis, kerZod,
aqcionerebs èSianiaT~, rom Tu ver moaxerxeben Sesyidvis pirvel safexurze aqciebis
gayidvas, SesaZlebelia kompaniis aqciaTa sakontrolo paketi gaiyidos, aqciebze fasi
daeces da Sesyidvis meore safexurze ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro wamgebian
poziciaSi aRmoCndnen, vidre is aqcionerebi, romlebmac aqciebi SeTavazebis pirve-
live safexurze gayides. aseTi Sesyidvis ìZulebiT~ xasiaTs ganapirobebs aseve is, rom
aqcionerma ar icis, ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebs misi kolega aqcioneri, Sesabamisad,
maqsimalurad cdilobs, rom gayidos sakuTari aqciebi Sesyidvis pirvelive safexurze,
anu kompania im SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba gaiyidos, rodesac aqcionerTa umravlesobas ar
141
ri mdgomaroeba Tavidande iqmneba da mas qmnis Semsyidveli kompania samizne kompaniis

dauflebis mcdelobiT. aseTi daufleba yovelTvis mtrulia, radgan sxva SemTxveva-
Si samizne kompania `mowamlul abebs~ ar gamoiyenebda. samizne kompaniis mier aqciebis
`damatebiTi uflebis~ amuSaveba samizne kompaniis pasuxia Semsyidvelis mier Seqmnil
araTanabar mdgomareobaze.
rodesac iunikalis saqmis ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira aqcioner-
Ta SerCeviTi uflebebis arsebobas, amiT man xazi gausva sazogadoebis interesis pri-
mats aqcionerTa Tanabar uflebriv mdgomareobaze. korporaciisa da aqcionerebis in-
teresi ufro Rirebulad miiCnia, vidre aqcionerTa jgufis interesi, xelSi CaegdoT
kompania. Sesabamisad, rodesac vsaubroT aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~
principze, unda davsvaT SekiTxva – ris mimarT moqmedebs `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopy-
robis~ principi? iunikalis saqmeSi bordma, sazogadoebis interesidan gamomdinare,
moaxdina `diskriminacia~ samizne da Semsyidveli korporaciis aqcionerebs Soris. Seg-
viZlia Tu ara vTqvaT, rom aqcionerebs Soris, erTmaneTis mimarT, moqmedebs `Tanaba-
ri mopyrobis~ principi, magram korporaciis mimarT, korporaciis interesidan gamom-
dinare, moqmedebs `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis principi~? naSromis momdevno Tavi
kidev ufro kargad warmoaCens korporaciulsamarTlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZiebis
ganxorcielebis dros, sazogadoebis interesidan gamomdinare, aqcionerTa `SerCevi-
Ti Tanabari mopyrobis~ arsebobis SesaZleblobas.
6. aqcioneris upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebisa da aqcionerTa

`SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ principis urTierTmimarTeba
naSromis miznebidan gamomdinare, unda ganvixiloT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba, romelic, qvemoT moyvanili safuZ-
vlebis gamo, SeiZleba davasaxeloT qarTuli sakorporacio kanonmdeblobis yvelaze
ufro efeqtur da qmediT korporaciulsamarTlebriv Tavdacvis RonisZiebad.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 54-e muxlis me-6 punqtis g) qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, saer-
To kreba uflebamosilia, `mTlianad an nawilobriv gaauqmos aqcioneris mier fasiani
qaRaldebis upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba (fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebis gziT kapita-
lis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi)~.67
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli fasiani
qaRaldebis upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc Tavdacvis Ronis-
Zieba? warmovidginoT SemTxveva, rodesac à~ kompania yidulobs `b~ kompaniis aqciebs.
unda aqciebis gayidva, magram ìZulebulni~ arian, rom ase moiqcnen, Joo W. T., Corporate
Governance, Law, Theory and Policy, Carolina Academic Press, 2nd ed., Durham, 2010, Pills, Polls, and Pro-
fessors Redux, 575, “Tender offers are not functional equivalents of free votes, since the decision not to tender
(whether into an all-cash, all-shares offer or a two-tier, front-end loaded offer) carries with it economic risks
and detriments; not knowing whether the mass of other shareholders will tender or not, the individual holder
faces the classic “prisoner’s dilemma” and is effectively stampeded into tendering. The proponents of take-
over defenses also observed that many hostile bids were opportunistic attempts to buy assets on the cheap, and
that there was no empirical evidence that such takeovers were always (or ever) good for the economy.”
67
142
`b~ kompanias aqvs aqciebis erTi klasi – Cveulebrivi xmis uflebis mqone aqciebi. à~
kompaniam SeiZina `b~ kompaniis aqciebis 20%. rogor unda moiqces `b~ kompania imisaT-
vis, rom à~ kompaniis mier `b~ kompaniis aqciebis mflobeloba Semcirdes, magaliTad,
Camovides 5%-mde. Tu `b~ kompania gadawyvets damatebiTi aqciebis gamoSvebas, yvela
aqcioners eqneba damatebiT gamoSvebuli aqciebis Sesyidvis ufleba? Tu amis ufleba
yvela aqcioners eqneba, es niSnavs, rom à~ kompaniasac eqneba damatebiT gamoSvebul aq-
ciebTan dakavSirebiT upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba da Sesabamisad, à~ kompaniis mflo-
belobaSi arsebuli `b~ kompaniis aqciebis raodenoba ar Semcirdeba.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi aRniSnulia, rom saerTo kreba uflebamosilia mTli-
anad an nawilobriv gaauqmos aqcioneris mier fasiani qaRaldebis upiratesi Sesyidvis
ufleba fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebis gziT kapitalis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi. upirate-
si Sesyidvis ufleba arsebobs marto fasiani qaRaldebis damatebiT gamoSvebasTan mi-
marTebaSi. `SeuZlia Tu ara mas (aqcioners) nebismier dros sazogadoebis sxva partnio-
ris mier aqciis gasxvisebisas, daeyrdnos ra upiratesi Sesyidvis samarTlebriv reJims,
pirvel rigSi Seisyidos es wili? amaze `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 54-e muxlis me-6 pun-
qtis `g~ qvepunqti amomwurav pasuxs iZleva. aRniSnuli normis Sesabamisad, aqcionerTa
saerTo krebis kompetenciaSi wilTa upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis gauqmebis sakiTxi
Sedis. kanoni upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis gamoyenebas mxolod maSin adgens, rodesac
xdeba axali aqciebis gamoSvebis gziT kapitalis gazrda~.68 `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni
ganamtkicebs saerTo krebis uflebamosilebas, `mTlianad an nawilobriv gaauqmos aq-
ciebis upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba~. niSnavs Tu ara aqciebis upiratesi Sesyidvis uf-
lebis gauqmeba aqcionerebis araTanabar mdgomareobaSi Cayenebas?
zemoT ganvixileT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 52-e muxli, sadac saubaria aqcia-
Ta Tanabar ufleba-movaleobebze da ganvixileT, aseve, mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
SesaZlebelia aqcionerebis araTanabar mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba. Tu Cven mier zemoT
dasaxul mosazrebas mivyvebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom 54-e muxlis me-6 punqtis g) qvepunqti
Seesabameba am pozicias. kerZod, saerTo krebas aqvs uflebamosileba, gaauqmos aqcio-
neris upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba. aqcioneris upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba aris ara
fundamenturi da Tandayolili, aramed garkveul pirobaze damokidebuli ufleba,69
romlis mTliani an nawilobrivi gauqmebac SesaZlebelia. Cven mier ganxilul magaliT-
Si, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom à~ kompaniis mier `b~ kompaniis aqciebis yidva gaxdes à~
kompaniis mier nayidi aqciebisTvis upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis gauqmebis safuZve-
li? Tu SesaZlebelia, es niSnavs, rom à~ kompaniis mier `b~ kompaniaSi aqciebis yidva
gaxdeba `b~ kompaniis mier damatebiTi raodenobis aqciebis gamoSvebis safuZveli, ro-
melTa mimarTebaSi à~ kompaniis aqcionerebs (miuxedavad imisa, rom floben `b~ kompa-
niis aqciebis nawils) ar eqnebaT upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba. `b~ kompania damatebiT
gamouSvebs aqciebs. `b~ kompaniis mier damatebiT gamoSvebuli aqciebis mimarT upira-
tesi Sesyidvis ufleba eqnebaT `b~ kompaniis ZirZvel aqcionerebs, rac gamoiwvevs à~
kompaniis aqciaTa procentuli raodenobis Semcirebas.70 aseT SemTxvevaSi `mewarmeTa
68
burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, II tomi, Tb., 2013, 248.
69
iqve, 248.
70
SesaZlebelia, `b~ kompaniis ZirZveli aqcioners mivaniWoT damatebiT gamoSvebuli
aqciis sabazro Rirebulebaze iafad Sesyidvis upiratesi ufleba. es iqneba swored
143
Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli `fasiani qaRaldebis upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba~

SeiZleba gaxdes kompaniis SigniT `mowamluli abebis~ ganxorcielebis Zalian efeqtu-
ri da Semsyidveli kompaniisTvis mZime ekonomikuri Sedegis momtani meTodi.
zemoT saubari iyo iunikalis testze, romlis ganxilvis drosac aRiniSna, rom
satendero gziT aqciebis SerCeviTi Sesyidva sasamarTlom miiCnia xelmZRvanelobis
valdebulebis Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom meore mxare SerCeviT Sesyidvas ara-
samarTlianad afasebda. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom SerCeviTi Sesyidva korporaciis
interesebiT iyo gamarTlebuli.71 marTalia, iunikalis saqmeSi arsebuli SerCeviTi
Sesyidvis meTodi gansxvavdeba `mowamluli abebis~ an upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis
`SerCeviTobisagan~, magram Cveni naSromis da zogadad, upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis,
rogorc TavdacviTi RonisZiebis formirebis miznebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia
iunikalis saqmeSi arsebuli SerCeviTobis dasasabuTebeli garemoebebi upiratesi
Sesyidvis uflebis dros SerCeviTobis dasasabuTeblad gamoviyenoT. àqcionerisaT-
vis upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis gauqmeba garkveuli motivebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
es motivebi sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos. ZiriTadad yuradRebas amaxvileben viTa-
rebaze, rodesac àxali kapitali an axali aqciebi gansazRvruli miznebisTvis iqneba
gamoyenebuli~. am mxriv, SesaZloa saubari, rom kapitalis momatebis dros upiratesi
Sesyidvis uflebis gauqmebisas sawarmos interesi gadamwyvetia. amitom am uflebis Ca-
morTmevis samarTlebrivi safuZveli unda iyos is, rom igi (1) korporaciis mizans, mis
keTildReobas emsaxurebodes da (2) am miznis misaRwevad es RonisZieba mizanSewonili,
saWiro da proporciuli iyos.72 amitom qarTuli samarTlisaTvis metad saintereso iq-
neboda sakiTxi, aucilebeli unda iyos Tu ara upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis gauqme-
bis dros saerTo krebis Sesabamisi dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba.73 aq mxedvelobaSi
`mowamluli abi~, anu aqcioneris damatebiTi ufleba, romlis gamoxmobac SeeZleba

bords, Tu amis uflebamosileba mas aqvs miniWebuli saerTo krebisgan, radgan saerTo
kreba uflebamosilia mTlianad an nawilobriv gaauqmos aqcioneris upiratesi Sesyid-
vis ufleba.
71
conclusion, there was directorial power to oppose the Mesa tender offer, and to undertake a selective stock
exchange made in good faith and upon a reasonable investigation pursuant to a clear duty to protect the corpo-
rate enterprise. Further, the selective stock repurchase plan chosen by Unocal is reasonable in relation to the
threat that the board rationally and reasonably believed was posed by Mesa’s inadequate and coercive two-tier
tender offer.”
72
orive es principi SegviZlia iunikalis tests SevadaroT, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavdac-
vis RonisZieba maSin aris xelmZRvanelobis valdebulebis Sesabamisi, rodesac safrTxe
realuria (anu korporaciis keTildReobas emuqreba safrTxe) da gatarebuli RonisZie-
ba safrTxis Sesabamisi (anu safrTxe da RonisZieba aris erTmaneTis adekvaturi), Unocal
Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co. Delaware Supreme Court, 1985, 493 A.2d 946.
73
radgan erTmaneTs vadarebT upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebas da `mowamluli abebis~ gamoy-
enebas, aseve, saintereso iqneba imisi aRniSvna, rom `mowamluli abebis~ erT-erT mTavar
upiratesobad miCneulia bordis mier misi implementaciis SesaZlebloba. Sesabamisad,
saintereso iqneba, Tu bords mivaniWebT upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis miniWebis an gau-
qmebis uflebas. “Another key feature of the poison pill is that it generally is adopted by board action
alone and requires no shareholder approval. This is a major advantage that the poison pill offers over many
other defensive measures. The board might seek shareholder advisory votes regarding adopting, amending, or
144
miiReba gadawyvetilebis materialuri dasabuTeba, anu im motivebis Camoyalibeba, Tu

ratom xdeba saWiro am uflebis gauqmeba an nawilobriv CamorTmeva. mokled, amisaTvis
saWiroa obieqturad (sagnobrivad) gamarTlebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba. qarTuli
sasamarTlo praqtika amasTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs.74
àqciis upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba aqcionerebis kanonismier uflebas warmo-
adgens da misi CamorTmeva aqcioneris samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi mniSvnelovan Ca-
revad unda CaiTvalos. amitom aqcionerisTvis am uflebis CamorTmeva mxolod gan-
sazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas unda iyos SesaZlebeli da gamonakliss warmoadgen-
des. aqciis upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis CamorTmeva an SezRudva mxolod maSinaa da-
saSvebi, roca kapitalis gazrdiT dasaxuli miznis miRweva sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia da
aqcionerebis uflebebis SezRudva mTlianad sazogadoebis interesebs emsaxureba~.75
Sesabamisad, rodesac sazogadoebis interesi iTxovs sazogadoebis dacvas, ga-
marTlebulia aqcionerTa nawilisTvis aqciebis upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis Camor-
Tmeva, anu `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ principis implementacia, rac realurs gax-
dis axlad gamoSvebuli aqciebis SerCeviT Sesyidvasac.76
redeeming a pill; however, the board usually acts on its own. Furthermore, poison pills can be adopted by the
target board as a pre-offer defensive technique or as a defensive measure in the face of a threat or an actual
hostile offer”, Ji L. X., “A New Look at Dead Hand Provisions in Poison Pills: Are They Per Se Invalid After
Toll Brothers and Quiturn?”, 44 Saint Louis University Law Journal 223, 2000, 3.
74
burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, II tomi, Tb., 2013, 254-255.
75
Wanturia l., niniZe T., `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis~ komentari, mesame gamocema, Tb., 2002,
376.
76
zemoT Cven vsaubrobdiT delaveris sakorporacio samarTalSi aqcionerTa Soris dis-
kriminaciaze `mowamluli abebis~ gamoyenebis dros, saintereso iqneba `mowamluli
abebis~ SerCeviT xasiaTs Tu SevadarebT upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis SerCeviT xasiaTs,
aseT SemTxvevaSi upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba, swored kompaniis SigniT aqciebisTvis
damatebiTi uflebebis miniWebaSi SeiZleba gamoixatos, anu SesaZlebeli iqneba dis-
kriminacia aqcionerebs Soris da ara aqciebs Soris. aseve, Tu xazs gavusvamT im faqts,
rom `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis 54-e muxlis me-6 punqtis g) qvepunqti saubrobs àqcio-
neris~ upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebaze. aSS-s bevri Statis sasamarTlos korporaciis
SigniT aqcionerebisaTvis damatebiTi uflebis SerCeviTi miniWeba arasamarTlebrivad
aqvs gamocxadebuli. delaveris sasamarTlos, korporaciis SigniT damatebiTi uflebis
gamoyenebisas, aqcionerTa erT klasSi gansxvavebuli uflebebis arsebobaze pirdapir
arasodes umsjelia, Tumca, rogorc aRiniSna, delaveris sakorporacio samarTali ar
krZalavs erTi klasis aqciebs Soris gansxvavebuli uflebebis arsebobas, maSin rode-
sac modeluri kanoni korporaciebis Sesaxeb amis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva. am mxriv
sainteresoa Semdegi mosazreba: “The Moran case involved a flip-over rights plan, and not a flip-in
plan. Under a flip-in plan, all shareholders of the target company, except the bidder, are entitled to exercise
their rights to purchase stock of the target upon the occurrence of the triggering event. Thus, a flip-in plan can
create two new categories of shareholders of the target company - bidder shareholders and non-bidder share-
holders - and treat each category differently. This proved not to be an issue in Delaware because Delaware law
allows disparate treatment of different holders of shares of the same class. Nevertheless, this discriminatory
feature of the flip-in plan was a cause of concern to a number of courts in different jurisdictions and initially
was held invalid in some. In response, the legislatures of those states passed laws expressly upholding their
legality. These statutes often grant directors broad discretion to determine the terms of rights issued under
poison pills. Some of them have been used to “justify yet stronger varieties of poison pills”, Ji L. X., A New
145
upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis ganxilvis bolos unda daisvas SekiTxva – aris Tu

ara delaveris sakorporacio samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli `mowamluli abebi~ qar-
Tuli sakorporacio samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis
identuri?
Tavdacvis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis miznebidan gamomdinare, damatebiTi ufle-
bis, anu `mowamluli abebis~ miniWeba SeiZleba moicavdes sakiTxTa farTo speqtrs,
romlis matarebelic aris aqcioneri. xolo aqcioneris upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba
SesaZleblia gamoviyenoT rogorc damatebiTi uflebis erTi romelime mimarTuleba
da ara rogorc identuri aRmniSvneli.
delaveris sakorporacio samarTali iTvaliswinebs aqcioneris upiratesi Ses-
yidvis uflebas, Tu es ufleba gaTvaliswinebulia sazogadoebis saregistracio ga-
nacxadiT.77 delaveris sakorporacio samarTali àqcionerebis savaldebulo upira-
tesi Sesyidvis uflebas ar icnobs. kanonis 102(b)(3) muxliT, aqcionerebs axal aqciaTa
upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba ar aqvT, Tuki korporaciis damfuZnebeli dokumentiT
sxva ram ar aris dadgenili. sawesdebo avtonomia vrceldeba aseve aqcionerTa upira-
tesi Sesyidvis formebze. kerZod, upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba SeiZleba mieniWos mxo-
lod erTi an ramdenime klasis (seriis) aqciebsa da maT mflobelebs. samosamarTlo
samarTali aqciebis upirates Sesyidvas aqcioneris qonebrivi da xmis uflebis dacvis
saSualebad miiCnevs. misi meSveobiT aqcionerebi, upirveles yovlisa, korporaciaSi
uwindel qonebriv wils inarCuneben. garda amisa, isini icaven TavianT xmis uflebasa da
gavlenas sawarmos saqmianobaze. imavdroulad, aqciaTa upiratesi Sesyidva aqcioner-
TaTvis misakuTvnebul da ara bunebiT uflebad ganixileba. Sesabamisad, korporacias
SeuZlia rogorc misi SezRudva, aseve gauqmeba~.78
damatebiT SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom modeluri kanoni korporaciebis Sesaxeb
iTvaliswinebs aqcionerisaTvis upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis miniWebas, Tu es gaTva-
liswinebulia sazogadoebis saregistracio ganacxadiT.79 sazogadoebis saregistra-
cio ganacxadiT ganisazRvreba misi SezRudvis an gauqmebis safuZvlebic.
7. sazogadoebis mier aqciaTa gamosyidva
delaveris sakorporacio samarTali did mniSvnelobas aniWebs korporaciis mi-

er sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidvis sakiTxs da xSir SemTxvevaSi korporaciis mier saku-
Tari aqciebis gamosyidva gvevlineba rogorc Tavdacvis RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis
aqtualuri meTodi. delaveris sakorporacio samarTlis 151 (b) muxli iTvaliswinebs,
rom ` . . . yvela saxis aqcia . . . SeiZleba gamosyidul iqnes fulis, qonebis an uflebis,
Look at Dead Hand Provisions in Poison Pills: Are They Per Se Invalid After Toll Brothers and Quiturn?, 44
Saint Louis University Law Journal 223, 2000, 6-7.
77
DGCL § 102 (b) (3) “No stockholder shall have any preemptive right to subscribe to an additional issue of
stock or to any security convertible into such stock unless, and except to the extent, that such right is expressly
granted to such stockholder in the certificate of incorporation”.
78
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 202-203.
79
MBCA §6.30.
146
aseve, aqciebis, maT Soris sxva kompaniis aqciebis safuZvelze~.80 dasaxelebuli muxli
aseve iTvaliswinebs, rom aqciebis gamosyidva SeiZleba moxdes saregistracio ganacxa-
dis an bordis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze dadgenili wesiT – gansazR-
vrul dros, fasad da SefardebiT. aqciebis gamosyidvis sakiTxs iTvaliswinebs aseve
modeluri kanoni korporaciebis Sesaxeb.81
naSromis miznebidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros, aZlevs Tu ara
saqarTelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ sazogadoebebs sakuTari aqciebis Sesyidvis Se-
saZleblobas.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 531-e muxli aregulirebs sazogadoebis
mier aqciaTa gamosyidvis sakiTxs.82 ZiriTadad, muxlSi ganxilulia sazogadoebis mi-
er aqciaTa gamosyidva, rogorc gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone aqcioneris ufleba, sa-
zogadoebas mosTxovos sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ar uWers
mxars saerTo krebis iseT gadawyvetilebas, romelic exeba sawarmos reorganizacias,
an arsebiTad laxavs aqcioneris uflebebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi aqcioners ufleba aqvs
mosTxovos sazogadoebas sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidva, xolo sazogadoeba valdebu-
lia daakmayofilos aqcioneris moTxovna. dasaxelebuli muxli, aseve, asaxavs aqciebis
gamosyidvis proceduras, Rirebulebis gansazRvris wess da SemTxvevebs, rodesac aq-
ciaTa gamosyidva ar daiSveba. Cveni naSromisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania dasa-
xelebuli muxlis bolo punqti, romelic zogadad saubrobs sazogadoebis mier aqcia-
Ta gamosyidvis wesze da ara rogorc gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone aqcioneris ufle-
baze, rom sazogadoebas mosTxovos aqciebis gamosyidva. àm SemTxvevaSi kanoni uSvebs
sakuTari aqciebiT vaWrobas, Tumca es garkveuli samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri Se-
degis Semcvelia~.83 kerZod, 531-e muxlis me-9 punqtis Tanaxmad, `sazogadoebas ufleba
aqvs SeiZinos sakuTari ganTavsebuli aqciebi (saxazino aqciebi) da SemdgomSi gaasxvi-
sos Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr. saxazino aqciebis raodenoba arc erT momentSi ar unda
aRematebodes ganTavsebuli aqciebis 25%-s, Tu wesdebiT ufro mcire zRvari ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli. xmis daTvlis, dividendis ganawilebis, likvidaciis dros da aqci-
ebis flobidan gamomdinare sxva uflebebis realizaciis miznebisaTvis (SemTxvevebSi)
sazogadoebis mflobelobaSi arsebuli saxazino da Svilobili sawarmos kuTvnili aq-
ciebi mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba~.84 `kanonis es damateba dasavleTis qveynebis gamocdi-
lebis gaziarebad unda CaiTvalos, rac udavod dadebiTi nabijia saqarTvelos ekono-
mikuri realobisTvis~.85
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 59-e muxlis 1-li punqti gansazRvravs ganTavsebu-
li aqciebis definicias, kerZod, àqcia ganTavsebulad iTvleba, Tu is gacemul iqna
80
DGCL, §151 (b), “...Any stock which may be made redeemable under this section may be redeemed for cash,
property or rights, including securities of the same or another corporation, at such time or times, price or
prices, or rate or rates, and with such adjustments, as shall be stated in the certificate of incorporation or in the
resolution or resolutions providing for the issue of such stock adopted by the board of directors...“.
81
MBCA 6.01 (c)(2).
82
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, 1994, muxli 531.
83
84
85
147
sazogadoebis mier sxva pirisaTvis garkveuli Tanxis an sxva sazRauris sanacvlod

(miuxedavad imisa, es sazRauri miRebuli aqvs sazogadoebas Tu ara)~.86 aqedan gamomdi-
nare, sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs, SeiZinos sakuTari ganTavsebuli aqciebi, romlebic
sazogadoebis mier SeZenis Semdeg gaxdebian saxazino aqciebi. magram, aseve, moqmedebs
SezRudva, kerZod, saxazino aqciebis raodenoba ar unda iyos ganTavsebuli aqciebis
25%-ze meti. sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs, gamoisyidos sakuTari ganTavsebuli aqciebis
maqsimum 25%. gamosyidvis Semdeg aseTi aqciebi miiRebs saxazino aqciebis statuss, ro-
melic imavdroulad gulisxmobs, rom xmis daTvlis dros saxazino aqciebi mxedvelo-
baSi ar miiReba, anu xmebi iTvleba marto ganTavsebuli aqciebis raodenobis mixedviT.
aseve, xmis daTvlis dros ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli Svilobili sawarmos mflobelo-
baSi arsebuli aqciebi. analogiur midgomas iTvaliswinebs delaveris sakorporacio
samarTali, romlis Tanaxmadac korporaciis mflobelobaSi arsebul aqciebi ar sar-
geblobs xmis uflebiT.87 aseve, dauSvebelia sakuTari aqciebis gaTvaliswineba aqcio-
nerTa krebis kvorumis dadgenisas. igive SezRudvebi vrceldeba korporaciis aqcieb-
ze, romlebsac Tumca sxva sawarmo flobs, magram mis direqtorTa arCevaSi monawile
aqciaTa umravlesoba pirdapir an arapirdapir korporacias ekuTvnis.88
`TvalsaCinoebisaTvis sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidvis erT magaliTs movitan, ro-
melic aqciis kursis zrdasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ss-is `x~ saerTo krebam miiRo ga-
dawyvetileba sakuTari aqciebis Sesyidvis (SeZenis) Taobaze, sazogadoebis (sawesdebo)
kapitali 100 000 lars Seadgens, romelic dayofilia garkveuli nominaluri Rirebu-
lebis aqciad. sazogadoebam Seisyida sakuTari aqciebis garkveuli raodenoba (magali-
Tad, 5%). Sesabamisad, am 5%-is (magaliTad, pirobiTad aviRoT 100 aqciis) mflobeli
aqcionerebi gavidnen ss-idan. darCenili aqcionerebis qoneba ki izrdeba (magaliTad,
aTi erTeulidan erTi aqcia xom ufro dabali fasis mqone iqneba, vidre cxridan erTi?).
amitom sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidva sazogadoebis mxridan, SeiZleba iTqvas, damate-
biTi berketia sawarmos xelSi, raTa man, erTi mxriv, gaaumjobesos da gazardos sazo-
gadoebaSi darCenili aqcionerebis qonebrivi mdgomareoba, meore mxriv ki, ukeTesad
moaxdinos kontroli aqcionerTa wreze. ase rom, shareholder value89 ZiriTadad aRwers sa-
warmos marTvas aqcionerTa qonebis zrdasTan (maqsimizaciasTan) mimarTebiT. sakuTa-
ri aqciebis gamosyidva SesaZlebelia aseve birJebis meSveobiTac. rogorc iTqva, aSS-is
kapitalis bazris samarTalSi sakuTari aqciebis SeZena Cveulebrivi movlenaa, maSin
rodesac germanuli samarTali amas krZalavs, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im gamonakli-
sebs, romlebic kanonSia mocemuli~.90
ganxiluli magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidva sxvadasxva
mizans SeiZleba emsaxurebodes. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aqciebis fasis zrdis
86
87
DGCL § 160 (c).
88
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 197-198.
89
qvemoT ganvixilavT iuniTrinis saqmes, sadac sasamarTlo saubrobs aqcionerebis or
kategoriaze, romelTac ainteresebT short-term shareholder value (dauyovnebliv mogebis
miRebis msurveli aqcionerebi) da romelTac ainteresebT long-term shareholder value (xan-
grZliv moqmed perspeqtivaze orientirebuli aqcionerebi).
90
148
kuTxiT. Tu kompania, romelsac emuqreba gayidva, gamoisyidis aqciebis nawils, gaiz-

rdeba aqciebze fasebi. Sesabamisad, gaizrdeba samizne kompaniis ufro maRal fasad
Sesyidvis albaToba.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sazo-
gadoebis mier sakuTari aqciebis Sesyidvis sakiTxi gamoviyenoT, rogorc korporaciis
Tavdacvis RonisZieba? am SekiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gavceT.
`mowamluli abebis~ da aqciaTa upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis ganxilvisas iyo
aqcionerTa SerCeviT Tanasworuflebianobaze saubari da aseve, aRvniSneT, rom iuni-
kalis saqmeSi gamoyenebuli SerCeviTi satendero SeTavazeba amerikulma fasiani qa-
Raldebis maregulirebelma komisiam cno arasamarTlebrivad.91 aqciebis gamosyidvis
wesis SemTxvevaSi iunikalis praqtikas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, aucilebelia, rom gamos-
yidvis uflebiT aRvWurvoT yvela gamosyidvis msurveli aqcioneri, miuxedavad imisa,
es aqcioneri samizne kompaniis ZirZveli aqcioneria Tu _ ara. Tumca `mewarmeTa Sesa-
xeb~ kanonis dasaxelebuli muxlis Tanaxmad, gamosyiduli aqciebis raodenoba ar unda
aRematebodes ganTavsebuli aqciebis 25%-s. samizne kompaniis SeTavazeba Semsyidveli
kompaniis SeTavazebaze ufro mimzidveli unda iyos, imisaTvis, rom samizne kompaniis
aqcionerma aqciebi sakuTar korporacias miyidos da ara agresor kompanias. amiT kor-
poraciis xelSi gadmova im aqcionerTa aqciebi, romelTac undaT short-term value (dau-
yovnebliv mogebis miReba) da korporaciaSi darCebian is aqcionerebi, romlebic ori-
entirebuli arian xangrZlivmoqmed perspeqtivaze, anu long-term value-ze. es ukanaskne-
lebi aqciebis gayidvas ar apireben.92 Sesabamisad, korporaciis mflobelobaSi gadmova
is aqciebi (Tumca araumetes 25%-isa), romelTa mflobelebsac undaT aqciebis gayidva.
Semsyidvel korporacias mouwevs SeTavazebis safasuris gazrda, an samiznis Sesyid-
vaze uaris Tqma. am ori arCevanidan pirvelis SemTxvevaSic ki samizne korporacia mo-
gebuli rCeba, radgan aqciebze fasi gaizrdeba da, Sesabamisad, aqcionerebis mogebac
gaizrdeba.
qvemoT ganxiluli SemTxveva warmoadgens iunikalis testis reformirebul re-
daqcias93 da dafuZnebulia aqciebis gamosyidvis, rogorc Tavdacvis RonisZiebis meqa-
nizmis, ganxorcielebaze.
7.1. ìunikalis~ testis reformirebuli redaqcia
sasamarTlo saqme iuniTrini ameriqan generalis winaaRmdeg,94 rogorc aRiniSna,

swored iunikalis testis Tanamedrove variantia, romelmac daxvewa da ganaviTara iu-
nikalis testi da sadac Tavdacvis RonisZiebad gamoyenebulia aqciebis gamosyidvis
wesi.
91
Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, rule 13e-4, 14d-10.
92
iuniTrinma, gansxvavebiT iunikalisgan, romelmac aqcionerebi dayo samizne da Semsy-
idveli korporaciis aqcionerebad, aqcionerebi short-term value da long-term value aqcio-
nerebad dayo, xolo iuniTrinis saqmis ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira aseT
dayofas, Unitrin, Inc. v. American General Corp, Supreme Court of Delaware, 1995, 651 A.2d 1361.
93
Oesterle A. D., The Law of Mergers and Acquisitions, Thomson/West, 3rd ed., Ohio, 2005, 533-534.
94
Unitrin, Inc. v. American General Corp, Supreme Court of Delaware, 1995, 651 A.2d 1361.
149
ameriqan generali aris ojaxuri dazRvevis yvelaze ufro didi provaideri ame-
rikul bazarze. iuniTrini aris, aseve, sadazRvevo biznesSi da saojaxo dazRvevis me-
same yvelaze ufro didi provaideri. 1994 wlis 12 ivliss ameriqan generalma werili
gaugzavna iuniTrinis aRmasrulebel direqtors, vies, romelsac sTavazobda Serwymis
xelSekrulebis dadebas, sadac ameriqan generali SeiZenda iuniTrinis yvela savaWrod
daSvebul aqcias – 50 da 3/8 dolarad erT aqcias, fulis sanacvlod. SeTavazeba 30%-
iT aRemateboda iuniTrinis im dros arsebul sabazro fass. ameriqan generali aseve
mzadyofnas gamoTqvamda, rom gaezarda SeTavazebis fasi, Tu iuniTrini moaxdenda da-
matebiTi aqtivebis demonstrirebas. iuniTrinis bordi Seikriba 25 ivliss da ganixila
ameriqan generlis SeTavazeba. sainvesticio kompania – morgan stenli, romelic warmo-
adgenda iuniTrinis finansur mrCevels, urCia bords, rom ameriqan generlis mier Se-
Tavazebuli fasi ar iyo adekvaturi. samarTlebrivma mrCevlebma bords rekomendacia
gauwies, rom iuniTrinis da ameriqan generlis gaerTianeba gamoiwvevda samarTlebriv
problemebs da konkurenciis Sesustebas saojaxo dazRvevis bazarze, sadac konkuren-
cia isedac susti iyo. bordma uaryo SeTavazeba, radgan is ar iyo iuniTrinis saukeTe-
so interesebis Sesabamisi.
1994 wlis agvistoSi, ameriqan generalma presrelizi gamoaqveyna, sadac gaaxmau-
ra iuniTrinis yvela savaWrod daSvebuli aqciis Sesyidvis survili, erTi aqcia 50 da
3/8 dolarad. presrelizi, aseve, aRniSnavda, rom iuniTrinis bordma aRniSnuli SeTa-
vazeba uaryo. presrelizis gamoqveynebis Semdeg iuniTrinis aqciebze fasi gaizarda. 3
agvistos Seikriba iuniTrinis bordi da ganixiles aRniSnuli presrelizi. aseve, maT-
Tvis cxadi gaxda, rom ameriqan generalis SeTavazeba ukve mtrul xasiaTs atarebda. xo-
lo aqciebze fasebis zrdiT da ameriqan generlis SeTavazebiT SesaZloa, aqcionerebi
wamgebian poziciaSi aRmoCeniliyvnen.
iuniTrinis bordma 12 agvistomde gamoaqveyna ramdenime presrelizi, sadac aR-
niSnavda: pirveli, iuniTrinis aqciis fasi iyo ufro maRali, vidre es ameriqan generlis
SeTavazebaSi iyo asaxuli; meore, ameriqan generlis SeTavazeba ar asaxavda iuniTrinis,
rogorc damoukidebeli organizaciis, Sors mimaval biznesperspeqtivebs; mesame, iu-
niTrinis namdvili Rirebuleba ar iyo asaxuli iuniTrinis savaWrod daSvebul Cveu-
lebriv aqciebSi da sakuTriv iuniTrinis pozicia finansuri TvalsazrisiT iyo Zalian
kargi; meoTxe, ameriqan generalTan gaerTianeba gamoiwvevda antimonopoliuri kanon-
mdeblobis darRvevas; mexuTe, bordma gaatara Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi `mowamluli
abebis~ da aqciebis gamosyidvis saxiT, rom daecva Tavi arasasurveli SeZenisgan.95 iu-
niTrinis bordi Seikriba 11 agvistos da miiRo aTi milioni savaWrod daSvebuli aqciis
gamosyidvis gadawyvetileba (iuniTrinis savaWrod daSvebuli aqciebis saerTo raode-
noba Seadgens 51.8 milion dolars).
12 agvistos iuniTrinma sajarod gamoacxada aqciebis gamosyidvis programa. iu-
niTrinis bordis azriT, iuniTrinis aqciebis fasi ar iyo bazarze kargad asaxuli da am
gamosyidvas unda gaezarda darCenili aqciebis fasic. aseve, am gamosyidvis programaSi
ar monawileobdnen aqcionerebi, romlebic iyvnen imavdroulad direqtorebi. 12 ag-
vistosTvis direqtorebs iuniTrinis aqciebis 23% hqondaT. 12 agvistodan 24 agvistos
CaTvliT, morgan stenlim, iuniTrinis TxovniT, SeiZina iuniTrinis daaxloebiT 5 mi-
95
Oesterle A. D., The Law of Mergers and Acquisitions, Thomson/West, 3rd ed., Ohio, 2005, 535.
150
lioni aqcia. aqciebis Sesyidvis fasi iyo odnav ufro meti, vidre es ameriqan generalma
SesTavaza. damatebiT, aseve, unda aRiniSnos, rom iuniTrins wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebu-
li hqonda didi umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis principi.96 Tu romelime kom-
pania SeiZenda iuniTrinSi aqciebis 15%-s, es principi avtomaturad amoqmeddeboda.
radgan bordma gaatara Tavdacvis RonisZieba, gatarebuli Tavdacvis RonisZieba
unda SevufardoT iunikalis standarts. pirveli es aris gonivrulobis kriteriumi,
romlis Tanaxmadac bordma unda aCvenos, rom mas hqonda gonivruli, keTilgonieri sa-
fuZvlebi, rom safrTxe emuqreboda korporaciis efeqtur funqcionirebas da meore,
proporciulobis kriteriumi, sadac unda asaxuliyo, rom bordis mier gatarebuli
Tavdacvis RonisZieba iyo gonivruli arsebul safrTxesTan mimarTebaSi.97
iunikalis testis pirveli kriteriumi – gonivrulobis standarti – iTxovs iu-
niTrinis bordisgan, rom keTilsindisierebis da gonivrulobis safuZvelze, bordis-
gan moZiebuli da gacxadebuli iyos, rom iuniTrinisTvis arsebobda safrTxe.98 saqmis
ganxilvis dros, rogorc vnaxeT, ZiriTadad ori saxis safrTxe gamoikveTa, es iyo ara-
adekvaturi fasi da monopoliasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. sasamarTlom ganacxada,
rom antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobasTan mimarTebiT SesaZlo darRvevebi da fasis
araadekvaturoba, rasac SesaZloa SecdomaSi Seeyvana iuniTrinis aqcionerebi, warmo-
adgenda Tavdacvis RonisZiebis gatarebis safuZvels. Tumca damatebiT sasamarTlom,
aseve, aRniSna, rom aqcionerebis SecdomaSi Seyvana, fasis araadekvaturobis gamo, iyo
saSualo donis, `rbili~ safrTxe, radgan aqcionerebTan fasze molaparakeba iyo Se-
saZlebeli.99 sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, bordma iunikalis testis gonivrulobis
standarti daakmayofila.
96
didi umravlesobiT gadawyvetlebis miRebis principi aris Tavdacvis korporaciul-
samarTlebrivi RonisZiebis erT-erTi saxe, rodesac korporacia wesdebiT iTval-
iswinebs sakiTxis gadasawyvetad xmaTa procentulad ufro didi raodenobis Tanxmo-
bas, vidre es Cveulebriv SemTxvevaSi iqneboda saWiro. magaliTad, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~
kanonis 54-e muxlis me-6 da me-7 punqtebis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis reorganizaciis Ses-
axeb gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiroa damswre xmis uflebis mqone partniorTa 75%-
ze metis Tanxmoba, Tu saaqcio sazogadoebis wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswineb-
uli. Sesabamisad, korporaciis wesdebiT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rom reorganizaciis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro iyos damswre xmis uflebis mqone aqcioner-
Ta 80% an 90%-ze metis Tanxmoba. Tu Semsyidvelma SeiZina xmis uflebis mqone aqcia-
Ta garkveuli raodenoba samizne korporaciaSi, didi umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis
miRebis principi ar miscems Semsyidvels SesaZleblobas, samizne korporaciis ZirZvel
aqcionerTa xmebis gareSe miiRos romelime sakiTxze, am SemTxvevaSi reorganizaciaze,
gadawyvetileba, Thompson O., Corporations and Other Business Associations, 5th ed., Aspen Publishers,
NY, 2006, 764.
97
Oesterle A. D., The Law of Mergers and Acquisitions, Thomson/West, 3rd ed., Ohio, 2005, 537, “First, a rea-
sonableness test, which is satisfied by a demonstration that the board of directors had reasonable grounds for
believing that a danger to corporate policy and effectiveness existed, and Second, a proportionality test, which
is satisfied by a demonstration that the board of directors’ defensive response was reasonable in relation to the
threat posed.”
98
99
iqve; “The Court of Chancery then noted, however, that the threat to the Unitrin stockholders from American
General’s inadequate opening bid was “mild,” because the offer was netotiable both in price and structure”.
151
iunikalis testis meore standarti aris proporciulobis kriteriumi. kerZod,

aRniSnuli kriteriumis Tanaxmad, bords unda eCvenebina, rom misi pasuxi iyo safrTxes-
Tan SesabamisobaSi. aRniSnuli kriteriumi ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: pirvel rigSi un-
da ganisazRvros, aris Tu ara gamosyidvis programa amkrZalavi an iZulebiTi xasiaTis
aqcionerebis mimarT.100 xolo aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilvis Semdeg proporciulobis
kriteriumi swavlobs gamoyenebuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebis uSualod arsebul saf-
rTxesTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs. iuniTrinis bords sami Tavdacvis RonisZieba hqonda
gamoyenebuli. `mowamluli abebi~, aqciebis gamosyidvis programa da didi umravleso-
biT gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesi. radgan `mowamluli abebi~ da didi umravlesobiT
gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesi zemoT gvaqvs ganxiluli, mxolod aqciebis gamosyidvis
programas SevexebiT.
saqmis garemoebebidan ikveTeba, rom raionulma sasamarTlom gamosyidvis prog-
ramasTan dakavSirebiT CaTvala, rom didi umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis
wesis arseboba iuniTrinis wesdebaSi da gamosyidvis programis implementacia (anu,
am orive RonisZiebis erTdrouli gamoyeneba) gamoiwvevda iuniTrinis direqtorebis
mxridan ameriqan generlis mflobelobaSi arsebuli aqciebis gamoyenebis akrZalvas.
delaveris raionuli sasamarTlo Tvlida, rom Sida direqtorebi, romlebic imavdro-
ulad iyvnen iuniTrinis aqcionerebi, ar dauWerdnen mxars korporaciisTvis saukeTe-
so SeTavazebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ar iqneboda maTi piradi interesebis Sesabamisi.101
pirveli garemoeba, razec raionulma sasamarTlom imsjela, iyo is, rom direq-
torebs, romlebic imavdroulad arian aqcionerebi, unda moepovebinaT aqciebis 25%
mainc. iuniTrinis wesdebis Tanaxmad, aqciebis 15%-is mflobel aqcionerTan nebismie-
ri saxis biznestranzaqciisTvis aucilebeli iyo direqtorebis umravlesobis an 75%
aqciebis mflobeli aqcioneris an aqcionerTa jgufis Tanxmoba. direqtorebis gankar-
gulebaSi iyo aqciaTa 23%, xolo TviTon direqtorebma gadawyvites, rom gamosyidvis
programaSi monawileoba ar mieRoT.102
raionuli sasamarTlos azriT, aqcionerTa krebaze TiTqmis arasdros iyridnen
Tavs 100% aqciebis mqone aqcionerebi. saSualo maCvenebeli aris xolme 80-85%. Sesaba-
misad, direqtorebis gankargulebaSi arsebuli aqciebis raodenoba ukve iyo sakmarisi
imisaTvis, rom direqtorebs daeZliaT yvela SesaZlo SeTavazeba.
meore garemoeba, razec raonulma sasamarTlom, aseve, yuradReba gaamaxvila, iyo
iuniTrinis SesaZlebloba, erTdroulad gamoeyenebina gamosyidvis programa da didi
umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis miReba.
100
Tavdacvis RonisZiebis amkrZalavi da iZulebiTi xasiaTi (anu `drakonuri~ aspeqtebi)
delaveris sasamarTlom ganixila saqmeSi faramaunT qomuniqeiSenzi qi-vi-si neTvorqis
winaaRmdeg, Paramount Communications, Inc. v. QVC Network, Inc. Delaware Supreme Court, 1994, 637
A. 2d 34.
101
Oesterle A. D., The Law of Mergers and Acquisitions, Thomson/West, 3rd ed., Ohio, 2005, 540, “Stockholders
are presumed to act in their own best economic interests when they vote in a proxy contest”.
102
iqve; “The Court of Chancery found that by not participating in the Repurchase Program, the Board “ex-
pected to create a 28 percent voting block to support the Board’s decision to reject a future offer by American
General”.
152
sasamarTlos azriT, aralogikuri unda yofiliyo ameriqan generlisTvis an sxva

romelime potenciuri SemsyidvelisTvis aqciaTa 15%-ze metis SeZena, radgan es gamo-
iwvevda didi umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis Canaweris amoqmedebas wesdebaSi.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ameriqan generali daiwyebda aqcionerTa xmebisTvis brZolas iqamde,
sanam SeiZenda aqciebis 15%-s (rom ar amoqmedebuliyo didi umravlesobiT gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis Canaweri), dasWirdeboda 45.1% xmis Segroveba (Tu warmovidgenT, rom
krebas aqcionerTa 90% daeswro). xolo Tu Sesyidvas daiwyebda erTbaSad, unda SeeZina
aqciebis naxevarze meti mainc (50.1% aqciebis).103
magram, gansxvavebiT raionuli sasamarTlosgan, delaveris uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlos azriT, gadamwyveti faqtori mainc iqneboda ameriqan generlis SeTavazebis sa-
xe da ara mis xelT arsebuli aqciebis raodenoba. Tu ameriqan generlis SeTavazeba iq-
neboda mimzidveli, maSin is gaimarjvebda, miuxedavad xmaTa raodenobisa, romelsac
akontrolebdnen aqciebis mflobeli direqtorebi. magaliTad, iuniTrinis erT-erTma
direqtorma sasamarTlo sxdomaze daadastura Tavisi gancxadebiT, rom yvela SeTava-
zebas hqonda Sesabamisi fasi.104 Sesabamisad, aqciaTa xmebisTvis brZola unda yofiliyo
mniSvnelovani ameriqan generlisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxeze iyo mowamluli abe-
bis, aqciebis gamosyidvis programis da didi umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis
gamoyeneba.
aqciebis gamosyidvis programa ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos iZulebiTad aqcionere-
bis mimarT, radgan TiToeul aqcioners SeeZlo, nebayoflobiT mieRo gadawyvetileba
aqciebis gayidvis Taobaze. aseve, sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, gamosyidvis programa ar
iyo amkrZalavic, radgan alternatiuli SeTavazebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aqcioners
SeeZlo epasuxa am SeTavazebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, gatarebuli RonisZiebebi ar iyo dra-
konuli da ar xdida SeTavazebas maTematikurad SeuZlebels da ararealurs.105
saqmidan Cans, rom iuniTrinis bordma SeZlo daemtkicebina korporaciisTvis mo-
salodneli safrTxis arseboba da aseve daamtkica, rom gatarebuli RonisZiebebi ar
iyo iZulebiTi da amkrZalavi aqcionerebis mimarT. Tumca gatarebuli RonisZiebebis,
kerZod, aqciebis gamosyidvis programis safrTxesTan adekvaturobis gansazRvris na-
wilSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom ukan daubruna saqme raionul sasamarTlos Semdgom gan-
saxilvelad, kerZod, raionul sasamarTlos unda ganesazRvra, iyo Tu ara gamosyidvis
programa safrTxis Sesabamisi. raionulma sasamarTlom gamosyidvis programis saf-
rTxis adekvaturobaze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos Semdegi garemoebebi:106
(1) iyo Tu ara es samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT ganmtkicebuli biznesgadawyvetileba,
romlis miRebac bords SeeZlo dauflebis sawinaaRmdego konteqstSi; (2) iyo Tu ara
gamosyidvis programa ameriqan generlis SeTavazebisgan momdinare safrTxis adekva-
103
104
iqve; “Fayez Sarofim, one of the Unitrin directors that holds a substantial number of shares, testified that
“everything has a price parameter”.
105
Unitrin, Inc. v. Am. Gen. Corp., 651 A.2d 136, 1388-1389 (Del. 1995).
106
delaveris uzenaesma sasamarTlom am konkretul nawilSi saqme ukan daubruna raionul
sasamarTlos, rom am ukanasknels gadaewyvita iyo, Tu ara gamosyidvis programa safrTx-
is adekvaturi.
153
turi; (3) gamosyidvis programiT bordma aRiara, rom yvela aqcioneri ar iyo erTnai-
ri, kerZod, iyvnen aqcionerebi, romlebsac dauyovnebliv undodaT aqciebis Sesabamisi
Tanxis miReba.107
delaveris uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom raionuli sasamarTlo Secda,
rodesac miuTiTa, rom aqciebis gamosyidvis programa aucilebeli ar iyo. iuniTri-
nis bords hqonda ufleba da valdebuleba, rom, gonivrulobis safuZvelze arsebuli
safrTxidan gamomdinare, daecva iuniTrinis aqcionerebi imisgan, rasac is safrTxed
miiCnevda. Tu raionuli sasamarTlo gadawyvets, rom RonisZiebebi rogorc individu-
alurad, aseve erTad iyo safrTxis proporciuli, maSin iuniTrinis bordis qmedeba
ganixileba samewarmeo gansjis wesis farglebSi. mtkicebis tvirTi daubrundebaT mo-
sarCeleebs. samewarmeo gansjis wesis gadasalaxavad, mosarCeleebma unda daamtkicon,
rom direqtorebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mizani iyo maTi samuSao adgilebis
SenarCuneba, an saxezea maTi mxridan uflebamosilebis gadameteba an gadawyvetileba
miRebul iqna informirebulobis principis darRveviT.108
7.2. dauyovnebliv mogebis miRebis msurveli (short-term value shareholder)

da xangrZlivmoqmed perspeqtivaze orientirebuli
(long-term value shareholder) aqcionerebi
zemoT ganxiluli SemTxveva, rogorc aRiniSna, aris iunikalis testis moderni-

zebuli varianti. iunikalis bordma sazogadoebis interesebis dasacavad gamoiyena
SerCeviTi satendero SeTavazebis meTodi aqcionerebis mimarT da aqciebis mflobele-
bi samizne korporaciis ZirZvel da Semsyidveli korporaciis aqcionerebad dayo, rac
SemdgomSi, rogorc vnaxeT, SEC-m akrZala. iuniTrinis bordma, iunikalis bordisgan
gansxvavebiT, gamoiyena sazogadoebis mier aqciaTa gamosyidvis wesi da erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvava dauyonebliv mogebis miRebis msurveli da xangrZlivmoqmed perspeqtivaze
orientirebuli aqcionerebi, xolo sasamarTlom mxari dauWira aqcionerebis aseTi
formiT dayofas.109 SerCeviTi satendero meTodisgan gansxvavebiT, aqciebis gamosyid-
vis ufleba aqvs gamosyidvis msurvel nebismier aqcioners.
rogorc wesi, mtruli dauflebis mcdelobis dros izrdeba samizne korporaci-
is aqciebis sabazro Rirebuleba, riTac SeiZleba isargeblon dauyovnebliv mogebis
107
Unitrin, Inc. v. American General Corp., Supreme Court of Delaware, 1995, 651 A.2d 1361, “The record re-
flects that the Unitrin Board’s adoption of the Repurchase Program was an apparent recognition on its part that
all shareholders are not alike. This Courts has stated that distinctions among types of shareholders are neither
inappropriate not irrelevant for a board of directors to make, e.g., distinctions between long-term shareholders
and short-term profit-takers such as arbitrageurs, and their stockholding objectives...”.
108
Oesterle A. D., The Law of Mergers and Acquisitions, Thomson/West, 3rd ed., Ohio, 2005, 543; Unocal, 493
A.2d at 958.
109
iqve, 537; “The record reflects that the Unitrin Board’s adoption of the Repurchase Program was apperent
recognition on its part that all shareholders are not like. This court has stated that distinctions among types
of shareholders are neither inappropriate nor irrelevant for a board of directors to make, e.g., distinctions be-
tween long-term shareholders and short-term profit-takers, such as arbitrageurs, and their stockholding objec-
tives… .”
154
miRebis msurvelma aqcionerebma da daazaralon xangrZlivmoqmed perspeqtivaze ori-

entirebuli aqcionerebi. bordis mier SeTavazebuli aqciebis gamosyidvis programa
mimarTuli iyo rogorc moklevadian, aseve, xangrZlivmoqmed perspeqtivaze orienti-
rebul aqcionerebze. aqciebis gasxvisebis msurvel aqcionerebs SeeZloT, aqciebi da-
uyovnebliv gaeyidaT ufro maRal fasad, vidre es iyo SeTavazebuli ameriqan generlis
mier. xangrZlivmoqmed perspeqtivaze orientirebuli aqcionerebi, romlebic aqcie-
bis mflobelobas ganixilaven rogorc xangrZlivperspeqtivaSi arsebul investiaci-
as, sazogadoebis mier aqciaTa gamosyidvis programas aRiqvaven rogorc, erTi mxriv,
sazogadoebis interesis dacvis da meore mxriv, programis ganxorcielebis Semdeg maT
xelT arsebuli aqciebis sabazro Rirebulebis zrdis saSualebas.110
iuniTronis saqmeSi iunikalis testis ori kriteriumi, sazogadoebis interesebi-
saTvis safrTxis arseboba da am safrTxis adekvaturi Tavdacvis RonisZiebis gatareba
Camoyalibda, rogorc gonivrulobisa da proporciulobi kriteriumebi. proporci-
ulobis kriteriumi gatarebuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebis safrTxis adekvaturobasTan
erTad swavlobs, iyo Tu ara gatarebuli Tavdacvis RonisZieba amkrZalavi da/an iZu-
lebiTi xasiaTis aqcionerebis mimarT. anu, Tu ganxorcielebuli korporaciulsamar-
Tlebrivi TavdacviTi RonisZieba atarebda aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyro-
bis~ niSnebs, Sesabamisad, unda Semowmdes iyo Tu ara es RonisZieba aqcionerebis mimarT
amkrZalavi da/an iZulebiTi xasiaTis. am Tavdacvis RonisZiebis SeswavlaSi, ra Tqma
unda, igulisxmeba aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ niSnebis Seswavlac. iu-
niTrinis bordma aqciaTa gamosyidvis programis safuZvelze aqcionerebi ganasxvava
dauyovnebliv mogebis miRebis msurvel da xangrZlivmoqmed perspeqtivaze orienti-
rebul aqcionerebad, xolo sasamarTlos gancxadebiT Tavdacvis RonisZieba ar iyo am-
krZalavi an iZulebiTi xasiaTis mqone aqcionerebis mimarT.
iunikalis testis danergviT da gamoyenebiT delaveris sakorporacio sasamar-
Tloebma upiratesoba mianiWes arCevnebis gziT satendero SeTavazebis gadawyvetis
sakiTxs da ar miandes satendero SeTavazebis bedi fasiani qaRaldebis bazars. iunika-
lis testi bords uflebas aZlevs, daicvas aqcionerebis interesi, gaataros Tavdac-
vis RonisZiebebi, moaxdinos aqcionerebis informireba mosalodnel safrTxesTan da-
kavSirebiT, anu bordi aqcionerebs marto ar tovebs fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze sxva
korporaciis SeTavazebasTan pirispir. xolo sasamarTlo bords amis uflebas aZlevs,
Tu bordi akmayofilebs iunikalis testiT dadgenil standartebs. Sesabamisad, es niS-
navs, rom delaveris sasamarTloebi upiratesobas aniWeben arCevnebs da aqcionerTa
110
Oesterle A. D., The Law of Mergers and Acquisitions, Thomson/West, 3rd ed., Ohio, 2005, 537, “The Board
also noted that some Unitrin shareholders had publicly expressed interest in selling at or near the price in the
Offer. The Board determined that Unitrin’s stock was undervalued by the market at current levels and that the
Board considered Unitrin’s stock to be a good long-term investment. The Board also discussed the speculative
and unsettled market conditions for Unitrin stock caused by American General’s public disclosure. The Board
concluded that a Repurchase Program would provide additional liquidity to those stockholders who wished
to realize short-term gain, and would provide enhanced value to those stockholders who wished to maintain a
long-term investment.”
155
krebaze SeTavazebis ganxilvis sakiTxs da ar toveben am sakiTxs fasiani qaRaldebis ba-

zarze gadasawyvetad.111 gamoyenebuli Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi ar unda iyos amkrZalavi
da iZulebiTi xasiaTis aqcionerebis kenWisyrasTan mimarTebaSi. Tavdacvis RonisZie-
bebi icavs korporacias Sesyidvisgan, dabrkolebebs uqmnis Sesyidvis process, magram
Semsyidvels SeuZlia, sakuTari SeTavazeba gaacnos aqcionerebs da saerTo krebis meS-
veobiT gadaayenos bordi da axalma bordma gamoiTxovos Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi, ris
Semdegac SesaZlebelia, rom Sesyidvis procesi ganaxldes.112 anu, Tavdacvis RonisZi-
ebebi akmayofilebs iunikalis testis moqmedebas im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tavdacvis
RonisZiebebi ar zRudavs aqcioneris mier kenWisyris meSveobiT sakiTxis gadawyvetis
uflebas.
aqedan gamomdinare, Tu ganxorcielebuli Tavdacvis korporaciulsamarTleb-
rivi RonisZiebebi ayalibebs aqcionerTa Soris gansxvavebul uflebriv mdgomareobas,
es ar unda iyos amkrZalavi an iZulebiTi xasiaTis saerTo krebis kenWisyris mimarT, anu
ar unda SeizRudos aqcioneris xmis ufleba, magram bordis mier ganxorcielebulma
Tavdacvis RonisZiebebma SeiZleba daamkvidros aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mop-
yrobis~ principi fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze, risi magaliTic gvqonda iuniTrinis saq-
mis ganxilvis dros, rodesac bordma aqcionerebi ganasxvava dauyovnebliv mogebis mi-
Rebis msurvel da xangrZlivmoqmed perspeqtivaze orientirebul aqcionerebad. orive
saxis aqcioners, Serwymis an kompaniis gayidvis saerTo krebaze ganxilvis SemTxveva-
Si, eqneboda SesaZlebloba, gamoeyenebina xmis ufleba, magram gamosyidvis programa-
Si mxolod aqcionerTa nawilma, kerZod, dauyovnebliv mogebis miRebis msurvelebma,
miiRo monawileoba.
zemoT ganxilul iqna aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ principis gamo-
yenebis sxvadasxva SemTxveva. SerCeviTi satendero SeTavazebis, damatebiTi uflebis,
upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebis Tu sazogadoebis mier aqciaTa gamosyidvis wesis gamo-
yeneba swored fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze aris mimarTuli da miznad isaxavs sazoga-
doebis da aqcionerebis interesebis dacvas. Tu aRniSnuli CamonaTvalidan amoviRebT
SerCeviT satendero SeTavazebas,113 darCenili Tavdacvis korporaciulsamarTlebri-
vi RonisZiebebi – damatebiTi ufleba, upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba da sazogadoebis
mier aqciaTa gamosyidvis wesi – aqcioneris mier xmis uflebis gamoyenebasTan mimar-
TebaSi amkvidrebs `Tanabari mopyrobis~ princips, rac SesabamisobaSia Cven mier zemoT
dasaxelebul `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 52-e muxlis 1-el punqtTan, romlis Tanaxma-
dac èrTi Cveulebrivi aqcia uzrunvelyofs erTi xmis uflebas aqcionerTa saerTo
krebaze, xolo privilegirebuli aqcia ar iZleva xmis uflebas~ da èrTi klasis aqcie-
bi Tanabari uflebebiT uzrunvelyofen maT mflobelebs~.
111
Joo W. T., Corporate Governance, Law, Theory and Policy, Ronald J. Gilson, Unocal Fifteen Years Later, (And
What We Can Do About It), Carolina Academic Press, 2nd ed., Durham, 2010, 544-554.
112
iqve, 548-549.
113
radgan, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlom mxari dauWira
aseTi meTodis ganxorcielebas, kanonmdeblobiT aikrZala aqciebis Sesyidva SerCeviTi
satendero SeTavazebis gziT.
156
8. daskvna
naSromSi ar ganxilula erTi klasis aqciebs Soris gansxvavebul ufleba-mova-

leobaTa arseboba, aramed ganisazRvra aqciebis mflobelTa, maT Soris, erTi klasis
aqciebis mflobel aqcionerTa, gansxvavebuli uflebrivi mdgomareobis arsebobis Se-
saZlebloba, anu `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ principis moqmedeba aqcionerebze.
aqcionerTa Tanasworuflebianobis samarTlebriv SezRudvas safuZvlad udevs
sazogadoebis interesebis dacva. sazogadoebis interesebis dacvis erT-erT formad
aRebulia Tavdacvis korporaciulsamarTlebrivi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba, ro-
melic icavs korporacias mtruli SeZenisgan da Sesabamisad icavs sazogadoebis inte-
resebs xelyofisgan.
naSromSi ganxiluli korporaciulsamarTlebrivi Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis gan-
xorcieleba dafuZnebulia swored aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ prin-
cipze. imavdroulad, ganxilvis safuZvelze mivediT im daskvnamde, rom qarTuli kanon-
mdebloba, sazogadoebis interesebis dacvidan gamomdinare, ar krZalavs aqcionerebis
Tanasworuflebianobis wesidan `gadaxvevas~. ganxiluli Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis mi-
zania aqcionerebis dacva fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze, anu aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Ta-
nabari mopyrobis~ principi ar moqmedebs aqcionerTa kenWisyris mimarT, Sesabamisad,
SeuZlebelia Tanasworuflebianobis darRveva aqcioneris xmis uflebasTan dakavSi-
rebiT.
dasasrul, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom korporaciulsamarTlebrivi Tav-
dacvis RonisZiebebi sakorporacio samarTlis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia, romlis moqmedebac dakavSirebulia sxva aqtualur sakiTxebTan, maT Soris
aqcionerTa `SerCeviTi Tanabari mopyrobis~ principTan.
157
natalia mowoneliZe*
subrogaciis gamijvna regresisa da cesiisagan
I. Sesavali
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobis didi nawilisTvis subrogaci-

is doqtrina ucxo ar aris.1 Tumca, im procesis aRsaniSnavad, romelsac aRniSnuli
doqtrina aregulirebs, termin „subrogacias“ maTi mcire nawili iyenebs.2 am mxriv,
gamonaklisi arc saqarTveloa. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 832-e muxli exe-
ba subrogaciis doqtrinas da aRwers samarTlebriv urTierTobas, romlis drosac
xdeba mxareTa uflebamonacvleoba urTierTobaSi. Tumca, kanonmdeblobaSi termini
„subrogacia“ arsad gvxvdeba. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli termini, xSirad, ucxoa im iu-
ristebisTvisac ki, romlebic sadazRvevo sferoSi moRvaweoben da moTxovnis ufle-
bis gadacemis am saSualebas arcTu iSviaTad iyeneben. umeteswilad, process, romlis
drosac mzRveveli axdens dazRveulis moTxovnis uflebis realizebas mesame piris
mimarT, regresul urTierTobad moixsenieben, rac imTaviTve arasworia. garda reg-
resisa, subrogacias xSirad usafuZvlod aigiveben samarTlis iseT institutTanac,
rogoric aris cesia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc subrogacia, ise cesia da regresi saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo samarTlis damoukidebeli Teoriuli konstruqciebia. Tumca, maT imdenad
msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, rom maTi erTmaneTisagan garCeva xSirad rTulia.
imisaTvis, rom subrogaciis arsi naTeli gaxdes, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba mis ga-
mijvnas samarTlis zemoT dasaxelebuli institutebisagan. aRniSnul gamijvnas, Teo-
riuli mniSvnelobis garda, didi praqtikuli datvirTvac gaaCnia. kerZod, institu-
tebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian rogorc warmoSobis samarTlebrivi safuZvliT,
ise samarTlebrivi Sedegis TvalsazrisiTac. es ki, sabolood, urTierTobis monawile
mxareTa ufleba-movaleobis gansxvavebul bunebas ganapirobebs. swored zemoaRniS-
nuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania, TiToeuli institutis cal-calke
daxasiaTeba da maTi SedarebiTi analizi.
II. subrogaciis da regresis gamijvna
1. cnebaTa ganmartebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi
mravali avtori subrogaciis institutis daxasiaTebisas, adreul periodSi da

dResac, termin regress iyenebs.3 arian mecnierebic, romlebic termin `subrogacias~
* Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.

1
germania, Sveicaria, safrangeTi, avstria, slovakia, latvia, kvebeki, ruseTi da sxv.
2
ruseTis federaciuli respublikis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 965-e muxli.
3
Hormuth H. in: Beckmann R.M., Matusche-Beckmann A.,Versicherungsrechts-Handbuch, 2. vollständige
Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck München 2009, §22; Ломидзе О., Переход прав кредитора к другому лицу на
158
natalia mowoneliZe, subrogaciis gamijvna regresisa da cesiisagan
aqtiurad iyeneben, Tumca mas mainc regresis saxesxvaobad ganixilaven.4 magaliTad,

erT-erTi mecnieri miuTiTebs, rom „mzRvevelis ufleba sadazRvevo anazRaurebis
ukan dabrunebaze efuZneba samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad princips, romlis Tanaxmad,
piri, romelic anazRaurebs sxvis mier miyenebul zians, aRiWurveba uflebiT, Caanac-
vlos dazRveuli piri da yvela misi Sesagebeli da pretenzia wauyenos zianis mimyene-
bels. msgavsi tipis uflebamonacvleoba aris subrogacia, romelic regresuli moTx-
ovnis gansakuTrebuli saxea“.5
aRsaniSnavia, rom germanul iuridiul literaturaSic termin „subrogacias~
mecnierTa Zalze mcire nawili iyenebs6 mas, metwilad, termin „regresiT~ moixsenieben.7
amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb germanul kanonSi
mzRvevelze dazRveulis moTxovnis uflebis gadasvlis Sesaxeb norma kanonis miRebis
dRidan arsebobs,8 sadazRvevo sferoSi gatarebuli reformis Semdegac ki, aRniSnuli
samarTalurTierTobis aRsaniSnavad germanelma kanondebelma termini „subrogacia~
ar gamoiyena da igi kvlav kanonismier gadacemad moixsenia.9
2. subrogaciisa da regresis saerTo niSnebi
mecnierebi Tanxmdebian, rom subrogaciasa da regress aqvs saerTo niSnebi, rac,

bunebrivad, am institutebis erTmaneTSi aRrevas iwvevs. kerZod, subrogaciac da reg-
resic ukumoTxovnis saxesxvaobebia,10 romlebic adre gadaxdili Tanxis ukan dabru-
nebas isaxavs miznad.11 orive institutis daniSnuleba movalis mier gadamxdelisTvis
Tanxis ukan dabruneba12 da im piris qonebrivi mdgomareobis aRdgenaa, romelmac kre-
основании закона, Российская юстиция. 1998. №12, 13; Новицкий И.Б., Регрессные обязательства меж-
ду социалистическими хозяйственными организациями, Госюриздат, 1952, 192; Серебровский В.И.,
Избранные труды по наследственному и страховому праву, Статут (в серии “Классика российской ци-
вилистики”), 1997, 548.
4
Агарков М.М., Обязательство по советскому гражданскому праву. М., 1940, 160; Юдельсон К.С., Ос-
новные проблемы права регресса в советском гражданском праве, Ученые труды ВИЮН. Вып. 9, 1947;
Новицкий И.Б., Регрессные обязательства между социалистическими организациями, М., 1952, 145-
195, Гольмстен А.Х., Опыт построения общего учения о праве регресса, Юридические исследования и
статьи. Том второй. Санкт-Петербург, 1913, 184.
5
Гендзехадзе Е., Мартьянова Т., Страхование ответственности риска непогашения кредита, Закон. № 4,
1994. 31.
6
Sieg K., in: Bruck E., Möller H., Kommentar zum Versicherungsvertragsgesetz und zu den Allgemeinen Ver-
sicherungsbedingungen unter Einfluss des Versicherungsmittlerrechtes, 8. Auflage, Berlin, 1961, §67, Rn.97
7
von Koppenfels-Spiels K., in: Looschelders D., Pohlmann P., VVG Versicherungsvertragsgesetz, Kommentar,
2. Auflage, 2011, §86; Hormuth H., in: Beckmann R.M., Matusche-Beckmann A., Versicherungsrechts-Hand-
buch, 2. vollständige Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck München, 2009, §22.
8
mzRvevelze dazRveulis moTxovnis uflebis gadasvlis sakiTxi daregulirebuli iyo
germaniis sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb kanonis Zveli redaqciis 67-e paragrafiT,
xolo kanonis axali redaqciiT daregulirebulia 86-e paragrafiT.
9
“gesetzliche Förderungsübergang“.
10
Дедиков С.В., Регресс и суброгация по договорам ОСАГО, Хозяйство и право, № 9, 2004,67.
11
Кисель И.В., Обязательства с участием третьих лиц: Дисс. М., 2002, 122.
12
Белов В.А., Сингулярное правопреемство в обязательстве. 2-е изд., стер. М., 2001, 98.
159
ditoris moTxovna sxvis nacvlad daakmayofila.13amasTan, orive urTierTobis warmo-

Sobis formaluri safuZveli kanonia, xolo materialuri – mesame piris mier valdebu-
lebis Sesruleba. subrogaciis da regresis umTavresi mizania, ar dauSvas valdebule-
biTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile romelime mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidreba.
miTiTebuli garegani msgavsebis miuxedavad, mecnierebi Tanxmdebian, rom sxvao-
ba regressa da subrogacias Soris principuli xasiaTisaa.14 Sesabamisad, saWiroa maTi,
rogorc ori, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi institutis, ganxilva da
Seswavla.
3. subrogaciisa da regresis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi
subrogacias da regress Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba urTierobis warmoSobis sa-

fuZvelSia. kerZod, regresi yovelTvis gulisxmobs ori valdebulebiTsamarTlebri-
vi urTierTobis arsebobas: pirveli da arsebiTi aris is ZiriTadi valdebuleba, ro-
melsac asrulebs mesame piri (meoradi movale), xolo meore dakavSirebulia pirvel,
mTavar valdebulebasTan da misi warmoSoba uSualo kavSirSia pirveli valdebulebis
SesrulebasTan. magaliTad, SromiTi urTierTobis dros dasaqmebulis (muSakis) mier
mesame pirisaTvis miyenebuli zianisTvis pasuxismgebelia sawarmo an organizacia.15
amasTan, mas Semdeg, rac sawarmo an organizacia srulad aanazRaurebs miyenebul zians,
mas ufleba aqvs Tavisi muSakisagan regresis wesiT moiTxovos im Tanxis ukan dabrune-
ba, rac sawarmom dazaralebul pirs gadauxada.16 valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTi-
erToba, romelic dazaralebulsa da sawarmos muSaks Soris warmoiSoba, aris pirveli
da mTavari valdebuleba. igi warmoSobs axal, regresul valdebulebas, kerZod, sawar-
mos moTxovnis uflebas muSakis mimarT. swored amitom, regresuli valdebuleba mi-
iCneva pirveli valdebulebidan nawarmoeb meorad valdebulebad. zemomoyvanil maga-
liTSi ZiriTadi valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis safuZvelia
deliqti, anu muSakis mier pirisaTvis zianis miyeneba, xolo nawarmoebi, anu regresuli
valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis safuZvelia is SromiTsamar-
Tlebrivi urTierToba, romelic dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels Soris arsebobs.
zemoaRniSnuli magaliTi cxadyofs, rom regresis dros yovelTvis warmoiSoba
axali ufleba da pirveladi valdebulebis Sewyvetis Sedegad – axali valdebuleba.17
zemoaRniSnuli faqtori ganapirobebs regresisa da subrogaciis warmoSobis
gansxvavebul dros. regresuli valdebuleba warmoiSoba mxolod mTavari (ZiriTadi)
13
Сарбаш С.В., Общее учение об исполнении договорных обязательств: Дисс. д.ю.н. М., 2005, 158.
14
ЧебунинА.В., Tеоретические и практические вопросы суброгации в страховых отношениях, Сиб. Вест-
ник № 4 – 2001, <http://law.isu.ru/ru/science/vestnik/20014/kravcov.html>,
15
Sead. ssk-is 37-e muxlis pirvel nawils da ssk-is 997-e muxls.
16
CikvaSvili S., Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j. (red.), saqarT-
velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, t. II, Tb., 2001, 403.
17
Ломидзе О., Переход прав кредитора к другому лицу на основании закона, Российская юстиция, №12,
1998, 16-18.
160
valdebulebis Sesrulebis Semdeg,18 kerZod, mas Semdeg, rac sawarmo an organizacia

aanazRaurebs muSakis mier mesame pirisaTvis miyenebul zians. subrogaciis SemTxve-
vaSi ki, gansxvavebiT regresisgan, saxezea erTaderTi, mTavari valdebuleba, romlis
pirobebSi kreditori („pirveladi kreditori“, dazRveuli) anazRaurebis miRebis-
Tanave tovebs valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobas da mas anacvlebs „meoradi
kreditori”, kerZod, piri, romelmac „pirveladi kreditoris“ winaSe sxvis nacvlad Se-
asrula valdebuleba. sadazRvevo samarTlis magaliTze rom ganvixiloT, mas Semdeg,
rac mzRveveli dazRveuls aunazRaurebs sadazRvevo SemTxveviT gamowveul zians,
igi aRiWurveba uflebiT, Caanacvlos dazRveuli piri mesame pirTan urTierTobaSi da
moiTxovos gadaxdilis ukan dabruneba. zemoT dasaxelebuli deliqturi da SromiT-
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis erTobliobisgan gansxvavebiT, subrogaciis SemTxveva-
Si saxezea mxolod erTi, ZiriTadi deliqturi urTierToba dazaralebulsa da zianis
mimyenebels Soris. swored es ganapirobebs im garemoebas, rom mzRveveli, rogorc we-
si, zianis mimyenebeli piris winaSe gamodis dazRveuli piris saxeliT da sakuTari in-
teresebisaTvis axorcielebs misi uflebebis realizacias. amasTan, gansxvavebiT reg-
resisagan, sadac regresuli moTxovnis uflebis ganxorcielebisTvis kreditors (dam-
saqmebels) aravis Tanxmoba ar sWirdeba, subrogaciis dros dazRveuls (damzRvevs) Se-
uZlia uari ganacxados mesame piris mimarT Tavis moTxovnaze. Sesabamisad, aseT dros,
mzRvevels aRar warmoeSoba subrogaciis ufleba.19
rogorc regresis, ise subrogaciis SemTxvevaSi, kreditori kargavs moTxovnis
uflebas. regresis SemTxvevaSi, amas ganapirobebs sruliad axali, damoukidebeli val-
debulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSoba axali mxareebiT, sadac is valde-
buleba, romelSic mxare kreditori iyo, warmoadgens mxolod winapirobas axali val-
debulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobisTvis. subrogaciis SemTxvevaSi ki
kreditori tovebs valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobas da mis adgils ikavebs
piri, romelmac valdebuleba mis sasargeblod Seasrula. rogorc mecnieri musini aR-
niSnavs, subrogaciis SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT regresisgan, saxeze gvaqvs singularu-
li samarTalmemkvidreoba.20 kerZod, arsebuli valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobis Sinaarsi ucvleli rCeba. Sesabamisad, ar icvleba arc urTierTobis Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare moTxovna. axali kreditori, mzRveveli, xdeba „pirveladi kreditoris“
dazRveulis, uflebebis samarTalmemkvidre.21 regresis SemTxvevaSi ki warmoiSoba axa-
li valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierToba.
18
Смирнов В.Т., Регрессные иски в обязательствах из причинения вреда. М., 1960, 5.
19
ssk-is 832-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winadadeba.
20
Мусин В.А., Суброгация в советском гражданском праве, Советское государство и право, №7, 1976,
129.
21
msgavsad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palata, 2012 wlis
gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli 12. saqme №as-581-549-2011, 61. <http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/
upload-file/pdf/kr201212.pdf>.
161
3.1. saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika regresisa da

subrogaciis gamijvnis Taobaze
3.1.1. gansxvaveba valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis

Sinaarsis mixedviT
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom subrogaciis da regresis gamijvnis problemaze

msjelobis tendencia qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSic SeiniSneba. dReis mdgomareo-
biT, mxolod ori sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba arsebobs, romelSic sadazRvevo urTi-
erTobebis konteqstSi, subrogaciasa da regreszea msjeloba. Tumca, orive maTgans am
sakiTxze samomavlod erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisTvis arse-
biTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. pirveli ganCineba, romelSic sasamarTlom sadazRvevo ur-
TierTobis dros pirTa Canacvlebaze imsjela, miRebul iqna 2012 wlis 17 Tebervals.22
uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos msjeloba sicocxlis dazR-
vevis dros dazaralebulis ormagi kompensaciis dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom
erTmaneTisagan gamijna regresuli moTxovnis ufleba da deliqtur valdebulebaSi
kreditoris Secvla da miuTiTa, rom `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 832-e muxliT
dadgenili zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba mesame pirisagan iTvaliswinebs ara
regresuli moTxovnis uflebas, aramed deliqtur valdebulebaSi kreditoris Sec-
vlas, Canacvlebas, rac SeiZleba miznad isaxavdes rogorc dazRveulis, ise mesame pi-
ris usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Tavidan acilebas~. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT qarTul
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi Seiqmna pirveli precedenti, sadac sasamarTlom ssk-is 832-e
muxli ar gaaigiva regresul moTxovnebTan da igi sruliad sxva tipis samarTlebriv
urTierTobad ganixila. mogvianebiT, uzenaesma sasamarTlom kvlav imsjela regresu-
li moTxovnis uflebasa da ssk-is 832-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnis uflebis
daTmobaze da miiRo gadawyvetileba, sadac pirvelad gamoiyena termini „subroga-
cia”.23 amasTan, sasamarTlom mkafiod gamijna erTmaneTisagan regresi da subrogacia
da miuTiTa, rom subrogaciis dros, gansxvavebiT regresisgan, xdeba ara axali valde-
bulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSoba an erTi valdebulebis Secvla meore-
Ti, aramed mxolod kreditoris Secvla valdebulebaSi, valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi
urTierTobis Sinaarsis Secvlis gareSe. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo ganmartebiT, aseT
dros moTxovna kreditorze unda gadavides iseTive moculobiT, rogoric hqonda
Tavdapirvel kreditors. axal mxareebs SeuZliaT moTxovna da Sesagebeli erTmaneTs
im moculobiT wauyenon, ra moculobiTac igi arsebobda valdebulebiTsamarTlebri-
vi urTierTobis warmoSobis pirvel etapze – pirvelad kreditorsa da movales Soris.
22
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 17 Teberv-
lis №as-663-624-2011 ganCineba. 2012 wlis gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli 11, 72, <http://www.
supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/kr201211.pdf>.
23
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palata, 2012 wlis 5 seqtembris
№as-581-549-2011 gadawyvetileba, 61, gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli 12, <http://www.suprem-
ecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/kr201212.pdf>,.
162
3.1.2. subrogaciis da regresis urTierTgamijvna

xandazmulobis vadis mixedviT
subrogaciisa da regresis zemoaRniSnuli ganmasxvavebeli kriteriumebis safuZ-

velze, maT Soris ikveTeba formaluri gansxvavebac, rac am ori institutis gansxvave-
bul xandazmulobis vadaSi vlindeba.
ukumoTxovnis orive saSualebisTvis kanonmdebelma erTmaneTisgan gansxvave-
buli sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadebi daadgina. marTalia, kanonmdebeli regresuli
moTxovnis da subrogaciis uflebis ganxorcilebis konkretul vadebze pirdapir ar
miuTiTebsda arc specialur vadas gansazRvravs, magram ssk-is 129-e muxlis mesame na-
wilis Tanaxmad, calkeul SemTxvevebSi kanoniT SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnes amave
muxlis pirveli da me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli xandazmulobis vadebisgan gansxva-
vebuli vadebic. subrogaciis SemTxvevaSi, radgan saxezea moTxovnis uflebis mflobe-
lis Canacvleba moTxovnis uflebis samarTlebrivi bunebis Secvlis gareSe, sruliad
bunebrivia, rom gadasuli moTxovnebis mimarT imoqmedebs ara xandazmulobis axali va-
debi, aramed, regresisgan gansxvavebiT, gagrZeldeba dawyebuli xandzamulobis vadis
dena.24
zemoaRniSnuli garemoebis logikuri axsna regresisa da subrogaciis gansxvave-
buli samarTlebrivi bunebiT martivad aris SesaZlebeli.
regresuli valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi, sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadis aTvla
iwyeba ZiriTadi, mTavari valdebulebis Sesrulebis momentidan,25 anu im droidan, ro-
desac uSualod regresuli valdebuleba warmoiSva (zemoT moyvanili SromiTi urTi-
erTobis magaliTze, mas Semdeg, rac damsaqmebeli aunazRaurebs zians dazaralebul,
mesame pirs). rac Seexeba subrogacias, aq sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadis denis aTvlis
Secvla ar xdeba.26 mzRvevelma drois aTvla unda daiwyos ara sadazRvevo anazRaure-
bis gadaxdis momentidan, aramed im droidan, rodesac dairRva dazRveuli piris uf-
lebebi da man amis Sesaxeb Seityo an unda Seetyo.27 rogorc wesi, es aris dRe, rodesac
mzRvevelma Seityo sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomis Taobaze. msgavsi midgoma sruli-
adac ar aris usamarTlo mzRvevelebis mimarT, vinaidan isini sakmaod swrafad iReben
informacias momxdari sadazRvevo SemTxvevis Taobaze. mzRvevelis Setyobinebis val-
24
Hormuth H., in: Beckmann R.M., Matusche-Beckmann A.,Versicherungsrechts-Handbuch, 2. vollständige
Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München, 2009, §22, Rn.66.
25
Ломидзе О., Переход прав кредитора к другому лицу на основании закона, `Российская юстиция~, №
12,1998, 13-14.
26
BGH VersR 1961, 910, miTiTebulia: Bumann H., Berliner Kommentar zum Versicherungsvertragsgesetz,
hrsg. Honsell H., Springer, Berlin, New York, 1999 §67, Rn.138; OLG DüsseldorfVersR 1956, 325 Sieg K., in:
Bruck E., Möller H., Kommentar zum Versicherungsvertragsgesetz und zu den Allgemeinen Versicherungsbe-
dingungen unter Einfluss des Versicherungsmittlerrechtes, 8. Auflage, 1980, §67, Rn.97
27
aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 200-201 muxlebiT, subrogaciis SemTx-
vevaSi, kanonmdeblis mier pirdapir aris gaTvaliswinebuli xandazmulobis vadis denis
gagrZeleba, xolo regresuli valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi, 201-e muxlis me-3 nawilis
mixedviT, sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadis aTvla iwyeba ZiriTadi valdebulebis Sesru-
lebis momentidan.
163
debuleba mkafiod aris gaTvaliswinebuli rogorc kanonmdeblobiT, ise sadazRvevo

polisiT (xelSekrulebiT). ssk-is 814-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: „sadazRvevo
SemTxvevis dadgomis gagebisTanave damzRvevi (dazRveuli) movalea acnobos amis Se-
saxeb mzRvevels”. metic, aRniSnuli valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa,
dazRveulis mimarT gamoyenebul iqnes sanqcia. kerZod, arasapatio mizeziT informa-
ciis droulad miuwodeblobis gamo, mzRvevelma SeiZleba uari ganacxados sadazRvevo
anazRaurebaze.28 garda amisa, rodesac saubaria subrogaciis dros sasarCelo xandaz-
mulobis vadebze, mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom 832-e muxlis ZaliT, mzRvevelze uf-
lebebis gadasvla xdeba im wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic moqmedebs dazRveulsa
da zianis miyenebaze pasuxismgebel pirs Soris. rogorc naSromis wina TavSi aRiniSna,29
subrogaciis Tavisebureba swored isaa, rom mzRvevelis mier dazRveulis Canacvle-
biT, ucvleli rCeba im valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaarsi, romelic
dazRveulsa da zianis mimyenebl pirs Soris arsebobda. magaliTad, Tu avtosagzao Sem-
Txvevis Sedegad ziani miadga dazRveul pirs, mzRvevelis mier misi Canacvlebis Semdeg
ucvleli rCeba is ufleba- movaleobebi, rac zianis mimyenebelsa da dazRveul pirs
Soris deliqtidan gamomdinare arsebobda. mxareTa urTierTsapirispiro moTxovnebi
kvlav ZalaSi rCeba. swored, subrogaciis am bunebidan gamomdinare, ucvleli rCeba sa-
sarCelo xandazmulobis vadebic. kerZod, regresisagan gansxvavebiT, vadis aTvla da-
iwyeba ara mzRvevelis mier sadazRvevo anazRaurebis gadaxdis Semdeg, aramed sadazR-
vevo SemTxvevis dadgomis momentidan.
3.1.3. sasamarTlo praqtika xandazmulobis vadebis Sesaxeb
zemoaRniSnul midgomas subrogaciisa da regresis gansxvavebuli xandazmulobis

vadebis Taobaze iziarebs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTloc. kerZod, sasamarTlom
2012 wlis 5 seqtembris gadawyvetilebaSi calsaxad miuTiTa, rom ssk-is 832-e muxli
aregulirebs samarTlebriv urTierTobas, romlis drosac xdeba pirTa Secvla val-
debulebaSi. es ki, sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, ar cvlis valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi
urTierTobis Sinaarss da, Sesabamisad, arc arsebuli xandazmulobis vadis denas.30
aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom aseve daadgi-
na xandazmulobis vadis denis gansazRvris sakiTxi subrogaciuli moTxovnis arsebo-
bisas.
zemoaRniSnuli saqme Seicavda Semdeg faqtobriv garemoebebs: 2006 wlis 27 ivniss
sadazRvevo kompaniasa da mzRvevels Soris gaformda yirgizuli kompaniisaTvis misa-
wodebeli tvirTis dazRvevis xelSekruleba. 2006 wlis 13 seqtembers yirgizuli kom-
28
msgavsad, ruseTis federaciuli respublika. ixileT: ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
961-e muxli.
29
ix. winamdebare naSromis Tavi: „subrogaciis da regresis gamijvnis samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebi“.
30
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palata, 2012 wlis 5 seqtembris
№as-581-549-2011 gadawyvetileba, 61. gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli 12, <http://www.suprem-
ecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/kr201212.pdf>.
164
paniisTvis miwodebuli tvirTi dazianebuli aRmoCnda, risTvisac sadazRvevo kompa-

niam, sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, dazRveuls aunazRaura damdgari ziani.
amis Semdeg mzRvevelma mimarTa gadamzidavs da moiTxova sadazRvevo Tanxis ukan dab-
runeba, razec gadamzidavma moTxovnis xandazmulobis gamo uari ganacxada. sadazRve-
vo kompaniam sarCeliT mimarTa saapelacio sasamarTlos da moiTxova gadamzidavis mi-
er zianis anazRaureba, rac dakmayofilda sasamarTlos mier. sasamarTlom Tavisi ga-
dawyvetileba Semdegi safuZvliT daasabuTa. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mxareTa Soris
warmoiSva ssk-is 832-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi ur-
TierToba, romelic regresuli anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas miakuTvna. amasTan,
imis gamo, rom regresuli moTxovnisTvis kanoniT specialuri vada ar aris dadgeneli,
ssk-is 129-e muxlis me-3 nawilis safuZvelze sasamarTlom miuTiTa saerTo xandazmu-
lobis vadaze da aRniSnuli urTierTobisTvis gansazRvra moTxovnis xandazmulobis
aTwliani vada, ris safuZvelzec mxaris moTxovna zianis anazRaurebis Taobaze dakma-
yofilda.
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos mo-
sazreba da miuTiTa, rom ssk-is 832-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebiTsamar-
Tlebrivi urTierToba miekuTvneba ara regresul moTxovnis uflebebs, aramed piris
Secvlas valdebulebaSi. es ki ganapirobebs mxolod kreditoris Secvlas valdebule-
biTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi da misi Sinaarsis ucvlelad datovebas. Sesabamisad,
axali kreditoris mimarTac grZeldeba xandazmulobis vadebi, romelic Zveli kre-
ditoris mimarT moqmedebda. magaliTad, Tu sadazRvevo SemTxveva dadga 2006 wels da
dazRveuls mzRvevelma ziani aunazRaura 2007 wels, zianis mimyeneblis mimarT mzRve-
velis xandazmulobis vadis dena daiwyeba ara 2007 wlidan, anu rodesac moxda 832-e
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebamonacvleoba, aramed 2006 wlidan – sadazRvevo Sem-
Txvevis dadgomis momentidan.
aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mniSvnelovania im Tvalsaz-
risiTac, rom sasamarTlom zustad ganmarta, Tu 832-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uf-
lebamonacvleobisas rodis unda daiwyos xandazmulobis vadis denis aTvla. vinaidan
832-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebamonacvleobisTvis xandazmulobis vada ar
aris kanoniT gansazRvruli, sasamarTlom mizanSewonilad miiCnia ssk-is 129-e muxlis
me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli wesis gamoyeneba da xandazmulobis specialuri vadis
gansazRvra. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxezea gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan gamom-
dinare valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierToba31 da aRniSnuli urTierTobisTvis
ssk-is 699-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulia xandazmulobis specialuri, erTwliani vada,
swored es dro unda ganisazRvros mzRvevelsa da gadamzidavs Soris moTxovnis xan-
dazmulobis vadad. Sesabamisad, misi aTvla unda daiwyos 2006 wlis 13 seqtembridan.
moyvanil SemTxvevaSi, gamomdinare iqidan, rom mxarem sasamarTlos am vadis daucve-
lad mimarTa, moTxovna miCneul iqna xandazmulad da sarCeli ar dakmayofilda.32
31
ssk-is 668-e muxli.
32
msgavsi praqtika aqvs ruseTis umaRlesi saarbitraJo sasamarTlos prezidiums, vrclad
ix. Вестник Высшего Арбитражного Суда РФ,№3, 1998, 37-38.
165
4. Sejameba
zemoaRniSnuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod er-

Tgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camosayalibeblad, aramed ssk-is 832-e muxliT mo-
wesrigebul samarTlebriv institutSi meti sicxadis Sesatanadac. moyvanili sasamar-
Tlo gadawyvetilebebidan calsaxad ikveTeba samarTalSemfardeblis mcdeloba, mka-
fiod gamijnos erTmaneTisagan subrogaciisa da regresis institutebi, rac Seesaba-
meba evropuli qveynebis sasamarTloebis midgomas.33 miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi xels
Seuwyobs iuristebs, sadazRvevo kompaniebis warmomadgenlebs da sadazRvevo sferoTi
dainteresebul sxva pirebs, gamijnon subrogacia sxva msgavsi tipis institutebisagan.
aRniSnuli gamijvna, samarTlebrivi Sedegis TvalsazrisiT, principuli mniSvnelobi-
saa rogorc dazRveulebisTvis, ise mzRvevelebisTvis. kerZod, subrogacia orive su-
bieqtisTvis ekonomikur mniSvnelobas iZens. igi mzRvevels uqmnis erTgvar garantias,
ukan daibrunos dazRveulisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxa. sadazRvevo kompaniebis sarezer-
vo fondebi ivseba ara mxolod sadazRvevo premiebis safuZvelze, aramed aseve, kompa-
niis sxva Semosavlebidan. es ukanaskneli moicavs Tanxas, romelsac sadazRvevo kompa-
niebi iReben dazRveulisaTvis zianis miyenebaze pasuxismgebeli im mesame pirebisagan,
romelTa magivradac mzRvevelma aanazRaura ziani. rac Seexeba dazRveuls, germanuli
gamocdilebis Sesabamisad,34 igi xelSekrulebis dadebisas sargeblobs garkveuli Se-
RavaTiT, Tu mzRvevels ar ukrZalavs subrogaciis uflebis gamoyenebas zianis mimye-
nebeli mesame piris mimarT. subrogaciis zemoaRniSnuli funqciidan gamomdinare, am
institutis ganviTarebam, SesaZloa, erTgvari biZgi misces axal sadazRvevo kompani-
ebs, gamoCdnen qarTul sadazRvevo bazarze, xolo moqalaqeebs SeiZleba misces dama-
tebiTi stimuli, dadon sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebi. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli xels
Seuwyobs sadazRvevo urTierTobebisa da sadazRvevo bazris ganviTarebas.
III. subrogaciis da cesiis gamijvna
1. cnebaTa ganmartebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi
aRsaniSnavia, rom arc qarTul da arc germanul kanonmdeblobaSi, termin „sub-

rogaciis” msgavsad, moTxovnis daTmobis aRsaniSnavad, termini „cesia” ar gvxvdeba.
Tumca, samecniero literaturaSi, moTxovnis daTmobis aRsaniSnavad termini „cesia”
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba,35 xolo Tavad urTierTobis monawile subieqtebs „cedenti“ da
33
OLG DüsseldorfVersR 1956, 325, OGH VersR, 1969, 385, miTiTebulia: Bumann H., Berliner Kommen-
tar zum Versicherungsvertragsgesetz, hrsg. Honsell H., Springer, Berlin, New York, 1999 §67, Rn.138.
34
Langheid T., in: Römer W., Langheid T., Versicherungsvertragsgesetz, 2.Aufl. Verlag C.H Beck, München,
2003, § 67, Rn. 39.
35
axvlediani z., Wanturia l., axvlediani z., zoiZe b., jorbenaZe s. (red.), saqarT-
velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meore, Tb., 1999, 140; WeWelaSvili z.,
moTxovnis daTmoba da valis gadakisreba, sadisertacio naSromi, 2008, <http://tsu.ge/
data/file_db/faculty-law-public/zviad%20chechelashvili.pdf>; Habersack M., Schwab M., Münchener
Kommentar zum BGB, Band 5, Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil III, 6 Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck München,
2013, BGB § 812, Rn. 202-215.
166
„cesioneri“ ewodeba.36 zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebeli cdilobs, mkafiod gamijnos aR-

niSnuli institutebi erTmaneTisagan da urTierTgansxvavebul terminologias iye-
nebs. magaliTad, germaneli kanonmdebeli subrogaciis SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis ufle-
bis kanonismier gadacemaze, xolo cesiis SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis saxelSekrulebo daT-
mobaze miuTiTebs.37
2. subrogaciis da cesiis saerTo niSnebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebeli, garkveulwilad, miuTiTebs subrogaciisa da

cesiis gansxvavebul samarTlebriv bunebaze, mainc xSiria am institutebis erTmaneTSi
aRrevisa da erTmaneTTan gaigivebis faqtebi, rac SemTxveviTi ar aris. rogorc sub-
rogacia, ise cesia, kreditoris moTxovnis uflebis gadasvlis maregulirebeli insti-
tutebia. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, orive maTgani gulisxmobs kredito-
ris (cedentis, subrogantis) uflebebis gadasvlas mesame pirze (cesionerze, subro-
gatze). amasTan, cesiis da subrogaciis SemTxvevaSi mesame piri kreditoris uflebebs
iRebs sruli moculobiT. kerZod, igi am uflebebs iRebs im uzrunvelyofis saSuale-
biT, privilegiebiT da procentebiT, rac Tavdapirvel kreditorsa da movales Soris
arsebobda. amasTan, ssk-is 207-e muxli pirdapir miuTiTebs kanonis ZaliT moTxovnis
daTmobis dros im wesebis gamoyenebaze, romlebic uflebebsa da moTxovnebze sakuT-
rebis SeZenis dros gamoiyeneba.38 msgavsi midgomaa germanul kanonmdeblobaSic. gsk-is
412-e paragrafis mixedviT, kanonis ZaliT moTxovnis gadacemis mimarT analogiurad
gamoiyeneba moTxovnis daTmobis maregulirebeli normebi.39 aqedan gamomdinare, ssk-is
832-e muxlze da germaniis sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb kanonis 86-e paragraf-
ze, romelic kanonis ZaliT moTxovnis uflebis gadacemas, anu subrogacias iTvalis-
winebs, vrceldeba is normebi, romlebic, moTxovnis daTmobidan (cesiidan) gamomdi-
nare, urTierTobas aregulirebs.40 yovelive zemoaRniSnuli cxadyofs subrogaciisa
da cesiis erTmaneTTan gaigivebis did albaTobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo
samarTlis es institutebi, erTi SexedviT, erTmaneTs gavs, mecnierebi Tanxmdebian,
rom orive maTgans erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi buneba da Teoriu-
li konstruqcia aqvs.41
36
Müller H.F., in: Prütting H., Wegen G., Weinreich G. (Hrsg.), BGB Kommentar, Köln, 2013, §398, Rn.4.
37
subrogaciis doqtrinas germaneli kanonmdebeli aRniSnavs terminiT – “gesetzliche
Förderunsgübergan”,xolo cesias – “Abtretung”.
38
kanonis ZaliT moTxovnis daTmobis dros gamoiyeneba ssk-is 198-206-e muxlebi.
39
kanonis ZaliT moTxovnis daTmobis mimarT gamoiyeneba gsk-is 399-404-e da 406-410-e para-
grafebi, garda gsk-is 405-e paragrafisa, romelic dokumentis wardgeniT moTxovnis
daTmobas exeba. vrclad, Hormuth H., in: Beckmann R.M., Matusche-Beckmann A.,Versicherungsrechts-
Handbuch, 2. vollständige Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München 2009, §22, Rn.63.
40
Müller H.F., in: Prütting H., Wegen G., Weinreich G., (Hrsg.), BGB Kommentar, Köln, 2013, §412, Rn.1.
41
Кораев К.Б., Понятие цессии, суброгации и регресса в гражданском праве Pоссии, “Нотариус”, Науч.-
практ. и информ., федеральное изд. М., Юрист, №3, 2008, 21-25.
167
3. subrogaciis da cesiis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi
3.1. kauzas mniSvneloba subrogaciis da cesiis namdvilobisTvis
3.1.1. kauzas mniSvneloba cesiis namdvilobisTvis
rusul iuridiul literaturaSi moTxovnis uflebis daTmobis (cesiis) samar-

Tlebrivi bunebis Taobaze, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobda.42
mecnierTa nawili moTxovnis uflebis gadasvlas da mis safuZvlad arsebul ZiriTad
garigebas erT mTlianobad miiCnevda. amasTan, isini uaryofdnen mosazrebas cesiis
xelSekrulebis damoukidebeli bunebis Taobaze da miuTiTebdnen, rom moTxovnis uf-
lebis erTi piridan meoreze gadasvla xdeba ara damoukidebeli (abstraqtuli) xel-
Sekrulebis, aramed sruliad gansazRvruli, kauzaluri xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.
imis mixedviT, Tu ra udevs moTxovnis uflebis gadacemas safuZvlad, aRniSnuli xel-
Sekruleba SeiZleba iyos erT-erTi valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi xelSekruleba: yid-
va-gayidva, gacvla, Cuqeba.43 mecnierebis nawili saerTod ar ganixilavda cesiis damou-
kidebel xelSekrulebad kvalifikaciis SesaZleblobas.44
aRsaniSnavia, rom am ukanasknel mosazrebas hyavs mowinaaRmdegeebi, romlebic ce-
sias ganmartaven im saxiT, rogorc es jer kidev romis samarTalSi iyo miRebuli. ker-
Zod, isini cesiad miiCneven moTxovnis uflebis damoukidebel gadasvlas erTi piridan
meoreze.45 amasTan, cesias uwodeben „gansakuTrebul garigebas“ da miuTiTeben, rom
„cedentsa da cesioners Soris samarTlebrivi urTierToba ganisazRvreba uSualod
moTxovnis uflebis daTmobis xelSekrulebis arsidan gamomdinare da igi ar aris da-
mokidebuli im xelSekrulebaze, romlis safuZvelzec xorcieldeba moTxovnis ufle-
bis daTmoba~.46
zemoaRniSnuli mosazreba srulad Seesabameba dResdReobiT germanul iuridi-
ul literaturaSi gabatonebul da germaneli kanonmdeblis da samarTalSemfardeb-
lis mier gaziarebul Sexedulebas moTxovnis daTmobis xelSekrulebis damoukidebe-
li bunebis Taobaze. jer kidev me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi germaneli mecnieri dernbur-
gi aRniSnavda, rom cesia damoukidebeli (abstraqtuli) garigebaa, romlis gamijvna
unda moxdes im xelSekrulebisagan, romelic mas udevs safuZvlad~.47
42
Победоносцев К., Курс гражданского права, ч. 2. Договоры и обязательства, СПб: Синодальная типо-
графия, М., 1896, 230; Трепицын И.Н., Гражданское право губернии царства Польского и русского в
связи с проектом Гражданского уложения, Общая часть обязательственного права, Варшава, 1914, 25;
Анненков К., Система русского гражданского права, том III, Права обязательственные, СПб, Типогра-
фия Стасюлевича М., М., 1898, 193.
43
Победоносцев К., Курс гражданского права, ч. 2. Договоры и обязательства, СПб, Синодальная типо-
графия, М., 1896, 230; Трепицын И.Н., Гражданское право губернии царства Польского и русского в
связи с проектом Гражданского уложения, Общая часть обязательственного права, Варшава, 1914, 227.
44
iqve, 231; Трепицын И.Н., Гражданское право губернии царства Польского и русского в связи с проек-
том Гражданского уложения. Общая часть обязательственного права, Варшава, 1914, 230.
45
Анненков К., Система русского гражданского права, том III, Права обязательственные, СПб, Типогра-
фия Стасюлевича М., М., 1898, 193.
46
Мейер Д.И., Русское гражданское право в 2-х частях. ч.1, М., 1997, 167.
47
Дернбург Г., Пандекты. Обязательственное право, т. 2, русское издание, М., 2011, 132.
168
Tanamedrove germanul iuridiul doqtrinaSi erTxmad aris aRiarebuli valde-

bulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis da moTxovnis daTmobis (cesiis) damoukidebeli
buneba.48 abstraqciis principidan gamomdinare, am ori xelSekrulebis namdviloba er-
TmaneTisagan damoukidebelia.49 Sesabamisad, Tu moTxovnis daTmobis safuZvlad arse-
buli kauza raime safuZvliT baTili iqneba, es ar aisaxeba moTxovnis daTmobis xel-
Sekrulebis namdvilobaze.50 kerZod, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moTxovnis daTmoba samarTleb-
rivi Zalis armqone garigebis safuZvelze ganxorcieldeba, maSin cedents cesioneris
mimarT moTxovnis ufleba usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebis safuZvelze warmoeSoba.51
germanul samarTalSi damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba cesiis damoukidebeli bunebis Tao-
baze, rac abstraqciis principidan gamomdinareobs, aRiarebulia qarTul samarTal-
Sic. aqac cesia, gansxvavebiT nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemisagan, abstraqtu-
li xelSekrulebaa da misi namdviloba ar aris damokidebuli mis safuZvlad arsebuli
mTavari xelSekrulebis namdvilobaze.52
3.1.2. kauzas mniSvneloba subrogaciis namdvilobisTvis
mecnierTa nawili subrogacias da cesias Soris erT-erT gansxvavebas swored maT

mimarT abstraqciis principis moqmedebis gansxvavebaSi xedavs. kerZod, Tu cesiis Sem-
TxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemisagan, moTxovnis daTmo-
bis namdvilobisaTvis kauzas mniSvneloba ar eniWeba, subrogaciis dros uflebis gada-
cemisTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis swored Tavdapirveli xelSekrulebis namdvilobaa.
mecnierTa mosazrebiT, subrogaciis dros, gansxvavebiT cesiisagan, yuradReba unda
mieqces uSualod dazRvevis xelSekrulebis namdvilobas, kerZod, arsebobda Tu ara
mzRvevelis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. erT-erTi ger-
maneli mecnieris mosazrebiT, „Tu mzRveveli aanazRaurebs sadazRvevo zians im dros,
rodesac sadazRvevo xelSekruleba ar iyo namdvili, an gasaCivrebis safuZvelze xel-
Sekruleba dadebis momentidan baTilad iqna miCneuli, dazRvevis Sesaxeb kanoniT gaT-
valiswinebuli moTxovnis uflebis gadasvla ver ganxorcieldeba”.53 mecnieri aRniS-
48
Hawellek J., Die persönliche Surrogation, Eine vergleichende Untersuchung von Rechtsübergänge zu Re-
gresszwecken in Deutschland Spanien und England, Mohr Siebeck, Hamburg, 2010, 47.
49
gansxvavebulad wydeba sakiTxi, rodesac uSualod xelSekrulebis mxareTa surviliT,
moTxovnis daTmobis namdviloba damokidebulia mis safuZvlad arsebul ZiriTad xel-
Sekrulebaze. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba gsk-is 139-e paragrafi, romelic garigebis na-
wilis baTilobas exeba, ix. Müller H.F., in: Prütting H., Wegen G., Weinreich G., (Hrsg.), BGB Kom-
mentar, Köln, 2013, §398, Rn.5. iqve. Ahrens H., §139, Rn. 1-24.
50
cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sf-
eroSi, t. II, Targ. sumbaTaSvili e., red. T. niniZe, Tb., 2001, 133.
51
Müller H.F., in: Prütting H., Wegen G., Weinreich G., (Hrsg.), BGB Kommentar, Köln, 2013, §398, Rn.5.
52
WeWelaSvili z., moTxovnis daTmoba da valis gadakisreba, sadisertacio naSromi, 2008,
40.
53
Sieg K., in: Bruck E., Möller H., Kommentar zum Versicherungsvertragsgesetz und zu den Allgemeinen Versi-
cherungsbedingungen unter Einschluss des Versicherungsvermittlerrechts, 8. Aufl., Berlin : De Gruyter, 1961,
§ 67 Anm. 57; Baumann H., Berliner Kommentar zum Versicherungsvertragsgesetz, hrsg. Honsell H., Sprin-
ger, Berlin, New York, 1999 §67, Rn.82; aRniSnuli sakiTxi Riad datova germaniis umaRlesma
169
navs, rom sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis ararsebobis gamo, saxeze ar iqneba arc mzRveveli
da arc dazRveuli,54 rac subrogaciis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli winapirobaa. ufro
metic, imisaTvis, rom ar moxdes urTierTobis romelime mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidre-
ba, dazRveulma ukan unda daabrunos miRebuli anazRaureba,55 xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu
mzRvevels ukve ganxorcielebuli aqvs subrogaciuli moTxovna - ukan daabrunos mi-
Rebuli Sesruleba da sadazRvevo premia.56
3.2. valdebulebaSi pirTa uflebamonacvleoba
subrogaciis da cesiis zemoT dasaxelebuli ganmasxvavebeli niSani erT-erTia da

ara erTaderTi. mecnierTa Soris arsebobs mosazreba, rom es ori instituti erTma-
neTisagan valdebulebiT urTierTobaSi pirTa uflebamonacvleobis sakiTxSic gan-
sxvavedeba. kerZod, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, Tu cesis dros yovelTvis igulisxmeba
pirTa uflebamonacvleoba valdebulebaSi, subrogaciisas amis calsaxad Tqma rTuli-
a.57 aRniSnul sakiTxze samarTlebrivad dasabuTebuli pasuxis gacemisaTvis mizanSe-
wonilia, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad cesiis institutis Seswavla.
3.2.1. pirTa uflebamonacvleoba cesiis dros (analogiis gamoyenebis

dauSvebloba)
iuridiul samecniero literaturaSi cesiis Semadgenlobaze sxvadasxva mosaz-

reba arsebobs. pirveli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, cesia aris SeTanxmeba kreditorsa (ce-
dents) da sxva pirs (cesioners) Soris, ris Sedegadac xdeba kreditoris moTxovnis uf-
lebis gadasvla sxva pirze.58
aRniSnuli Sexeduleba mecnierTa Soris diskusiis sagania. mecnierTa nawili
Tvlis, rom msgavsi midgoma, anu SeTanxmebis (xelSekrulebis) miCneva cesiad am insti-
sasamarTlom, BGH VersR 1963, 1192, 1193 Sead. Hormuth H., in: Beckmann R.M., Matusche-Beckmann
A., Versicherungsrechts-Handbuch, 2. vollständige Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München 2009, §22, Rn.43.
54
ix. Sieg K., in: Bruck E., Möller H., Kommentar zum Versicherungsvertragsgesetz und zu den Allgemeinen
Versicherungsbedingungen unter Einschluss des Versicherungsvermittlerrechts, 8. Aufl., Berlin : De Gruyter,
1961, § 67 Anm. 57.
55
ssk-is 976-e muxli. analogiurad, gsk-is 812-e paragrafi. ix. Hormuth H., in: Beckmann R.M.,
Matusche-Beckmann A., Versicherungsrechts-Handbuch, 2. vollständige Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, Mün-
chen, 2009, §22, Rn.43.
56
Sieg K., in: Bruck E., Möller H., Kommentar zum Versicherungsvertragsgesetz und zu den Allgemeinen Versi-
cherungsbedingungen unter Einschluss des Versicherungsvermittlerrechts, 8. Aufl., Berlin : De Gruyter, 1961,
§ 67 Anm. 57.
57
Ломидзе О., Переход обязательственных прав: общее правило и исключения, Российская юстиция,
2000,№ 9, 16-18; Ломидзе О., Переход прав кредитора к другому лицу на основании закона, Российская
юстиция, №12, 1998, 13.
58
Сергеева А.П., Толстого Ю.К., Гражданское право. т. 1, М., 2006, 629; Вошатко А.В. О сущности
уступки требования, Очерки по торговому праву. Под ред. Е.А. Крашенинникова, вып. 7, Ярославль,
2000, 16; Почуйкин В.В., Основные проблемы уступки права требования в современном гражданском
праве России, 2003, 23-24; Терехов А.В., Соотношение суброгации и цессии в гражданском праве Рос-
сии, Вестник Московского университета МВД России, № 3, 2007,116.
170
tutis ganviTarebis pirvel etapze, romis samarTlisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. msgavsi

xelSekrulebis dadeba ar iwvevda pirTa Secvlas valdebulebaSi. cesiis mimarT romis
samarTlis es midgoma ganpirobebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom romaeli iuristebi valdebu-
lebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobas wminda piradi xasiaTis urTierTobas miakuTvneb-
dnen da Sesabamisad, dauSveblad miaCndaT pirTa Secvla valdebulebaSi. aseTi Secvla
iwvevda mTeli valdebulebis Secvlas.59 Tumca, mogvianebiT, samoqalaqo brunvis moTx-
ovnilebidan gamomdinare, es midgoma Seicvala da cesiaSi moiazreboda moTxovnaTa
damoukidebeli gadasvla kreditoridan sxva pirze.60
meore mosazrebis Tanaxmad, cesia aris kreditoris moTxovnis uflebis gadasvla
sxva pirze, ris Sedegadac xdeba pirTa Secvla valdebulebaSi.61 am mosazrebas mecnie-
rebi safuZvlad udeben im garemoebas, rom valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierToba
atarebs ara pirad, aramed qonebriv xasiaTs.62
swored msgavsi SinaarsiT iTvaliswinebs moTxovnis daTmobas ssk-is 199-e mux-
li. kanonmdebeli aRniSnavs, rom moTxovnis mflobels SeuZlia moTxovna mesame pirs
dauTmos. amave muxlis me-2 nawilis me-2 winadadebis Tanaxmad ki, moTxovnis daTmobis
SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis mflobelis adgils ikavebs mesame piri. msgavs midgomas irCevs
germaneli kanonmdebelic. kerZod, gsk-is 398-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, „moTxovna SeiZ-
leba gadacemul iqnes kreditoris mier sxva pirisaTvis am ukanasknelTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebiT. xelSekrulebis dadebis momentidan axali kreditori ikavebs Tavda-
pirveli kreditoris adgils”. moyvanili normebis analizidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi moTxovnis uflebis daTmoba
(cesia) gulismobs pirTa upirobo Secvlas valdebulebaSi.
gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos da germaniisagan, zogierT qveyanaSi arcerTi sakanon-
mdeblo aqtiT ar aris dafiqsirebuli moTxovnis daTmobis dros pirTa uflebamonac-
vleoba. Tumca, pirTa upirobo Secvlis Taobaze arsebulma wesma mainc farTo gavrce-
leba pova saarbitraJo da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi.63cesiis dros pirTa upirobo Sec-
vlis Taobaze mosazreba gaziarebulia iuridiul doqtrinaSic.
rodesac cesiis dros pirTa upirobo uflebamonacvleobis Taobaze Sexedule-
ba, erTi SexedviT, aRiarebulia mecnierTa mier, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxva-
dasxvaobaa subrogaciis ZaliT moTxovnis gadacemis SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, mecnierTa
nawili miiCnevs, rom cesiis analogiis gamoyeneba subrogaciis mimarT dauSvebelia
59
Барон Ю., Система римского гражданского права, кн. IV, Обязательственное право, 2005, 640-641.
60
Шершеневич Г.Ф., Учебник русского гражданского права, 1995, 287-288; Победоносцев К.П., Курс
гражданского права, 2003, 215-216.
61
analogiurad wydeba zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxi ruseTis sasamarTlo praqtikaSic. vrclad
ix. Постановление президиума ВАСРФ №5464/96 от 25.03.97, Вестник ВАС, 1997, № 6,Sead. Ломидзе
О., Переход обязательственных прав: общее правило и исключения, Российская юстиция, № 9, 2000,
16-18.
62
Синайский В.И., Русское гражданское право, 2002, 345-346; Брагинский М.И.,Витрянский В.В., Дого-
ворное право, Книга первая, Общие положения, 2002, 465; Гражданское право, т. III, Под ред. Сухано-
ва Е.А., 2006, 43.
63
Ломидзе О., Переход обязательственных прав: общее правило и исключения, Российская юстиция, №9,
2000, 16-18.
171
aman SeiZleba urTierTobis monawile subieqtebis uflebebis da interesebis ugule-

belyofa gamoiwvios.
3.2.2. moTxovnis daTmobis dros uflebamonacvleobis

samarTlebrivi Sedegebi
moTxovnis daTmobis dros uflebamonacvleoba gulisxmobs kreditoris gasvlas

valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan yovelgvari uflebamosilebis gareSe.
kerZod, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, uflebamonacvleobis dros Tavdapirveli kredito-
ri axal kreditors gadascems Tavis moTxovnebs da uflebebs sruli moculobiT. Se-
sabamisad, Tavdapirveli kreditori rCeba yovelgvari (moTxovnis) uflebis gareSe,64
es ki SesaZloa uaryofiTad aisaxos im kreditorze (dazRveulze), romlis moTxovnac
bolomde ar aris dakmayofilebuli. subrogaciis dros valdebulebiTi urTierTobi-
dan pirveladi kreditoris upirobo gasvlam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios ori problema - pir-
veli, dazRveuli darCes Sesabamisi kompensaciis gareSe da meore, xeli Seewyos zianis
mimyenebeli mesame piris usafuZvlo gamdidrebas.
zemoT dasaxelebuli safrTxe SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT im dazRveulebs SeexoT,
romlebsac mzRvevelTan Semcirebuli an arasruli dazRvevis xelSekruleba aqvT da-
debuli. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi problemis ilustrireba SesaZlebelia ssk-is 827-e
muxlis pirveli nawilis analizis safuZvelze, romelic damzRvevsa da mzRvevels So-
ris Semcirebuli an arasruli dazRvevis xelSekrulebis dadebis SesaZleblobas iT-
valiswinebs. kerZod, am muxlis Tanaxmad, sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis mxareebs ufleba
aqvT, dadon dazRvevis xelSekruleba arasruli dazRvevis pirobiT, anu mzRvevelis
mier zianis nawilobrivi anazRaurebis valdebulebiT.65 aseTi sadazRvevo xelSekru-
lebis dros anazRaurebis odenoba gamoiTvleba sadazRvevo Tanxisa da sadazRvevo
Rirebulebis Sefardebis proporciulad. arasruli dazRvevis xelSekrulebisas, ro-
gorc wesi, sadazRvevo anazRaureba srulad ar faravs damdgar zians. magaliTad, Tu
sadazRvevo SemTxvevis Sedegad damdgarma zianma Seadgina 10000 lari da mzRvevels,
64
Ломидзе О., Переход прав кредитора к другому лицу на основании закона, Российская юстиция, 1998.
№12, 13; Ломидзе О., Переход обязательственных прав: общее правило и исключения, Российская
юстиция, № 9, 2000, 16-18.
65
arasruli dazRveva gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc germaniis sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis
Sesaxeb kanonis 75-e paragrafiT, ise ssk-is 827-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT. arasruli
dazRvevis dros sadazRvevo xelSekrulebiT mxareebi SeTanxmdnen arasrul dazRveva-
ze. arasruli dazRvevis dros sadazRvevo Tanxa naklebia sadazRvevo Rirebulebaze.
sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomisas mzRvevels ekisreba zianis anazRaureba sadazRvevo
Tanxisa da sadazRvevo Rirebulebis Sefardebis proporciulad. magaliTad, Tu nivTis
sadazRvevo Rirebulebaa 5000 lari, mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrulia sadazRvevo
Tanxa - 2500 lari da dadga 1000 laris ziani, mzRvevels, arasruli dazRvevis wesebi-
dan gamomdinare, daekisreba sadazRvevo RirebulebasTan sadazRvevo Tanxis propor-
ciuli Tanxis - 500 laris anazRaureba. vrclad ix. von Koppenfels-Spiels K., in: Looschelders D.,
Pohlmann P.,VVG Versicherungsvertragsgesetz, Kommentar, 2. Auflage, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Köln, 2011,
§75, Rn.1-15.
172
827-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, evaleba mxolod zianis 30%-is anazRaureba,
maSin dazRveuli miiRebs mxolod 3000 laris kompensacias, xolo 7000 lari aunazRau-
rebeli darCeba. aseT dros, bunebrivia, dazaralebuls aqvs sruliad legitimuri uf-
leba, deliqturi urTierTobidan gamomdinare, moiTxovos zianis mimyenebeli pirisa-
gan darCenili zianis anazRaureba. swored aq iCens Tavs zemoaRniSnuli problema, ro-
melic moTxovnis gadacemis dros pirTa upirobo uflebamonacvleobas ukavSirdeba.
Tu davuSvebT, rom subrogaciis SemTxvevaSic, cesiis msgavsad, valdebulebaSi
pirTa Secvla upirobod xdeba, maSin dazRveuli, imis gamo, rom igi gavida valdebule-
biTi urTierTobidan, dakargavs deliqturi urTierTobidan gamomdinare yovelgvari
moTxovnis uflebas. Sesabamisad, subieqti aRar iqneba uflebamosili, moiTxovos zia-
nis mimyenebeli mesame pirisagan darCenili zianis anazRaureba – moyvanil magaliTSi,
7000 lari. mis adgils, subrogaciis ZaliT, daikavebs mzRveveli, romelic dazRveuls
Caanacvlebs valdebulebaSi. Tumca, rogorc wesi, mzRvevelis mier dazRveulis Ca-
nacvleba ar gulisxmobs masze yvela im moTxovnis avtomatur gadasvlas, rac dazRve-
uls zianis mimyenebli mesame piris mimarT hqonda. kanonmdebeli calsaxad aRniSnavs,
rom mzRvevelze subrogaciuli moTxovnis ufleba gadadis mxolod kompaniis mier
dazRveulisaTvis anazRaurebeli zianis farglebSi66 - moyvanil magaliTSi 3000 laris
farglebSi. subrogaciisas, valdebulebiT urTierTobaSi pirTa upirobo uflebamo-
nacvelobis SemTxvevaSi, aunazRaurebel zianze moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZveli
aRar rCeba arc dazaralebul-dazRveuls da arc mzRvevels. Sesabamisad, movalisadmi
moTxovnis ufleba Semoifargleba 3000 lariT, xolo danarCeni 7000 lari aunazRau-
rebeli rCeba. es ki, bunebrivia, movalis usafuZvlo gamdidrebis safrTxes warmoSobs.
dasaxelebuli samarTlebrivi problemis prevencia ki subrogaciis institutis um-
Tavresi amocanaa.67
swored aqedan gamomdinare, arsebobs Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, yovelgva-
ri uflebamonacvleoba ar gulisxmobs pirTa upirobo Secvlas valdebulebaSi. nor-
mebi, romlebic moTxovnis daTmobas aregulirebs, dispoziciuri xasiaTis normebad
miiCneva. Sesabamisad, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, kanonmdeblis mier subieqtTa saval-
debulo Secvlis wesidan gamonaklisis daSvebisas mas aqvs konkretuli mizani, gaamar-
tivos samarTalurTierToba.68 zemoaRniSnulis naTlad aRqma SesaZlebelia naSromis
momdevno TavSi mocemuli analizis safuZvelze.
66
ix. ssk-is 832-e muxli.
67
ix. Hawellek J., Die persönliche Surrogation, Eine vergleichende Untersuchung von Rechtsübergänge zu
Regresszwecken in Deutschland Spanien und England, Mohr Siebeck, Hamburg, 2010, 152; Frick I., Regress
und Anrechnungsprobleme in der Summenversicherung, Peter Lang Frankfurt am Main. Bern, NewYork,
1985, 1.
68
ix. Ломидзе О., Переход обязательственных прав: общее правило и исключения, Российская юстиция,
№ 9, 2000, 16-18.
173
3.2.3. valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi pirTa

Canacvlebis arsi
rodesac vsaubrobT valdebulebaSi pirTa Secvlaze, igulisxmeba piris Canac-

vleba valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi. am ukanasknels aqvs Tavisi Semad-
genloba - subieqturi uflebebi da mxareTa valdebulebebi, romelic adgens konkre-
tuli subieqtis qmedebis legitimur (daSvebul da savaldebulo) farglebs konkre-
tul situaciaSi. regulirebad sazogadoebriv urTierTobas aqvs aseve Tavisi Sinaarsi
- monawileTa realuri qceva, maTi urTierTqmedeba. amitom, pirTa Secvla valdebule-
baSi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc subieqtTa urTierTqmedebis Canacvleba, agreTve
legitimuri qcevis sazRvrebis gadasvla Zveli uflebamosili piridan axal ufleba-
monacvleze.69
aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad, valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierToba rTuli bu-
nebisaa, ramdenadac mis monawile TiToeul mxares aqvs uflebebi da movaleobebi. ma-
galiTad, qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT, damqiravebeli valdebulia gamqiravebels ga-
dauxados daTqmuli qira,70 aseve, Caataros mimdinare remonti71 da a.S. imavdroulad,
gamqiravebeli valdebulia damqiravebels gadasces gaqiravebuli nivTi xelSekru-
lebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sargeblobisTvis vargis mdgomareobaSi da qiravnobis mTe-
li drois ganmavlobaSi SeinarCunos igi.72 mxareTa (gamqiravebeli-damqiravebeli, gam-
yidveli-myidveli da a.S.) am ufleba-movaleobaTa aRqma unda moxdes, rogorc erTi-
ani samarTlebrivi urTierTobisa. valdebulebiTi urTierTobis monawile mxareebis
calkeuli uflebebi iuridiul literaturaSi terminiT ùflebamosileba~ aRiniSne-
ba. amasTan, keTdeba miTiTeba, rom isini Sedian subieqturi uflebis SemadgenlobaSi.
valdebulebaSi pirTa cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi icvleba misi subieqturi Semadgenloba,
xolo uflebamosilebas da valdebulebas Soris sistemuri kavSiri narCundeba. axal
pirze (axal kreditorze, Camnacvlebelze) gadadis ara Canacvlebuli piris calkeu-
li uflebamosileba, aramed misi im uflebebis erTianoba, romelsac igi Canacvlebis
dros flobda. magaliTad, Tu uflebamonacvleobis dros pirs hqonda ara mxolod uf-
lebebi, aramed valdebulebebic, uflebamonacvleze gadadis es movaleobebic.73
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis analizi cxadyofs, rom calkeul SemTxvevebSi uf-
lebaTa gadacema SeiZleba moxdes valdebulebaSi pirTa Secvlis gareSec. aRniSnulis
erT-erTi magaliTia ipoTekis mowmobaze uflebis gadacemis SemTxveva.74 ssk-is 2894
muxlis pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs ipoTekis mowmobaze uflebis gadacemas. mowmo-
baSi mocemuli moTxovnis daTmoba xdeba ipoTekis mowmobaze uflebis gadacemis sano-
69
ix. Ломидзе О., Переход обязательственных прав: общее правило и исключения, Российская юстиция,
2000, № 9, 16-18.
70
Sead. ssk-is 531-e muxli.
71
72
73
Ломидзе О., Переход обязательственных прав: общее правило и исключения, Российская юстиция,
2000,№ 9, 16-18.
74
174
taro wesiT damowmebuli xelmoweriT. warwera fasian qaRaldze aris calmxrivi gari-
geba, xolo mowmobaze uflebis gadacema – moTxovnis daTmoba (cesia). ipoTekis mowmo-
ba adasturebs ara mxolod mowmobis mflobelis uflebasac ipoTekaze, aramed aseve,
ipoTekis mowmobis mflobelis uflebas, miiRos ipoTekiT uzrunvelyofili fuladi
valdebulebis Sesrulebac.75 magaliTad, ipoTekaze, romelic uzrunvelyofs myidve-
lis valdebulebis Sesrulebas, periodulad gadaixados misTvis miwodebuli saqon-
lis safasuri, ipoTekis mowmoba adgens rogorc piris uflebas ipoTekaze, ise uflebas
zemoaRniSnuli valdebulebis Sesrulebis miRebaze. amasTan, uflebis mflobels aRar
moeTxoveba aRniSnuli uflebis damadasturebeli damatebiTi mtkicebulebis war-
dgena. aseve, magaliTad, ipoTekis SemTxvevaSi, romliTac uzrunvelyofilia damqira-
veblis valdebuleba qiris gadaxdis Taobaze (magaliTad, lizingis xelSekrulebidan
gamomdinare), ipoTekis mowmoba uzrunvelyofs rogorc ipoTekis arsebobis dadastu-
rebas, aseve adgens gamqiraveblis uflebas, miiRos qira damqiraveblisagan. es ukanas-
kneli ki, SeiZleba ipoTekis kanonieri mflobelis mier, ssk-is 198-e muxlidan gamom-
dinare, cesiis gziT mesame pirs gadaeces. aRniSnuli SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSic ki,
Tu es valdebuleba warmoadgens rTuli valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi konstruqciis
mxolod nawils. am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi valdebulebis (ipoTekis) monawile mxareebi -
kreditori da movale – ucvleli darCeba.
meore SemTxveva, rodesac SesaZlebelia moTxovnis daTmoba valdebulebaSi pir-
Ta cvlilebis gareSe, aris universaluri samarTalmemkvidreoba.76 universaluri mem-
kvidreobis mizania mamkvidreblis qoneba memkvidreebze ucvlelad gadavides.77 mas-
Si igulisxmeba rogorc sanivTo, ise valdebulebiTi da subieqturi valdebulebebi.
universaluri samarTalmemkvidreobisas pirTa uflebamonacvleoba xdeba kanonis Za-
liT.78 Tumca, universaluri memkvidreobis SemTxvevaSic yovelTvis ar xdeba memkvid-
ris dayeneba mamkvidreblis adgilze, anu mis mier mamkvidreblis avtomaturi Canac-
vleba im uflebebSi, rac mamkvidrebels uflebaTa gadacemis droisTvis gaaCnda. maga-
liTad, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 43-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT,
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebaSi wilis memkvidreobiT gadacema SeiZleba
aikrZalos sazogadoebis wesdebiT, aseve amave kanonis 62-e muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanax-
mad, kooperativis wesdebiT, memkvidreobisas piris uflebamonacvleoba SeiZleba da-
mokidebuli iyos uflebamonacvlis pirovnul faqtorze.79 kerZod, SesaZloa mas uari
75
Sead. ssk-is 2891-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqti.
76
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 28 dekem-
bris №as-747-700-2010 ganCinebiT miuTiTa, rom materialuri samarTali iTvaliswinebs
universalur da singularul uflebamonacvleobas. universaluri, anu zogadi ufle-
bamonacvleobaa, rodesac uflebamonacvleze gadadis misi winamorbedis yvela ufleba-
movaleoba. singularuli (kerZo) uflebamonacvleobaa, rodesac uflebamonacvleze
gadadis mxolod calkeuli ufleba (moTxovnis daTmoba). sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnuli
ganCineba, <http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/kr20113.pdf>.
77
ix. Große-Wilde F. M., Ouart P. E.(Hrsg.), Deutscher Erbrechtskommentar, 2. Auflage, (§1922-2385 BGB,
Art. 25, 26, 235 EGBGB mit Formulierungshilfe und Mustern, Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2010, Rn. 13.
78
ix. ssk-is 1328-e muxli.
79
1994 wlis 28 oqtombris saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ 2014 wlis 17 aprilis
mdgomareobiT, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=28408
&lang=ge>.
175
eTqvas partniorobaze. am SemTxvevaSi partniorebi valdebuli iqnebian, miscen mas kom-

pensacia mamkvidreblis mier sazogadoebaSi datovebuli wilis proporciulad. Sesa-
bamisad, uflebas memkvidre iRebs im moculobiT, rasac mamkvidrebeli flobda. aseT
dros saxeze gvaqvs uflebis mimRebis iuridiuli damokidebuleba uflebis gamcemze.80
valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobas, romelic iuridiul pirsa da mis wev-
rebs Soris warmoiSoba, aqvs rTuli struqtura. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gardacvlili piris
memkvidre ver SeZlebs gaxdes sazogadoebis wevri, mamkvidreblis uflebebi nawildeba
iuridiuli piris sxva wevrebze. valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi es ar aris
pirTa Secvlis `klasikuri~ SemTxveva. iuridiuli piris wevris uflebebis gadasvlis
samarTlebrivi regulirebis Taviseburebebi uzrunvelyofs, erTi mxriv, balanss mem-
kvidris interesebsa da sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, xolo meore mxriv, iZleva SesaZ-
leblobas, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli sazogadoebidan wevris gasvliT gamowveuli sa-
zogadoebis kapitalis Semcireba.81
Semdegi SemTxveva, rodesac SesaZlebelia uflebaTa gadasvla valdebulebaSi
pirTa Secvlis gareSe, aris mesame piris mier movalis valdebulebis Sesruleba kredi-
toris sasargeblod. magaliTad, rodesac mesame piri ar aris piradi movale, magram igi
akmayofilebs kreditoris moTxovnas da Sedegad, masze gadadis Tavdapirveli kredi-
toris moTxovnis ufleba.82 swored am ukanasknels miekuTvneba kreditoris Canacvle-
ba subrogaciis gziT.83 aseT drosac, zemoaRniSnuli magaliTebis msgavsad, SesaZloa,
Tavdapirveli kreditoris uflebebi gadavides axal kreditorze valdebulebaSi kre-
ditoris Secvlis gareSe. zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebiT, saerTo wesidan gamonakli-
sis daSvebisas, kanonmdebels yovelTvis amoZravebs konkretuli mizani. subrogaci-
is SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli mizani zianis mimyeneblis usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Tavidan
arideba da dazRveulis sruli kompensaciaa.84 swored kanonmdeblis am miznidan gamom-
dinare, mecnierebi miiCneven, rom subrogacia yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs kreditoris
avtomatur gasvlas valdebulebidan, amitom subrogaciis dros pirTa srulyofil Ca-
nacvlebaze saubari dauSvebelia. garda amisa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sadazRvevo
samarTlis umTavresi amocana dazRveulis interesebis dacva da misTvis zianis sruli
kompensaciaa, calsaxaa, rom ar iqneba samarTliani subrogaciis dros dazRveulis av-
tomaturi Canacvleba mzRvevelis mier. inglisuri samarTlis gamocdilebis gaziare-
biT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mzRvevelis mier dazRveulisaTvis zianis anazRaureba avto-
maturad ar gulisxmobs mzRvevelis mier dazRveulis adgilis dakavebas. inglisuri
samarTali ar icnobs kreditoris SecvlasTan dakavSirebul kanonis ZaliT uflebamo-
nacvleobas.85 ufro zustad ki, inglisur samarTalSi mzRvevelis mier dazRveulisaT-
80
Ломидзе О. Переход обязательственных прав: общее правило и исключения, Российская юстиция, № 9,
2000, 16-18.
81
iqve.
82
83
Ломидзе О., Переход обязательственных прав: общее правило и исключения, Российская юстиция, №
9, 2000, 16-18.
84
iqve,
85
Wengler W., in: Schlegelberger F. (Hrsg.), Rechtsvergleichendes Handwörterbuch für das Zivil- und Handels-
recht des In- und Auslandes, Frankfurt a.M., Band VI, 1938, 489f. miTiTebulia: Liebelt G., Aspekte der
”Subrogation“ im englischen Recht der Schadensversicherung, NZV, Düsseldorf, 1993, 298.
176
vis zianis anazRaurebisTanave, mzRveveli aRiWurveba uflebiT, subrogaciis ZaliT,

moiTxovos zianis mimyenebeli mesame pirisagan gadaxdilis ukan dabruneba. amasTan, am
moTxovnis ganxorcielebis dros, mzRveveli gamodis dazRveulis saxeliT da icavs mi-
sive uflebebs. mizezi ki aris is, rom mzRvevelis mier dazRveulisaTvis zianis anazRa-
urebis Semdegac,uflebebis legitimur mflobelad kvlav dazRveuli rCeba.86
subrogaciis dros kreditoris avtomaturi uflebamonacvleobis mimarT kriti-
kuli damokidebulebaa rusul iuridiul doqtrinaSi. dazRveulis interesebis dac-
vis mizniT, gamoiTqva mosazreba moTxovnis uflebis nawilobrivi gadacemis daSvebis
Taobaze.87 aRniSnuli mosazreba gaiziara ruseTis federaciis umaRlesma saarbitraJo
sasamarTlomac. sasamarTlo ganmartebis Tanaxmad, valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv ur-
TierTobaSi moTxovnis uflebis nawilobrivi daTmoba ar ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlis
principebs.88 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qonebrivi urTierTobebis Tanamedrove ganviTa-
rebis temps, zemoaRniSnuli midgoma axali kreditorisTvis moTxovnis uflebis nawi-
lobrivi gadacemis Sesaxeb logikuria. sxva pirze kreditoris moTxovnis uflebis na-
wilobrivi gadacemis Sedegad ar moxdeba pirTa Secvla valdebulebaSi. arsebul val-
debulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi Semova axali kreditori misTvis gadacemuli
moTxovnis uflebis farglebSi. magaliTad, Tu sadazRvevo ziani Seadgens 2000 lars
da mzRvevelis mier sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze anazRaurdeba 1000 laris
ziani, moTxovnis uflebis nawilobrivi daTmobis SemTxvevaSi, mzRvevels, subrogaciis
ZaliT, ufleba eqneba zianis mimyeneblisgan moiTxovos 1000 laris ukugadaxda. darCe-
nili zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis kreditorad kvlav dazRveuli darCeba.
Sedegad, Tavdapirveli valdebuleba transformirdeba individualuri valdebule-
bidan imgvar valdebulebaSi, romelSic erTdroulad CarTuli iqneba ramdenime aqti-
uri subieqti.
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilia kanonmdeblobaSi mieTiTos
subrogaciis dros moTxovnis uflebis nawilobrivi gadacemis SesaZleblobisa da Se-
sabamisad, dazRveulis avtomaturi Canacvlebis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli wesi
iqneba usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Tavidan acilebis da zianis mimyeneblis pasuxismgeb-
lobis gareSe datovebis prevenciis erT-erTi saSualeba.
3.3. cesiisa da subrogaciis warmoSobis safuZveli
3.3.1. cesiisa da subrogaciis warmoSobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli
subrogaciisa da cesiis zemoT dasaxelebuli niSnisagan gansxvavebiT, mecnierTa

Soris davas ar iwvevs Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli niSani, romelic am institutebis warmo-
Sobis samarTlebriv safuZvels ukavSirdeba.
ssk-is 198-e da 832-e muxlebis analizidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTvas, rom naS-
romis wina TavSi, dasaxelebul niSnebTan erTad, subrogacia da cesia erTmaneTisagan
86
Schirrmeister G., Prochownick W., Das Bürgerliche Recht Englands, Bd. II (1929), § 692, 783-784.
87
Кораев К.Б., Понятие цессии, суброгации и регресса в гражданском праве России, “Нотариус”, На-
уч.-практ. и информ., федеральное изд., М., Юрист, №3, 2008, 21-25.
88
Президиум Высшего Арбитражного Суда Российской Федерации, Информационное письмо №120,
30.10.2007, П. 5,<http://arbitr.ru/as/pract/vas_info_letter/18448.html>,[13.05.2014].
177
iuridiuli SemadgenlobiT, ufro zustad ki, im iuridiuli faqtiT gansxvavdeba, ro-

melic maT warmoSobas udevs safuZvlad. kerZod, rodesac saubaria moTxovnis ufle-
bis daTmobaze (cesiaze), masSi igulisxmeba moTxovnis uflebis gadasvla Tavdapirve-
li kreditorisa da axali kreditoris aqtiuri qmedebis safuZvelze. swored aseT qme-
debas miekuTvneba xelSekruleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs Tavdapirveli kreditoris
mier axali kreditorisaTvis konkretuli valdebulebiTi uflebis gadacemas. kano-
nis ZaliT moTxovnis uflebis gadasvla ki, anu subrogacia, gulisxmobs kreditorze
moTxovnis uflebis gadasvlas yvela im sxva danarCeni iuridiuli faqtis safuZvel-
ze, romelic, zemoT dasaxelebuli xelSekrulebiT, ar aris moTxovnis uflebis gada-
cemis winapiroba. amasTan, aRniSnuli faqtebis dadgomas kanoni pirdapir ukavSirebs
moTxovnis uflebis gadacemas.89aseTia, magaliTad, mzRvevelis mier sadazRvevo zianis
anazRaureba.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, calsaxaa, rom cesiasa da subrogacias Soris
erT-erTi gansxvaveba maTi warmoSobis safuZvelia. moTxovnis daTmobas (cesias) sa-
fuZvlad udevs xelSekruleba, xolo subrogacia, metwilad, kanonis, xolo SedarebiT
iSviaTad – xelSekrulebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba. Sesabamisad, cesias yovelTvis kre-
ditoris Tanxmoba udevs safuZvlad,90 xolo subrogacia SeiZleba kreditoris nebis
sawinaaRmdegodac ki ganxorcieldes.91 aRniSnulze naTlad miuTiTebs saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsi. kerZod, ssk-is 198-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, moTxovna
an ufleba maTma mflobelma SeiZleba sakuTrebad gadasces sxva pirs. amasTan, ssk-is
199-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, kreditori moTxovnis daTmobis dros Tavisu-
falia da es Tavisufleba SeiZleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeizRudos, Tu moTxovnis
daTmoba ewinaaRmdegeba kanons, valdebulebis arss an movalesTan mis SeTanxmebas, ro-
melic pativsadebi unda iyos. subrogaciis SemTxvevaSi ki, kanonmdebeli imperatiulad
adgens mzRvevelze dazRveulis moTxovnis uflebis gadasvlas zianis anazRaurebis
Semdeg. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom ssk-is 832-e muxlis pirveli nawi-
liT, dazRveulis (kreditoris) mxridan uaris SemTxvevaSi, mzRveveli Tavisufldeba
Sesabamisi odenobiT zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisagan, cxadi xdeba, rom kredi-
tori, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, iZulebulia moTxovnis gadacema, anu subrogacia, Tavisi
nebis sawinaaRmdegodac ki ganaxorcielos.
cesiisa da subrogaciis warmoSobis gansxvavebul samarTlebriv safuZvelze mi-
uTiTebs kodeqsis sxva normebic. kerZod, ssk-is 199-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad,
moTxovnis daTmoba (cesia) xorcieldeba moTxovnis mflobelsa da mesame pirs Soris
dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, xolo ssk-is 832-e muxlis mixedviT, subrogacia gulis-
89
Ломидзе О., Переход прав кредитора к другому лицу на основании закона, Российская юстиция, № 12,
1998. 13-14.
90
Sead. ssk-is 198-199 muxlebi.
91
ssk-is 832-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, „im SemTxvevaSi Tu damzRvevi uars ity-
vis mesame piris mimarT Tavis moTxovnaze an misi moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis uflebaze,
maSin mzRveveli Tavisufldeba zianis im odenobiT anazRaurebis movaleobisagan, ram-
denic mas SeeZlo mieRo Tavisi xarjebis asanazRaureblad, uflebis ganxorcielebas-
Tan an moTxovnis wayenebasTan dakavSirebiT“.
178
xmobs mzRvevelze, mesame piris mimarT dazRveulis moTxovnis uflebis gadasvlas

kanonis ZaliT. analogiuri midgomaa germanul kanonmdeblobaSic. gsk-is 398-e muxli
moTxovnis gadacemisTvis xelSekrulebis dadebas imperatiulad iTxovs, xolo germa-
niis sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb kanonis 86-e paragrafi, subrogacias kanonis
ZaliT moTxovnis uflebis gadacemas uwodebs, riTac kidev erTxel usvams xazs am in-
stitutis warmoSobis samarTlebriv safuZvels. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, ruseTis samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi, sadac miuxedavad imisa, rom cesia da subrogacia erTi da imave normiT
regulirdeba, kanonmdebeli cdilobs erTmaneTisagan mkafiod gamijnos am institu-
tebis warmoSobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. amitom, normis pirvel nawilSi kodeqsi
xelSekrulebis ZaliT moTxovnis uflebis daTmobaze miuTiTebs, xolo meore nawil-
Si–kanonis safuZvelze moTxovnis gadacemaze.92
3.3.2. cesiisa da subrogaciis warmoSobis materialuri safuZveli
garigeba da kanoni, rogorc cesiisa da subrogaciis warmoSobis safuZveli, aris

formaluri mxare, riTac es institutebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. garda forma-
luri sxvaobisa, isini erTmaneTisagan materialuri SemadgenlobiTac gansxvavdeba.
kerZod, rodesac xdeba miTiTeba garigebaze, rogorc cesiis warmoSobis safuZ-
velze, masSi, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba xelSekruleba, romelic ideba kreditors (ce-
dents) da mesame pirs (cesioners) Soris. Tumca, mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom moTxov-
nis uflebis Taobaze mxareTa Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba ar iwvevs pirTa avtoma-
tur Secvlas valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi.93 aRniSnuli xelSekruleba
uzrunvelyofs kreditorsa da mesame pirs Soris mxolod valdebulebiTsamarTleb-
rivi urTierTobis warmoSobas moTxovnis uflebis gadasvlis Taobaze. xelSekruleba
am SemTxvevaSi aris am urTierTobis iuridiuli dadastureba.94
safiqrebelia, rom cesiis warmoSobis materialuri safuZveli aris is valdebu-
lebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic cedentsa da cesioners Soris arsebobs.
aRniSnulis sailustraciod yvelaze naTeli magaliTia iseTi cesia, romlis forma-
luri safuZveli calmxrivi garigebaa, magaliTad, anderZi. anderZis Sedgena TavisTa-
vad ar iwvevs cesias. moanderZis gardacvaleba, rogorc iuridiulad mniSvnelovani
faqti, aseve ar iwvevs pirTa Secvlas valdebulebaSi. Tumca, anderZi da moanderZis
gardacvaleba swored im iuridiuli Semadgenlobis elementebia, romelic safuZvlad
udevs memkvidreobiT samarTalurTierTobas, rac, saboloo jamSi, cesiis materialu-
ri safuZvelia.
kanoni SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc subrogaciis institutis warmoSobis
formaluri safuZveli. amasTan, kanonis ganxilva subrogaciis materialur safuZ-
vlad, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, dauSvebelia, ramdenadac samarTlis normebi da samo-
92
ruseTis federaciuli respublikis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 339-e muxlis pirveli
nawili,<http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1006061&sublink=3390000>, [3.04.2014].
93
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vrclad ix. amave naSromis 3.2.3 Tavi.
94
179
qalaqo samarTlis subieqtTa samoqalaqo uflebaunarianoba samoqalaqosamarTleb-

rivi urTierTobis aucilebeli winapirobaa. swored amitom, subrogaciis warmoSobis
materialuri safuZveli (causa obligations) aris ara uSualod kanoni, aramed mesame piris
mier movalis valdebulebis Sesruleba.95
mesame piris mier movalis valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mo-
valis valdebulebis an misi uflebis safuZvelze. mesame piris valdebuleba SeiZleba
gamomdinareobdes mxolod xelSekrulebidan. magaliTad, ssk-is 799-e muxlis pirveli
nawilis mixedviT, mzRveveli valdebulia sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Se-
asrulos im piris valdebuleba, romelic pasuxismgebelia sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dad-
gomaze. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebi urTierTobis warmoSobis formaluri safuZvelia.
cesiisa da subrogaciis institutebis formaluri da materialuri safuZvlebis
urTierTgamijvna mniSvnelovania ara mxolod Teoriuli, aramed praqtikuli Tval-
sazrisiTac. aRniSnuli institutebis samarTlebrivi reglamentaciis dros mizanSe-
wonilia kanonmdeblobaSi orive institutis formaluri safuZvlis mkafio miTiTeba
da maTi urTierTgamijvna.
IV. daskvna
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, calsaxaa, rom regresis msgavsad, ce-

sia da subrogacia ori erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi institutia.
naSromSi ganxorcielebuli analizis safuZvelze, naTlad gamoikveTa niSnebi, romle-
bic am institutebs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs. pirvel rigSi, cesia da subrogacia
erTmaneTisagan warmoSobis samarTlebrivi safuZvliT gansxvavdeba. cesia xelSekru-
lebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba, gansxvavebiT subrogaciisagan, romelis dadgomac ume-
teswilad kanoniT pirdapir ganisazRvreba. aqedan gamomdinare, cesias safuZvlad kre-
ditoris neba udevs, xolo subrogaciisTvis kreditoris nebis arseboba ar aris gadam-
wyveti. garda amisa, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba cesiisa da subrogaciis formaluri
mxare. kerZod, subrogaciis dros mxareebs ar warmoeSobaT urTierTobaSi axali kre-
ditoris Semosvlis Taobaze movalis Setyobinebis valdebuleba, cesias ki, aseTi Sety-
obinebis gareSe, mesame piris mimarT aranairi iuridiuli Zala ar aqvs. Sesabamisad, vid-
re movales ecnobeba moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb, mas ufleba aqvs, Seasrulos valde-
buleba moTxovnis uflebis Tavdapirveli mflobelis winaSe.96 subrogaciasa da cesias
Soris Semdegi gansxvaveba axali kreditoris moTxovnis uflebis farglebSi vlindeba.
cesiis dros axal kreditors SeuZlia movalisgan moiTxovos Tavis sasargeblod mTe-
li valdebulebis Sesruleba. mas amis ufleba aqvs im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac moTxovnis
uflebis gadacemis sanacvlod gacilebiT naklebi Rirebulebis valdebuleba aqvs Ses-
rulebuli,97 an moTxovnis ufleba gacilebiT nakleb fasad aqvs SeZenili cedentisgan.
magaliTad, rodesac 10000 laris moTxovnis uflebis daTmoba xdeba 5000 laris nac-
95
96
Sead. ssk-is me-200 muxli.
97
Трепицын И.Н., Гражданское право губернии царства Польского и русского в связи с проектом Граж-
данского уложения, Общая часть обязательственного права, Варшава, 1914, 227.
180
vlad, cesioners moTxovnis ufleba movalis mimarT mainc 10000 laris odenobiT war-
moeSoba.98 aRniSnuli gansxvavdeba subrogaciisagan. kerZod, subrogaciis dros, axal
kreditors moTxovnis ufleba warmoeSoba mxolod mis mier dazRveulisTvis anazR-
aurebuli zianis farglebSi. Sesabamisad, mesame piris pasuxismgeblobis moculoba
mzRvevelis winaSe ganisazRvreba ara mas da dazaralebuls Soris arsebuli deliq-
turi urTierTobidan, aramed mzRvevelsa da dazRveuls Soris arsebuli sadazRvevo
xelSekrulebidan.99 dazaralebuli (dazRveuli) mesame pirisagan zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis uflebas deliqturi urTierTobidan gamomdinare inarCunebs.100
im faqtze, rom cesia da subrogacia ori erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli samar-
Tlebrivi institutia da isini erTmaneTis identuri ar aris, kidev erTxel miuTiTebs
mecnierebasa101 da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi102 arsebuli mosazreba, romelic subrogaci-
uli moTxovnis uflebis cesiis gziT daTmobis SesaZleblobis sakiTxs exeba. is gare-
moeba, rom, Tundac Teoriul doneze, subrogaciuli moTxovna SeiZleba cesiis gziT
moTxovnis uflebis gadacemis sagani gaxdes, calsaxad miuTiTebs am institutebis gan-
sxvavebul samarTlebriv daniSnulebasa da bunebaze.
zemoaRniSnul institutTa erTmaneTisagan gamijvna mniSvnelovania ara mxolod
Teoriuli, aramed praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac. ganxorcielebuli kvleva cxadyofs,
rom TiToeul instituts erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi buneba da iu-
ridiuli konstruqcia aqvs. es ki, bunebrivia, ganapirobebs subrogaciis regresisa da
cesiis urTierTobis monawile subieqtebis gansxvavebul ufleba-movaleobebs. saka-
nonmdeblo doneze maTi mkafio urTierTgamijvnis ararsebobis gamo, xSirad, urTier-
Tobis monawile subieqtebs ar aqvs zusti warmodgena im uflebebis Sesaxeb, romelic
maT konkretuli urTierTobis farglebSi kanonmdeblis mier aqvT miniWebuli. aRniS-
nuli bundovaneba, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, urTierTobis monawile subieqtebs xels uS-
lis kanoniT miniWebuli uflebis saTanadod ganxorcielebaSi.103 aqedan gamomdinare,
Zalze mniSvnelovania sakanonmdeblo doneze am institutebis erTmaneTisagan gamij-
vna. amisaTvis, mizanSewonilia, upirveles yovlisa, kanonmdeblobaSi dazustdes Ti-
98
magaliTad, rodesac 10000 laris moTxovnis uflebis daTmoba xdeba 5000 laris nacv-
lad, cesioners moTxovnis ufleba movalis mimarT mainc 10000 laris odenobiT war-
moeSoba. Годэмэ Е., Общая теория обязательств: Юридическое изд-во м-ва юстиции СССР, М., 1948,
471.
99
Данилочкина М.А., Савинский Р.К., Цессия прав требования страховщика, перешедших к нему в поряд-
ке суброгации, «Юридическая и правовая работа в страховании», 2007, №2.
100
Hormuth H., in: Beckmann R.M., Matusche-Beckmann A.,Versicherungsrechtshandbuch, 2. vollständige Auf-
lage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München, 2009, §22, Rn.48.
101
Данилочкина М.А., Савинский Р.К., Цессия прав требования страховщика, перешедших к нему в поряд-
ке суброгации, “Юридическая и правовая работа в страховании”, 2007, №2.
102
Решение арбитражного суда г. Москвы от 26 июня 2006 г. по делу Н А40-6918/06-24-46, Решение Ар-
битражного суда Московской области от 23 августа 2006 г. по делу N А41-К1-8730/06.
103
zemoaRniSnulis magaliTia naSromis dasawyisSi moyvanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-
ba xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis gamo mosarCelisaTvis sarCelis dakmayofilebaze ua-
ris Tqmis Taobaze. vrclad ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa
palata, 2012 wlis 5 seqtembris №as-581-549-2011 gadawyvetileba, 61. gadawyvetilebaTa
krebuli 12, <http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/kr201212.pdf>.
181
Toeuli institutis Sinaarsi da maT gansasazRvrad gamoyenebul iqnes terminebi: sub-

rogacia, regresi da cesia. aseve mniSvnelovania, ssk-is 207-e muxlSi, romelic exeba
kanonis ZaliT moTxovnis daTmobis (subrogaciis) mimarT cesiis, e.i. uflebebisa da
moTxovnebze sakuTrebis SeZenis Sesaxeb normebis avtomatur gamoyenebas, dazustdes,
rom aRniSnuli normebi gamoiyeneba subrogaciis institutis Taviseburebebis gaTva-
liswinebiT. aRniSnuli iqneba kanonmdeblis mxridan kidev erTi dadastureba imisa,
rom subrogacia ara cesiis analogi, aramed misgan gansxvavebuli da damoukidebeli
samarTlebrivi institutia, romelic gansxvavebul regulirebas saWiroebs.
182
qeTevan qoCaSvili*
eZRvneba
saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT
aRiarebul civilists, profesor lado Wanturias,
romlis mravalmxrivi da nayofieri moRvaweoba
kidev erTi dasturia qarTuli genisa da niWis
mZlavrobisa da saucxoo nimuSi samSoblosadmi
TavdadebiT msaxurebisa.
Tavisufleba da ufleba
xelSeuval sikeTeTa WrilSi
àdamiani RmerTis mier yoveli sxva

qmnilebis gvirgvinad Seiqmna,
romelsac RmerTisgan mieniWa
pasuxismgebloba da Tavisufleba-
movaleoba da uzenaesi jildo~. 1
ilia II
1. zogadad Tavisuflebis Secnobis Sesaxeb
kacobriobis mTeli istoria gaigeba,2 rogorc Tavisuflebis Secnobis Tanmim-

devruli ganviTareba. Tu Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi aRiarebdnen erTi piris Tavi-
suflebas, antikur xanasa da feodalur epoqaSi – sazogadoebis mcire nawilis,3 Tana-
medrove civilizebuli samyaro yvelas Tavisuflebis arsebobis ideiT sunTqavs.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom bednierebis saidumlo mxolod TavisuflebaSia, Tavi-
suflebis formula ki – mxolod gambedaobaSi.4 aSS-is damoukideblobis deklaraciam
(1776 wlis 4 ivlisi) adamianebisTvis RvTisgan naboZeb xelSeuval uflebebad gansazR-
vra: sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken ltolva.5 kantis mosazrebiT, yvela
adamians TavisTavad axasiaTebs uZlieresi Sinagani midrekileba bednierebisadmi, ra-
meTu yvela midrekileba am ideaSi erTiandeba da jamdeba.6

1
ilia II, saaRdgomo epistole, 1978, epistoleni, Tb., 2013, 16.
2
gageba niSnavs warmodgenebis, cnebebis meSveobiT movlenaTa didi raodenobis urT-
ierTkavSirSi ganxilvas, Sedegad, usazRvro mravalferovnebis martivze, mravalis er-
Tze dayvanas. ix. haizenbergi v., nawili da mTeli, Tb., 1983, 49.
3
Коркунов Н. М., История философии права, Изд. 5-ое, СПВ, 1908, 336.
4
luis brendaisi, mosazreba miTiTebulia: rurua n., kanoni – gaazrebuli gambedaoba,
krebuli: Tavisuflebis kanoni, Targmani, esse, publicistika, Tb., 2003, 226.
5
qanda j., beri j. m., goldmeni j., amerikuli demokratia, inglisuridan Targmna r. gaCe-
CilaZem, Targmanis red. m. ugrexeliZe, Tb., 1995, 4.
6
kanti i., zneobis metafizikis dafuZneba, Targmna l. ramiSvilma, red. n. naTaZe , Tb., 2013,
62. adamianTa mosazrebiT, qmedebebi kargia imis proporciulad, Tu ramdenad uwyobs
xels igi bednierebas da cudia imdenad, ramdenadac mas aqvs bednierebis sawinaaRmde-
gos gamowvevis midrekileba. mili j. s., Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, utilitarizmi, Targmna
T. cxadaZem, red. l. mWedliSvili , Tb., 2010, ix. 188.
183
ar arsebobs araferi, rac ufro mraval mimdevars warmoSobs, rasac Tavisuflad

arsebobis xelovneba axerxebs, magram araferia imaze rTuli, rom Tavisuflebis Segir-
di iyo. Tavisufleba metwilad qariSxalTa SuagulSi myardeba siZneleebis TanxlebiT
(aleqsis de tokvili).7 Tavisufleba Tavad adamianis gulSia da roca is kvdeba, mas verc
konstitucia da verc sasamarTlo Svelis.8
TiToeuli adamiani miiswrafvis iseT sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisken, sadac Tavisu-
fal TviTgamoxatvas da pirovnul srulyofas SeZlebs.9 Tavisuflebis Teoria moiTx-
ovs, rom adamiani Tavisufali iyos sxvaTa mxridan TviTneburi Carevisgan.10 arsebobs
mosazreba, rom Tavisufleba gagebul unda iqnes ara mxolod uaryofiTi azriT – Tavi-
sufleba raRacisgan, aramed upirvelesad, dadebiTi SinaarsiT, rac pirovnebis Sinagan
Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs. masSi moiazreba piris Tavisufali cnobierebis arsebobis,
misi damoukidebeli moqmedebis SesaZlebloba.11
2. Tavisuflebis SezRudvis garduvaloba keTili

nebis xorcSesxmisTvis
kantiseuli principiT, TiToeuli individis Tavisufleba unda Tanaarsebobdes

yvelas TavisuflebasTan, sayovelTao kanonis Sesabamisad.12 aRniSnuli Tanamedrove
konstituciursamarTlebriv princips Seadgens: individis uflebebisa da Tavisufle-
bebis ganxorcielebam ar unda xelyos sxva pirTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.13 amde-
nad, pirovnuli Tavisufleba xangrZlivi vadiT ver ganxorcieldeba interesTa gawo-
nasworebis gareSe. adamianis moqmedebis absoluturi mizani – Sinagani Tavisuflebis
arseboba efardeba socialur cxovrebas, romlis uzenaesi mizani Tavisuflebis msur-
vel pirTa mowesrigebuli Tanaarsebobaa.14 Tavisuflebis SezRudva aucilebelia swo-
red socialuri Tanacxovrebis gaumjobesebisTvis, imgvarad, rom TiToeulma Seinar-
Cunos TviTmyofadoba da damoukidebloba:15 individis Tavisufleba unda SeizRudos,
7
mosazreba miTiTebulia: geremeki b., centraluri evropis transformacia, krebuli:
rurua n., Tavisuflebis kanoni, Targmani, esse, publicistika, Tb., 2003, 74.
8
l. henti, amerikeli mosamarTle, mosazreba miTiTebulia: Svarci h., konstituciuri
marTlmsajulebis damkvidreba postkomunistur evropaSi, Targmna q. aleqsiZem, red. k.
kublaSvili , Tb., 2003, 379.
9
dalai lama, budizmi, aziuri Rirebulebebi da demokratia, krebuli: rurua n., Tavisu-
flebis kanoni, Targmani, esse, publicistika, Tb., 2003, 77.
10
smiti r. k. m., adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, me-2gamocema, red. g. joxaZe , Tb., 2005, 45.
11
Туманова А. С., Права человека в консервативной политико-правовой мысли России второй половины
XIX - начала XXв, ж. “Правоведение”, № 3, 2011, 191.
12
zoiZe b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda (upiratesad adamianis
uflebaTa WrilSi), eseebi, Tb., 2013, 29.
13
Никитина Е. Е., Свобода совести: теория и практика ограничений прав в Российской Федерации,
“Журнал Российского права”, №12, 2013, 67.
14
vaCeiSvili al., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, red. o. gamyreliZe, m. marinaSvili, Tb., 2010,
42.
15
Svabe i., germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, germa-
nulidan Targmna e. CaCaniZem, samecniero redaqtorebi: k. kublaSvili., T. niniZe, b. lo-
laZe, q. eremaZe, Tb., 2011, 211-212.
184
qeTevan qoCaSvili, Tavisufleba da ufleba xelSeuval sikeTeTaA WrilSi
rom amiT sxvas SeeZlos iyos Tavisufali.16 swored, Tavisuflebis SezRudvaSi vlinde-
ba adamianuri moqmedebis namdvili Tavisufleba.17 TiToeulis Tavisuflebis SezRud-
va obieqturi da adamianisgan damoukidebeli zomaa, mas iZulebiTi samarTlianobis sa-
xeliT moixsenieben. swored es iZulebiTi Tviseba samarTlianobisa aris imis garanti,
rom individis Tavisufleba ara mxolod ar irRveva, aramed realizdeba yvelas mier.18
Tavisufleba saxelmwifos SeqmniT dgindeba da es ukanaskneli adamianTa nebismi-
eri moqmedebis sazomi xdeba.19 adamiani, rogorc mowesrigebuli cxovrebis garkveul
wess daqvemdebarebuli subieqti, sakuTar Tavs swored saxelmwifoSi, rogorc adami-
anTa organizebis formaSi, avlens.20 volteris ganmartebiT, saukeTeso xelisufali
is aris, vinc adamians, dabadebiT Tavisufals, SeunarCunebs bunebis am saCuqars rac
SeiZleba meti zomiT SesaZleblobis farglebSi.21 totalitarul saxelmwifoSi, sadac
xelisuflebas gaaCnia SeuzRudavi Zala, romelic akontrolebs pirovnebis qcevis yve-
la aspeqts, Tavisufleba Seucnobelia. mxolod demokratiul (`demos~ - berZ. ubralo
xalxi, `kratos~ – Zalaufleba) saxelmwifoSia Tavisuflebis gancda SesaZlebeli.22
miiCneva, rom saxelmwifos mier dadgenili socialuri normebis erToba – samar-
Tali - adamianuri Tavisuflebis mxolod minimumia.23 jer kidev romaelTa ganmarte-
biT, Tavisufleba aris bunebrivi SesaZlebloba imisa, rom TiToeulma akeTos is, rac
surs, Tu es ZaliT an samarTliT ar aris akrZaluli.24 Tavisufleba pirovnebis mier
sakuTari nebis Tavisufali gamJRavnebaa kanoniT dadgenil farglebSi.25 amdenad, sa-
xelmwifoSi, sadac moqmedebs kanoni, Tavisufleba SesaZloa mdgomareobdes SesaZleb-
lobaSi akeTo is, rac jer ars da ar iyo iZulebuli akeTo is, rac jer ars.26
amasTan, TiToeuli individis moqmedebis upirveles RirebulebiT sazomad keTi-
li neba unda iqces, rac adamianis Rirseulad cxovrebis, bednierebis Rirsad yofnis
garduval pirobad miiCneva.27 keTil nebas, rogorc adamianuri cxovrebis kanons, sayo-
16
17
zoiZe b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda (upiratesad adamianis uf-
lebaTa WrilSi), eseebi, Tb., 2013, 29.
18
Хайруллин В.И., Гумбольдт о справедливости, ж. «Государство и право», № 4, 2003, 95.
19
uflebaTa WrilSi), eseebi, Tb., 2013, 29.
20
iqve, 9.
21
mosazreba miTiTebulia: kutalia r., i. WavWavaZis samarTlebriv-politikuri Sexedu-
lebebi da samarTlis filosofia, Tb., 2004, 54.
22
qanda j., beri j. m., goldmeni j., amerikuli demokratia, inglisuridan Targmna r. gaCe-
CilaZem, Targmanis red. m. ugrexeliZe , Tb., 1995, 14.
23
Вердяев Н.А., Философия неравенства, М.,1990, 90. miTiTebulia: Чеговадзе Л.А., Структура и со-
стояние гражданского правоотношения, М., 2004, 116.
24
florentinusi, instituciebi, w. me-9, romis samarTlis Zeglebi, iustinianes digest-
ebi, Sesavali konstituciebi, w. 1, 2. laTinuridan Targmna, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi,
saZieblebi da leqsikoni daurTo n. surgulaZem, saredaqcio jgufi: n. surgulaZe, v.
metreveli, b. zoiZe, m. gariSvili, d. bostoRanaSvili, a. wignaZe, m. xoferia, Tb., 2012, 87.
25
RuWaSvili z., sityvis Tavisuflebis zneobrivi da iuridiuli safuZvlebi, Tb., 2004,
192.
26
monteskie S. l., kanonTa goni, frangulidan Targmna d. labuCiZem, Tb., 1994, 180.
27
kanti i., zneobis metafizikis dafuZneba, Targmna l. ramiSvilma, red. n. naTaZe, Tb., 2013,
45.
185
velTao xasiaTi aqvs da Tavisufalia egoisturi stimulebisgan.28 is mxolod uflebis,

rogorc individis moqmedebis Tavisuflebis, sayrdeni ki ara, aramed movaleobis, ro-
gor kanonis pativiscemis gamo qmedobis, aucilebeli Sinaarsicaa.29
3.Tavisuflebis upirvelesi garantia – ZiriTadi uflebebis aRiareba
Tavisuflebis garantia upirvelesad TviT eri da misi uflebrivi Segnebaa, magram

es ar gulisxmobs uflebrivi garantiebis ararsebobas.30 samarTlebrivi da demokrati-
uli saxelmwifos Seqmnis mizania Tavisufali da realizebuli adamianis arseboba, ra-
sac ganapirobebs adamianis uflebebis aRiareba da maTiT srulyofilad sargeblobis
uzrunvelyofa.31
samarTlebrivi pozitivizmi yovelives, rac ki iuridiuli formiT arsebobs, mar-
Tlwesrigs miawers.uflebasac marTlwesrigi qmnis32, Tumca gamonaklisi adamianis bu-
nebiTi uflebebia, romlebic adamians adamianurobis gamo gaaCnia,33 anu dabadebiT aqvs
da ara vinmesgan naboZebi. Tavisi arsiT isini bunebiT-gonis samarTals warmoadgenen.34
adamiani Tavad uflebaa, amitom saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia waarTvas mas es uflebebi,
radgan ar aris uflebamosili Secvalos adamianis arsi.35
miiCneva, rom ufleba Tavisufali nebis yofaa, amdenad, ufleba SesaZloa hqon-
des mxolod Tavisufali nebis subieqts, pirovnebaa uflebis ZiriTadi sawyisi.36 uf-
leba msoflioSi individualuri avtonomiis gamyarebis saukeTeso formaa. avtonomia
niSnavs imas, rom individi Tavad aris pasuxismgebeli sakuTar bedze an arCevanze. uf-
lebis arseboba ganapirobebs moralur faqts, rom pirovneba ekuTvnis (sakuTar Tavs)
Tavis Tavs da ara sxvas an mTlianad sazogadoebas.37
28
vaCeiSvili al., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, red. o. gamyreliZe , m. marinaSvili, Tb., 2010,
42.
29
kanti i., zneobis metafizikis dafuZneba, Targmna l. ramiSvilma, red. n. naTaZe, Tb., 2013,
71.
30
gvazava g., danawileba xelmwifebisa, gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1920, miTiTebulia: qanTaria
b., konstitucionalizmis fundamenturi principebi da mmarTvelobis formis samarT-
lebrivi buneba pirvel qarTul konstituciaSi, Tb., 2013, 508.
31
eremaZe q., interesTa dabalanseba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2013, 166.
32
zoiZe b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda (upiratesad adamianis uf-
lebaTa WrilSi), eseebi, Tb., 2013, 15. ufleba garegnuli Tavisuflebis sferoa, rome-
lic eZleva pirs obieqturi samarTlis normebiT, ix. niniZe T., koingis ìuridiuli ar-
qeologia~, Jurn. `samarTlis Jurnali~, #1, 2011.
33
uflebaTa WrilSi), eseebi, Tb., 2013,15.
34
radbruxi g., samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi, Targmna d. gegenavam, Jurn. `sarCevi~,
#1-2 (3-4), 2012, 249.
35
zoiZe b., ZiriTadi uflebis arsis SenarCunebis principi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio sam-
arTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 138.
36
Коркунов Н. М., История философии права , Изд. 5-ое,СПВ, 1908, 337.
37
Saio an., Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde, Jurn. `sakon-
stitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, # 1, 2009, 87.
186
4. ufleba Tavisuflebis mniSvnelobiT
ùflebis arsis gansazRvra da dadgena ufro metad saWiroa, vidre sxva raime~
(ilia WavWavaZe).38 ufleba ar warmoadgenda berZeni filosofosebis msjelobis sagans,
isini kamaTobdnen mxolod imaze, Tu ra iyo swori da samarTliani. arc romis samarTa-
li icnobda uflebis calsaxa gansazRvrebas. “Ius”39 sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gamoiye-
neboda, romelTagan erT-erTi samarTliT aRiarebuli Tavisufleba iyo.40 samarTlis
istoriaSi uflebis raobis ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi ikveTeba. antikur da glosa-
torebis epoqaSi ufleba sarCelTa sistemas ukavSirdeba, mogvianebiT masSi materia-
lur-samarTlebrivi Zalaufleba igulisxmeba.41 uflebis arsebuli sxvadasxva mniSvne-
lobidan, rogoricaa: aRiarebuli, daculi interesi; unari – sxva piris konkretuli
qcevis SezRudvis politikurad organizebuli sazogadoebis ZaliT;42 samarTlebrivi
uflebamosileba uflebisa da movaleobis warmoSobis, Secvlisa da Sewyvetis; xel-
Seuxeblobis specialuri piroba-privilegia (uflebamosili piris gansakuTrebuli
upiratesoba, romelsac Seesatyviseba gansazRvruli piris an samarTlis yvela SesaZ-
lo subieqtis valdebuleba)43, ufleba, aseve, moiazreba Tavisuflebis azriT, kerZod,
rogorc bunebrivi unaris gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi xelSeuxebloba. bunebiTsamar-
Tlebrivi TvalsazrisiTac, ufleba Tavisuflebad ganixileba, hobsi da spinoza uf-
lebas swored Tavisuflebis xarisxis mniSvnelobiT gansazRvravdnen.44
5. uflebisa da interesis urTierTmimarTeba
ufleba, rogorc piris Tavisuflebis sferos mikuTvnebuli da mis nebas daqvem-

debarebuli uflebamosileba, pirs sakuTari interesis gansxeulebisTvis, dacvisTvis
eniWeba.45 ufleba samarTlebrivad angariSgasawevi interesia (b. zoiZe), samarTlis sa-
fuZvelze individisTvis sakuTari interesebis gansaxorcieleblad miniWebuli Za-
lauflebaa46. interesi obieqturad arsebuli da ara samarTlebrivi kategoriaa,47 ro-
38
metreveli v., ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebani saxelmwifisa da samarTalze, Tb., 1977, 84.
39
“Ius” niSnavda, xan obieqturi gagebiT, samarTlis normebs da wyobilebas, anu marTlwes-
rigs da mis elementebs, xan ki aRniSnavda subieqturi gagebiT, calkeuli individisTvis
miniWebuli Zalis uflebas, koingi h., ùflebis~ cnebis istoriisaTvis, Targmna T. nini-
Zem, Jurn. `samarTlis Jurnali~, #1, 2011, 235.
40
paundi r., kanonis daniSnuleba, krebuli: rurua n., Tavisuflebis kanoni, Targmani,
esse, publicistika, Tb., 2003, 163.
41
niniZe T., koingis ìuridiuli arqeologia~, Jurn. `samarTlis Jurnali~, #1, 2011, 231.
42
paundi r., kanonis daniSnuleba, krebuli: rurua n., Tavisuflebis kanoni, Targmani, esse,
publicistika, Tb., 2003, 66.
43
Ферраз Т.С., Эрозия субьективных прав как сдедствие технического развития (патенты, авторское пра-
во), ж. “Правоведение”, # 4, 2011, 64.
44
paundi r., kanonis daniSnuleba, krebuli: rurua n., Tavisuflebis kanoni, Targmani, esse,
publicistika, Tb., 2003, 66.
45
CaCava s., moTxovnebis da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia, Tb., 2011, 6.
46
ganmartebiTi iuridiuli leqsikoni: ToTlaZe l., gabriCiZe g., TumaniSvil g., turava p.,
CaCaniZe e., red. g. xubua, l. ToTlaZe, Tb., 2012, 544.
47
Чеговадзе Л.А., Структура и состояние гражданского правоотношения, М., 2004, 177.
187
melic im hipoTetur mdgomareobaze migviTiTebs, romlis miRwevac sasurvelia.48 in-

teresi uflebisgan damoukideblad arsebobs, radgan individTa Soris urTierTobis
damyarebisas TiToeulis mxridan flobis Tu qmedebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnile-
ba maSinve Cndeba.49 interesi kvazisamarTlebrivi xasiaTis winapirobaa samarTlebrivi
movlenis warmoSobisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom interesis xorcSesxmas samarTlebrivi Se-
degi mohyves, interesi samarTlebriv movlenad unda gardaiqmnas.50 ieringis Tanaxmad,
ufleba kanoniT daculi interesia, yovel uflebas zurgs interesi umagrebs, ufleba
gzas arsebobisken brZoliT ikvlevs da brZolis umaRles wertils maSin aRwevs, roca
interesi warmoqmnili uflebis saxes iZens. Tu ufleba, obieqturi azriT, `sazogadoe-
bis mier dafuZnebuli debulebebis erTobliobaa, romelTa meSveobiTac sazogadoeba-
Si wesrigi myardeba, ufleba, subieqturi azriT, ganyenebul normaTa saqmiT moxmare-
baa adamianis mier Tavisi uflebis dasacavad~.51
6. universaluri Tvisobriobis mqone uflebaTa

ganviTarebis mokle istoria
istoriulad ùfleba~ mxolod kerZo samarTlisTvis iyo mniSvnelovani kate-

goria.me-18 saukunis dasasruls, konstituciebiT ZiriTadi uflebebis ganmtkicebiT,
saxelmwifosTan urTierTobaSi moqalaqis sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebebi aRiares.52
adamianis uflebaTa Teoria Tanamedrove civilizebuli sajaro wesrigis ZiriTadi
postulatia.53 ZiriTadad, uflebaTa moqmedebis sfero ar aris SemosazRvruli nacio-
naluri wesrigiT, maT universaluri xasiaTi aqvT, amdenad, isini e.w. msoflio moqala-
qis uflebebs warmoadgenen.54
adamianis uflebaTa idea jer kidev Cv.w.aR-mde me-5–6 ss-Si Caisaxa Zveli saber-
ZneTis polisebSi. ZiriTadi uflebebis ganviTareba ganmanaTleblobas ukavSirdeba,
sadac aqtualuria absoluturi xelisuflebis Zaladobisgan adamianis dacva.55 bur-
Juaziul-demokratiuli revoluciebis dros Seiqmna ara mxolod adamianis uflebaTa
48
kutalia r., i. WavWavaZis samarTlebriv-politikuri Sexedulebebi da samarTlis filo-
sofia, Tb., 2004, 57.
49
paundi r., kanonis daniSnuleba, krebuli: rurua n., Tavisuflebis kanoni, Tb., 2003, 151.
50
Ульянов А.В., Юридическое обоснование защиты слабой стороны в договоре, “Журнал Российского
права” , # 8, 2013, 117.
51
ieringi r., brZola uflebisaTvis, winaTqma da rusuli gamocemidan Targmani z. nanobaS-
vilis, red. b. zoiZe, Tb., 2000, 33.
52
izoria l., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, me-2 Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeo-
ba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi: burduli i.,
gociriZe e., erqvania T., zoiZe b., izoria l., kobaxiZe i., loria a., maWaraZe z., turava m.,
fircxalaSvili a., futkaraZe i., qanTaria b., wereTeli d., jorbenaZe s., Tb., 2013, 13.
53
niniZe T., koingis ìuridiuli arqeologia~, Jurn. `samarTlis Jurnali~, #1, 2011.
54
ruxaZe z., konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 1999, 122. adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisufle-
bebs sayovelTao, universaluri buneba aqvT. am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT aRWur-
vilia yvela, moqalaqeobis miuxedavad, ix. xecuriani j., Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcod-
neobaSi, Tb., 2011, 215.
55
izoria l., Tanamedrove saxelmwifo da administracia, Tb., 2009, 188.
188
farTo CamonaTvali, aramed safuZveli Caeyara Tanasworobis principis aRiarebas, rac

adamianis uflebis universalurobis safuZvelia.56 samarTlis mkvlevarTa mosazre-
biT, pirvelad adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb moTxovna inglisSi 1215
wlis dokumentSi `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ aisaxa. is moicavda mTel rig principebs,
romlebic amJamad moqceulia adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis farTo sazRvrebSi.57 xo-
lo aseve, inglisSi 1679 wels miRebul dokumentebSi: `habeas korpus aqti~ da `bili uf-
lebaTa Sesaxeb~ bunebiTi uflebebis nusxa gafarTovda. 58 ZiriTad uflebaTa amRiare-
bel pirvel srulyofil dokumentad miiCneva virjiniis 1776 wlis (12 ivnisi) uflebaTa
deklaracia, romlis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad: yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanabrad Tavi-
sufali da damoukidebelia da dabadebisTanave flobs konkretul uflebebs.59 xolo
safrangeTis 1789 wlis (26 agvisto) adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciiT
yvelaze srulyofilad iqna gadmocemuli adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa CamonaTvali.60
amave periods ukavSirdeba bunebiTi uflebebis pirveli konstituciebiT ganmtkiceba
aSS-sa da evropaSi.
7. ufleba da Tavisufleba konstituciis, rogorc

ZiriTadi normis, farglebSi
samarTlebriv awmyoSi konstitucia warmoadgens erTian ZiriTad uflebebs, nor-

mas, romlis farglebSi yoveli saxelmwifo muSaobs da misi organoebi moRvaweoben.61
konstitucia ara marto is normebia, romlebic mis teqstSia, aramed misi principebi
da ideebi, romlebic uSualod ar aris miTiTebuli arc erT konstituciur debuleba-
Si, magram gamomdinareoben misi erTianobidan, saerTo cnebebidan da mniSvnelobidan.62
`konstitucia ara marto normatiuli qmnilebaa, aramed kulturuli ganviTarebis ana-
rekli, xalxis kulturuli TviTdamkvidrebis saSualeba~.63
56
obolaZe r., adamianis uflebebis zogadi mimoxilva, Jurn. `samarTali~, #12, 2001, 95.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tanasworobis principis arseboba tipuri evropuli movlenaa,
57
smiti r. k. m., adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, me-2 gamocema, Tb., 2005, 45.
58
igi Tavisi arsiT warmoadgenda SeTanxmebas inglisis mefesa da didgvarovnebs Soris am
ukanasknelTa uflebebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb. ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTa-
li, avtorTa koleqtivi: gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javax-
iSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., red. d. gegenava, Tb., 2013, 369.
59
kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2003, 28.
60
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, avtorTa koleqtivi: gegenava d., qanTaria b.,
canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., red. d. gegena-
va, Tb., 2013, 370.
61
noe Jordania, mosazreba miTiTebulia: qanTaria b., konstitucionalizmis fundamentu-
ri principebi da mmarTvelobis formis samarTlebrivi buneba pirvel qarTul konsti-
tuciaSi, Tb., 2013, 44.
62
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2007,
153.
63
heberle p., saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis `sakuTari saxe~, Targmna l. bregvaZem,
Jurn. `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4), 2012, 246.
189
konstituciiT ganmtkicebuli adamianis uflebebi moralur namdvilobas pozi-

tiuri namdvilobiT ivseben, konstitucia (Tu saerTaSoriso aqtebi) bunebiTi ufle-
bebis mxolod institucionalurad gamoxatvis formebia, arsebuli am uflebaTa po-
zitivizmis mizniT.64 ZiriTadi uflebebi uzenaesi Rirebulebebia, romlebic sxva kon-
stituciur Rirebulebebze maRla dganan. konstitucia adamianis uflebebs, rogorc
zekonstituciur sikeTeebs, emyareba da ara adamianis uflebebi – konstitucias.65 xel-
Seuvali uflebebi gamomdinareoben konstituciiT damkvidrebuli adamianis xedvidan
da statusidan, romlis Tanaxmad, adamiani aris sakuTar Tavze pasuxismgebeli, igi Ta-
visTavad viTardeba socialuri Tanacxovrebisa da sazogadoebis farglebSi.66
ZiriTadi ufleba ganimarteba, rogorc piris konstituciiT garantirebuli Se-
saZlebloba, Tavisi SexedulebiT da interesebis mixedviT Seasrulos garkveuli moq-
medeba, daicvas sakuTari interesi, wamoayenos kanonieri moTxovnebi rogorc saxel-
mwifo, ise sxva pirebis mimarT. uflebis garkveul kategorias, romelic dakavSirebu-
lia gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis nebasa da misi gamovlenis iniciativasTan, Tavisufleba
ewodeba.67 Tavisufleba konstituciiT ganmtkicebuli SesaZleblobaa, romelic pirs
nebas rTavs nebismieri saxis iuridiul moqmedebaze, kanoniT dadgenili SezRudvebis
garda.68 Tavisufleba swored is sikeTeebia, romlebsac adamianebi bunebrivad floben,
mudmivi, ganusxvisebeli Rirebulebebi, CamourTmevi uflebebi (Tomas jefersoni),69
romelTa dacva saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos moqmedebiT Tu umoqmedobiT. rode-
sac konstitucia da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso aqtebi erTmaneTis gverdiT ganixilaven
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, es ar niSnavs Tavisuflebis arsebobas uflebis gareSe.
am dayofas mxolod is datvirTva aqvs, rom erTmaneTisgan gaimijnos uflebebi, romel-
Ta arsebobisTvis ganmsazRvrelia Tavisuflebis elementi da uflebebi, romelTaTvi-
sac Tavisuflebas aseTi substanciuri datvirTva ar gaaCnia.70
64
Алекси Р., Существование прав человека, ж. “Правоведение”, # 5, 2011, 24.
65
zoiZe b., ZiriTadi uflebis arsis SenarCunebis principi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samar-
Tlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 138. amdenad, ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, Cawerilia Tu ara es
uflebebi konstituciaSi an sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, radgan adamianis kuTvnili
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi yvela konstituciaze da kanonmdeblobaze maRla dgas, ix.
gelaSvili n., ZiriTad uflebaTa da movaleobaTa urTierTmimarTeba, Jurn. `marTlmsa-
juleba da kanoni~, #2, 2010, 18.
66
Svabe i., germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, ger-
manulidan Targmna e. CaCaniZem, samecniero redaqtorebi: kublaSvili k., niniZe T., lo-
laZe b., eremaZe q., Tb., 2011, 137.
67
ruxaZe z., konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 1999, 123.
68
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, avtorTa koleqtivi: gegenava d., qanTaria b.,
canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., red. d. gegena-
va, Tb., 2013, 752.
69
mosazreba miTiTebulia: glaseri a., uflebaTa bili - mokle istoria, n. rurua, krebu-
li: Tavisuflebis kanoni, Tb., 2003, 131.
70
zoiZe b., Sromis Tavisuflebis arsi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqti-
kaSi, krebuli: Sromis samarTali, 1-li t., red. v.zaaliSvili, koordinatori g. amiranaS-
vili, Tb., 2011, 5.
190
8. bunebiTi uflebebis funqciebi
ZiriTad uflebebs, rogorc universaluri, fundamenturi, abstraqtuli, mora-

luri da prioritetuli Tvisobriobis mqone uflebebs,71 sxvadasxva funqcia gaaCniaT.
funqcia gulisxmobs adamianis saxelmwifosadmi damokidebulebas, igi gansazRvravs
moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebriv Sedegebs.72
adamianis uflebebis funqciebis klasikuri Teoria efuZneba georg elinekis
moZRvrebas adamianis uflebrivi statusis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT, moqalaqis da sa-
xelmwifos urTierTobis mravalsaxovneba ganapirobebs ama Tu im saxis ZiriTadi uf-
lebis saxelmwifos mier realizacia-dacvis samarTlebriv formats.73
bunebiTi uflebebis pirveladi daniSnulebaa TiToeuli moqalaqis dacva sajaro
xelisuflebis mxridan ganxorcielebuli Carevisgan, Sesabamisad, isini moqalaqis sa-
xelmwifosgan Tavdacvis uflebebia.74 amasTan, ZiriTadi uflebebi samarTlis normebs
warmoadgenen, romelTac savaldebuli Zala gaaCniaT, amitom SesaZloa uSualod iqnen
gamoyenebuli Sefardebis procesSi.75 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-7 muxlis Tanax-
mad: xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRudulni arian adamia-
nis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moq-
medi samarTliT; aseve, germaniis konstituciis pirveli muxlis (3) Sesabamisad: Ziri-
Tadi uflebebi, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTali, savaldebuloa sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisTvis da marTlmsajulebisTvis.76 amgvarad, konstitu-
ciis normebi, ise rogorc yovelgvari kanonis normebi, pirdapir moqmedia.77
aseve, ZiriTad uflebebs e.w. `gamWoli funqcia~ gaaCniaT mTliani samarTlebrivi
sistemis farglebSi.78 ZiriTadi uflebebi, rogorc obieqturi normebi afuZneben Ri-
71
Алекси Р., Существование прав человека, ж. «Правоведение», # 5, 2011, 23.
72
izoria l., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, me-2 Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba,
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi: burduli i., go-
ciriZe e., erqvania T., zoiZe b., izoria l., kobaxiZe i., loria a., maWaraZe z., turava m.,
73
erqvania T., adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi horizontalur kerZosamarTlebriv urTier-
TobebSi, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #4, 2011, 62.
74
meore msoflio omis dasrulebamde ZiriTad uflebebs ar hqondaT moqmedi samarTlis
mniSvneloba, SeuZlebeli iyo (am uflebebis gamoyenebiT) sajaro xelisuflebis samar-
Tlebrivi boWva, maT ar gaaCndaT normatiuli buneba, isini, ZiriTadad, deklaraciul
xasiaTs atarebdnen, ix. izoria l., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore,
saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa
koleqtivi: burduli i., gociriZe e., erqvania T., zoiZe b., izoria l., kobaxiZe i., loria
a., maWaraZe z., turava m., fircxalaSvili a., futkaraZe i., qanTaria b., wereTeli d., jor-
benaZe s., Tb., 2013, 9.
75
xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi (adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Ta-
visuflebani), avtorTa koleqtivi: izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., Tb.,
2005, 5.
76
germaniis federaciuli respublikis ZiriTadi kanoni (miRebulia 1949 wlis 23 maiss),
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, w. III, red. v. gonaSvili, Tb., 2006, 64.
77
niniZe T., samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirveli muxlis struqtura, prof. akaki labartyavas 80
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 2013, 160.
78
erqvania T., adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi horizontalur kerZosamarTlebriv urTier-
TobebSi, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #4, 2011, 66.
191
rebulebaTa sistemas da wesrigs, romelic, rogorc principuli konstituciuri ga-

dawyvetileba, vrceldeba da savaldebuloa samarTlis yvela sferosTvis.79
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa mizania, uzrunvelyos adamianis saxelmwifosgan Tavi-
sufali sfero, mas aqvs negatiuri, damcavi statusi, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifos val-
debulebas, ar ganaxorcielos intervencia adamianis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis ama Tu
im sferoSi.80 amdenad, ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi saxelmwifos avaldebulebs individis
konstituciurad garantirebuli Tavisuflebis xelSeuxeblobas, rac aris kidec Zi-
riTadi uflebis klasikuri funqcia – status negativus.
sapirispirod, pozitiur-mfarvelobiTi ZiriTadi uflebebi ganatkiceben indi-
vidis pozitiur mdgomareobas saxelmwifos mimarT, afuZneben saxelmwifos valdebu-
lebas – Seqmnas sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis saTanado pirobebi. amdenad, ZiriTadi
uflebapozitiuri uflebis rangSi socialur mniSvnelobas iZens, rameTu misi poziti-
uri funqcia – status pozitivus moiazrebs saxelmwifos mier garkveuli qmedebis ganxorci-
elebas konkretuli uflebis gansxeulebisa da dacvis uzrunvelsayofad.81
9. Rirseba – sayovelTao faseuloba
marTalia, individualuri Tavisuflebis, politikuri demokratiis da adamianis

xelSeuvali uflebebis universalur wyarod evropa miiCneva da es sikeTeebi evropul
ideebadaa monaTluli,82 magram dRes isini sayovelTao, sakacobrio kuTvnilebas Sead-
gens.gaeros mier 1968 wels ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis sakiTxebSi ganxor-
cielebuli kvlevis masalebSi xazgasmulia, rom is miswrafebebi, romelTac efuZne-
ba adamianis uflebebi: samarTlianoba, adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTlianoba da
Rirseba, devnisgan Tavisufleba ara mxolod dasavluri, aramed yvela civilizaciis
maxasiaTebelia.83 gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis (1948 wlis 10
dekemberi) preambula miuTiTebs: adamianis modgmis yvela wevrisTvis Tandayolili
Rirsebisa da Tanaswori, ganuyofeli uflebebis aRiareba msoflioSi warmoadgens Ta-
visuflebis, samarTlianobis da sayovelTao mSvidobis safuZvels.84
79
manulidan Targmna e. CaCaniZem, samecniero redaqtorebi: k. kublaSvili, T. niniZe,
b. lolaZe, q. eremaZe, Tb., 2011, 209.
80
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 2010, 73. ZiriTadi uflebis
negatiuri koncefcia moiazrebs individis uflebas, hqondes damoukidebeli samoqmedo
areali da isargeblos sayovelTao sikeTeebiT saxelmwifosgan Caurevlad, ix. erqvania
T., adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi horizontalur kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi,
Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #4, 2011, 62.
81
izoria l., Tanamedrove saxelmwifo da administracia, Tb., 2009, 188.
82
artur Slezingeri, samuel hanTingtoni, mesame talRis momavali, rurua n., Tavisufle-
bis kanoni, Tb., 2003, 41. Tu romelia evropuli saxelmwifo, amis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba
ara mxolod geografiuli kriteriumi, aramed politikuri da istoriul-kulturuli
rakursi. es saxelmwifoebi pativs unda scemdnen iseT Rirebulebebs, rogoricaa: adami-
anis Rirseba, Tavisufleba, demokratia, Tanasworoba, samarTlis uzenaesoba, adamianis
uflebebis dacva, ix. gabriCiZe g., evropuli kavSiris samarTali, Tb., 2012, 27.
83
novaki m., adamianis uflebebi, saxelmZRvanelo parlamentarebisTvis, Targmna l. Weli-
Zem, Tb., 2009, 5.
84
adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli,
1-li nawili, Tb., 2008, 7.
192
konstitucia, rogorc qveynis uzenaesi kanoni, garkveul Rirebulebebs (Rirebu-

lebebi warmoadgens Sexedulebebs, romlis Tanaxmad, raRac idea Tu materialuri saga-
ni fasdeba, rogorc kargi da Rirebuli)85 dafuZnebuli sistema-wesrigia.evropis kon-
stituciis preambulaSi86 naTqvamia, rom winamdebare dokumenti evropuli kulturu-
li, religiuri da humanitaruli memkvidreobiT nasazrdoebi qmnilebaa. misi arseboba
xels uwyobs iseTi universaluri Rirebulebebis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa: pirovnebis
xelSeuvali uflebebi, Tavisufleba, demokratia, Tanasworoba, samarTlebrivi saxel-
mwifo.87
saqarTvelos konstituciam fuZemdeblur Rirebulebad adamiani, rogorc TviT-
myofadi subieqti, misi Rirseba da Tavisufleba – sakuTari Tavis Tavisufali gankar-
gvis ufleba aRiara da maT upirvelesi mniSvneloba mianiWa.88
10. adamianis da Rirsebis kavSiri filosofiuri

da civilisturi azriT
`Rirsebis~ sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gansazRvreba ar arsebobs. mas ganmartaven

filosofiuri, religiuri, samedicino da samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, Tumca igi
yovelTvis efuZneba adamianis, rogorc umTavresi Rirebulebis, aRiarebas.89 Rirseba
yvela adamianis kuTvnili sikeTea, is imanenturia adamianad yofnisTvis,90 Tanaarsia
adamianisTvis, rogorc gonieri, Tavisufali nebisa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone arse-
bisTvis.91 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad: yve-
85
Kraft, Die Grundlagen einer wissenschaftlichen Wertlehre, 2, Aufl, 1951, 10. miTiTebulia: izoria l.,
saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, me-2 Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi: burduli i., gociriZe e.,
erqvania T., zoiZe b., izoria l., kobaxiZe i., loria a., maWaraZe z., turava m., fircxalaS-
vili a., futkaraZe i., qanTaria b., wereTeli d., jorbenaZe s., Tb., 2013, 11.
86
preambulebis meSveobiT xdeba konstituciis mniSvnelobis dayvana moqalaqeTaTvis ga-
sageb enaze. isini uzrunvelyofen konstituciuri istoriis gadamuSavebas da konsti-
tuciuri momavlis programul gadmocemas, ix. heberle p., saqarTvelos 1995 wlis kon-
stituciis `sakuTari saxe~, Targmna l. bregvaZem, Jurn. `sarCevi~, #1-2 (3-4), 2012, 240.
87
Саидов А.С., Сравнительное правоведение, 2-ое изд. Под. ред. Туманова В.А., М., 2009, 212.
88
manulidan Targmna e. CaCaniZem, samecniero redaqtorebi: k. kublaSvili, T. niniZe, b.
lolaZe, q. eremaZe, Tb., 2011, 60.
89
gociriZe e., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, me-2 Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeo-
ba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi: burduli i.,
90
91
gociriZe e., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, me-2 Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqe-
oba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi: burduli i.,
193
la adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiT da uflebiT.92 adamianis

cnoba Tavisuflad da Tanasworad niSnavs misi pirovnulobis, avtonomiurobis aRia-
rebas da misi Rirsebis uflebiT aRWurvas, piris Rirsebis aRiareba ki gulisxmobs misi
bunebiTi uflebebis cnobas.93
Rirseba – adamianis Tandayolili Tviseba - ar aris dakavSirebuli uflebaunaria-
nobasa da qmedunarianobasTan an Rirsebis SegrZnebisa Tu flobis SesaZleblobasTan.94
Rirsebis arsebobisTvis ara aqvs mniSvneloba piris TviTSefasebasa da masze sazogado-
ebis Sexedulebas.95 Rirsebis uflebis arsi adamianis unikalurobis, misi pirovnulo-
bis aRiarebaSia. is adamianis individualizacias, TviTgamorkvevas uzrunvelyofs.96
piris samarTlebrivi statusis safuZvelSi swored Rirsebis idea devs.97
Rirsebis ganviTarebis istoria qristianobas ukavSirdeba: RmerTma adamiani Ta-
vis xatad da saxed Seqmna. adamiani, mxolod imitom, rom adamianad aris gaCenili, pa-
tivdebulia da eTikur mopyrobas imsaxurebs yvelasgan. is, rogorc gonieri, damouki-
debeli da Tavisufali mocemuloba, Tavad unda warmoadgendes mizans.98 kantis mosaz-
rebiT, yovel adamians evaleba ise moiqces, rom sakuTari Tu yoveli sxva pirovnebis
adamianoba misTvis mudam warmoadgendes mizans da ara saSualebas.99 Rirsebis ZiriTadi
ufleba saxelmwifos ukrZalavs, individi raime miznis miRwevis instrumentad aqci-
os.100 adamiani Tavisi interesebiT, miznebiTa da faseulobebiT unda iyos yvela saxel-
mwifo funqciis amosavali wertili.101
92
adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli,
1-li nawili, Tb., 2008, 8.
93
Р. Алекси, mosazreba miTiTebulia: Поляков А.В., Антонов М.В., Архипов В В. Научная полемика
на берегах Маина: ХХV всемирный конгресс по философии права и социальной философии, ж. “Пра-
воведение”, # 4, 2011, 12.
94
gelaSvili i., Canasaxis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, Tb., 2012, 24.
95
lolaZe b., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi mokle komen-
tarebiT, baTumi, 2010, 140.
96
biWia m., piradi cxovrebis dacva saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, Tb.,
2012, 159-160. individualizmi qarTvelebis mZlavri fsiqologiuri niSan-Tvisebaa, Cven-
Tan adamianebis fsiqikaSi individualizmi Warbobs, niniZe T., mosazreba miTiTebulia:
babeki v., konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTveloSi (1993-1995), germanulidan
Targmna k. kublaSvilma, me-2 gamocema, Tb., 2013, 167.
97
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 oqtombris #2/2-389 gadawyveti-
leba: saqarTvelos moqalaqe maia naTaZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos parlamentis da saqarT-
velos prezidentis winaaRmdeg, miTiTebulia: jorbenaZe s., samoqalaqo kodeqsis cal-
keuli samarTlebrivi institutebis moqmedeba Sromis kodeqsTan mimarTebiT, Jurn.
`sarCevi~, # 1-2 (3-4), 2012, 16.
98
99
kanti i., zneobis metafizikis dafuZneba, Targmna l. ramiSvilma, red. n. naTaZe, Tb., 2013.
100
gelaSvili i., Canasaxis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, Tb., 2012, 183.
101
turava p., adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, rogorc privatizaciis pro-
cesis farglebi, krebuli: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da
saqarTvelo, red. k. korkelia, Tb., 2011, 236.
194
Tanamedrove iurisprudenciaSi Rirsebis ufleba fundamentur ZiriTad uflebad

da konstituciur Rirebulebad miiCneva. igi uzenaesi konstituciuri principia, rome-
lic arsebiTad gansazRvravs konstituciis suliskveTebas da ZiriTad Rirebulebebs.102
Rirseba yvela winaresaxelmwifoebrivi uflebis safuZvelia da adamianis uflebaTa bu-
nebiTi warmoSobis aRiareba swored adamianis Rirsebis aRiarebas gulisxmobs. adamians,
Rirsebis arsebobidan gamomdinare, gaaaCnia sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis,
bednierebisa da Rirseuli sicocxlis uflebebi.103 adamianis Rirseba ar izomeba arc
erT konkretul ZiriTad uflebasTan mimarTebiT, radgan ara calkeuli xelSeuvali
ufleba, aramed yvela maTgani warmoadgens adamianis Rirsebis principis dakonkrete-
bas, TiToeuli maTganis gansxeulebas mivyavarT adamianis xelSeuxebel Rirsebamde.104
Rirsebis, rogorc ZiriTadi uflebis Sinaarsi gansxvavdeba Rirsebis, rogorc pi-
rovnuli uflebis kerZosamarTlebrivi gagebisgan, sadac amosavali subieqturi faq-
tori, anu TviTSefasebaa.105 am TvalsazrisiT, Rirseba niSnavs pirovnebis mier sakuTari
moraluri an sxva Tvisebebis, sazogadoebis winaSe valis moxdis, sakuTari sazogado-
ebrivi mniSvnelobis, Sefasebas, romelic sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul kriteriumebs
efuZneba.106 adamianis Rirsebis aRqma damokidebulia Sefasebuli piris aRzrdaze, war-
momavlobaze, religiur aRmsareblobaze, ganaTlebaze da sxva. amdenad, Rirsebis Se-
mecnebisTvis mniSvnelovania is, rac xels uwyobs pirs realurad Seafasos sazogadoe-
baSi mis mimarT Seqmnili warmodgena.107 ganasxvaveben zogad da calkeul pirovnul uf-
lebas. zogadi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs yvela im uflebas, romelic adamianis Rirsebisa
da pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebidan gamomdinareobs.108 Rirseba swored
zogadi pirovnuli uflebis centraluri raobaa.
102
kobaxiZe i., dedaTa ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis problema saqarTvelos Sromis samar-
TalSi, krebuli: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarT-
velo, red. k. korkelia, Tb., 2011, 134.
103
104
nulidan Targmna e. CaCaniZem, samecniero redaqtorebi: kublaSvili k., niniZe T., lola-
Ze b., eremaZe q., Tb., 2011, 112.
105
biWia m., vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni, red. b. zoiZe, Tb., 2013, 123.
106
niniZe T., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, 1-li wigni, red. l. Wanturia,
jorbenaZe s., axvlediani z., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Wanturia l., Tb., 2002, 60.
107
biWia m., vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni, red. b.zoiZe , Tb., 2013, 123.
108
kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 136. konsti-
tuciis me-16 muxliT ganmtkicebuli pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba uz-
runvelyofs adamianis niWisa da unaris realizebas, ayalibebs adamianis Rirsebis Si-
naarsobriv mxares, amitomac es ufleba xSirad ganixileba rogorc Rirsebis uflebis
konkretizacia, ix. biWia m., piradi cxovrebis dacva saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarT-
lis mixedviT, Tb., 2012, 164-165. adamianis pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTareba uzrun-
velyofs misi niWis, SesaZleblobisa da unaris ganviTarebas da am TvalsazrisiTac,
adamianis Rirsebis uflebis ganuyofeli nawils Seadgens, ix. gociriZe e., saqarTvelos
konstituciis komentari, me-2 Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi: burduli i., gociriZe e., erqvania T.,
zoiZe b., izoria l., kobaxiZe i., loria a., maWaraZe z., turava m., fircxalaSvili a., fut-
karaZe i., qanTaria b., wereTeli d., jorbenaZe s., Tb., 2013, 88.
195
arsebobs mosazreba, rom mizanSewonilia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, ro-

melic mxolod calkeul pirovnul uflebebs aRiarebs, moxdes zogadi pirovnuli uf-
lebis ganmtkiceba, romelmac Tavis TavSi unda moicvas saqarTvelos konstituciiT
gaTvaliswinebuli adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.109
11. Rirsebis pativiscemis deklarireba
àdamianis Rirseba xelSeuxebelia, misi pativiscema da dacva saxelmwifo xeli-

suflebis movaleobaa~ (germaniis konstituciis I muxli, I nawili).110 saxelmwifo val-
debulia pativi sces adamianis Rirsebas, anu pativi sces adamians, valdebulia izru-
nos am uflebis adekvatur dacvaze.111 Rirsebis pativiscema gulisxmobs adamianis aRi-
arebas sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis mqone damoukidebel da Tavisufal pirovnebad.
socialuri saxelmwifos arsebobis umTavres mizans swored, adamianis Rirsebi-
sa da Tavisuflebis SenarCuneba Seadgens. marTalia, saxelmwifos ara aqvs adamianebis
rCenis, maTTvis materialuri resursebis darigebis valdebuleba, magram is movalea
Seqmnas iseTi garemo, sadac pirebs eqnebaT sakuTari TviTrealizebis SesaZlebloba.112
gamoyofen Rirsebis uflebis uzrunvelyofis ramdenime mimarTulebas: adamianis fi-
zikuri da sulieri simSvidis xelSeuxebloba, adamianTa Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa,
adamianisTvis Rirseuli cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmna (ara mxolod adamianis fizikuri
gadarCenis valdebuleba, aramed saarsebo minimumis imgvari socialur-kulturuli
ganzomileba, rac adamianis Rirseuli arsebobis pirobebs Seqmnis),113 samarTlianobis
dacva, pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa, adamianis biologiuri
identurobis da TviTmyofadobis dacva.114
Rirsebis dacvis ufleba Tavisi arsiT, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos mxridan Carevis-
gan dacvis uflebaa da, meore mxriv, xelisuflebis mavaldebulebeli norma, daicvas
calkeuli subieqtebi mesame pirebisgan da socialuri upativcemulobisgan.115
109
110
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, w. III, red. v. gonaSvili, Tb., 2006, 64.
111
kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 137. yovel ada-
mians aqvs ara mxolod fizikuri, sulieri an Tundac samarTlebrivi arsebobis ufleba
(individis, rogorc samarTlis subieqtis arseboba), aramed aseve, ufleba misi indivi-
dualuri Tvisebebis, Rirsebisa da reputaciis pativiscemis, papauSvili s., Tavisufle-
baaRkveTili pirebis ufleba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobaze adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, krebuli: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi
da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, ix. red. k. korkelia, Tb.,
2006, 240.
112
lolaZe b., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi mokle komenta-
rebiT, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebis q. eremaZis da b. zoiZis gan-
sxvavebuli azri gadawyvetilebis motivaciis nawilTan dakavSirebiT, baTumi, 2010, 225.
113
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 2010, 83.
114
fircxalaSvili a., futkaraZe i., qanTaria b., wereTeli d., jorbenaZe s., Tb., 2013, 110-112.
115
turava p., adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, rogorc privatizaciis pro-
cesis farglebi, krebuli: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da
saqarTvelo, red. k. korkelia, Tb., 2011, 236.
196
12. Tavisufleba Tanasworobis pirdapirproporciulia
socialuri saxelmwifos idea jer kidev antikuri epoqis moazrovneTa naSromeb-

Si Cndeba, Tumca me-17-18 ss-Si gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba. hugo grociusis mosazrebiT,
saxelmwifo Tavisufal adamianTa erTobaa saerTo sargeblianobisa da uflebebis da-
sacavad.116 socialuri saxelmwifos daniSnulebaa, individTa interesebis dacviT uz-
runvelyos sazogadoebrivi keTildReoba, xeli Seuwyos individTa mier maTTvis mini-
Webuli uflebebis ganxorcielebas.117
arsebobs mosazreba, rom TanamedroveobaSi gonivrulia socialuri ewodos sa-
xelmwifos, romelic imavdroulad samarTlebrivia.118 samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo
samarTlianobis ideas efuZneba, romlis fundamenturi moTxovna Tanasworobaa.119 sa-
marTali TanasworobiT fasobs – filosofiuri safuZvlis mqone es principi qristi-
anobis gavrcelebasTan erTad aisaxa RmerTis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobis cnebaSi. am
debulebam samarTalSi pova gamoxatuleba kanonis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobis prin-
cipSi. monteskies mixedviT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamianebi Tanasworni ibadebian,
magram sazogadoebis arsebobis pirobebSi ver inarCuneben mas, xelaxla mxolod kano-
nis ZaliT xdebian Tanasworni.120
Tavisuflebis idea azrs kargavs, Tu is arsebiTad erTnairi Sinaarsis matarebe-
li da erTnairad xelmisawvdomi ar aris yvelasTvis. aq igulisxmeba Tavisuflebis ara
personaluri aRqma, aramed Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi ganzomileba - adamianTa ga-
rantirebuli SesaZlebloba, srulyofilad isargeblon Tavisi uflebebiTa da Tavi-
suflebebiT. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo cdilobs gaiTvaliswinos adamianTa intere-
sebi, SesaZleblobebi da zRvari daudos uTanasworobas.121
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiani dabadebiT Ta-
visufali da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia. konstituciiT xorcieldeba mxolod iuridi-
uli da ara faqtobrivi Tanasworobis ganmtkiceba, radgan saxelmwifos gonivruli mi-
116
mosazreba miTiTebulia:qanTaria b., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, me-2 Tavi,
saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa
koleqtivi: burduli i., gociriZe e., erqvania T., zoiZe b., izoria l., kobaxiZe i., loria
a., maWaraZe z., turava m., fircxalaSvili a., futkaraZe i., qanTaria b., wereTeli d., jor-
benaZe s., Tb., 2013, 384.
117
CaCava s., vadiani da uvado SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSlis mimarT moqmedi kanonmde-
blobis samosamarTleo samarTliT srulyofis rekomendaciebi, krebuli: Sromis sam-
arTali, red. v. zaaliSvili, koordinatori g. amiranaSvili, Tb., 2011, 35.
118
Huber, mosazreba miTiTebulia: qanTaria b., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, me-2
Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, av-
torTa koleqtivi: burduli i., gociriZe e., erqvania T., zoiZe b., izoria l., kobaxiZe i.,
loria a., maWaraZe z., turava m., fircxalaSvili a., futkaraZe i., qanTaria b., wereTeli
d., jorbenaZe s., Tb., 2013, 390.
119
izoria l., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi (adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da
Tavisuflebani), avtorTa koleqtivi: izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g.,
Tb., 2005, 23.
120
monteskie S. l., kanonTa goni, frangulidan Targmna d. labuCiZem, Tb., 1994.
121
197
zani ar SeiZleba iyos arsebul faqtobriv gansxvavebaTa sruli gaTanabreba.122 Tanaswo-

robis principi gulisxmobs yvela im adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis Tanabrad
aRiarebas da dacvas, romelic imyofeba Tanabar pirobebSi da kanoniT gansazRvruli
sakiTxis mimarT aqvs adekvaturi damokidebuleba.123 Tanasworobis principi irRveva,
rodesac pirTa erT jgufs meoresTan SedarebiT gansxvavebulad epyrobian, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom maT Soris ar arsebobs iseTi xasiaTis gansxvaveba, romliTac uTanaswo-
ro mopyroba SesaZloa gamarTlebul iqnes.
13. socialuri uflebis raoba Sromis uflebis konteqstSi

Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis da
diskriminaciis dauSveblobis sazrisiT
saqarTvelos konstitucia socialuri saxelmwifos ideas amkvidrebs. konsti-

tuciis 31-e muxlSi gacxadebuli socialuri saxelmwifos principi gamomdinareobs
saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulaSi asaxuli fundamenturi ideebidan, rac gu-
lisxmobs demokratiuli weswyobilebis, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis damkvidrebas, so-
cialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmnas.124 socialur saxelmwifoSi xelisuf-
leba socialur uflebebs, upirveles yovlisa, qveynis ZiriTadi kanoniT ganamtkicebs.
socialuri uflebebi Tavisi bunebiT gansxvavdeba sxva ZiriTadi (samoqalaqo da po-
litikuri) uflebebisgan. kerZod, isini metwilad pozitiur-mfarvelobiTi uflebe-
bia, romlebic xelisuflebas akisreben valdebulebas, daicvas individi da Seuqmnas
mas cxovrebisa da saqmianobis saTanado pirobebi,125anu Tu samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebi gulisxmobs Tavisuflebas saxelmwifos mxridan, socialuri uflebebi, pi-
riqiT, saxelmwifosgan daxmarebis miRebas da pirovnebis dacviT uzrunvelyofas.126
saqarTvelos konstituciis 30-e muxli ganamtkicebs Sromis Tavisuflebas, ro-
melic Sromis uflebis komponentia. Sroma aris yvelgan, sadac nebismieri adamianuri
122
izoria l., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi (adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da
Tavisuflebani), avtorTa koleqtivi: l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua,
Tb., 2005, 24.
123
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 7.11.2003. gadawyvetileba, miTiTebulia: ke-
reseliZe T., Sromis xelSekrulebis dadebamde damsaqmeblis mier kandidatisTvis da-
smuli diskriminaciuli SekiTxvis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, krebuli: Sromis samarTa-
li, 1-li tomi, red. v. zaaliSvili, koordinatori g. amiranaSvili, Tb., 2011, 72.
124
qanTaria b., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, me-2 Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqe-
oba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi: saqarTvel-
os konstituciis komentari, me-2 Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebani da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi: burduli i., gociriZe e., erqvania T.,
zoiZe b., izoria l., kobaxiZe i., loria a., maWaraZe z., turava m., fircxalaSvili a., fut-
karaZe i., qanTaria b., wereTeli d., jorbenaZe s., Tb., 2013, 389.
125
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 2010, 77-78.
126
canava l., socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebi 1921 wlis konstituciis mixedviT, krebu-
li: saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da 1921 wlis konstitucia, red. d. gegena-
va, Tb., 2013, 61.
198
Zala gamoiyeneba socialuri arsebobisTvis (endemani).127 Sroma yovelTvis niSnavs im

qmedebaTa Sesrulebas, romelic akmayofilebs moTxovnebs da sTavazobs momsaxurebas
sazogadoebas Tu jgufebs da amdenad, misaRebi da anazRaurebadia.128 Sromad miiCneva
mxolod iseTi saqmianoba, romelic materialuri da sulieri TvalsazrisiT emsaxure-
ba adamianis cxovrebis safuZvlis Seqmnas da SenarCunebas. Sroma, erTi mxriv, adamianis
materialuri uzrunvelyofis, meore mxriv, pirovnuli TviTrealizebis da ganviTare-
bis saSualebaa,129 ramdenadac Sromis Sedegad TiToeul adamians SeuZlia ganaviTaros
sakuTari pirovnuloba, miaRwios pativiscemas sazogadoebaSi, Tavad mieniWos Rirse-
bis elementi. socialuri saxelmwifos arsi gulisxmobs xelisuflebis valdebulebas
garantirebul iqnes Sromis uflebis konstituciuri uzrunvelyofa, rac, Tavis mxriv,
adamianis Rirseuli yofis sawindaria.
SromiTi urTierTobis safuZvelia SromiTi xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmad
erTi piri, romelic iRebs samuSaos Sesrulebis valdebulebas, dgeba sxva piris sam-
saxurSi, misi samuSao Zala droebiT xdeba sxvisi sameurneo gegmis Semadgeneli ele-
menti, xolo meore mxare kisrulobs sazRauris gadaxdas samuSaos SemsruleblisTvis,
romelic am ukanasknelisTvis materialuri arsebobis wyaroa, radgan is SromiTi Se-
mosavliT arsebobs.130 SromiTi xelSekrulebis, rogorc kerZosamarTlebrivi xasiaTis
SeTanxmebis,131 Taviseburebas Seadgens is garemoeba, rom am xelSekrulebis dadebis
Semdeg mxareTa Tanasworobis principi icvleba, radgan dasaqmebuli132 eqceva damsaq-
127
mosazreba miTiTebulia: Гордон В.М., Очередные вопросы в литературе гражданского права, ли-
тературное обозрение: к учению о трудовых договорах, “Вестник гражданского права”, изд. М.М., Ви-
навером,СПБ, # 5, 1913, 100.
128
novaki m., adamianis uflebebi, saxelmZRvanelo parlamentarebisTvis, Targmna l. Weli-
Zem, Tb., 2009, 174.
129
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007w.26.10 2/2-389 gadawyvetileba, miTiTe-
bulia: SveliZe z., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli dasaqmebulis
samarTlebrivi statusis maxasiaTeblebi, krebuli: Sromis samarTali, 1-li tomi, red.
v. zaaliSvili, koordinatori g. amiranaSvili., Tb., 2011, 123.
130
Таль Л.С.mosazreba miTiTebulia: Гордон В.М., Очередные вопросы в литературе гражданско-
го права, литературное обозрение: к учению о трудовых договорах, “Вестник гражданского права”,
изд. М.М., Винавером, СПБ, #5, 1913.SromiT urTierTobad moiazreba yvela is urTierTo-
ba, sadac Sroma gaweulia Sromis organizaciuli mowyobis pirobebSi erTi piris mier
meore piris sasargeblod anazRaurebis sanacvlod. qardava e., Sromisa da nardobis
xelSekrulebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisTvis, Jurn. `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2009,
211. Sromis xelSekruleba kerZo samarTlis subieqtebs Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebaa
dasaqmebulis mier damsaqmeblisTvis gansazRvruli samuSaos Sesrulebis sanacvlod
sazRauris gadaxdis Taobaze ix. kvantaliani n., sasamarTlo praqtika SromiT davebze,
krebuli: Sromis samarTali, 1-li tomi, red. v. zaaliSvili, koordinatori: g. amiranaS-
vili, Tb., 2011, 68.
131
SromiTi xelSekrulebis kerZosamarTlebriv xasaiTze ix.: takaSvili s., gadrani T.,
SromiTi xelSekrulebis koliziursamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi qarTul saerTaSoriso
kerZo samarTalSi, prof. zurab axvledianis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo
krebuli, red. ZlieriSvili z., qavTaraZe s., Tb., 2013.
132
2006 wlamde moqmed Sromis kanonTa kodeqsSi samuSaos Semsrulebeli moixsenieboda,
rogorc `muSaki~. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis proeqti Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswineb-
199
meblis nebis zegavlenis qveS, damokidebuli xdeba mis miTiTebebze (grZelvadian ur-
TierTobaSi xelSekrulebis pirobebis dazustebis) da mis mier gansazRvrul organi-
zaciul pirobebze.133 mxareTa interesebisa da uflebrivi mdgomareobis gawonaswore-
bis mizniT,SromiT urTierTobaSi daqvemdebarebis elementis arseboba ganapirobebs
saxelmwifos mxridan Carevas specialur RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebiT,134 upirveles
yovlisa, konstituciiT da Sromis samarTlis danawesebiT mxareTa interesebis Tanab-
rad dacvis garantiebis Seqmnas, rac qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sawindaricaa.
saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli kanonis winaSe mxareTa Tanasworobis principi saqarTve-
los saxelmwifos avaldebulebs sazogadoebisTvis im saxis samarTlebrivi aqtebis
Seqmnas da SeTavazebas, romelic miscems Sromis urTierTobis monawileebs Tanabari
sastarto pirobebis samarTlebriv garantias.135
dauSvebelia SromiT urTierTobebSi ama Tu im formiT diskriminaciis gamovlena.
diskriminacia adamianTa gaumarTlebeli, uTanasworod mopyrobaa. is Tavisi arsiT Ta-
nasworuflebianobis darRvevas gulisxmobs.136 samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso aqtSi gamoyenebuli mniSvnelobiT, termini `diskriminacia~ gulisxmobs
gansxvavebas, SezRudvas an upiratesobis miniWebas raime niSnis mixedviT, romlis mi-
zania an iwvevs Tanaswor safuZvelze yvela adamianis mier uflebebisa da Tavisufle-
bebis aRiarebis, sargeblobis an gamoyenebis gauqmebas an gauaresebas.137 saqarTvelos
Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, diskriminaciad iTvleba pirisTvis iseTi pirobebis Seqmna,
romelic pirdapir da arapirdapir auaresebs mis mdgomareobas analogiur pirobebSi
myof sxva pirebTan SedarebiT.138 SromiTi diskriminaciis mniSvnelovani formaa - pir-
da termins `daqiravebuli~, Tumca, sabolood, SromiT urTierTobaSi samuSaos Sems-

rulebeli moixsenieba rogorc `dasaqmebuli~, Sudra T., damsaqmeblis pasuxismgebloba
dasaqmebulis mier miyenebuli zianisTvis, krebuli: Sromis samarTali, me-2 tomi, red.
zoiZe b., koordinatori: g. amiranaSvili, Tb., 2013, 224.
133
adeiSvili l., kereseliZe d., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis proeqti da kontinenturi
qveynebis Sromis samarTlis zogierTi ZiriTadi principi, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis
mimoxilva~, #1, 2003, 10. miTiTebulia: ZimistaraSvili u., administraciul organosa da
dasaqmebuls Soris SromiTi urTierTobis mowesrigebis Taviseburebani, krebuli: Sro-
mis samarTali, me-2 tomi, red. b.zoiZe, koordinatori: g. amiranaSvili, Tb., 2013, 33.
134
qardava e., Sromisa da nardobis xelSekrulebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisTvis,
Jurn. `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2009, 219.
135
yandaSvili i., mxareTa uflebrivi Tanabrobis kanonismieri garantiebis analizi Sromis
kodeqsSi gatarebuli cvlilebebis safuZvelze, Jurn. àdvokati~, #2, 2013, 52.
136
SveliZe z., SromiTi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb davis ganxilvis Taviseburebani saqarT-
velos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 19.10.2010 wlis as-549-517-2010 ganCinebis magaliTze, kre-
buli: Sromis samarTali, me-2 tomi, red. b.zoiZe, koordinatori g. amiranaSvili, Tb.,
2013, 11.
137
amiranaSvili g., diskriminaciis akrZalva SromiT urTierTobebSi, krebuli: Sromis sam-
arTali, 1-li tomi, red. v.zaaliSvili , koordinatori: g. amiranaSvili, Tb., 2011, 151.
138
buli: Sromis samarTali, me-2 tomi, red. b. zoiZe, koordinatori: g. amiranaSvili, Tb.,
2013, 12.
200
dapiri da arapirdapiri saxiT Seviwroeba, romelic miznad isaxavs pirisTvis damaSine-

beli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seq-
mnas.139 diskriminacia dauSvebelia anazRaurebis TvalsazrisiTac. nebismieri fuladi
Tanxa, romelic gadaxdil unda iqnes dasaqmebulis SromisTvis, anazRaurebis cnebaSi
Tavsdeba.140 yvelas, vinc muSaobs, unda hqondes ufleba, miiRos samarTliani da saTa-
nado anazRaureba, rac uzrunvelyofs mas Rirsebis Sesatyvisi arsebobiT.141 ar unda
dairRves kavSiri Tanaswor anazRaurebasa da muSaobis uflebis gansxeulebiT cxov-
rebis saTanado donis SenarCunebas Soris, es ukanaskneli Tavad aris ufleba, romelic
ganuyofelia adamianis Rirsebis cnebisgan, rac safuZvlad udevs adamianis uflebaTa
mTel Tanamedrove sistemas.
amgvarad, saxelmwifo valdebulia izrunos socialuri kontrastebis gaTanabre-
baze. ekonomikuri pirobebis dakargviT SesaZloa daqveiTdes adamianis TviTSefasebis
unari da ziani miadges mis pirovnebas. imis gancda, rom adamiani aRar aris saWiro da
amasTan, iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac calkeuli pirovnebis fasi metwilad damokidebu-
lia mis profesiul saqmianobaze, SesaZloa, igi miiyvanos sulier travmamde.142 amdenad,
arasworia mosazreba, rom saxelmwifo ar aris valdebuli Sromis uflebasTan dakavSi-
rebiT, ar iRebs moqalaqeTa SromiTi dasaqmebis valdebulebas: saqarTvelos sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeze miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi konstituciis 30-e
muxli viwrod ganmarta, kerZod, masSi dainaxa mxolod Sromis Tavisufleba (adamianis
unari, Tavad gankargos sakuTari SesaZleblobani SromiT saqmianobaSi, Tavad airCios
SromiTi saqmianobis esa Tu is sfero). am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom SromiTi urTierTo-
ba miiCnia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis identur movlenad, kerZo avtonomiis prin-
cipis gansxeulebiT.143
139
buli: Sromis samarTali, me-2 tomi, red. b. zoiZe, koordinatori: g. amiranaSvili, Tb.,
2013, 14.
140
samuSaos Sesrulebis nacvlad miRebuli fuladi Tanxis farTo ganmartebaSi moiazreba
xelfasi, bonusi da yvela sxva saxis angariSsworeba, ganxorcielebuli damsaqmeblis
mier dasaqmebulisTvis, rogorc gasamrjelo SromisTvis, ix. SveliZe z., saqarTvelos
Sromis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli dasaqmebulis samarTlebrivi statusis maxasiaTe-
blebi, krebuli: Sromis samarTali, 1-li tomi, red. v.zaaliSvili, koordinatori: g. ami-
ranaSvili, Tb., 2011, 117.
141
lolaZe, q. eremaZe, Tb., 2011, 410.
142
lolaZe, q. eremaZe, Tb., 2011, 315-316.
143
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, 1996-1997, Tb., 57-58.
miTiTebulia:zoiZe b., Sromis Tavisuflebis arsi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sa-
samarTlos praqtikaSi, krebuli: Sromis samarTali, 1-li tomi, red. v. zaaliSvili,
koordinatori: g. amiranaSvili, Tb., 2011, 4.
201
konstituciuri Tavisufleba nebismier SemTxvevaSi ama Tu im uflebis gamoxat-

vis formaa, nebismieri Tavisufleba konkretuli uflebis elementia, amdenad, ar arse-
bobs Tavisufleba uflebrivi Sinaarsis gareSe.144
14. ufleba dacviT Seimecneba
ùflebrivi grZnobis Tviseba moqmedebaa, Tu is moqmedebas moklebulia, maSin igi

TandaTan uZlurdeba da Clungdeba. uflebis Selaxvis grZnobis unari da moqmedebis
Zala warmoadgens uflebrivi grZnobis sazoms~.145 ufleba dacviT Tavisi arsebobis
zneobriv pirobebs uzrunvelyofs.146 adamianis uflebebi arc ideologiaa da arc Se-
xedulebaTa sistema, imisTvis, rom mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba moaxdinon adamianis da
sazogadoebis cxovrebaze. amdenad, isini qmedebaSi unda gadaizardos. adamianis uf-
lebaTa aRiareba ganuyofelia maTi pativiscemis da dacvis uzrunvelsayofad gamoye-
nebuli saSualebebisgan.147
ZiriTadi uflebebis arsobrivi garantiis gareSe adamians erTmeva SesaZlebloba
Tavisi cxovreba moawyos Tavisi SexedulebiT da igi gareSe zemoqmedebis obieqti xde-
ba. ZiriTadi uflebis arsis SenarCuneba emsaxureba imas, rom adamiani darCes adamianad
da Rirsebis matareblad. uflebis dacvis garantiebi damokidebulia qveyanaSi arsebu-
li marTlwesrigis xasiaTze, radgan nebismieri ufleba arapirdapir warmoadgens ama
Tu im marTlwesrigiT ganpirobebul faseulobas.148 amasTan, nebismieri uflebis aRi-
areba azrs dakargavs masze Tanabari wvdomis garantirebuli SesaZleblobis gareSe.149
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvencia erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso aqtia, romelic icavs adamianis fundamentur
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs da imave dros gansazRvravs am faseulobebis uzrunvel-
yofis efeqtian meqanizmebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos saxiT.150am kon-
144
zoiZe b., Sromis Tavisuflebis arsi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqti-
kaSi, krebuli: Sromis samarTali, 1-li tomi, red. v. zaaliSvili, koordinatori: g. ami-
ranaSvili, Tb., 2011, 4.
145
ieringi r., brZola uflebisaTvis, winaTqma da rusuli gamocemidan Targmani z. nanobaS-
vilis, red. b. zoiZe, Tb., 2000, 69.
146
iqve, 58.
147
tulkensi f., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo ormocdaaTi wlisaa. bolo-
droindeli mimarTulebebi sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi, Jurn `sakonstitucio sa-
marTlis mimoxilva~, #3, 2010, 4. saxelmwifoTa mier adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisufle-
bebis mxolod aRiareba, samarTlebriv aqtebSi maTi ganmtkiceba jer kidev ar niSnavs
maT dacvas da uzrunvelyofas, ix. Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, Tb., 2001, 76.
148
zoiZe b., ZiriTadi uflebis arsis SenarCunebis principi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarT-
lis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 144.
149
150
konvencias xeli moewera 1950 wels romSi, ZalaSia 1953 wlidan, boxaSvili b., saqarT-
velos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mexuTe
muxlTan, krebuli: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarT-
velos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k. korkelia, Tb., 2006, 25.
202
venciis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon konvenciiT gaT-

valiswinebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva. amdenad, saxelmwifos ekisreba,
erTi mxriv, valdebuleba Tavi Seikavos konvenciiT da misi oqmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis darRvevisgan (negatiuri valdebuleba),151 meore mxriv,
is valdebulia uzrunvelyos maTi dacva, raTa subieqtis mier uflebis realizeba ar
iqnes SezRuduli da xelyofili sxva pirTa mxridan152 (pozitiuri valdebuleba). aRsa-
niSnavia, rom TanamedroveobaSi ufro aqtualuria saxelmwifos mxridan aqtiuri moq-
medebis valdebuleba konstituciur uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifosa
da moqalaqis damokidebulebaSi tradiciuli postulatis (negatiuri valdebuleba)
paralelurad.153
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis mizania, gansxeuldes konstituciuri samarTlis ba-
tonoba, rac ukavSirdeba imgvari saxelmwifos arsebobas, romelic upirvelesad em-
saxureba adamianis uflebebis gansxeulebas, dacvas da sazogadoebis keTildReobis
miRwevas154 da am mizniT, samarTliani kanonebis samarTlianad (samarTlianoba niSnavs
piris gansjas yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe, yvelasTvis erTnairi standartebis mi-
sadagebas)155 gamoyenebas uzrunvelyofs.156
151
korkelia k., qurdaZe i., adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis ufle-
baTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, Tb., 2004, 14.
152
menabde v., SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa uflebebi - universaluri gamowveva,
krebuli: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, red.
k. korkelia, Tb., 2011, 153.
153
nulidan Targmna e. CaCaniZem, samecniero redaqtorebi: k. kublaSvili, T. niniZe, b. lo-
laZe, q. eremaZe, Tb., 2011, 209.
154
Рассел, mosazreba miTiTebulia: Калинина Е.В., Романовская В. Б., Древнейшая история консти-
туционализма: Библейский опыт, ж. “Правоведение”, # 3, 2011,181.
155
radbruxi g., samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi, Targmna d. gegenavam, Jurn. `sarCevi~, #
1-2 (3-4), 2012, 248.
156
203
naTia CitaSvili*
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba

rogorc valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis
samarTlebrivi Sedegi
1. Sesavali
nebismieri sazogadoeba ayalibebs simdidrisa da Zalauflebis garkveul wes-

rigs. samoqalaqo brunvis formirebaSi centraluri mniSvneloba xelSekrulebebs
eniWebaT. Sesabamisad, saxelSekrulebo samarTali samoqalaqo brunvis regulirebiT
simdidrisa da Zalauflebis wesrigis ganmsazRvrelia.1 umravles sazogadoebaSi sa-
bazro urTierTobebi umniSvnelovanesi meqanizmia qonebis warmoebisa da ganawile-
bisaTvis.2 saxelSekrulebo samarTali ayalibebs sabazro urTierTobebis marTvis
fuZemdeblur danawesebs. amdenad, Secvlili garemoebebis gavleniT warmoSobili
valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis maregulirebeli normebis moqnilobaze mniS-
vnelovnad aris damokidebuli samoqalaqo brunvisa da komerciuli urTierTobebis
stabiluroba.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis legitimuri saxelSekrulebo interesi samarTleb-
rivad daculi gansakuTrebuli sikeTea nebismieri samarTlis sistemaSi. xelSekrule-
bis uzenaesobis principi – Pacta sunt servanda3 – yvela marTlwesrigis4 fuZemdebluri
danawesia, valdebulebiTi samarTlis kardinaluri principia,5 moraluri imperati-
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori.

1
Collins H., The Law of Contract, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2003, 10-11.
2
iqve, 1.
3
ix.: Surhone L.M., Timpledon M.T., Marseken S.F., Pacta Sunt Servanda: Brocard, Civil Law, Contract,
Clause, Law, Good Faith, Peremptory Norm, Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus, Betascript Publishers, 2010,
yvelgan; Houtte H.V., Changed Circumstances and Pacta Sunt Servanda: Gaillard (ed.), Transnational Rules
in International Commercial Arbitration (ICC Publ. Nr. 480, 4), Paris, 1993, yvelgan, <http://tldb. uni-
koeln.de/TLDB.html>, [24.06.2014]; Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligations, Roman Foundations of the
Civilian Tradition, Oxford University Press, 1996, 576-581; Sharp M.P., Pacta Sunt Servanda, Columbia Law
Review, Vol. 41, 1941, yvelgan, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/clr41&div=55&g
sent=1&collection=journals>, [24.06.2014]; Draetta U., Lake R.B., Nanda V. P., Breach and Adaptation on
International Contracts, An Introduction to Lex Mercatoria, Butterworth Legal Publishers, 1992, 178.
4
kontinenturi samarTlis sabaziso princips – Pacta Sunt Servanda – saerTo samarTalSi
Seesatyviseba Doctrine of Consideration. ix. Hyland R., Pacta Sunt Servanda, A Meditation, Virginia
Journal of International Law, Vol. 34, 1994, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Print?collection=journals&handle=
hein.journals/vajint34&id=417>, [24.06.2014].
5
kandelhardi r., realuri Sesruleba Tu zianis anazRaureba: saerTaSoriso konsensusi?
saiubileo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe – 70~, Tb., 1996, 103; Houtte H.V., Changed Circumstances
and Pacta Sunt Servanda, in: Gaillard E. (ed.), Transnational Rules in International Commercial Arbitration
(ICC Publ. Nr. 480, 4), Paris, 1993, 105, 107, 108, <http://tldb.uni-koeln.de/TLDB.html>, [24.06.2014]; Liu
Ch., Newman M.S. (ed.), Remedies in International Sales, Perspectives from SISG, UNIDROIT Principles
204
naTia CitaSvili, Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba rogorc
valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis samarTlebrivi Sedegi
via,6 bunebiTi samarTlianobis gamovlinebaa,7 romelic imperatiulad adgens saxelSek-

rulebo pirobebis Sesrulebis savaldebuloobas samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobis,
saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis8 uzrunvelyofisa da samarTlebrivi gansazRvrulobi-
saTvis.9 igi kerZo samarTlis transnacionalur principad10 da saerTaSoriso savaWro
samarTlis qvakuTxedad aris aRiarebuli.11
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi Secvlili garemoebebis aRmoceneba Tanamed-
rove samoqalaqo brunvis Tanamdevi riskia, romlis pirobebSic xelSekrulebis uze-
naesobis principis12 SeuzRudavi gamoyeneba saxelSekrulebo wonasworobisa da samar-
Tlianobis xelyofas ganapirobebs13 da winaaRmdegobaSi modis samoqalaqo brunvisaT-
and PECL, JurisNet, LLC, Huntington, New York, 2007, 653; Edlund H.E., Imbalance in Long-Term Com-
mercial Contracts, European Review of Contract Law (ERCL), Vol. 5, Issue 4, 2009, 431.
6
Ciematniece I., Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in
International Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 8.
7
Mascow D., Hardship and Force Majeure, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 40, 1992, 657-
658, <http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/PDF?handle=hein.journals/amcomp40&collection=journals&section=
36&id=667&print=section&sectioncount=1&ext=.pdf>, miTiTebulia: Liu Ch., Newman M.S. (ed.), Rem-
edies in International Sales, Perspective from CISG, UNIDROIT Principles and PECL, JurisNet, LLC, New
York, 2007, 653. ix. aseve, Ciematniece I., Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract
Renegotiation and Adaptation in International Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing,
Saarbrücken, 2010, 8.
8
nebismieri xelSekruleba mis monawile subieqtTa Soris ganamtkicebs garkveul wonas-
worobas sargeblisa da riskebis gadanawilebis TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, Tu erTi
mxare xelSekrulebis safuZvelze ganicdis materialur danakargs, is amave xelSek-
rulebisgan iRebs sanacvlo Rirebulebis sikeTes. ix. Roberts Th.E., Commercial Impossibility
and Frustration of Purpose: A Critical Analysis, Can. J.L. & Jurisprudence, Vol. 16, 2003, 137, <http://heinon-
line.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/caljp16&collection=journals&page=129>, [24.06.2014].
9
Puelinckxin A.H., Frustration, Hardship, Force Majeure, Imprévision, Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage, Un-
möglichkeit, Changed Circumstances, 3 Journal of International Arbitration, No. 2, 1986, 47, <http://tldb.
uni-koeln.de/TLDB.html>, [24.06.2014].
10
Goldman B., The Applicable Law: General Principles of Law - the Lex Mercatoria: Lew ed., Contempo-
rary Problems in International Arbitration, London, 1986, 125, <http://tldb.uni-koeln.de/TLDB.html>,
[24.06.2014].
11
Liu Ch., Changed Contract Circumstances, 2nd ed., 2005, <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/liu5.
html>, [24.06.2014].
12
Pacta Sunt Servarda ix.: Surhone L.M., Timpledon M.T., Marseken S. F., Pacta Sunt Servanda: Brocard,
Civil Law, Contract, Clause, Law, Good Faith, Peremptory Norm, Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus, Betascript
Publishers, 2010, yvelgan; Houtte H.V., Changed Circumstances and Pacta Sunt Servanda: Gaillard (ed.),
Transnational Rules in International Commercial Arbitration (ICC Publ. Nr. 480, 4), Paris, 1993, yvel-
gan, <http://tldb. uni-koeln.de/TLDB.html>, [24.06.2014]; Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligations, Ro-
man Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, Oxford University Press, 1996, 576-581; Sharp M.P., Pacta Sunt
Servanda, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 41, 1941, yvelgan, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.
journals/clr41&div=55&g sent=1&collection=journals>, [24.06.2014]; Draetta U., Lake R. B., Nanda V. P.,
Breach and Adaptation on International Contracts, An Introduction to Lex Mercatoria, Butterworth Legal
Publishers, 1992, 178.
13
Baranauskas E., Zapolskis P., The Effect of Change in Circumstances on the Performance of Contract, Myko-
las Romeris University, 4 (118), 2009, 198, <http://www.mruni.eu/lt/mokslo–darbai/jurisprudencija/archyvas/
dwn.php?id=226657>, [24.06.2014]. ix. aseve, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo
saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 6 ivlisis ganCineba saqmeze: #as-7-6-2010.
205
vis damaxasiaTebel sikeTeTa samarTliani gacvlisa da keTilsindisierebis moTxov-

nebTan.14
nacionalur samarTlebriv sistemebsa da unificirebul saerTaSoriso kerZo sa-
marTalSi aRiarebulia, rom Secvlili garemoebebis aRmoceneba saxelSekrulebo ur-
TierTobaSi forsmaJorisa (romanul samarTalSi – vis major) da Sesrulebis garTulebis
(hardship) or fuZemdeblur, sabaziso koncefcias afuZnebs15 Tanamdevi samarTlebrivi
SedegebiT. Sesrulebis garTuleba arsebobs maSin, rodesac xelSekrulebis dadebis
Semdgom aRmocenebuli garemoebebis gavleniT16 valdebulebis aRsruleba moulodne-
lad aragonivrulad mZime tvirTs akisrebs movales.17 Sesrulebis garTuleba gulis-
xmobs obieqturad ganxorcielebadi valdebulebis Sesrulebis ukidures damZimebas,
romelic obieqturad ar gamoricxavs Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas18 da romlis piro-
bebSic mxareTa interesebis upirvelesi samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba Secvlili
garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebaa. forsmaJori (Sesrulebis arabraleuli
SeuZlebloba) ki gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi winapirobebiT warmoiSoba, romelic
Tanamdev Sedegad Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebas moiazrebs.19 Tumca,
marTlmsajulebis evropuli sasamarTlos20 mtkicebiT, forsmaJoris koncefcia ar Se-
iZleba Semoifarglos mxolod Sesrulebis absoluturi SeuZleblobis cnebiT, aramed
igi moicavs mxaris kontrolis miRma aRmocenebul uCveulo garemoebebs, romelTa Se-
degebis aRmofxvra, gonivruli windaxedulebisa da yvela saTanado zrunvis miuxeda-
vad, SeuZlebelia ukiduresad mZime danaxarjebis gareSe.21
14
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa
palatis 2008 wlis 25 noemberis ganCineba saqmeze: #as-466-707-08.
15
Lando O., Salient Features of the Principles of European Contract Law: A Comparison with the UCC, Pace
International Law Review, Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2001, 27, <http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol13/iss2/4/>,
[24.06.2014]; Horn N., Changes in Circumstances and the Revision of Contracts in some European Laws
and International Law in: Horn N. (ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade
and Finance, Antwerp, Boston, London, Frankfurt a.M. 1985, 16, <http://translex.uni-koeln.de/113700/high-
light–horn–changes–circumstances–and–the–revision–contracts–some–european–laws–and–international–
law–horn–adaptation–and–renegotiation–contracts–inter–not–national–trade–and–finance/>, [24.06.2014]; Ci-
ematniece I., Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in
International Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 9, 13.
16
Yorio E., Thel S., Contract Enforcement, 2nd ed., Wolters Kluwer Law and Business, Aspen Publishers, 2011,
5-6.
17
Sharpe R. J., Injunctions and Specific performance, 2nd ed., 1992, 10-10, 10-11, miTiTebulia: Yorio E.,
Thel S., Contract Enforcement, 2nd ed., Wolters Kluwer Law and Business, Aspen Publishers, 2011, 5-6.
18
Pizer L.K., Smith M.R. (eds. in Chief), Southerington T., Review of the Convention on Contracts for the Inter-
national Sale of Goods (CISG) 2002-2003, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, New York, 2004,
261.
19
Rösler H., Hardship in German Codified Private Law – In Comparative Perspective to English, French and
International Contract Law, Kluwer Law International BV/Printed in the Netherlands, Eur. Rev. of Prv. L.,
Vol. 15, No. 4, 2007, 483, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract–id=1154004>, [24.06.2014].
20
European Court of Justice (ECJ).
21
European Court of Justice, judgment of 11 July, 1968, Case 4/68, Rec. 1968, 563, <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61970CJ0011>, [24.06.2014].
206
forsmaJorisa da Sesrulebis garTulebis koncefciebs funqciurad gansxvavebu-

li mizani aqvT: Sesrulebis garTuleba xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis Secvlili garemoebe-
bisadmi adaptirebis safuZveli xdeba da mxareTa miznad kvlav SeTanxmebis aRsruleba
rCeba.22 Sesrulebis garTuleba upirobod ar iwvevs xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas, aramed
amoqmeddeba saxelSekrulebo pirobebis modificirebisa da xelSekrulebis adapta-
ciis moTxovna.23 mxareebma, rogorc maTi SemTxvevis saukeTeso mosamarTleebma, unda
awarmoon saxelSekrulebo molaparakeba keTilsindisierebis principze dayrdnobiT.
xolo Tu molaparakebas ar SeiZleba xelSekrulebis gadarCenis mizani hqondes, radgan
mniSvnelovnad darRveulia ekonomikuri balansi,24 maSin Sewyviton xelSekruleba.25
forsmaJori ki valdebulebis darRvevis konteqstSi ganixileba, romelic xelSekru-
lebis SeCerebis an Sewyvetis safuZveli xdeba.26
saxelSekrulebo boWvis sakiTxis gansazRvrisaTvis winamdebare naSromi miznad
isaxavs valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis pirobebSi umTavresad gamosayenebeli
samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis – Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misa-
dagebis, rogorc Sesrulebis garTulebis samarTlebrivi Sedegis, kvlevas.
2. valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTuleba rogorc zogadi

saxelSekrulebo principi da Secvlili garemoebebisadmi
xelSekrulebis misadagebis winapiroba
nebismieri samarTlebrivi wesrigi axdens movalis pasuxismgeblobis gamomricx-

vel safuZvelTa sistemis formirebas.27 Sesabamisad, rogorc kontinentur, aseve an-
22
Rimke J., Force Majeure and Hardship: Application in International Trade Practice with Specific Regard to
the CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Reproduced with permission
of Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Kluwer, 1999-2000, 200,
<http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/rimke.html>, [24.06.2014].
23
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebisa da meoradi moTxovnis ufle-
bebis Sesaxeb ixileT Schwenzer I., Force Majeure and Hardship in International Sales Contracts, VUWLR,
Vol. 39, 2008, 721-725, <http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/journals/VUWLawRw/2008/39.pdf>, [24.06.2014].
24
Flechtner M.H., Issues Relating to Exemption (“Force Majeure”) Under Article 79 of the United Nations Con-
vention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (“CISG”), Legal Studies Research Paper Series, Pitts-
burgh, Pennsylvania, 2008, 8, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract–id=1118124>, [24.06.2014].
25
Lando O., Salient Features of the Principles of European Contract Law: A Comparison with the UCC, Re-
produced with permission of 13 Pace International Law Review, 2001, 367, <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/
cisg/biblio/lando.html#3iii>, [24.06.2014]. Sesrulebis garTulebis samarTlebriv Sedegebze
ixileT: Perillo J., Force Majeure and Hardship under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Com-
mercial Contracts, Contratación internacional. Comentarios a los Principios sobre los Contratos Comerciales
Internacionales del Unidroit, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - Universidad Panamericana, 1998,
130-132, <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/perillo3.html?>, [24.06.2014].
26
Rimke J., Force Majeure and Hardship: Application in International Trade Practice with Specific Regard to
the CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Reproduced with permission
of Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Kluwer, 1999-2000, 201,
<http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/rimke.html>, [24.06.2014].
27
Schwenzer I., Force Majeure and Hardship in International Sales Contracts, VUWLR, Vol. 39, 2008, 710,
<www.austlii.edu.au/nz/journals/VUWLawRw/2008/39.pdf>, [24.06.2014].
207
gloamerikul samarTalSi sul ufro metad eswrafvian valdebulebis Sesrulebis dab-

rkolebis cnebis unificirebas.28
valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis cnebaSi ganzogadebuli saxiT gaerTian-
da erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis mier ganmtkicebuli am koncefciis arsebiTi
samarTlebrivi maxasiaTeblebi, ris safuZvelzec es koncefcia zogad saxelSekrule-
bo principad29 iqca.
zogadi saxelSekrulebo principebi, rogorc unificirebuli da ganzogadebuli
samarTlebrivi koncefciebi,30 gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso komerciul xelSekrulebaTa
sayovelTaod, saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli wesebis mniSvnelobiT. zogadi saxel-
Sekrulebo principebi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis xarvezuli da Ria normebis,
aseve xelSekrulebis pirobebis ganmartebisa da Sevsebis qmediT meqanizmad SeiZle-
ba iqnes ganxiluli. Sesabamisad, es sakiTxi didi mniSvnelobis mqonea doqtrinuli da
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.
qarTul samarTalSi Secvlil garemoebebTan dakavSirebuli problematika ar
aris mowesrigebuli forsmaJorisa da Sesrulebis garTulebis saxelwodebis mqone in-
stitutebiT. Tumca kanonmdebloba arsobrivad msgavsi samarTlebrivi koncefciebis
regulirebas iTvaliswinebs dauZleveli Zalis, Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleb-
lobisa da Secvlili garemoebebis saxelwodebiT.
aseve, germanul samarTalSic ar arsebobs forsmaJoris saxelwodebis Sesatyvisi
koncefcia, Tumca germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldeba ganamtkicebs uzogades princips,
romelic valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobas movalis
braleulobas, sul mcire, gaufrTxileblobis arsebobas ukavSirebs, Tu mkacri pasu-
xismgebloba (garantia) ar aris SeTanxmebuli31 an ar gamomdinareobs valdebulebis
arsidan.32 Sesabamisad, germanuli samarTlis Tanaxmad, valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis
pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba, rodesac dabrkoleba mxaris kontrolis miRmaa, ro-
melsac valdebulebis darRvevisadmi gaufrTxileblobac ki ar Seeracxeba.33 pasuxis-
mgeblobis aRniSnuli wesi forsmaJoris samarTlebriv Sedegebs Seesabameba.
28
SakiaSvili b., saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, sadisertacio
naSromi iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb.,
1997, 6.
29
ix. Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-perfor-
mance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 109. Semdgomi
miTiTebebiT: Magnus U., Force Majeure and the CISG, In The International Sale of Goods Revisited, Ed-
ited by Sarcevic and Volken, The Hague, 2001, 8; Kessedjian C., Competing Approaches to Force Majeure and
Hardship, International Review of Law and Economics, 25, 2005, 430, <www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/
kessedjian.html>, [24.06.2014]; Barry N., Force Majeure and Frustration, American Journal of Comparative
Law, 27, 1979, 231, <http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/PDF?handle=hein.journals/amcomp27&collection=jo
urnals&section=22&id=245&print=section&sectioncount=1&ext=.pdf>, [24.06.2014].
30
31
Horn N., Kötz H., Leser H.G., German Private and Commercial Law: An Introduction, 1982, 93, 112.
32
German Civil Code - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Bundesministerium der Justiz, Juris GmbH, Saarbrücken,
2005, §276 I.
33
Horn N., Kötz H., Leser H.G., German Private and Commercial Law: An Introduction, 1982, 93, 112.
208
amrigad, marTalia, germanuli samarTali ar icnobs forsmaJoris koncefcias,

magram identuri samarTlebrivi Sedegi sxva saxelwodebis institutiT miiRweva. ker-
Zod, Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZlebloba afuZnebs forsmaJoris samarTlebriv Se-
degebs – Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebas zianis anazRaurebis moTx-
ovnis uflebis gamoricxviT. rac Seexeba Sesrulebis garTulebis koncefcias, igi ger-
manul samarTalSi ekonomikuri SeuZleblobis cnebaSia moazrebuli.
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare kvlevaSi valdebulebis Sesru-
lebis ukiduresi damZimebis koncefciis gamosaxatavad gamoyenebuli iqneba termini
valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTuleba, rogorc zogadi saxelSekrulebo principis ga-
moxatuleba.
3. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba

rogorc valdebulebis Sesrulebisa da saxelSekrulebo
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmi
Secvlil garemoebaTa pirobebSi valdebulebis Sesrulebis sakiTxis mowesri-

geba xelSekrulebis adaptaciis gziT mxareTa da, zogadad, sazogadoebis saukeTeso
interesebs Seesatyviseba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelSekrulebo boWvis principisadmi
formaluri erTguleba zemoxsenebuli saukeTeso interesebis ganxorcielebisaTvis
dabrkolebad iqceva.34 xelSekrulebis Secvlili garemoebebisadmi adaptaciisas unda
ganxorcieldes `xelSekrulebis stabilurobisa~35 da `xelSekrulebis moqnilobis~36
balansireba.
garTulebuli samoqalaqo brunvis pirobebSi grZelvadiani saerTaSoriso ko-
merciuli kontraqtebi gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare gaxda saxelSekrulebo urTier-
TobaSi aRmocenebuli Secvlili garemoebebis mimarT.37
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba Sesrulebis garTulebis
samarTlebriv Sedegad ganixileba.38 xelSekrulebis adaptacia, Cveulebriv, grZel-
vadian saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi gamoiyeneba Secvlili garemoebebis gavleniT
mxareTa ekonomikur interesebs Soris wonasworobis rRvevisas,39 ekonomikuri intere-
34
35
Frick J.G., Arbitration and Complex International Contracts, Kluwer Law International, Schulthess, 2001, 36.
36
iqve.
37
38
germanul samarTalSi xelSekrulebis safuZvlis rRveva warmoSobs xelSekrulebis
adaptaciis moTxovnas, rogorc avtomatur samarTlebriv Sedegs. ix. BGH, LM §242 (ba)
BGB Nr. 38; BGH NJW 1972, 152. msgavs midgomas iziarebs italuri samarTlis doqtrina.
ix. aseve, Rimke J., Force Majeure and Hardship: Application in International Trade Practice with Specific
Regard to the CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Pace Review of
the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Kluwer, 1999-2000, 196-197, <http://www.
cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/rimke.html#7>, [24.06.2014].
39
Draetta U., Lake R. B., Nanda V. P., Breach and Adaptation on International Contracts, An Introduction to Lex
Mercatoria, Butterworth Legal Publishers, 1992, 169.
209
sis SenarCunebis gaTvaliswinebiT40 samomavlo TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofis miz-

niT.41
xelSekrulebis uzenaesobis principis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis gadasinjva, Se-
saZlebelia, formaluri samarTlianobisaTvis safrTxed iqnes ganxiluli. magram Ta-
namedrove doqtrinisTvis pirobaTa ucvleloba-daurRvevloba ar SeiZleba saxelSek-
rulebo samarTlis uzenaes Rirebulebad iqnes cnobili. saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-
bebis mimarT moqmedi axali principebi, rogoricaa proporciuloba, gangrZobadoba
da uwyvetoba ganixileba xelSekrulebis gadasinjvis kanonierebis dasasabuTeblad.42
xelSekrulebis gadasinjva misi stabilurobisa da urTierTobis gagrZelebis winapi-
robaa. riskebisa da Secvlili garemoebebis gavleniT warmoSobili zaralisa da sar-
geblis urTierTgaziareba mxareTa mier (`gaziarebis principi~) usamarTlobis preven-
cias axdens.43
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis adaptacia mis SewyvetasTan an mkacr
aRsrulebasTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovanwilad uzrunvelyofs mxareTa interesebis
ganxorcielebas. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis upirate-
soba im SemTxveviTac vlindeba, rodesac pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgena da zianis
anazRaureba ver ubrunebs mxareebs maT Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas. magaliTad, Tu ga-
weulia mniSvnelovani danaxarjebi im nivTebze, romlebic gamouyenebeli darCeba mova-
lis Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi.44
kontrahentebs SeuZliaT gazardon saxelSekrulebo sargebeli, Tu urTierTo-
bis ganmavlobaSi isini SeinarCuneben moqnilobas da amiT dazogaven davis warmoebi-
saTvis aucilebel xarjebs saxelSekrulebo krizisis aRmocenebis SemTxvevaSi.45 ami-
tomac, rogorc wesi, mxareebi interesTa balansis aRdgenisaTvis Secvlili garemoebe-
bisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis wess aniWeben upiratesobas urTierTobis Sewyve-
tasTan SedarebiT.46
40
41
iqve, 33.
42
Mazeaud D., La révision du contrat. Rapport Français. In: Société de Législation comparée (Ed.), Le Contrat:
Juornées Brésiliennes. Société de Législation comparée: Paris, 2008, 560-561, miTiTebulia: Uribe M.,
The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding Force of the Contracts, Comparative Perspectives,
Intersentia, 2011, 239.
43
Fried C., Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual, Obligations, Harvard University Press: Cambridge,
Mass, 1981, 69-73.
44
Hubbard S. W., Relief from Burdensome Long-Term Contracts: Commercial Impracticability, Frustration of
Purpose, Mutual Mistake of Fact and Equitable Adjustment, 47 Mo. L. Rev. 79, 1982, 103, <http://scholar-
ship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2647&context=mlr> , [24.06.2014].
45
Hillman R.A., Court Adjustment of Long-Term Contracts: An Analysis Under Modern Contract Law, Duke
Law Journal, 1987, 5-6, miTiTebulia: Uribe M., The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding
Force of the Contracts, Comparative Perspectives, Intersentia, 2011, 238.
46
Mercatoria, Butterworth Legal Publishers, 1992, 171; Ciematniece I., Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation,
Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in International Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Aca-
demic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 13.
210
aRniSnuli mizeziT ganamtkicebs unificirebuli kerZo samarTali da umravlesi

erovnuli samarTlis sistema Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis
mizniT mxareTa molaparakebis savaldebuloobis danawess.
4. samarTlebrivi sistemebis konceftualuri

midgomebis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis adaptaciis meqanizmis saSualebiT saxelSekrulebo Tavisufle-

bis sivrceSi samarTlebrivi sistemebis Carevis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebu-
lia.47 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis48 sakiTxisadmi anglo-
amerikuli da kontinenturi samarTlebrivi sistema konceftualurad gansxvavebul
midgomas avlens: saerTo samarTalSi xelSekrulebis ganuxorcieleblobisa da saxel-
Sekrulebo miznis amaoebis doqtrinebis samarTlebrivi Sedegi xelSekrulebis Sewy-
vetaa. germanuli samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, inglisuri samarTlis saxelSekrulebo
miznis amaoebis doqtrina ar iTvaliswinebs sasamarTlos mier xelSekrulebis adapta-
ciis SesaZleblobas.49 sasamarTlos Careva xorcieldeba zianisa da uaryofiTi Sede-
gebis mxareTa Soris gadanawilebis mizniT, rac xelSekrulebis gadasinjvad miiCneva,
xolo kontinentur samarTalSi msgavsi samarTlebrivi realoba xelSekrulebis Sewy-
vetis tipur SemTxvevas utoldeba mxarisTvis zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebis da-
kisrebiT.
saerTo samarTalSi moqmedebs mkacri pasuxismgeblobis principi, romlis gamo-
yenebisa da ukiduresad garTulebuli valdebulebis mkacri sizustiT Sesrulebis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis winaswari Sewyveta sasamar-
Tlos mier aRniSnul sistemaSi xelSekrulebis modificirebad aris miCneuli.50
amrigad, xelSekrulebis amaoebis an ganuxorcieleblobis aRmocenebis Semdgom
sasamarTlos Careva mxolod xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis da ara misi samomavlo Sesru-
lebis uzrunvelyofas isaxavs miznad. kontinentursamarTlebriv sistemaSi xelSek-
rulebis gadasinjva meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis ganxorcielebis reJimSi tran-
sformaciis gareSe, pirveladi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Secvlili pirobebiT
Sesrulebas gulisxmobs.
47
48
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mniSvnelobiT komerciul
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi araerTi termini gamoiyeneba: adaptacia, modifici-
reba, Segueba, gadaxedva, SeTanxmebis Secvla da a.S. ix. Ciematniece I., Contract Renegotiation
and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in International Commercial Law Con-
tracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 17.
49
Beale H., Hartkamp A. (eds.), Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law, Oregon, Hart Publishing Oxford
and Portland, 2002, 607.
50
Collins H., The Law of Contract, LexisNexis Butterworths: London, 2003, 294, miTiTebulia: Uribe M.,
211
amerikis erTiani savaWro kodeqsi (SemdgomSi – aesk)51 sasamarTlos aniWebs xel-

SekrulebaSi arsebuli xarvezis Sevsebis uflebamosilebas – samarTlianobisa da go-
nivruli gansjis safuZvelze gadawyvitos damatebiTi Sesrulebis sakiTxi.52 erT-erT
mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebad Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis adaptaci-
is Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia, dasaxeldes saqme: Aluminum Co. of American vs. Essex Group, Inc., 449
F. Supp.53 (W.D. Pa.1980), romlis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom komerciuli ganuxorcieleb-
lobis doqtrinis safuZvliT moaxdina ara tradiciulad Sesrulebis valdebulebisa-
gan ganTavisufleba, aramed winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli Secvlili garemoebebisadmi
xelSekrulebis misadageba, riskebisa da zaralis mxareebze gadanawilebis gziT.53
aesk-is 2-209-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, SeTanxmebis mboWavi Zala, romelic saxel-
Sekrulebo pirobebis cvlilebas iTvaliswinebs, ar SeiZleba iyos sadavo. Tumca aseTi
cvlilebebi ganxorcielebuli unda iyos keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad.
amasTan, keTilsindisierebis principis darRveviT Tavdapirveli xelSekrulebis pi-
robebis Sesrulebaze Tavis arideba an SeTanxmebis modificirebis iZuleba legitimu-
ri komerciuli mizezisa da interesis gareSe, CaiTvleba keTilsindisierebis princi-
pis darRvevad.54 Tumca aesk-iT reglamentirebuli Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xel-
Sekrulebis misadagebis wesi sasamarTlo praqtikaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.55

mxareTa molaparakebis gziT
5.1. keTilsindisierebis principis gavlena samarTlis

institutebis ganviTarebaze
kontinenturi evropis qveynebis umravles samarTlebriv sistemaSi valdebule-

biTi samarTali aRiarebs da icavs fundamentur princips, rom xelSekrulebis for-
mirebisa da misi aRsrulebis etapze mxareebi unda xelmZRvanelobdnen keTilsindi-
51
Uniform Commercial Code, Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute, Copyright 1978,
1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2001.The American Law Institute and the National Confer-
ence of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws; reproduced, published and distributed with the permission of
the Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code for the limited purposes of study, teaching,
and academic research, 2003, <http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/ucc.table.html>, [24.06.2014].
52
Hillman R.A., Principles of Contract Law, 2nd ed., The Concise Hornbook Series, West, 2009, 331.
53
Halpern S.W., Application of the Doctrine of Commercial Impracticability: Searching for “The Wisdom of
Solomon”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 135, No. 5, 1987, 1125, <http://scholarship.law.
upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3961&context=penn–law–review>, [24.06.2014].
54
Uniform Commercial Code, Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute, Copyright 1978,
1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2001.The American Law Institute and the National Confer-
ence of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws; reproduced, published and distributed with the permission of
the Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code for the limited purposes of study, teaching,
and academic research, 2003, <http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/ucc.table.html>, [24.06.2014].
55
Uribe M., The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding Force of the Contracts, Comparative Per-
spectives, Intersentia, 2011, 235; Goldber V. P., Framing Contract Law, An Economic Perspective, Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2006, 326.
212
sierebis principiT, romelic Tavisi arsiT samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofas gulis-

xmobs.56 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis doqtrina, rogorc
saxelSekrulebo interesis realizebis meqanizmi, swored keTilsindisierebis prin-
cipis safuZvelze aRmocenda.
`keTilsindisierebis principi individis moqmedebas samarTlianobis kriteri-
umTan urTierTkavSirSi ganixilavs. igi individis moqmedebis Tavisuflebis erTgvari
SezRudvaa. piri calkeul SemTxvevaSi `keTilsindisierad~ mijnavs samarTlians usa-
marTlosgan da Tavis qcevas samarTlianobis kriteriums Seusabamebs. mas unda swamdes,
rom samarTlianad iqceva, anu ise, rogorc amas obieqturi damkvirvebeli Tu miuker-
Zoebeli piri samarTlianad Seafasebda. swored keTilsindisierebis princips daqvem-
debarebuli moqmedebis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinareobs subieqtis mier sxva piris in-
teresebis gaTvaliswinebis valdebuleba im moculobiT, romelic ar iwvevs Tavad misi
interesebis araTanazomier SezRudvas~.57
`saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi `keTilsindisierebis daTqmaze~ dayrdnobiT kerZo sa-
marTlis araerTi instituti Camoyalibda da ganviTarda~.58 am principis pirmSoa Sec-
vlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis doqtrinac.59
sxvadasxva samarTlis sistemaSi keTilsindisierebis principisaTvis miniWebuli
gansxvavebuli funqcia imavdroulad am principis gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas ganapi-
robebs. germanul samarTalSi keTilsindisieri qceva mxareTa upirvelesi valdebule-
baa. yvela uflebisa da movaleobis ganxorcieleba keTilsindisierebis ZiriTad wess
unda efuZnebodes.60
germanul sasamarTlo praqtikasa da iuridiul doqtrinaSi keTilsindisierebis
principis ganmamtkicebeli gsk-is 242-e paragrafi yovlismomcvel zogad debulebad
Camoyalibda, romlis gamoyenebac scildeba mis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobas da zegav-
lenas axdens mTel samarTlis sistemaze.61
germanuli samarTlis gavleniT keTilsindisierebis valdebuleba universalu-
ri principis62 saxiT ganmtkicda ssk-is araerT muxlSi, xolo valdebulebiT samarTal-
56
Collins H., The Law of Contract, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2003, 216-217; ix. aseve, ssk-is
261-e II muxli.
57
58
iqve, 84.
59
Tallon D. wignSi: Hartkamp A.S., Hesselink M., Hondius E.H., du Perron E., Joustra C., Veldman M.(eds.),
Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd ed., Kluwer Law International, 2004, 503; ix. aseve, CitaSvili n.,
Secvlili garemoebebiT warmoSobili Sesrulebis garTuleba da SeuZlebloba, `samar-
Tlis Jurnali~, №# 2, 2011, 139-142.
60
Firoozmand M.R., Changed Circumstances and Immutability of Contract: a Comparative Analysis of
Force Majeure and Related Doctrines, Bus. L. Int’l, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2007, 170, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/
Welcome?message=Please%20log%20in&url=%2FHOL%2FPrint%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fblawi
ntnl2007%26div%3D17%26collection%3Djournals%26set–as–cursor%3D1%26men–tab%3Dsrchresults>,
[24.06.2014].
61
Palandt/Heinrichs, 2003, §242, RdNr. 16, miTiTebulia: kereseliZe d., samoqalaqo kodeqsis
zogadi debulebebi, `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 7/2004-1, 34.
62
am principis universalurobaze metyvelebs ssk-is me-8 III muxli, romelic ganmtkicebu-
lia ssk-is zogad nawilSi da yvela samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobas miemarTeba.
213
Si asaxva pova 361-e II muxlis63 SinaarsiT. sakanonmdeblo doneze principis reglamenta-

ciasTan erTad, mizanSewonilia, qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gaizardos aRniSnuli
normatiuli principis moqmedebis SemTxvevebi da igi `gamoyenebul iqnes samarTliani
Sedegebis dadgomisaTvis da, amave dros, aSkarad usamarTlo Sedegis Tavidan acile-
bisaTvis~.64 keTilsindisierebis principis realuri gamoyeneba samoqalaqosamarTleb-
rivi urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad uzrunvelyofda samoqalaqo brunvis stabilu-
robasa da mis monawileTa interesebis samarTlian gadanawilebas.
5.2. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mizniT

molaparakebis warmoebis valdebuleba keTilsindisierebis
principis dacviT
umravles evropul samarTlebriv sistemaSi Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSek-

rulebis misadageba umTavresad mxareTa mier xorcieldeba, Tumca aRniSnuli ufle-
bamosileba miniWebuli aqvs sasamarTlosac. amerikuli sasamarTlo sistemis roli da
CarTulobis xarisxi xelSekrulebis adaptaciis procesSi mniSvnelovnad maRalia kon-
tinenturi iurisdiqciis qveynebTan SedarebiT.65 Tu sasamarTlo uSedegod miiCnevs
kontrahentebze molaparakebis valdebulebis dakisrebas, maSin Tavad axorcielebs
xelSekrulebis adaptacias.66
kontinenturi evropis qveynebSi, Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis mi-
sadageba keTilsindisierebisa da samarTlianobis principTa safuZvelze xorcielde-
ba.67 Secvlili garemoebebis gavleniT Sesrulebis garTulebis warmoSobisas, keTil-
sindisierebis principi mxareebs akisrebs urTierTTanamSromlobis valdebulebas
xelSekrulebis adaptaciis mizniT, xolo sasamarTlos aniWebs misi misadagebis uf-
lebamosilebas, romelic mowodebulia, saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisa da wonas-
worobis aRdgenisaTvis, mxareTa Tavdapirveli mizani ganmartos keTilsindisierebis
principis WrilSi.
Tanamedrove samarTlebriv sivrceSi xelSekruleba ganixileba, rogorc mxareTa
legitimuri miznebisa da interesebis amsaxveli SeTanxmeba da ara martooden kontra-
hentTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis mkacrad mareglamentirebeli dokumenti.68
63
aRniSnuli muxli awesebs valdebulebis jerovnad, keTilsindisierad, daTqmul drosa
da adgilas Sesrulebis savaldebuloobas.
64
ioseliani a., keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (SedarebiT-
samarTlebrivi gamokvleva), `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema,
2007, 12.
65
66
Frick J.G., Arbitration and Complex International Contracts, Kluwer Law International, Schulthess, 2001,
183.
67
68
214
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis monawileebs xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis uzrun-

velsayofad ekisrebaT urTierTTanamSromlobis valdebuleba.69 „evropis saxelSek-
rulebo samarTlis principebis“70 (SemdgomSi – evropuli principebi)71 Tanaxmad, ur-
TierTTanamSromlobis valdebulebis Seusrulebloba, misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdi-
nare, valdebulebis darRvevis damoukidebel saxes afuZnebs da masTan dakavSirebuli
samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmebis72 gamoyenebis uflebas aRmoacenebs.73 molaparake-
bis warmoeba xelSekrulebis adaptaciis mizniT, mxareTa Tanaqmedebis valdebulebis
gamoxatulebad unda ganimartos.
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mizniT mxareTa mola-
parakebis savaldebulooba aRniSnuli valdebulebis saxelSekrulebo daTqmebiT
ganmtkicebisgan damoukideblad moqmedebs. xsenebuli valdebuleba gansakuTrebiT
mkacrad vrceldeba SromiTsaxelSekrulebo urTierTobebze. molaparakebis saval-
debuloobis principi kontinenturi samarTlis sistemis arsobrivi maxasiaTebelia,
rameTu is gansakuTrebiT orientirebulia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis dacvasa da
valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofaze.74
saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis wesebi xelSekrulebis adaptaciis Sesaxeb da un-
sitralis wesebi SemaTanxmebeli procedurebis Sesaxeb, marTalia, ar ganamtkiceben
forsmaJorisa da Sesrulebis garTulebis cnebebs, magram ganamtkiceben molaparake-
bis valdebulebas xelSekrulebis adaptaciis mizniT.75 Secvlili garemoebebis aRmo-
ceneba avtomaturad ar warmoSobs adaptaciis valdebulebas, aramed molaparakebis
moTxovnis uflebas aniWebs mxares.76 valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTuleba kontra-
hentebis mimarT aRmoacenebs molaparakebaSi CarTvis valdebulebas Secvlili gare-
moebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mizniT. aRniSnuli valdebulebis Seusru-
leblobis SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis misadagebas axorcielebs damoukidebeli mesame
piri mosamarTlis an arbitris saxiT.77
Clausula Rebus Sic Standibus daTqma Secvlili garemoebebisas iTvaliswinebs molapa-
rakebaTa gamarTvas kontraqtis adaptaciis uzrunvelsayofad, SeTanxmebis pirobebis
69
evropuli principebis 1:201-e muxli.
70
Principles of European Contract Law – Parts I and II - Revised 1998, Part III – 2002, <http://www.jus.uio.
no/lm/eu.contract.principles.parts.1.to.3.2002/>, [24.06.2014]. ix. aseve, Lando O., Beale H., Principles of
European Contract Law, Part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The Hague/London/Boston, 2000.
71
e.w. `rbili samarTlis~ kodifikaciebi SemuSavebul iqna praqtikosebisa da mecnierebis-
gan Semdgari kerZo jgufebis mier, romlebsac ar hqondaT sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-
ba, ris gamoc maT mier miRebul aqtebs xSirad `principebis~ da ara `wesebis~ saxeliT
moixsenieben. `principebi~ am SemTxvevaSi atareben ara saxelmZRvanelo standartebis
mniSvnelobas, aramed gamoxataven debulebebis universalur, zogad xasiaTs.
72
maT Soris, zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas. SeniSvna – n.C.
73
Busch D., Hondius E., Kooten H.V., Schelhaas H.N., Schrama W. (eds.), The Principles of European Contract
Law and Dutch Law: A Commentary, Kluwer Law International, Ars Aequi Libri, Nijmegen, 2002, 52.
74
75
iqve, 38.
76
BGHZ 10, 44, 51; 350 F; BGH NJW 1967, 1081; BGH WM 1975, 769.
77
Schwenzer I., Hachem P., Kee Ch., Global Sales and Contract Law, Oxford University Press, New York, 2012,
672-673.
215
gadaxedvas imgvarad, rom Sesrulebis gagrZeleba SesaZlebeli gaxdes.78 amdenad, Sec-

vlili garemoebebis pirobebSi mxareTa umTavresi mizani xelSekrulebis SenarCuneba
unda iyos.79
unificirebul kerZo samarTalSi Secvlili garemoebebis gavleniT Sesrulebis
ukiduresi damZimebis Semdgom dazaralebul mxares warmoeSoba saxelSekrulebo mo-
laparakebaSi CarTvis moTxovna kontrahentis mimarT.80
DCFR-is III.-1:110(2)(d) muxli mxares akisrebs valdebulebas, keTilsindisierebisa
da gonierebis principis dacviT molaparakebis gziT miaRwios saxelSekrulebo valde-
bulebebis momwesrigebeli normebis gonivrul da samarTlian adaptirebas.81 evropuli
principebisa da „unidruas saerTaSoriso komerciul xelSekrulebaTa principebis“82
(SemdgomSi – unidruas xelSekrulebaTa principebi), ZaliT mxareTa sasamarTlosadmi
mimarTvis uflebis winapirobad dadgenilia saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis waruma-
tebloba,83 rac imavdroulad gulisxmobs, rom mxareTa urTierTmolaparakeba kontra-
hentTa kanoniT ganmtkicebuli valdebulebaa. unidruas xelSekrulebaTa principebis
6.2.3-e muxli aniWebs mxares molaparakebaSi kontrahentis mowvevis uflebas, rasac, bu-
nebrivia, Seesatyviseba xelSemkvreli mxaris sanacvlo valdebuleba. mraval saarbit-
raJo gadawyvetilebaSic aRiarebulia molaparakebaSi CarTvis valdebuleba.84
safrangeTis sk-Si keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo molaparakeba-
Si kontrahentis CarTvis moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvelia.85 gsk-is 313-e parag-
rafi pirdapir ar miuTiTebs molaparakebaSi CarTvis valdebulebaze, Tumca davis ga-
dawyvetisas Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis adaptaciis upiratesoba mis
78
gogiaSvili g., Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus, dinamika da statika samarTalSi, `qarTuli sa-
marTlis mimoxilva~, 9/2006-1/2, 110.
79
Pizer L.K., Smith M.R. (eds. in Chief), Southerington T., Review of the Convention on Contracts for the Inter-
national Sale of Goods (CISG) 2002-2003, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, New York, 2004,
264.
80
Gabriel H.D., Contract for the Sale of Goods, A Comparison of Domestic and International Law, Oceana
Publications, Inc, Dobbs, Ferry, New York, 2004, 221.
81
Bar Ch., Clive E., Schulte-Nölke H., Beale H., Herre J., Huet J., Storme M., Swann S., Varul P., Vaneziano
A., Zoll F. (eds.), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law, Draft Common Frame of
Reference, Study Group on a European Civil Code and Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group),
Sellier, European Law Publishers GmbH, Munich, 2009, 737, <http://ec.europa.eu/justice/contract/files/euro-
pean-private-law–en.pdf>, [24.06.2014].
82
UNIDRUIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UNIDRUIT Contract Principles an UPICC),
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidruit), Rome, 2004. ix. aseve, <http://www.
unidruit.org/english/principles/contracts/principles2004/integralversionprinciples2004-e.pdf>, [24.06.2014].
83
Gabriel H.D., Contract for the Sale of Goods, A Comparison of Domestic and International Law, Oceana
Publications, Inc, Dobbs, Ferry, New York, 2004, 221.
84
2000 Arbitral Award ICC International Court of Arbitration (No.10021); December 2001 Arbitral Award ICC
International Court of Arbitration (No. 9994), Centro de Arbitraje de México (CAM), 30.11.2006, <http://
www.unilex.info/case.cfm?pid=2&do=case&id=1149&step=Abstract>, miTiTebulia wignSi: Uribe M.,
85
ix. safrangeTis sk-is (French Civil Code, Translated by Rouhette G. with the assistance of Rouhette-
Berton A., 2006) 1134-e muxli.
216
SewyvetasTan SedarebiT molaparakebis etapis savaldebuloobaze metyvelebs. germa-

nul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ki aRiarebulia midgoma, rom mxares eniWeba Setyobinebis
gagzavnisa da saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis moTxovnis ufleba.86 germaniis federa-
luri sasamarTlos praqtikidan vlindeba, rom marTlmsajuleba upiratesobas grZel-
vadian saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi mxareTa nebis Tavisuflebis principis safuZ-
velze ganxorcielebul saxelSekrulebo molaparakebas aniWebs.87 TviT germanuli
valdebulebiTi samarTlis reformamdec germanuli sasamarTlo praqtika xelSekru-
lebis safuZvlis rRvevisas mxareTa upirveles valdebulebad aRiarebda keTilsindi-
sierebis principis safuZvelze urTierTmolaparakebis savaldebuloobas xelSekru-
lebis adaptaciis mizniT.88
amerikul samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi keTilsindisierebis principi miCneulia
kontrahentze molaparakebaSi CarTvis valdebulebis dakisrebis safuZvlad, rodesac
Secvlili garemoebebis gavleniT meore mxaris mier ukiduresad rTuldeba valdebu-
lebis aRsruleba. kerZod, aesk-is 1-304-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, nebismieri xelSekrule-
ba da movaleoba misi ganxorcielebisa da aRsrulebis procesSi iTvaliswinebs keTil-
sindisierebis valdebulebis dacvas.89
italiuri iuridiuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, rodesac xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis
pirobebi aRar Seesabameba im èkonomikur logikas~, romelic xelSekrulebis dadebis
etapze arsebobda, maSin dazaralebul mxares aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos molaparakebe-
bis dawyeba saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis aRdgenis mizniT.90
saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis valdebulebis sakanonmdeblo doneze reglamen-
tacia mniSvnelovnad waaxalisebs davebis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis formebis gamoye-
nebas sasamarTlo procesebTan SedarebiT.91 xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis sapirispirod,
86
OLG Karlsruhe, DB 1980, 254 (saqme Seexeba eleqtroenergiis miwodebis grZelvadian xel-
Sekrulebas).
87
Horn N., Changes in Circumstances and the Revision of Contracts in some European Laws and in Interna-
tional Law, 1985, 23 wignSi: Horn N.(ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade
and Finance, Deventer/The Netherlands, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1985.
88
Karampatzos A., Supervening Hardship as Subdivision of the General Frustration Rule, A Comparative Anal-
ysis with Reference to Anglo-American, German, French and Greek Law, Eur. Rev. of Prv. L., Vol. 13, 2005,
134, <www.KluwerLawInternational.com>, [24.06.2014].
89
amerikuli samarTlisgan konceftualurad gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvs inglisur samar-
Tals, romelic ar icnobs mxareTa keTilsindisierebis, loialobisa da Tanaqmedebis da
Sesabamis saxelSekrulebo molaparakebaSi CarTvis valdebulebas, ix. Cartwright J., Ne-
gotiation and Renegotiation: an English Perspective, in: Cartwright J., Vogenauer S., Whittaker S. (eds.),
Reforming the French Law of Obligations, Comparative Reflections on the Avant-Projet De Réforeme Du
Droit Des Obligations Et De La Prescription (“the Avant-Projet Catala”), Hart Publishing: Oxford, 2009, 52,
miTiTebulia wignSi: Uribe M., The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding Force of the
Contracts, Comparative Perspectives, Intersentia, 2011, 221.
90
Macario F., Adeguamento e rinegoziazione nei contratti a lungo termine. Jovene Editore: Naples, 1996, 312,
miTiTebulia wignSi: Uribe M., The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding Force of the
Contracts, Comparative Perspectives, Intersentia, 2011, 220.
91
spectives, Intersentia, 2011, 251.
217
mxolod molaparakebis warmoebis gziT SeZleben mxareebi iyvnen moqnilni, xeli Seuw-
yon urTierTndobis formirebasa da hqondeT koordinacia keTilsindisierebis prin-
cipis dacviT davis gadawyvetis procesSi,92 raTa miRweul iqnes saxelSekrulebo ur-
TierTobis mizani – valdebulebis Sesruleba.93
xelSekruleba aris instrumenti, romelic mxareTa legitimuri molodinis aR-
srulebisaTvis moiTxovs mudmiv urTierTTanamSromlobas da Tanaqmedebis valdebu-
lebis ganxorcielebas. urTierTTanamSromlobis valdebuleba, rogorc mxareTa qce-
vis saxelmZRvanelo principi, saxelSekrulebo molaparakebas Secvlili garemoebebis
aRmocenebis upirobod Tanamdev procesad moiazrebs.94
5.3. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mizniT

moTxovnis wardgenis valdebuleba
ssk-is 398-e I muxlis Tanaxmad, Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misa-

dageba Semdeg samarTlebriv winapirobebs ukavSirdeba: Tu is garemoebebi, romlebic
xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZveli gaxda, xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom aSkarad
Seicvala da mxareebi ar dadebdnen am xelSekrulebas an dadebdnen sxva SinaarsiT, es
cvlilebebi rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes xelSekrulebis
misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi. sayuradReboa aseve, rom valdebulebis Sesru-
lebis iseTi dabrkoleba, rodesac mxares ar SeiZleba (e.i. aragonivrulia) moeTxovos
Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva keTilsindisierebisa da samarTlianobis
principebidan gamomdinare, iuridiul doqtrinaSi Sesrulebis garTulebis warmo-
Sobis aucilebel winapirobad ganixileba, ramdenadac Sesrulebis gonivruloba xel-
Sekrulebis mboWavi Zalis ganmsazRvrel kriteriumad aris miCneuli.95 am SemTxvevaSi
`xelSekruleba xdeba ara TanamSromlobisa da Tavisufali brunvis saSualeba, aramed
erTi mxaris meoreze damorCilebis iaraRi~.96 Sesabamisad, `kanonmdebelma gamarTle-
bulad miiCnia saxelSekrulebo boWvisagan im piris ganTavisufleba, romelic garemo-
ebaTa cvlilebis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad da araTanazomierad zaraldeba~.97 aseTi Ses-
ruleba uTanasworo mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebs.
92
Macneil I.R., The New Social Contract: An Inquiry into Modern Contractual Relations, Yale University Press
New Haven, CT., 1980, miTiTebulia: Uribe M., The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding
93
Williston S., Lord R.A., A Treatise on the Law of Contracts Thomson/West: Rochester, New York, §77:10,
1990, 306.
94
95
magaliTad, gsk-is (German Civil Code – Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Bundesministerium der Justiz, Juris
GmbH, Saarbrücken, 2005) §313 I.
96
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos mecniere-
baTa akademiis TinaTin wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti,
kerZo samarTlis instituti, Tb., 2005, 281.
97
CaCava s., moTxovnebis da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia kerZo samarTalSi, sadi-
sertacio naSromi, Tb., 2010, 68, <http://tsu.edu.ge/data/file–db/faculty-law-public/sofio–chachava.
pdf>, [24.06.2014].
218
amdenad, Sesrulebis aragonivruloba, araracionaluroba, Sesrulebis garTu-

lebis, rogorc koncefciis, srulad dafuZnebis sxva savaldebulo winapirobebTan
erTad, erT-erT aucilebel winapirobad da ara mis Tanamdev Sedegad unda iqnes gansa-
xilvel muxlSi ganmtkicebuli.
xsenebuli muxlis pirveli winadadeba zemoganxiluli samarTlebrivi winapiro-
bebis arsebobas ukavSirebs xelSekrulebis misadagebis SesaZleblobas, rasac mosdevs
Semdegi formulireba: winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, calkeul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswine-
biT, xelSekrulebis mxares ar SeiZleba moeTxovos Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkac-
rad dacva. aRniSnuli debuleba gaugebaria samarTlebrivi Sedegis TvalsazrisiT da
arsobrivad, mniSvnelovan xarvezebs avlens. sainteresoa, Tu ras miemarTeba fraza –
`winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi~. udavoa, rom es ukanaskneli ar gulisxmobs pirveli winada-
debis pirveli nawiliT ganmtkicebuli samarTlebrivi winapirobebis ararsebobas. am
logikiT da gramatikuladac igi unda ukavSirdebodes sawyisi winadadebis bolo na-
wils: SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisad-
mi. Sesabamisad, bolo winadadeba Semdegi SinaarsiT aRiqmeba: Tu ar iqneba moTxovnili
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba, maSin mxares ar SeiZleba mo-
eTxovos Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva. e.i. Tu mxare ar moiTxovs Secvli-
li garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebas, movale ganTavisufldeba saxelSek-
rulebo boWvisgan da, rogorc 398-e III muxli ganamtkicebs, mieniWeba xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis ufleba.
muxlis aRniSnuli formulireba ewinaaRmdegeba xelSekrulebis misadagebis
moTxovnisa da molaparakebis savaldebuloobis princips, rameTu iTvaliswinebs Sem-
Txvevebs, rodesac ar SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSek-
rulebis misadageba, aramed pirdapir xelSekrulebidan gasvla.
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba xelSekrulebis gadarCe-
nasa da mis aRsrulebas emsaxureba. amitomac, rogorc zemoT dawvrilebiT iqna axsni-
li, unificirebul kerZo samarTalsa da umravles samarTlebriv sistemaSi erTmniS-
vnelovnad aRiarebulia mxareTa molaparakebis savaldebulooba xelSekrulebis
adaptaciis mizniT. amdenad, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes SemTxvevebi, rodesac ar iqneba
moTxovnili Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mizniT mxareTa
molaparakeba, rogorc es 398-e I muxlis bolo winadadebaSia miTiTebuli. amitom, fra-
za `winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi~ arsobrivad cvlis sakiTxis regulirebas da muxlis dana-
wesidan srulad unda iqnes amoRebuli. amasTan, formulirebas: `SesaZlebelia moTx-
ovnil iqnes Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba~ unda mieniWos
imperatiuli mniSvneloba da SesaZlebloba unda ganisazRvros valdebulebis saxiT.
arsi swored isaa, rom upirvelesad, savaldebulo wesiT unda ganxorcieldes Secvli-
li garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mcdeloba mxareTa mier da mxolod
aRniSnulis uSedegod dasrulebis Semdgom SesaZlebelia xelSekrulebis Sewyveta
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis gziT.
Sesabamisad, sakanonmdeblo debulebis dazusteba SesaZlebelia Semdegi for-
mulirebiT: Tu is garemoebebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZveli gaxda,
219
xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg aSkarad Seicvala da mxareebi ar dadebdnen am xelSek-

rulebas an dadebdnen sxva SinaarsiT, es cvlilebebi rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin
aRmocendeba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis moTxovna, Tu
calkeul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT xelSekrulebis mxares ar SeiZleba moeTxovos
Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva.
5.4. molaparakebis moTxovnis savaldebulooba da

misi uaryofis dauSvebloba
ssk-is 398-e muxli winaaRmdegobrivi regulirebiT xasiaTdeba. kerZod, III nawilis

I winadadeba, amave muxlis I nawilisgan gansxvavebiT, Secvlil garemoebaTa pirobebSi
xelSekrulebis adaptaciis mizniT molaparakebas mxareTa upirveles valdebulebad
gansazRvravs: mxareebi jer unda Seecadon, rom xelSekruleba miusadagon Secvlil
garemoebebs. `mizani amisa isev Sesrulebisadmi mxardaWeraa, mxareebisaTvis imisi Sex-
senebaa, rom Secvlil garemoebebs isini ki ar unda gaeqcnen, aramed yvelaferi unda
gaakeTon, rom xelSekruleba Seaguon maT. amiT samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobac
SenarCundeba da xelSekrulebac Sesruldeba~.98 meqanizmi, romelic uzrunvelyofs
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebas, nagulisxmevad ganixileba sa-
xelSekrulebo boWvis komponentad,99 romlis mizani principis – xelSekruleba unda
Sesruldes – gatarebaa.
ssk-is 398-e III muxlis darCenili nawili zemoTqmulis sawinaaRmdego mowesrige-
bas iTvaliswinebs: Tuki SeuZlebelia xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebe-
bisadmi, an meore mxare amas ar eTanxmeba, maSin im mxares, romlis interesebic dairRva,
SeuZlia uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze. aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo debuleba ugulebel-
yofs sasamarTlos rols100 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis
procesSi, ramdenadac saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis etapze misadagebis SeuZleblo-
bas an erT-erTi mxaris Tanxmobis ararsebobas pirdapir xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uf-
lebas ukavSirebs da saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis Semdgom etapad sasamarTlosadmi
adaptaciis moTxovnis uflebis wardgenas ar ganixilvas, maSin rodesac Secvlili ga-
remoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis instituti precedentuli samarTlis pir-
mSoa, romelic sasamarTlo wiaRSi aRmocenda da Semdgom pova sakanonmdeblo regla-
mentacia. èvropul samarTalSic ki Secvlili garemoebani umeteswilad sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi dadgenili garemoebania~.101
SeniSvna safuZvlianad unda gamoiTqvas im sakanonmdeblo debulebis mimarT, rome-
lic mxares avtomaturad aniWebs xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebas xelSekrulebis mi-
98
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos mecnie-
rebaTa akademiis TinaTin wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti,
kerZo samarTlis instituti, Tb., 2005, 288-289.
99
Mekki M., Pelese M.K., Hardship and Modification (or “Revision”) of the Contract, 2010, 17, <http://papers.
ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract–id=1542511>, [24.06.2014].
100
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j. (red.), saqarTvelos samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, Tb., 2001, 407.
101
iqve, 400.
220
sadagebis mimarT misi Tanxmobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. kreditoris uari Secvlili

garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebaze ar unda iyos angariSgasawevi, ramdena-
dac mas upirispirdeba movalis pativsadebi interesi, saxelSekrulebo wonasworobisa
da interesTa balansis aRdgenis principi. mxare valdebulia, xeli Seuwyos xelSekru-
lebis gadarCenisken mimarTul RonisZiebebs da, 398-e III muxlis ganxiluli winadadebis
(Tuki SeuZlebelia xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi, an meore
mxare amas ar eTanxmeba) ZaliT, ar SeiZleba mas eniWebodes Secvlili garemoebebisadmi
xelSekrulebis misadagebis uaryofis ufleba pativsadebi safuZvlis gareSe. xelSek-
rulebis adaptaciaze uari dasaSvebad SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac is ver uzrunvelyofs mxareTa interesebis dabalansebas. am SemTxvevaSic xel-
Sekrulebis adaptaciis SesaZleblobaze saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba unda miendos
sasamarTlos. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebaze molaparakebis
gziT SeTanxmebis miuRwevlobis pirobebSi, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis reali-
zebamde xelSekrulebis adaptaciis moTxovniT sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva, damatebi-
Ti Sesrulebis msgavsad, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis winapirobad unda iqnes ganxiluli.
ekonomikuri SeuZleblobisas valdebuleba, marTalia, movalisaTvis ukiduresad
mZimea Sesasruleblad, magram es sirTule ar aris kreditoris Sesrulebis interesTan
mniSvnelovnad Seusabamo (araproporciuli). kreditoris Sesrulebis interessa da mo-
valis Sesrulebis sirTules Soris Seusabamoba ar arsebobs – ramdenadac rTulia val-
debulebis Sesruleba movalisaTvis, imdenad mniSvnelovania amgvari Sesrulebis miReba
kreditorisaTvis. am pirobebSi, xelSekrulebis misadageba yovelTvis movalis, rogorc
dazaralebuli mxaris, interesebs exmianeba, romlisTvisac Tavdapirveli pirobebiT
Sesruleba mZime Sedegebs ukavSirdeba. kreditorisaTvis umjobesia xelSekrulebis uc-
vleli pirobebiT Sesruleba, romelic mniSvnelovnad zrdis misTvis saxelSekrulebo
interess, xelSekrulebis fassa da sargeblianobas. Tumca kreditorisaTvis Secvlili
garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis SesabamisobaSi moyvana ar iqneba mZime ekonomikuri Se-
degis momtani, ramdenadac misadagebis dros sasamarTlo maqsimalurad xelmZRvanelobs
keTilsindisierebisa (ssk-is me-8 III, 361-e II muxlebi) da samarTlianobis (ssk-is 325-e mux-
li) principebiT.
5.5. molaparakebis gamarTvis mizani da winapirobebi
saxelSekrulebo molaparakeba mniSvnelovnad amcirebs davis warmoSobis SesaZ-

leblobas da xels uwyobs urTierTobis mowesrigebasa da gamyarebas mxareebs Soris.102
saxelSekrulebo molaparakeba uTanxmoebis gadawyvetis yvelaze efeqturi da swrafi
saSualebaa, nakleb xarjebs ukavSirdeba da mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmebis miRwevis sa-
Sualebas iTvaliswinebs jer kidev saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis etap-
102
Gotanda J.Y., Renegotiation and Adaptation Clauses in Investment Contracts, Revisited, Vanderbilt Journal of
Transnational Law, Vol. 36, 2003, 1469, miTiTebulia: Uribe M., The Effect of a Change of Circumstances
on the Binding Force of the Contracts, Comparative Perspectives, Intersentia, 2011, 233.
221
ze.103 molaparakebis valdebulebis aRsruleba unda ganxorcieldes moqnilobisa da

TanamSromlobis formatSi.104
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi gonivruli da samarTliani misadageba ar SeiZleba
gulisxmobdes saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis absolutur aRdgenas im saxiT, rogo-
ric arsebobda xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze. molaparakeba unda iTvaliswinebdes
Sesrulebis simZimis Semsubuqebas movalisaTvis, xolo kreditorisaTvis kvlav saxel-
Sekrulebo sargebliT uzrunvelyofas. amdenad, saxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi ar
SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis meore mxareze srulad
gadakisrebis mizans.105
mxareebma saxelSekrulebo molaparakeba unda awarmoon SeTanxmebis miRwevis re-
aluri ganzraxviT, konstruqciulad da ar gamoiyenon igi rogorc taqtikuri manev-
ri.106 xSirad, molaparakebis keTilsindisieri monawile unda iyenebdes mediatoris
unar-Cvevebs.107
molaparakebis moTxovna unda ganxorcieldes droulad da unda emyarebodes
samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, Secvlili garemoebebis Sesaxeb zust informacias da val-
debulebis Sesrulebaze maTi zemoqmedebis xarisxs. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania
bulgareTis savaWro da industriuli palatis saarbitraJo tribunalis gadawyveti-
leba,108 romelic Seexeba garTulebuli saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis
sakiTxs. kerZod, saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis safuZvelze mopasuxem misi mxridan
molaparakebebSi monawileobis miuRebloba im argumentaciiT gaamarTla, rom movales
ar ganucxadebia mimwodeblisTvis, Tu ra xarisxiT daamZimebda Secvlili garemoebebis
zemoqmedeba valdebulebis Sesrulebas, Sesabamisad, ra periodiT unda ganxorciele-
buliyo saqonlis miwodebis SeCereba da a.S.
keTilsindisierebis principi moiTxovs, rom molaparakebebSi CarTvis moTxovna
iyos safuZvliani da yvela im informaciis momcveli, romelic aucilebelia kontra-
hentis mier viTarebis adekvaturi SefasebisaTvis.109 amasTan, aucilebelia, rom saxel-
Sekrulebo molaparakebisaTvis gonivruli vada iyos gansazRvruli.110
103
Fox W.F., International Commercial Agreements, A Primer on Drafting, Negotiation and Resolving Disputes,
4th ed., Wolters Kluwer Law and Business, The Netherlands, 2009, 78.
104
Law Journal, 1987, 17.
105
106
Bonell M. J., An International Restatement of Contract Law, The UNIDROIT Principles of International Com-
mercial Contracts, 3rd ed., Ardsley, New York: Transnational Publishers, Inc., 2009, 120.
107
Sivigila P., Contracts and Negotiating for the Business Person (You and Your Lawyer), Carolina Academic
Press, United States of America, 2007, 70.
108
Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry [BTTP (Bulgarska turgosko-promishlena palata), Case No.
11/96, 12 February 1998, <http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/980212bu.html#cd>, [24.06.2014].
109
110
222
mniSvnelovania, rom molaparakebaSi CarTvis moTxovna gagzavnil iqnes Secvli-

li garemoebis aRmocenebis Semdgom gonivrul vadaSi da iyos safuZvlianad motivire-
buli.111 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, Secvlili garemoebebisadmi
xelSekrulebis misadagebis moTxovna unda emyarebodes keTilsindisierebis princips.
erT-erT saqmeze sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mxarem, romelmac Secvlili garemoebebi-
sadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis moTxovna valdebuli piris mier Sesrulebis vadis
dadgomamde 5 dRiT (aragonivruli vadiT) adre waradgina, mniSvnelovnad daarRvia ke-
Tilsindisierebis moTxovna. 112
saxelSekrulebo molaparakebisa da dabrkolebis mier gamowveuli uaryofiTi
Sedegebis moqmedebis periodi, SesaZlebelia, didxans gagrZeldes. amitomac, xelSek-
rulebis gadarCenis miznisaTvis, raTa ar moxdes uflebamosili mxaris mier xelSekru-
lebis Sewyveta da meoradi moTxovnis uflebebisadmi mimarTva, aucilebelia, molapa-
rakebis momTxovnma dazaralebulma mxarem mimarTvaSi gansazRvros is minimaluri Ses-
ruleba, ris uzrunvelyofasac SeZlebs molaparakebis mimdinareobis periodSi, raTa
ziani ar miadges kreditoris interesebs. Tu mxare uars acxadebs minimaluri Sesru-
lebis ganxorcielebaze, is SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes sasamarTlos ZaliT. amasTan, Tu
saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis valdebuleba dakisrebulia sasamarTlo gadawyveti-
lebis safuZvelze, maSin igi unda gansazRvravdes minimaluri Sesrulebis ganxorcie-
lebis pirobebs da mxareTa molaparakebis dasrulebis da SeTanxmebis miRwevis goniv-
rul vadas.113
amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis warmoebis proces-
Si mxares SezRuduli aqvs xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba.
5.6. saxelSekrulebo daTqmebi molaparakebis warmoebis

valdebulebis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis adaptaciis procesSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi segmenti aris

daTqmebi xelSekrulebis adaptaciis mizniT molaparakebis warmoebis valdebulebis
Sesaxeb. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis SenarCunebisaTvis mxareebma, davis gadawyve-
tis formaluri da radikaluri saSualebebisadmi mimarTvis nacvlad,114 SesaZlebelia,
Sellier, Eoropean Law Publishers GmbH, Munich, 2009, 741, <http://ec.europa.eu/justice/contract/files/euro-
111
Baranauskas E., Zapolskis P., The Effect of Change in Circumstances on the Performance of Contract, Ju-
risprudence, 2009, 4 (118), 209, <https://www.mruni.eu/en/mokslo–darbai/jurisprudencija/archyvas/dwn.
php?id=226356>, [24.06.2014]. ix. aseve, unidruas xelSekrulebaTa principebis 6.2.3-e (1)
muxli.
112
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa
palatis 2008 wlis 25 noemberis ganCineba saqmeze: #as-466-707-08.
113
114
ix.: Fox W. F., International Commercial Agreements, A primer on drafting, Negotiation and Resolving Dis-
putes, 4th ed., Wolters Kluwer Law and Business, The Netherlands, 2009, 77; Ciematniece I., Contract Re-
negotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in International Commercial
Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 6.
223
ganamtkicon saxelSekrulebo daTqma Secvlili garemoebebis aRmocenebisas upirve-

lesad molaparakebis warmoebis urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebis Sesaxeb.115
valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis winaswar gan-
sazRvris SeuZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelSekrulebo daTqmebi umTavresad mo-
laparakebis savaldebuloobas asaxavs, vidre Sesrulebis garTulebis Sedegebisa da
Sesabamisi urTierTsanacvlo pasuxismgeblobis aRweras.116 msgavsi daTqmebi emsaxure-
ba grZelvadian urTierTobaTa stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis, aseve, xelSekrulebis
Sewyvetis an darRvevis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis mizans117 da mxareTa saxelSekrulebo
avtonomiis principis gamomxatvelia.118
saxelSekrulebo daTqmebi Secvlili garemoebebis Sesaxeb umTavresad saerTa-
Soriso xelSekrulebebSi gamoiyeneba, ramdenadac isini, ZiriTadad, grZelvadian, gan-
grZobad da periodulad Sesasrulebel saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs iTvaliswi-
neben. amasTan, saerTaSoriso konteqstSi ekonomikuri garemo mniSvnelovnad swraf da
xSir cvlilebebs ganicdis.119 xelSekrulebis adaptaciis valdebulebis ganmamtkice-
beli daTqmebi, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswineben xelSekrulebis sagnisa da misi mTavari
arsis SenarCunebas.120 msgavsi daTqmebi TviTaRsrulebadi meqanizmia xelSekrulebaSi,
romelic uzrunvelyofs samomavlo cvlilebebisadmi xelSekrulebis momzadebas misi
SenarCunebisa da gadarCenis mizniT, amasTan, SeTanxmebis arsebiTi elementebis Senar-
CunebiT.121
saxelSekrulebo daTqmebi molaparakebis warmoebis Sesaxeb ganamtkiceben mxare-
Ta valdebulebas, SeTanxmebis miRwevis procesSi imoqmedon keTilsindisierebis, sa-
115
Berger K.P., Renegotiation and Adaptation of International Investment Contracts: The Role of Contract Draft-
ers and Arbitrators, Vand. J. Transnat’l L., Vol. 36, 2003, 1364, <http://www-prod.law.vanderbilt.edu/publi-
cations/journal-of-transnational-law/archives/volume-36-number-4/download.aspx?id=1888>, [24.06.2014];
116
117
118
Moore H., Allocating Foreseeable Sovereign Risks in Infrastructure Investment in Indonesia: Force Majeure
and Indonesia’s Economic Woes, PLI8, 2001, miTiTebulia: Mizrachi K., Force Majeure in Project Fi-
nance: A Comparative and Practical Analysis of Risk Allocation, The Journal of Structured Finance, Vol.12,
No. 2, 2006, 78; Karampatsos A., Supervening Hardship as Subdivision of the General Frustration Rule: A
Comparative Analysis with Reference to Anglo-American, German, French and Greek Law, Eur. Rev. Private
L., Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2005, 112, <http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/
Print?handle=hein.kluwer/erpl0013&div=13&collection=kluwer&set–as–cursor=0&men–tab=srchresults>,
[24.06.2014]. Trakman L.E., Declaring Force Majeure: Veracity or Sham? Un. of New South Wales, 2007, 11,
<http://works.bepress.com/leon–trakman/4>, [24.06.2014].
119
Mercatoria, Butterworth Legal Publishers, 1992, 170-171.
120
121
iqve, 41.
224
marTlianobisa da gulisxmierebis principTa Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ekonomiku-

ri balansis aRdgenis mizniT.122
molaparakebis warmoebis valdebulebis arseboba imTaviTve ar gulisxmobs Se-
Tanxmebis valdebulebasac. ar arsebobs erTiani sakanonmdeblo an mecnieruli po-
zicia sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ekisreba Tu ara mxares molaparakebis monawilisagan
orive kontrahentis interesebis Sesatyvisi da gonivruli Sinaarsis SemoTavazebis mi-
Rebis valdebuleba davis gadawyvetis mizniT. aseTi valdebulebis arsebobis SemTxve-
vaSi mniSvnelovania, ra kriteriumebis safuZvelze unda Sefasdes SemoTavazebuli
alternativis gonivruloba da mizanSewoniloba.123 SeTanxmebas `SeTanxmebis miRwevis
Sesaxeb~ ar SeiZleba hqondes mboWavi Zala.124 amitomac, metad savaraudoa, rom xelSek-
rulebis adaptaciis mizniT, saxelSekrulebo molaparakebaSi CarTva aris molapara-
kebis miRwevis mcdelobis, SeTanxmebisaTvis aucilebeli, gonivruli zomebis miRebis
(obligation de moyens) da ara Sedegis miRwevis (obligation de résultat) valdebuleba. umTavre-
sia, rom mxareebi keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad Seecadon urTierTSeTan-
xmebas.125
Tu saxelSekrulebo daTqmebiT mxareebma gamoricxes Secvlili garemoebebis Se-
saZlo gavlena valdebulebis mboWav Zalaze da am gavleniT gamowveuli samarTlebri-
vi Sedegebi, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, ugulebelyos es SeTanxmeba samarTlianobi-
sa da Tanasworuflebianobis principebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.126
saxelSekrulebo daTqmebi molaparakebis warmoebis valdebulebisa da Secvlili
garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis Sesaxeb, umTavresad, kontinenturi sa-
marTlis sistemisTvis aris maxasiaTebeli. angloamerikuli samarTlis sistemis qvey-
nebisgan gansxvavebiT, msgavsi daTqmebis gamoyenebis praqtika gansakuTrebiT farToa
germaniasa da niderlandebSi. aRniSnulis mizezad, SesaZlebelia, dasaxeldes infla-
ciis procesebi, romelic gamoiara kontinenturi evropis qveynebma.127
daTqmebi xelSekrulebis adaptaciis mizniT molaparakebis warmoebis valdebu-
lebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovnad amcirebs mxareTa Soris davis warmoSobisa da aRniSnuli
safuZvliT saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis Sewyvetis riskebs. amitomac, msgavsi daT-
qmebi xelSekrulebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmad SeiZleba iqnes ganxi-
122
ers and Arbitrators, Vand. J. Transnat’l L., Vol. 36, 2003, 1363-1364.
123
iqve, 1367, <http://www-prod.law.vanderbilt.edu/publications/journal-of-transnational-law/archives/volume
-36-number-4/download.aspx?id=1888>, [24.06.2014]; Speidel R.E., Court-Imposed Price Adjustments Un-
der Long-Term Supply Contracts, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 76, 1981, 408-410, 416.
124
Gaillard E., Savage J.(eds.), Fouchard Gaillard Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration, 1st
ed., Business & Economics, Kluwer Law International, 1999, 830.
125
126
Brownlie I., Principles of Public International Law, 2nd ed., 1973, 599, miTiTebulia: Ciematniece I., Con-
tract Renegotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in International Com-
mercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 32.
127
Perillo J., Force Majeure and Hardship under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Con-
tracts, Tul. J. Int’l & Comp. L., Vol. 5, 1997, 26-27.
225
luli.128 amasTan, daTqmebi molaparakebis warmoebis valdebulebis Sesaxeb mxareTa mi-

er molaparakebis procesisaTvis dadgenil kriteriumebsac iTvaliswinebs, romlebic,
SesaZlebelia, efeqturad iqnes gamoyenebuli davis gadamwyveti mesame piris mier xel-
Sekrulebis adaptaciis miznebisaTvis.129
amrigad, daTqmebi molaparakebis warmoebis valdebulebis Sesaxeb mizanSewoni-
lia, moicavdes Semdeg elementebs: a) im faqtobrivi garemoebebis farglebs, romlebic
aRmoacenebs molaparakebis valdebulebas; b) mxareTa molaparakebis warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli mesame piris, davis ganmxilveli organos uflebamosile-
bas xelSekrulebis adaptaciaze; g) xelSekrulebis Secvlili garemoebebisadmi misa-
dagebis procesSi mxareTa interesebis realizebisaTvis aucilebel saxelmZRvanelo
kriteriumebs.130
molaparakebis warmoebis valdebulebis amsaxveli daTqmebis ganmtkiceba xel-
SekrulebaSi mniSvnelovnad azRvevs xelSekrulebis momavals da icavs mxareebs davis
gadawyvetis Zvirad Rirebuli da xangrZlivi formaluri procesebisagan.131
5.7. saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis an gamosayenebeli

samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis SezRudva-gamoricxva
urTierTSeTanxmebiT
savaWro sferoSi, brunvis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis arsebobs

ekonomikuri krizisis riski.132 sayuradReboa, rom saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTo-
bebSi sabazro fasebis cvlileba maRali xarisxis riskiT aris mosalodneli Sidasa-
xelmwifoebriv samoqalaqo brunvasTan SedarebiT,133 rac aiZulebs mxareebs saxelSek-
rulebo SeTanxmebiT SezRudon an gamoricxon pasuxismgebloba maTi riskis sferoSi
Semavali garemoebis warmoSobisaTvis, an ikisron pasuxismgebloba damabrkolebeli
garemoebebis aRmocenebaze. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis ganmartebis gziT unda Sefas-
des.134 magaliTad, xelSekrulebis safuZvelze mxarem SesaZlebelia:
valdebulebis Sesasruleblad aucilebeli qmedebis ganxorcielebis da ara
konkretuli Sedegis miRwevis valdebuleba ikisros,
128
Salacuse J. W., Direct Foreign Investment and the Law in Developing Countries, Foreign Investment Law Jour-
nal - ICSID Review, Vol.15, Issue 2, 2000, 382, 387, <http://icsidreview.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/2/382.
full.pdf>, [24.06.2014].
129
Gotanda J.Y., Renegotiation and Adaptation Clauses in Investment Contracts, Revisited, Villanova University
School of Law, Vand. J. Transnat’l L., Vol. 36, 2003, 1471, <http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?ar
ticle=1007&context=gotanda>, [24.06.2014].
130
131
iqve, 76.
132
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 6 ivlisis
ganCineba saqmeze: #as-7-6-2010.
133
134
Schwenzer I., Force Majeure and Hardship in International Sales Contracts, VUWLR, Vol. 39, 2008, 715,
<http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/journals/VUWLawRw/2008/39.pdf>, [24.06.2014].
226
konkretuli garemoebis warmoSobas daukavSiros xelSekrulebidan gasvlis

uflebis gamoyeneba,
SezRudos an gamoricxos saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba valdebulebis dar-
RvevisaTvis,
gansazRvros iseTi saxelSekrulebo pirobis (renegotiation clause) dadgenis auci-
lebloba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba grZelvadian urTierTobebSi saxelSekrulebo
fasis cvlilebis riskis mowesrigebrisken,135
daadginos saxelSekrulebo fasis gansazRvris moqnili meqanizmi, romelic,
fiqsirebuli fasebisgan gansxvavebiT, uzrunvelyofs fasebis daregulirebas Secvli-
li garemoebebis Sesabamisad,
Semofarglos misi valdebuleba saqonlis gagzavnis da ara miwodebis valdebu-
lebiT.
zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvruli valdebulebis Ses-
rulebisaTvis aucilebeli saqonlis moZiebis riski gamyidvels akisria, ramdenadac
obieqturad xelmisawvdomia xelSekrulebis sagani sasaqonlo bazarze an SeTanxmebiT
gansazRvruli miwodebis wyaros gamoyenebiT.136 movalem xelSekrulebis sagani auci-
leblad unda Caanacvlos analogiuri gvarovnuli nivTiT. Tu aRniSnulis droulad
ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, maSin mxarem unda daamtkicos, rom vadiani Sesrulebis
dabrkoleba arakontrolirebadi da gauTvaliswinebeli movleniT iyo gamowveuli.137
movalis pasuxismgebloba ar gamoiricxeba misi mimwodeblis mxridan valdebulebis Se-
usruleblobis safuZvliT.138 Tumca movales misi mimwodeblis mimarT regresis wesiT
eqneba zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba.139 gamyidvelis aRniSnul valdebulebas
upirispirdeba myidvelis mier miRebuli saqonlis sargeblianobis dakargvis riski.
myidveli Sesrulebis miRebaze ver ganacxadebs uars im safuZvliT, rom saqonels ve-
Rar gayidis saerTod, an sasurvel fasad. Sesrulebis miRebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli
ver gaxdeba aseve is garemoeba, Tu saqoneli gamouyenebelia myidvelisaTvis an ukeTesi
da uaxlesi warmoebis produqtia bazarze xelmisawvdomi.140
am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania hamburgis saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyve-
tileba,141 romlis Tanaxmad, gamyidveli xelSekrulebis sagnis momwodeblisgan moZie-
bis valdebulebisa da riskis matarebelia. movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuf-
135
Draetta U., Lake R. B., Nanda V.P., Breach and Adaptation of International Contracts, An Introduction to the
Lex Mercatoria, Butterworth Legal Publishers, 1992, 172.
136
Schlechtriem P., Schwenzer I., Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG),
3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2010, 1074; Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Con-
tract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV,
The Netherlands, 2009, 148.
137
3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2010, 1074.
138
iqve.
139
iqve, 1076.
140
iqve, 1077.
141
OLG Hamburg, Appellate Court Hamburg (Iron molybdenum case), 1 U 167/95, 28 February, 1997, <http://
cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/970228g1.html>, [24.06.2014].
227
lebis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes msgavsi an identuri xarisxis saqonlis mospoba ba-
zarze. sasamarTlom movalis pasuxismgeblobis sferos miakuTvna sammagad gazrdili
sabazro fasebis riski, radgan mxareTa Soris gaformebuli xelSekruleba maRali xa-
risxis spekulaciur SeTanxmebad iqna miCneuli. spekulaciuri SeTanxmebis pirobebSi
SeuZlebelia fiqsirebulad ganisazRvros saxelSekrulebo fasi. am SemTxvevaSi mxares
SesaZlebelia, moeTxovos gasammagebuli sabazro fasis gadaxdac. msgavsi fasTa cvli-
lebebi sruliad mosalodneli da damaxasiaTebelia spekulaciuri garigebisTvis.142
gamyidvelis aRniSnuli pasuxismgebloba Sesrulebis sagnis moZiebisaTvis, SesaZle-
belia, SeizRudos mxolod naTlad formulirebuli saxelSekrulebo pirobis safuZ-
velze, romlis arsebobis mtkicebis tvirTic Tavad gamyidvels akisria.143 Sesrule-
bisaTvis aucilebeli saqonlis mopovebaze pasuxismgeblobis erT-erT kontrahentze
dakisrebis SesaZlebloba saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis farglebSi umTavresad sasa-
marTlo praqtikam aRiara.144
forsmaJorul daTqmasTan mimarTebiT aucileblad unda dadgindes, igi mxo-
lod gansazRvruli riskisagan mxaris ganTavisuflebas adgens, Tu zRudavs movalis
pasuxismgeblobas.145
unidruas xelSekrulebaTa principebis 7.1.6-e muxli Seexeba pasuxismgeblo-
bis gamomricxvel saxelSekrulebo debulebebs,146 xolo evropuli principebis 8:109-
e muxli eTmoba iseT sakontraqto pirobebs, romlebic zRudaven an gamoricxaven sa-
marTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis gamoyenebas.147 evropuli principebis 8:109-e muxli,
araerTi qveynis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, dauSveblad acxadebs winaswari
saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvas valdebulebis ganzraxi
darRvevisaTvis.148 sasamarTloebi aRWurvili arian farTo diskreciuli uflebamosi-
lebiT, romlis ZaliTac pirobebi samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis SezRudvis an
gamoricxvis Sesaxeb ar gamoiyeneba, Tu isini, Tavisi arsiT, mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmde-
gebian samarTlianobis, keTilsindisierebisa da gulisxmierebis principebs da arRve-
ven saxelSekrulebo wonasworobas.149 amrigad, ar gamoiyeneba samarTlebrivi dacvis
saSualebis gamoricxvis an SezRudvis Sesaxeb saxelSekrulebo piroba, romelic, Tavi-
si arsiT, usamarTloa da mniSvnelovnad arRvevs mxareTa interesebis balanss.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa saxelSekrulebo daTqmebiT mxarisaTvis saxel-
Sekrulebo riskis dakisreba ara konkretuli garemoebisa da misi gansazRvruli Sede-
gebis aRmocenebisaTvis, aramed movalis zogadi pasuxismgeblobis ganmtkiceba val-
142
third edition, Oxford University Press, 2010, 1076.
143
iqve, 149.
144
Swiss Federal Tribunal, 05.04.2005, 5.1, 4C.474/2004, CISG-online No. 1012; BGH 12.01.1994, VIII ZR
165/92; BGHZ 49, 388 (1968).
145
Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-perfor-
mance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 156.
146
Exemption Clauses.
147
Clause Limiting or Excluding Remedies.
148
gsk-is (German Civil Code - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Bundesministerium der Justiz, Juris GmbH, Saar-
brücken, 2005) §276 (3), Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law
International, The Hague/London/Boston, 2000, 388-390.
149
Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The Hague/
London/Boston, 2000, 388-390; Comment No. 5 on art. 7.1.6 UPICC.
228
debulebis Sesrulebaze, yovelgvari Secvlili garemoebis gamovlenis miuxedavad.

msgavs SeTanxmebas ar SeiZleba mboWavi Zala hqondes, radgan, keTilsindisierebisa da
samarTlianobis principebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba gamoiwvios gaumarTleblad mZi-
me Sedegebi pasuxismgebeli mxarisaTvis. iuridiul doqtrinaSi saxelSekrulebo daT-
qmebiT pasuxismgeblobisa da riskis gadanawileba aRiarebulia mxolod konkretuli
garemoebis da ara, zogadad, nebismieri gauTvaliswineblobis aRmocenebis SemTxvevi-
saTvis.150 Sesabamisad, forsmaJorul daTqmebs sasamarTlo Zalian viwrod ganmartavs
da pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlad zustad im garemoebis aRmocene-
bas uTiTebs, rac mxareTa SeTanxmebiT iyo dadgenili da ar uSvebs garemoebis ganzo-
gadebis da analogiiT gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.151 mxareze pasuxismgeblobis dakis-
rebis safuZveli ar imoqmedebs, Tu Secvlili garemoeba umTavresad im mxaris braliT
aris gamowveuli, vis sasargeblodac zemoaRniSnuli daTqmis ganmtkiceba moxda.152
5.8. molaparakebis warmoebis valdebulebis amsaxveli

daTqmebis gansxvaveba forsmaJoruli daTqmebisgan da
pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebisgan
aRniSnuli daTqmebi miznobriobiT gansxvavdeba forsmaJoruli daTqmebisagan,

romelic Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis gamomwvevi garemoebebis aRmocenebisas amoqmed-
deba da emsaxureba forsmaJoruli garemoebis moqmedebis periodSi saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebisagan mxaris droebiT an mudmiv ganTavisuflebas153 da ara xelSekrule-
bis SenarCunebas interesTa balansis, saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis aRdgenis gziT.154
posneris Tanaxmad, forsmaJoruli daTqmebi ar azRveven mxares im riskisagan, ro-
melic, Cveulebriv, yvela xelSekrulebisTvis bunebrivad Tanamdevia. normaluri ris-
kia, magaliTad, saxelSekrulebo fasebis sabazro cvla. forsmaJoruli daTqma riskis
im Sedegebisgan aTavisuflebs mxares, romelic xelSekrulebis arsebiT, centralur
pirobas aqarwylebs.155
150
Böckstiegel K.H., Hardship, Force Majeure and Special Risks Clauses in International Contracts, 1985, 160
wignSi: Horn N. (ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade and Finance, De-
venter/The Netherlands, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1985.
151
Kel Kim Corp. v. Central Mkts., Inc., 519 N.E.2d 295, 296 (N.Y. 1987) miTiTebulia: Hillman R.A., Prin-
ciples of Contract Law, 2nd ed., The Concise Hornbook Series, West, 2009, 317.
152
153
Espenschied L. E., Contract Drafting, Powerful Prose in Transactional Practice, American Bar Association
Publishing, 2010, 60.
154
ers and Arbitrators, Vand. J. Transnat’l L., Vol. 36, 2003, 1352, <http://www-prod.law.vanderbilt.edu/publi-
cations/journal-of-transnational-law/archives/volume-36-number-4/download.aspx?id=1888>, [24.06.2014];
Al-Emadi T.A., The Renegotiating Clause in Petroleum International Joint Venture Agreements, University
of Qatar, Oxford Student Legal Studies Paper No. 04/2012, 2012, 26, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.
cfm?abstract–id=2073340>, [24.06.2014]; Strohbach H., Force Majeure and Hardship Clauses in Interna-
tional Commercial Contracts and Arbitration: The East German Approach’, 1 JIA 39, 1984, 41.
155
Speidel R.E., Contracts in Crises, Excuse Doctrine and Retrospective Government Acts, Carolina Academic
press, Durham, North Carolina, 2007, 199.
229
saxelSekrulebo daTqmebiT, romelic TiTqmis yvela grZelvadian xelSekrule-

bebSia ganmtkicebuli,156 mxareebi gansazRvraven im garemoebebs, romelTa aRmocenebis
pirobebSic warmoiSoba urTierTmolaparakebis valdebuleba, xelSekrulebis adapta-
ciis mizniT, am garemoebebis zegavlenis aRweras valdebulebis Sesrulebis sirTulis
xarisxze da molaparakebis warmoebis proceduras. amasTan, saxelSekrulebo daTqme-
bis moqmedeba vrceldeba mxolod im garemoebebze, romelTa aRmoceneba mxareTa Se-
TanxmebiT aris moculi. yvela sxva garTulebis SemTxvevaSi gamosayenebelia samar-
Tlebrivi sistemebSi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo normebi pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavi-
suflebis Sesaxeb.157
saxelSekrulebo daTqmebi gansxvavdeba kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli pasuxis-
mgeblobis gamomricxveli safuZvlebisagan, romelTac umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWe-
baT grZelvadian saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi, rameTu SeuZlebelia yvela mosa-
lodneli garemoebis winaswar gansazRvra da saxelSekrulebo daTqmiT maTi Sedegebis
gaTvaliswineba.158 pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
wesi moqmedebs maSinac, rodesac saxelSekrulebo daTqmebi ar aris mxareTa mier winas-
war SeTanxmebuli.159
5.9. molaparakebis valdebulebis darRvevis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi
xelSekrulebis gadaxedvis mizniT mxareTa urTierTmolaparakebis valdebu-

lebis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes mxaris mier Secvlili garemoebebis
SemTxvevisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi dacvis saSuale-
bebis moTxovnis winapirobad da Secvlili garemoebis Tanamdev procesad.160
saxelSekrulebo molaparakebaSi keTilsindisieri monawileoba mxaris mier ka-
nonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebiT sargeblobis
winapirobaa.161 DCFR-is Tanaxmad,162 mxare valdebulebis Sesrulebis, sanacvlo Sesru-
lebis moTxovnis uflebis ganxorcielebis, valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis gaT-
156
Fox W. F., International Commercial Agreements, A primer on drafting, Negotiation and Resolving Disputes,
157
iqve.
158
spectives, Intersentia, 2011, 224; Karampatzos A., Supervening Hardship as Subdivision of the General Frus-
tration Rule: A Comparative Analysis with Reference to Anglo-American, German, French and Greek Law,
Eur. Rev. Private L., Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2005, 112, <http://www.hei-
nonline.org/HOL/Print?handle=hein.kluwer/erpl0013&div=13&collection=kluwer&set–as–cursor=0&men–
tab=srchresults>, [24.06.2014].
159
Fox W. F., International Commercial Agreements, A primer on Drafting, Negotiation and Resolving Disputes,
160
161
Sellier, Eoropean Law Publishers GmbH, Munich, 2009, 741, <http://ec.europa.eu/justice/contract/files/euro-
162
ix. III.–1:103-e muxli.
230
valiswinebuli samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis, aseve, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis

uflebis ganxorcielebis procesSi valdebulia imoqmedos keTilsindisierebisa da
samarTlianobis principebis Sesabamisad. aRniSnuli valdebuleba ar SeiZleba SeizR-
udos an gamoiricxos SeTanxmebiT, an sxva samarTlebrivi aqtiT. xsenebuli movaleobis
Seusrulebloba waarTmevs mxares misi moTxovnebisa da samarTlebrivi dacvis saSua-
lebebis ganxorcielebis uflebas.
Tu mxare keTilsindisierebis principis uxeSi darRveviT, gonivruli biznesis
interesebisa da sxva pativsadebi mizezis gareSe uars ganacxadebs an Sewyvets molapa-
rakebis warmoebas maSin, rodesac nebismieri gonieri adamiani did Zalisxmevas gaiReb-
da analogiur viTarebaSi,163 dazaralebuli mxare uflebamosilia moiTxovos im zianis
anazRaureba, romelic man ganicada xelSemkvreli mxaris molaparakebaSi CarTvis ime-
diTa da SeTanxmebis miRwevis molodiniT gamowveuli dayovnebiT.164
evropuli principebis 6:111-e (3) muxlis ZaliT, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia zia-
nis anazRaureba daakisros im mxares, romelmac uari ganacxada molaparakebis warmoe-
baze, an CaSala igi keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdegod.165 aRniSnuli valde-
bulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis ganmtkiceba ssk-iT mxareTa mier
molaparakebis keTilsindisierad warmoebis garantias Seqmnis.
saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis warumatebloba ar iwvevs xelSekrulebis avto-
matur Sewyvetas.166 Tu mxareTa Soris xelSekrulebis adaptaciis mizniT warmoebuli
molaparakeba warumateblad dasrulda, maSin, sanqciis saxiT, SesaZlebelia, moxdes
mimarTva obieqturi mesame pirisaTvis (sasamarTlo, arbitraJi da a.S.) xelSekrulebis
Secvlil garemoebebTan misadagebis moTxovniT. SesaZlebelia, mxareebma xelSekrule-
biT moawesrigon sasamarTlos an saarbitraJo tribunalis uflebamosilebis fargle-
bi xelSekrulebis misadagebis procesSi.167
Tu molaparakebis gziT ver xorcieldeba xelSekrulebis adaptacia, maSin Sec-
vlili garemoebebis misadageba xorcieldeba sasamarTlos mier.168 sasamarTlos mier
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis sakiTxi momdevno TavSi iqneba
ganxiluli.
163
ers and Arbitrators, Vand. J. Transnat’l L., Vol. 36, 2003, 1369, <http://www-prod.law.vanderbilt.edu/publica-
tions/journal-of-transnational-law/archives/volume-36-number-4/download.aspx?id=1888>, [24.06.2014].
164
165
ix. Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, Part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The
Hague/London/Boston, 2000, 326; Tallon D. wignSi: Hartkamp A.S., Hesselink M., Hondius E.H., du Perron
E., Joustra C., Veldman M.(eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd ed., Kluwer Law International, 2004,
501; Ciematniece I., Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adapta-
tion in International Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 39.
166
BGH LM §242 (Bb) BGB Nr. 57; BGH WM 1958, 700.
167
Faruque A., Possible Role of the Arbitration in the Adaptation of Petroleum Contracts by Third Parties, Asian
Int’l Arb. J., Vol. 2, 2006, 152, <www.heinonline.org/HOL/LuceneSearch?specialcollection=&terms=creator
%3A%22%20Al%20Faruque,%20Abdullah%22&yearlo=&yearhi=&subject=ANY&journal=ALL&sortby=
relevance&collection=journals&searchtype=advanced&submit=Search&base=js&all=true>, [25.06.2014].
168
231

sasamarTlos mier
Tu mxareebi ver aRweven SeTanxmebas saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis procesSi,

maSin sasamarTlos mier unda gadawydes, xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes ucvleli Si-
naarsiT, moxdes misi adaptacia Tu saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobisgan sruli gan-
Tavisufleba.
xelSekrulebis adaptaciam unda asaxos mxareTa is SeTanxmebuli neba, romelic
maT eqnebodaT Secvlili garemoebebis xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze codnis Sem-
TxvevaSi.169
kerZod, molaparakebis proceduris gziT xelSekrulebis misadagebis Sesaxeb mxa-
reTa SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo oTx SesaZlo gadawyvetilebas iRebs:
1. akisrebs mxareebs molaparakebis gagrZelebis valdebulebas Secvlili garemoebe-
bisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mizniT; 2. wyvets xelSekrulebas gansazRvrul
drosa da gansazRvruli pirobebiT; 3. axorcielebs Secvlili garemoebebisadmi SeTan-
xmebis misadagebas saxelSekrulebo zianisa da sargeblis mxareebze samarTliani gada-
nawilebis gziT,170 sawyisi saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis aRdgenis mizniT;171 4. ucvle-
lad tovebs saxelSekrulebo pirobebs Tavdapirvelad SeTanxmebuli SinaarsiT.
6.1. saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis mizani
saxelSekrulebo samarTali ar aris ucvleli, aramed dinamikuri da axali mov-

lenebis Sesabamisad cvalebadia. me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi farTod gavrcelebuli
mosazrebis Tanaxmad, mxareTa nebis avtonomias eniWeboda absoluturi Tavisufleba,
romelic ar SeiZleboda SezRuduliyo saxelmwifos ZalauflebiT. mogvianebiT, aRia-
rebul iqna, rom saxelmwifo uflebamosilia Caerios saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi misi adaptaciis gziT mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis, sa-
zogadoebis sasicocxlo interesebisa da xelSekrulebis samarTliani Sedegebis uz-
runvelyofis mizniT.172
samarTlebriv sistemebSi Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba
mxareTa samarTlebrivi dacvis erT-erT saSualebad aris aRiarebuli, risTvisac sasa-
marTlos miniWebuli aqvs farTo uflebamosileba kontrahentTa interesebis Sesaty-
visi gadawyvetilebis miRebis mizniT.
169
Law Journal, 1987, 17.
170
ix. evropuli principebis 6:111-e me-3 `b~ muxli.
171
172
Syquia E. P., The Revision and Adaptation of Contracts in Philippine Law – With a Comparative Look at the
Law of other Asian Countries, 1985, 96-97 wignSi: Horn N. (ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts
in International Trade and Finance, Deventer/The Netherlands, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1985;
232
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis Sinaarsis modificirebaSi sasamarTlos Carevis

aucilebloba ganpirobebulia samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobiT. mxare
ver iqneba im riskisaTvis pasuxismgebeli, romelzec Tanxmoba ar ganucxadebia. amito-
mac, saxelSekrulebo usamarTlobas iwvevs is faqti, rom arc movales daumsaxurebia
zarali da arc kreditors is sargebeli, rac maT warmoeSobaT xelSekrulebis dadebis
Semdeg.173 amdenad, Careva mizanSewonilia uaryofiTi Sedegebis mxolod dazaralebul
mxareze dakisrebisa da amiT gamowveuli usamarTlobis prevenciis TvalsazrisiT.
radgan Secvlili garemoebebis warmoSobis mimarT ori Tanabrad arabraleuli mxaris
arsebobisas uaryofiTi Sedegebis dakisreba mxolod erTi mxarisaTvis udavod iwvevs
samarTlianobis principis xelyofas. amasTan, Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekru-
lebis misadageba keTilsindisierebis principze dayrdnobiT da zianis gadanawileba
kontrahentebze174 mniSvnelovnad icavs im mesame pirTa interesebs, romlebic damoki-
debuli arian movalis finansur mdgomareobaze.175 amitom, saxelSekrulebo pirobebis
mkacri Sesruleba, SesaZlebelia saziano aRmoCndes ara mxolod movalisaTvis, aramed
mesame pirebis interesebisTvisac da man, SesaZlebelia, mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis
stabilurobis rRveva gamoiwvios.
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba aucilebeli samarTleb-
rivi dacvis meqanizmia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeTanxmeba aRar aris socialuri sar-
geblisa da efeqtianobis momtani. mxareebi saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT an, mis gareSe,
nagulisxmevad anawileben riskebsa da gansazRvraven saxelSekrulebo pirobebs.
6.2. saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis realizeba da

mxareTa saxelSekrulebo nebis aRsruleba
sasamarTlos nebismieri Careva saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis SinaarsSi Se-

saZlebelia, zRudavdes saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebas da mxareTa nebis avtonomiis
princips. mniSvnelovania sakiTxi, SesaZlebelia Tu ara Secvlili garemoebebisadmi
xelSekrulebis misadageba ganxorcieldes erT-erTi mxaris nebis sawinaaRmdegod da
ra xarisxiT.176
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis sasamarTlos mier misadagebis pro-
cesSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba mxareTa nebis avtonomiis principi da xelSekrulebis
stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba.177
173
Speidel R.E., Court-Imposed Price Adjustments under Long-Term Supply Contracts, Nw. U. L. Rev., Vol.
76, 369, 1981-1982, 405-406, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/illlr76&div=19&g–
sent=1&collection=journals>, [25.06.2014].
174
Scott R.E., The Death of Contract Law, U. Toronto L.J., Vol. 54, 2004, 373, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Print
?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/utlj54&id=382>, [25.06.2014].
175
Trakman L.E., Winner Take Some: Loss Sharing and Commercial Impracticability, Minnesota Law Review
69, 1984, 486, miTiTebulia: Uribe M., The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding Force of
the Contracts, Comparative Perspectives, Intersentia, 2011, 240.
176
177
Faruque A., Possible Role of the Arbitration in the Adaptation of Petroleum Contracts by Third Parties, Asian
Int’l Arb. J., Vol. 2, 2006, 152, <www.heinonline.org/HOL/LuceneSearch?specialcollection=&terms=creator
233
keTilsindisierebis, TanamSromlobisa da moqnilobis principebi Secvlili ga-

remoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mTavar safuZvlebad ganixileba. Secvli-
li garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba sasamarTlos mier gulisxmobs ganmar-
tebisa da xarvezis Sevsebis meTodebis gamoyenebas. sasamarTlos mier xelSekrulebis
gadaxedva yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs, faqtobriv garemoebebTan erTad, mxareTa mizne-
bis ganmartebis gziT dadgenas, rodesac xelSekrulebaSi arsebobs xarvezi. amdenad,
Secvlili garemoebebis Sesabamisad modificirebuli xelSekruleba yovelTvis mxa-
reTa Tavdapirveli saxelSekrulebo interesebisa da miznebis amsaxveli unda iyos.178
sasamarTlos mizania adaptirebuli xelSekruleba axal pirobebSic gamoxatavdes mxa-
reTa nebas. sasamarTlos mier xelSekrulebis misadageba, umravles SemTxvevaSi, iwvevs
saxelSekrulebo pirobebis gaumjobesebas, Tu samarTlianoba saxelmZRvanelo prin-
cipia gadasinjvis procesSi.179 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba
SesaZlebelia, ganxilul iqnes rogorc damatebiTi Sesrulebis nairsaxeoba, romli-
Tac aRsruldeba mxareTa saxelSekrulebo neba.180
nebismieri komerciuli garigeba xelSekrulebis mxareTa urTierTsanacvlo mo-
valeobebis balanss emyareba.181 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadage-
bisas keTilsindisierebis principis TvalTaxedviT unda Sefasdes mxareTa ormxriv
valdebulebaTa wonasworobis rRvevis xarisxi da misi Sedegebi. vinaidan, keTilsindi-
sierebis principi urTierTobis SefasebisaTvis umTavresi meqanizmia, amitom, xelSek-
rulebis adaptacia ar iwvevs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis SezRudvas, ara-
med bunebrivi da samarTliani Sedegebis uzrunvelyofas isaxavs miznad.182
xelSekruleba ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes garemomcveli garemoebebis mxedvelo-
baSi miuReblad. xelSekrulebis misadageba mniSvnelovnad Secvlili garemoebebisadmi
ar cvlis mxareTa nebas, aramed Secvlili garemoebebis pirobebSi mxareTa Tavdapirve-
li ganzraxvis, namdvili nebis dadgenis saSualeba xdeba. mxareTa neba xelSekrulebis
dadebis etapze misi aRsrulebaa da Secvlili garemoebebisadmi misadagebac xelSekru-
lebis aRsrulebis da, Sesabamisad, mxareTa nebis ganxorcielebis winapirobaa.
amrigad, Tanasworuflebianobis principis safuZvelze xelSekrulebis ekonomi-
kuri balansis aRdgena xorcieldeba mxareTa Tavdapirveli nebis dadgenisa da Secvli-
li garemoebebis WrilSi maTi gaazrebis gziT.183
%3A%22%20Al%20Faruque,%20Abdullah%22&yearlo=&yearhi=&subject=ANY&journal=ALL&sortby=
relevance&collection=journals&searchtype=advanced&submit=Search&base=js&all=true>, [25.06.2014].
178
179
Kull A., Mistake, Frustration, and the Windfall Principle of Contract Remedies, Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 43,
1991-1992, 38, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/hastlj43&div=11&g–sent=1&collec-
tion=journals>, [25.06.2014].
180
Law Journal 1987, 27, miTiTebulia: Uribe M., The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding
181
ICC Arbitration Case No. 2291, 1976 Lunet 989 (1976).
182
183
Karampatzos A., Supervening Hardship as Subdivision of the General Frustration Rule: A Comparative Analy-
sis with Reference to Anglo-American, German, French and Greek Law, Eur. Rev. Private L., Kluwer Law In-
234
angloamerikuli samarTlis doqtrinaSi gavrcelebuli erT-erTi mosazrebis

Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos ar SeiZleba hqondes mxareTa nacvlad `xelSekrulebis xelme-
ored daweris~184 ufleba an Sesabamisi kompetencia.185 aRniSnuli SezRudavda saxel-
Sekrulebo Tavisuflebas.186 Tumca sasamarTlos mier Secvlili garemoebebisadmi
xelSekrulebis misadageba ar zRudavs mxareTa nebis avtonomias, vinaidan mxareebs ar
SeiZleba hqondeT gamovlenili neba im movlenebisa da maTi Sedegebis regulirebaze,
romelTa gaTvaliswinebac maT gonivrulad ar SeeZloT xelSekrulebis dadebis etap-
ze. Sesabamisad, Secvlili garemoebebis mowesrigeba maTi xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis
farglebs scildeba da amdenad, SesaZlebelia, Tavisuflad miendos sasamarTlos, ro-
gorc obieqtur mesame pirs.
sasamarTlos mier saxelSekrulebo xarvezis Sevsebis dros ar ilaxeba mxareTa
saxelSekrulebo neba, rameTu xarvezis SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs mxareTa SeTanxmeba sa-
marTlebrivad mniSvnelovan calkeul garemoebaze. aRniSnuli ki SesaZlebelia, ganxi-
lul iqnes mxareTa nagulisxmev Tanxmobad maT nacvlad sasamarTlos mier Secvlili
garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebaze.187
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis procesSi sasamarTlo-
saTvis saxelmZRvaneloa samarTlianobis, gonivrulobisa da keTilsindisierebis
principebi.188
6.3. sasamarTlos uflebamosilebis farglebi Secvlili

garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis procesSi
samarTlebrivi aqsiomaa, rom sasamarTlos ar SeiZleba hqondes mxareTa nacvlad

arsobrivad axali saxelSekrulebo pirobebis Sedgenis uflebamosileba.189 Tumca Tu
marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebel organos ar eqneba SeTanxmebis adaptaciis samar-
Tlebrivi SesaZlebloba, es mxareebs daukargavs motivacias, molaparakebis gziT Ta-
vad SeTanxmdnen valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi sasamarTlos Carevamde.
xelSekrulebis misadagebis uflebamosileba praqtikuli biZgia biznesmenebisaTvis –
ternational, The Netherlands, Vol.13, No. 2, 2005, 111, <http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Print?handle=hein.

kluwer/erpl0013&div=13&collection=kluwer&set–as–cursor=0&men–tab=srchresults>, [24.06.2014].
184
Gotanda J.Y., Renegotiation and Adaptation Clauses in Investment Contracts, Revisited, Villanova University
School of Law, Vand. J. Transnat’l L., Vol. 36, 2003, 1463, <http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?a
rticle=1007&context=gotanda>, [25.06.2014].
185
Hillman R.A., Principles of Contract Law, 2nd ed., The Concise Hornbook Series, West, 2009, 330.
186
iqve, 331.
187
Law Journal 1987, 28, miTiTebulia: Uribe M., The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding
188
ix. DCFR-is III – 1:110-e (2) (a), italiis sk-is 1467-e, erTiani savaWro kodeqsis 2-615-e mux-
lebi.
189
235
urTierTmolaparakebis gziT SeaTanxmon grZelvadian saxelSekrulebo urTierToba-

Si aRmocenebuli uTanxmoeba.190
sasamarTlom SeiZleba iqonios mniSvnelovani berketi, raTa waaxalisos mxareTa
Soris molaparakeba da urTierTSeTanxmebiT xelSekrulebis adaptacia. erT-erT saq-
meze191 sasamarTlom mxareTa Soris molaparakebis xelSewyobis mizniT, uari Tqva Sec-
vlili garemoebebis pirobebSi samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis gansazRvraze im
dasabuTebiT, rom mxareebs ukeTesad SeswevT samarTliani da ormxrivad sasargeblo
gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari.192
sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, xelSekrulebis Secvlili garemoebebisadmi misadage-
bis procesSi sasamarTlosaTvis saxelmZRvanelo meTodi SesaZlebelia iyos warmoSo-
bili zianis gamomwvevi mizezebis mikuTvneba mxareTa riskis sferoebisadmi da uaryo-
fiTi Sedegebis Sesabamisi proporciiT gadanawileba kontrahentebze.193
erT-erT saxelmZRvanelo principad SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos zianis Tanabari
proporciiT gadanawileba or Tanabrad arabraleul mxareze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu maTi pasuxismgeblobis diferencireba SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva moculobis riskis
sferos mixedviT.
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis procesSi, rodesac ar-
sebobs Seusabamoba, darRveuli wonasworoba mxareTa urTierTsanacvlo Sesrulebas
Soris, SesaZlebelia, ganxorcieldes saxelSekrulebo fasis modificireba pirvela-
di saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis samarTlebriv reJimSi, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZ-
lebeli xdeba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis gagrZeleba ganaxlebuli pirobebiT da
xelSekrulebis Tanxis Semcirebis safuZvelze mxareTa araekvivalenturi Sesrulebis
dabalanseba.
sasamarTlos eniWeba uflebamosileba, gaagrZelos SesrulebisaTvis dadgenili
vada, ganaxorcielos saxelSekrulebo fasis an Sesrulebis moculobis modificire-
ba. xelSekrulebis misadagebis procesSi mosamarTle moklebulia uflebamosilebas,
xelmeored Seadginos xelSekruleba an Secvalos misi samarTlebrivi buneba da miza-
ni.194 Tu saxelSekrulebo balansis aRdgena gulisxmobs xelSekrulebis arsis Secvlas,
maSin sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos xelSekrulebis moqmedeba.195
190
mxareTa molaparakebis waxalisebis aRniSnuli meqanizmi ganxilulia saqmeSi: Aluminum
Co. of American vs. Essex Group, Inc., 449 F. Supp.53 (W.D. Pa.1980).
191
Florida power & Light Company v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 517 F. Supp. 440, E.D. Va., 1981,
<http://openjurist.org/826/f2d/239/florida-power-light-company-v-westinghouse-electric-corporation>,
[25.06.2014].
192
International Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 28-29, aseve,
Florida power & Light Company v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 517 F. Supp. 440, E.D. Va., 1981,
<http://openjurist.org/826/f2d/239/florida-power-light-company-v-westinghouse-electric-corporation>,
[25.06.2014].
193
Hubbard S.W., Relief from Burdensome Long-Term Contracts: Commercial Impracticability, Frustration of
Purpose, Mutual Mistake of Fact, and Equitable Adjustment, Mo. L. Rev., Vol. 47, 1982, 109, <http://heinon-
line.org/HOL/Print?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/molr47&id=139>, [25.06.2014].
194
London/Boston, 2000, 327.
195
iqve, 327.
236
sasamarTlom Secvlili garemoebebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi mxareeb-

ze im principiT unda gadaanawilos, rom Sesruleba movalisaTvis gaxdes gonivruli
simZimis.196 bunebrivia, xelSekrulebis adaptacia ar gulisxmobs saxelSekrulebo wo-
nasworobis absolutur aRdgenas da sasamarTlos mier dazaralebuli mxaris srulad
ganTavisuflebas Secvlili garemoebebiT gamowveuli xarjebisgan.197
sasamarTlom, SesaZlebelia, gaagrZelos Sesrulebis vada, gazardos an Seamci-
ros saxelSekrulebo fasi, an gansaxorcielebeli urTierTsanacvlo Sesrulebis mo-
culoba. saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis modificireba, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs
sruliad axali Sinaarsisa da gansxvavebuli arsis mqone valdebulebis dakisrebas mxa-
reebisaTvis.198 xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli orazrovneba ar aniWebs sasamarTlos ufle-
bamosilebas, gardaqmnas saqmis Sinaarsi samarTlianobis Ziebis procesSi.199
6.4. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi misadagebis SeuZlebloba da

xelSekrulebis Sewyveta sasamarTlos mier
Secvlili garemoebebiT garTulebuli valdebulebis arsebobis safuZvliT,

xelSekrulebis Sewyveta sasamarTlos mier ukidures SemTxvevaSi gamosayenebeli,200
yvelaze mkacri samarTlebrivi meqanizmia201 kontinenturi da gansakuTrebiT unifi-
cirebuli samarTlis sistemaSi. angloamerikul samarTalSi xelSekrulebis amaoeba
mis avtomatur Sewyvetasa da mxareTa Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebas
iwvevs TiToeuli mxarisaTvis Seracxuli pasuxismgeblobiT. amasTan, xelSekrulebis
Sewyveta ar SeiZleba iyos mxareTa interesebis saukeTeso dacvis saSualeba maSin, ro-
desac xelSekrulebis SenarCuneba emsaxureba mesame pirTa an sajaro interesebs.202
valdebulebis Sesrulebisas qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi iZleva interesTa
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis SesaZleblobas. pativsadebi interesi xdeba valdebulebi-
Ti urTierTobis rogorc transformaciis, ise misi Sewyvetis safuZveli. Tavad inte-
resis mdgomareobas ki gansazRvravs rogorc Sesrulebis procesi, ise mis gareT arse-
196
Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles: Exemption for Non-perfor-
mance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International: Alphen aan den Rijn, 2009, 499.
197
ix. unidruas xelSekrulebaTa principebis 6.2.1-e, evropuli principebis 6:111-e (1) da
DCFR- is III – 1:110-e muxlebi.
198
Flambouras D., Comparative Remarks on CISG Article 79 & PECL Articles 6:111, 8:108, May, 2002, <http://
www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/peclcomp79.html>, [25.06.2014].
199
Goldber V.P., Framing Contract Law, An Economic Perspective, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mas-
sachusetts and London, England, 2006, 347.
200
201
Horn N., Standard Clauses on Contract Adaptation in International Commerce, 1985, 137 wignSi: Horn N.
(ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade and Finance, Deventer/The Nether-
lands, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1985.
202
237
buli garemoebani.203 xelSekrulebis Sewyveta, SesaZlebelia, ganxorcieldes mxolod

maSin, Tu igi xelSekrulebis adaptaciasTan SedarebiT ukeTesad uzrunvelyofs mxa-
reTa ormxriv interesebs da amasTan, am SewyvetiT ziani ar adgeba sajaro an mesame pi-
rebis interesebs.
sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs Sewyvitos xelSekruleba im zogadi wesebisagan gansxva-
vebuli pirobebiT, romelic imoqmedebda zogadad xelSekrulebidan gasvlis dros.
sasamarTlos mier xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi igi gansazRvravs xelSekru-
lebis SewyvetisTvis gonivrul vadas, raTa ar moxdes dazaralebuli mxarisaTvis zia-
nis miyeneba.204 Tu verc Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba da verc
xelSekrulebis Sewyveta uzrunvelyofs mxareTa saukeTeso interesebis gonivrul
dabalansebas, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia kidev erTxel mouwodos mxareebs molapara-
kebisaken, an ZalaSi datovos xelSekruleba ucvlelad, Tavdapirvelad SeTanxmebuli
pirobebiT.
umTavresia, rom Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba, iseve
rogorc valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis an SeuZleblobis safuZvliT saxel-
Sekrulebo pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisufleba, ar iwvevs saxelSekrulebo Tavisuf-
lebis principis xelyofas.205
7. daskvna
kvlevis farglebSi ganxorcielda valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis

pirobebSi umTavresad gamosayenebeli samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis – Secvlili
garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis, rogorc Sesrulebis garTulebis samar-
Tlebrivi Sedegis, Seswavla, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda Semdegi daskvne-
bis Camoyalibeba:
saxelSekrulebo samarTali ayalibebs ra sabazro urTierTobebis marTvis fu-
Zemdeblur danawesebs, samoqalaqo brunvis regulirebiT komerciuli urTierTobebis
stabilurobis, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa interesebis sa-
marTliani ganxorcielebis ganmsazRvrelia. Sesabamisad, saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-
baSi Secvlili garemoebebis gavleniT warmoSobili Sesrulebis garTulebis sakiTxis
sakanonmdeblo reglamentaciis srulyofa mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs samoqalaqo
brunvisa da komerciuli urTierTobebis stabilurobas, uzrunvelyofs samoqalaqo
brunvis monawileTa interesTa TanafardobiT dadgenili sajaro wesrigis dacvas.
 pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel safuZvelTa sistemis formirebis proces-
Si gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens valdebulebis Sesrulebis dabrkolebis cnebis
unificireba. aRniSnuli koncefciis arsebiTi samarTlebrivi maxasiaTeblebi ganzo-
203
204
London/Boston, 2000, 327.
205
238
gadebuli saxiT gaerTianda valdebulebis garTulebis cnebis samarTlebriv arsSi da

zogad saxelSekrulebo principad Camoyalibda saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv siste-
mebSi. zogadi saxelSekrulebo principebi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis xarvezu-
li da Ria normebis, aseve xelSekrulebis pirobebis ganmartebisa da Sevsebis qmediT
meqanizmad SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.
qarTul samarTalSi Secvlil garemoebebTan dakavSirebuli problematika ar
aris mowesrigebuli forsmaJorisa da Sesrulebis garTulebis saxelwodebis mqone in-
stitutebiT. Tumca kanonmdebloba arsobrivad msgavsi samarTlebrivi koncefciebis
regulirebas iTvaliswinebs dauZleveli Zalis, Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleb-
lobisa da Secvlili garemoebebis saxelwodebiT. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,
kvlevaSi valdebulebis Sesrulebis ukiduresi damZimebis koncefciis gamosaxatavad
gamoyenebul iqna termini valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTuleba, rogorc zogadi sa-
xelSekrulebo principis amsaxveli koncefcia.
 valdebulebis Sesrulebis legitimuri saxelSekrulebo interesi samarTleb-
rivad daculi gansakuTrebuli sikeTea nebismieri samarTlis sistemaSi, romelic ama
Tu im iuridiuli meqanizmiT uzrunvelyofs zemoaRniSnuli interesis realizebas.
Sesrulebis garTulebis pirobebSi mxareTa interesebis upirvelesi samarTlebrivi
dacvis saSualeba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebaa, rameTu am
SemTxvevaSi kontrahentTa miznad kvlav xelSekrulebis aRsruleba rCeba. Secvlili
garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba aucilebeli samarTlebrivi dacvis meqa-
nizmia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeTanxmeba aRar aris socialuri sargeblisa da efeqti-
anobis momtani. Tu saxelSekrulebo molaparakebiT ver miiRweva mxareTa Tavdapirve-
li nebis gadarCenisa da interesTa Tanafardobis aRdgenis mizani, maSin urTierTobis
Sewyveta, rogorc ukiduresi samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmi, iqneba amoqmedebuli.
swored aRniSnuli mizniT aixsneba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misada-
gebisaTvis mxareTa molaparakebis warmoebis savaldebuloobis danawesis ganmtkiceba
sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi.
 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis adaptacia xelSekrulebis Sewy-
vetasTan an mis mkacr aRsrulebasTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovanwilad uzrunvelyofs
mxareTa interesebis ganxorcielebas. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis mi-
sadagebis upiratesoba im SemTxvevaSic vlindeba, rodesac pirvandeli mdgomareobis
aRdgena da zianis anazRaureba ver ubrunebs mxareebs maT Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas.
amitomac, rogorc wesi, kontrahentebi interesTa balansis aRdgenisaTvis Secvlili
garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis wess aniWeben upiratesobas xelSekru-
lebis SewyvetasTan SedarebiT. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba
SesaZlebelia valdebulebis Sesrulebisa da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis uzrun-
velyofis meqanizmad iqnes ganxiluli.
 istoriulad Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis doq-
trina keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze aRmocenda. Secvlili garemoebebis
gavleniT Sesrulebis garTulebis warmoSobisas, keTilsindisierebis principi mxare-
ebs akisrebs urTierTTanamSromlobis valdebulebas xelSekrulebis adaptaciis miz-
niT, xolo sasamarTlos aniWebs xelSekrulebis misadagebis uflebamosilebas, rome-
lic mowodebulia saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisa da wonasworobis aRdgenisaTvis
239
mxareTa saxelSekrulebo mizani ganmartos keTilsindisierebis principis WrilSi. mo-

laparakebis warmoeba xelSekrulebis adaptaciis mizniT, mxareTa Tanaqmedebis valde-
bulebis gamoxatulebad unda ganimartos, radgan xelSekrulebis aRsruleba moiTx-
ovs mudmiv TanamSromlobas.
 sakanonmdeblo doneze keTilsindisierebis principis reglamentaciasTan er-
Tad, mizanSewonilia, qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gaizardos aRniSnuli normati-
uli principis gamoyenebis praqtika da igi amoqmedebul iqnes `samarTliani Sedegebis
dadgomisaTvis da, amave dros, aSkarad usamarTlo Sedegis Tavidan acilebisaTvis~.206
keTilsindisierebis principis realuri gamoyeneba Secvlili garemoebebis gavleniT
garTulebuli samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad uzrun-
velyofda samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobasa da mis monawileTa interesebis samar-
Tlian gadanawilebas interesTa Tanafardobisa da wonasworobis aRdgenis procesSi.
 ssk, Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis ZiriTadi sa-
marTlebrivi winapirobebis dadgenasTan erTad, Sesrulebis àragonivrulobas~ Ses-
rulebis garTulebis dafuZnebis kidev erT mniSvnelovan winapirobad ganixilavs.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis iseT dabrkolebas, rodesac mxares ar SeiZleba (e.i. arago-
nivrulia) moeTxovos Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva keTilsindisierebi-
sa da samarTlianobis principebidan gamomdinare, Sesrulebis garTulebis warmoSo-
bisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobis Zala eniWeba, ramdenadac Sesrulebis gonivruloba
xelSekrulebis mboWavi Zalis ganmsazRvrel kriteriumad aris miCneuli. am SemTxve-
vaSi `xelSekruleba xdeba ara TanamSromlobisa da Tavisufali brunvis saSualeba,
aramed erTi mxaris meoreze damorCilebis iaraRi~.207 Sesabamisad, `kanonmdebelma ga-
marTlebulad miiCnia saxelSekrulebo boWvisagan im piris ganTavisufleba, romelic
garemoebaTa cvlilebis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad da araTanazomierad zaraldeba~.208
aseTi Sesruleba uTanasworo mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda samoqalaqo brunvis monawi-
leebs. amdenad, Sesrulebis aragonivruloba, araracionaluroba Sesrulebis garTu-
lebis, rogorc koncefciis, srulad dafuZnebis sxva savaldebulo winapirobebTan
erTad, erT-erT aucilebel winapirobad da ara mis Tanamdev Sedegad unda iqnes ganxi-
luli.
 ssk-is 398-e I muxli ewinaaRmdegeba xelSekrulebis misadagebis moTxovnisa da
molaparakebis savaldebuloobis princips, rameTu iTvaliswinebs SemTxvevebs, rode-
sac Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis nacvlad, SesaZlebelia,
pirdapir moTxovnil iqnes xelSekrulebidan gasvla.
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi kontraqtis adaptacia mxareTa SeTanxmebis aRsru-
lebis da maTi interesebis realizebis meqanizmia. amitomac, umravles samarTlebriv
sistemaSi erTmniSvnelovnad aRiarebulia mxareTa molaparakebis savaldebuloo-
206
ioseliani a., keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (SedarebiT-
samarTlebrivi gamokvleva), `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema,
Tb., 2007, 12.
207
208
CaCava s., moTxovnebis da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia kerZo samarTalSi, sadi-
sertacio naSromi, Tb., 2010, 68, <http://tsu.edu.ge/data/file–db/faculty-law-public/sofio–chachava.
pdf>, [24.06.2014].
240
ba xelSekrulebis adaptaciis mizniT. amdenad, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes SemTxvevebi,

rodesac ar iqneba moTxovnili Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadage-
bis mizniT mxareTa molaparakeba, rogorc es 398-e I muxlis bolo winadadebaSia miTi-
Tebuli. arsi swored isaa, rom upirvelesad savaldebulo wesiT unda ganxorcieldes
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mcdeloba mxareTa mier da mxo-
lod aRniSnulis uSedegod dasrulebis Semdgom SesaZlebelia, amoqmedebul iqnes xel-
Sekrulebidan gasvlis moTxovna.
zemoaRniSnuli msjelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, xarvezuli sakanonmdeblo debule-
bis dazusteba SesaZlebelia Semdegi formulirebiT: Tu is garemoebebi, romlebic xel-
Sekrulebis dadebis safuZveli gaxda, xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg aSkarad Seicvala
da mxareebi ar dadebdnen am xelSekrulebas an dadebdnen sxva SinaarsiT, es cvlilebebi
rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin aRmocendeba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrule-
bis misadagebis moTxovna, Tu calkeul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT xelSekrulebis
mxares ar SeiZleba moeTxovos Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva.
 safuZvliani SeniSvna unda gamoiTqvas ssk-is 398-e III muxlis im debulebis mi-
marT, romelic mxares avtomaturad aniWebs xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebas xelSek-
rulebis misadagebis mimarT misi Tanxmobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. kreditoris uari
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebaze ar unda iyos angariSgasawevi,
ramdenadac mas upirispirdeba movalis pativsadebi interesi, saxelSekrulebo wonas-
worobisa da interesTa balansis aRdgenis principi. mxare valdebulia, xeli Seuwyos
xelSekrulebis gadarCenisken mimarTul RonisZiebebs da 398-e III muxlis gansaxilveli
winadadebis (Tuki SeuZlebelia xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi,
an meore mxare amas ar eTanxmeba) ZaliT ar SeiZleba mas eniWebodes Secvlili garemoebe-
bisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis uaryofis ufleba pativsadebi safuZvlis gareSe.
mxareTa interesebis samarTliani dabalansebis ganuxorcieleblobis SemTxveva-
Si SesaZlebelia, dasaSvebad iqnes miCneuli xelSekrulebidan gasvla xelSekrulebis
adaptaciis sanacvlod. am SemTxvevaSic xelSekrulebis misadagebis SesaZleblobaze
saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba unda miendos sasamarTlos. molaparakebis gziT Se-
Tanxmebis miuRwevlobis pirobebSi, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis realizebamde
xelSekrulebis adaptaciis moTxovniT sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva, damatebiTi Sesru-
lebis msgavsad, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis winapirobad unda iqnes ganmtkicebuli saka-
nonmdeblo doneze.
 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi gonivruli da samarTliani misadageba ar SeiZle-
ba gulisxmobdes saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis absolutur aRdgenas im saxiT, ro-
goric arsebobda xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze. molaparakeba unda iTvaliswinebdes
Sesrulebis simZimis Semsubuqebas movalisaTvis, xolo kreditorisaTvis kvlav saxel-
Sekrulebo sargebliT uzrunvelyofas. amdenad, saxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi ar
SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis meore mxareze srulad
gadakisrebis mizans.209
 molaparakebis moTxovna unda ganxorcieldes droulad da unda emyarebodes
samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, Secvlili garemoebebis Sesaxeb zust informacias, valde-
bulebis Sesrulebaze maTi zemoqmedebis xarisxs da misadagebisaTvis gansazRvrul go-
209
241
nivrul dros. saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis warmoebis procesSi mxares SezRuduli

aqvs xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba.
 saxelSekrulebo daTqmebiT dauSvebelia movalis zogadi pasuxismgeblobis
ganmtkiceba valdebulebis Sesrulebaze yovelgvari Secvlili garemoebis gamovle-
nis miuxedavad. msgavs SeTanxmebas ar SeiZleba mboWavi Zala hqondes, radgan SeiZleba
gamoiwvios, keTilsindisierebisa da samarTlianobis principebis TvalsazrisiT, gau-
marTleblad mZime Sedegebi pasuxismgebeli mxarisaTvis. iuridiul doqtrinaSi saxel-
Sekrulebo daTqmebiT pasuxismgeblobisa da riskis gadanawileba aRiarebulia mxolod
konkretuli garemoebis da ara zogadad, nebismieri gauTvaliswineblobis aRmocenebis
SemTxvevisaTvis.210
 xelSekrulebis gadaxedvis mizniT, mxareTa urTierTmolaparakebis valde-
bulebis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia, ganxilul iqnes mxaris mier Secvlili garemoebebis
SemTxvevisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebe-
bis gamoyenebis winapirobad da Secvlili garemoebebis Tanamdev procesad.211 saxelSek-
rulebo molaparakebis keTilsindisierad warmarTvis valdebuleba ar SeiZleba SeizR-
udos an gamoiricxos SeTanxmebiT, an sxva samarTlebrivi aqtiT. aRniSnuli movaleobis
Seusrulebloba waarTmevs mxares misi moTxovnebisa da samarTlebrivi dacvis saSuale-
bebis ganxorcielebis uflebas.
 keTilsindisiereba, samarTlianoba, urTierTTanamSromloba da moqniloba
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mTavar safuZvlebad da sa-
xelmZRvanelo principebad ganixileba. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis mi-
sadageba sasamarTlos mier gulisxmobs ganmartebisa da xarvezis Sevsebis meTodebis
gamoyenebas da ormxriv valdebulebaTa wonasworobis rRvevis xarisxis Sefasebas. sasa-
marTlos mier xelSekrulebis gadaxedva, faqtobriv garemoebebTan erTad, yovelTvis
iTvaliswinebs mxareTa miznebis ganmartebis gziT dadgenas. xelSekrulebis adaptaciam
unda asaxos mxareTa is SeTanxmebuli neba, rac maT eqnebodaT Secvlili garemoebebis
xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze codnis SemTxvevaSi Tavdapirveli saxelSekrulebo in-
teresis maqsimaluri SenarCunebiT. adaptirebuli xelSekruleba axali garemoebis pi-
robebSic unda axdendes mxareTa samarTliani interesebis realizebas.
 xelSekruleba ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes garemomcveli garemoebebis mxed-
velobaSi miuReblad. xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi ar cvlis
mxareTa nebas, aramed Secvlili garemoebebis WrilSi mxareTa Tavdapirveli ganzrax-
vis, namdvili nebis gaazrebisa da dadgenis saSualeba xdeba. mxareTa mizani xelSekru-
lebis dadebis etapze misi aRsrulebaa da Secvlili garemoebebisadmi misadagebac xel-
Sekrulebis aRsrulebis da, Sesabamisad, mxareTa nebis ganxorcielebis winapirobaa.
 sasamarTlos mier Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba ar
zRudavs mxareTa nebis avtonomias, vinaidan kontrahentebs ar SeiZleba hqondeT gamov-
lenili neba im movlenebisa da maTi Sedegebis mowesrigebaze, romelTa gaTvaliswine-
210
Böckstiegel K.H., Hardship, Force Majeure and Special Risks Clauses in International Contracts, 1985, 160
wignSi: Horn N. (ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade and Finance, De-
venter/The Netherlands, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1985.
211
242
bac gonivrulad SeuZlebeli iyo xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze. Sesabamisad, rodesac

Secvlili garemoebebis mowesrigeba xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis farglebs scildeba da
amdenad, SesaZlebelia Tavisuflad miendos sasamarTlos, rogorc obieqtur mesame
pirs samarTliani Sedegebis uzrunvelsayofad.
 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis procesSi, rodesac
arsebobs Seusabamoba, darRveuli wonasworoba mxareTa urTierTsanacvlo Sesrulebis
moculobas Soris, gonivrulia, ganxorcieldes saxelSekrulebo fasis modificireba
pirveladi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis samarTlebriv reJimSi, romlis meSveobiTac
SesaZlebeli xdeba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis gagrZeleba ganaxlebuli pirobebiT
da xelSekrulebis Tanxis Semcirebis safuZvelze mxareTa araekvivalenturi Sesru-
lebis dabalanseba. erT-erT saxelmZRvanelo principad SesaZlebelia, miCneul iqnes
zianis Tanabari proporciiT gadanawileba or Tanabrad arabraleul mxareze mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi pasuxismgeblobis diferencireba SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva mo-
culobis riskis sferos mixedviT. amrigad, sasamarTlos eniWeba uflebamosileba, ga-
agrZelos SesrulebisaTvis dadgenili vada, ganaxorcielos saxelSekrulebo fasis an
Sesrulebis moculobis modificireba. samarTliani Sedegebis uzrunvelyofis mizani
unda ganxorcieldes xelSekrulebis arsis Seucvlelad.
 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi SeTanxmebis misadagebis SeuZleblobis SemTxve-
vaSi xelSekrulebis Sewyveta sasamarTlos mier ukidures SemTxvevaSi gamosayenebeli
yvelaze mkacri samarTlebrivi meqanizmia. xelSekrulebis Sewyveta, SesaZlebelia, gan-
xorcieldes mxolod maSin, Tu igi xelSekrulebis adaptaciasTan SedarebiT ukeTesad
uzrunvelyofs mxareTa ormxriv interesebs da amasTan, am SewyvetiT ziani ar adgeba sa-
jaro an mesame pirTa interesebs. Tu xelSekrulebis adaptaciiT an misi SewyvetiT SeuZ-
lebelia interesTa gonivruli dabalanseba, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia kidev erTxel
mouwodos mxareebs molaparakebisaken, an ZalaSi datovos xelSekruleba ucvlelad,
Tavdapirvelad SeTanxmebuli pirobebiT.
umniSvnelovanesia, rom Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadage-
ba, iseve rogorc valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis an SeuZleblobis safuZvliT
saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisufleba ar xelyofs nebis avtonomiis
princips, aramed saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principis realizebis gamoxatulebaa.
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis samarTlebrivi reJimis,
misi gamoyenebis farglebis, safuZvlebisa da winapirobebis sakanonmdeblo mowesrige-
bis gziT dazustebiTa da gafarToebiT xelSekrulebis adaptaciis koncefcia aRiare-
bul iqneba zogadsaxelSekrulebo principad, rac ganapirobebs mis farTo gamoyenebas
praqtikaSi. xelSekrulebis Segueba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi SeTanxmebis mboWavi
Zalis aRsrulebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmia, romelic uzrunvelyofs xelSekrulebis
SenarCunebas mxareTa Tavdapirveli interesisa da ekonomikuri sargeblianobis maqsi-
maluri realizebiT.
243
nino jibuti*
suverenuli reitingis arsi da mniSvneloba
1. Sesavali
sareitingo kompaniebis mier Sedgenili reitingi sakredito reitingia da igi ga-

daxdisunarianobis dones laTinur simboloebSi gamoxatavs. reitingis ramdenime saxe
arsebobs, Tumca, am statiis mizania mxolod erTi maTganis, kerZod, suverenuli rei-
tingis, ganxilva.
dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva wyaroebSi, sxvadasxva qveynebis, maT Soris sa-
qarTvelos mTavrobis oficialur gverdze,1 mocemulia informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra sakredito reitingi mieniWa qveyanas, rogor gaizarda Tu Semcirda igi. qveynis sak-
redito reitingi es igive qveynis suverenuli reitingia, Tumca, ismis kiTxvebi: ris-
Tvis aris saWiro suverenuli reitingi? rogor xdeba misi Sedgena? ra dadebiTi mxare
aqvs mas?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis misaRebad saWiroa, gairkves suverenuli reitingis arsi da
misi mniSvneloba. statiaSi qronologiuradaa dalagebuli movlenebi, rac iZleva su-
verenuli reitingis saerTo suraTs. mniSvnelovania imis codna, istoriulad rogor
daiwyo suverenuli reitingis Sedgena, ram ganapiroba, ra movlenebma Seuwyo xeli mis
ganviTarebas, ra problemebi moutana misma arsebobam finansur bazars. statia SeiZle-
ba pirobiTad or did nawilad daiyos: pirveli istoriuli nawilia, masSi ganxilulia
sami mniSvnelovani krizisi; meore – suverenuli reitingis Sedgenis procesi, kriteri-
umebi, misi mniSvneloba;
globaluri finansuri krizisis Semdgom gaizarda sareitingo kompaniebTan da-
kavSirebuli literaturis raodenoba.2 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom ar arsebobs wamyvani
Jurnali qveynis riskebTan, suverenul reitingTan dakavSirebiT.3 suverenuli reitin-
gis arseboba TavisTavad ar niSnavs, rom yvela qveyanas aqvs miniWebuli reitingi. pi-
riqiT, aris qveynebi, romelTa gadaxdisunarianobis Sefasebac jer ar momxdara sare-
itingo kompaniebis mier. sagulisxmoa, rom samecniero kvlevebSi yuradRebis gareSea
datovebuli, Tu rogori iqneboda reitingi jer kidev Seufasebeli qveynebisTvis.4
niSandoblivia is faqti, rom saubaria `sareitingo kompaniebze“ mravlobiT for-
maSi da ara `sareitingo kompaniaze“, radgan, ZiriTadad, igulisxmeba sami, wamyvani sa-
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.

1
mag. <http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=geo&sec_id=35&info_id=33192>.
2
Eijffinger S.C.W., Rating Agencies: Role and Influence of Their Sovereign Credit Risk ssessment in the Euro-
zone, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 5, Issue 6, 2012, 913.
3
Hoti S., McAlee M., An Empirical Assessment of Country Risk Ratings and Associated Models, Journal of
Economic Surveys, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2004, 542.
4
Ratha D., De P.K., Mohapatra S., Shadow Sovereign Ratings for Unrated Developing Countries, World De-
velopment, Vol. 39, 2010, No. 3, 298.
244
nino jibuti, suverenuli reitingis arsi da mniSvneloba
reitingo kompania – mudi,5 fitCi,6 standard da pursi.7 es aris sami sareitingo kompania,
romlebic moqmedeben oligopilur bazarze. Tumca, sareitingo bazari moicavs sxva
sareitingo kompaniebsac. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi, sadac 2013 wlisTvis 77 sareitingo kompania iyo dafuZnebuli. zemoxsenebul
sareitingo kompaniebi dResac wamyvan sareitingo kompaniebs warmoadgenen. maT erTad
sareitingo bazris 95% ukaviaT.8 sareitingo saqmianobis regulirebisTvis gatarebu-
li zomebi Tu miRebuli maregulirebeli dokumentebic fitCis, TiTqos, standard da
pursisa da mudis saqmianobis regulirebiskenaa mimarTuli. reitingis istoriac, faq-
tobrivad, am sareitingo kompaniebis istoria.9 amrigad, winamdebare statiaSi moce-
muli kvleva, zogad sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, moicavs msoflioSi dafuZnebul yvela
sareitingo kompanias, xolo konkretul sakiTxebSi mxolod sam, ZiriTad, sareitingo
kompanias.
2. suverenuli reitingis arsi da misi warmoSoba
`reitingis“ oficialur definicias TviTon sareitingo kompaniebi (saagentoe-

bi) iZleva. maTi ganmartebiT, reitingi aris àzri“ emitentis arsebuli mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, kerZod ki imis Taobaze, SeZlebs Tu ara emitenti dadgenil vadaSi procente-
bisa da gadasaxadebis gadaxdas mTlianad da droulad.10 reitingi sxvadasxva saxis ar-
sebobs: 1) grZelvadiani da moklevadiani reitingi; 2) emisiis da emitentis reitingi;
3) Sida da gare moxmarebis reitingi; 4) nebayoflobiTi da dakveTis safuZvelze Sedge-
nili reitingi; 5) konkretul sferos reitingi; 6) suverenuli reitingi. kvlevis obi-
eqtia suverenuli reitingi, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifos gadaxdisunarianobisa
5
Moody’s ix. <www.moodys.com>.
6
Fitch ix. <www.fitschratings.com>.
7
Standard & Poor’ ix. <www.standardandpoors.com>.
8
Santoni A., Arbia B., Assessing Rating Agencies’ Ability to Predict Bank Bankruptcy - The Lace Financial
Case, Economic Notes, Vol. 42, Issue 2, 2013, 205.
9
Reisen H., Maltzan J., Bomm and Bust and Sovereign Ratings, International Finance, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2002,
275.
10
Kohn M., Financial Institutions and Markets, New York, Oxford 2004, 397. sareitingo kompaniebis
reitingis aRniSnuli ganmarteba sakamaToa. kerZod sadavoa is, Tu ramdenad warmoad-
gens reitingi àzrs“/,,mosazrebas“, romelsac aranairi samarTlebrivi Sedegi ar mos-
devs. Tavdapirvelad is aseTadac Camoyalibda, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi reitingma
didi mniSvneloba moipova finansur bazarze. 2013 wlamde miRebuli iyo, rom reitingi
aris mxolod `mosazreba~ emitentis gadaxdisunarianobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, sare-
itingo kompaniebi ar agebdnen pasuxs araswori reitingebisTvis. marTalia, jer kidev
problematuria sareitingo kompaniebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, magram 2013 weli
mniSvnelovani iyo im kuTxiT, rom evropelma maregulirebelma oficialurad aRiara,
rom reitingi aris ara `mosazreba“, aramed ufro meti, romelze dayrdnobiTac xdeba
uamravi gadawyvetilebis miReba finansur bazarze. amiT reitingis, rogorc àzris“,
ganxilvas, faqtobrivad, wertili daesva. jibuti n. wignSi: maxarobliSvili g., qiria a.,
zubitaSvili n., jibuti n., jibuti s. sakorporacio samarTlis krebuli II, red. burdu-
li i., Tb., 2014, 197-268.
245
da mzadyofnis Sefasebas, moaxdinos finansuri valdebulebebis Sesruleba.11 es aris

qveynis individualuri maCvenebeli misi gadaxdisunarianobis Sesaxeb.12
imis gasagebad, Tu rogor movida qveynis riskis Sefaseba dRemde, saWiroa, isto-
riuli eqskursi. qveynis riskis Sefasebis dawyeba dakavSirebulia qveynebSi saerTaSo-
riso kapitalis SedinebasTan. miiCneva, rom qveynis riskis Sefaseba daiwyo suverenuli
reitingis SedgeniT 1800-ian wlebSi. sainteresoa, rom pirveli suverenuli reitingi
gamoSvebulia evropis saerTaSoriso bankis mier, magaliTad, lionazis (provincia saf-
rangeTSi) suverenuli reitingi 1871 wels. 1919-1939 wlebSi dasavleT evropis qveynebs
aRar SeeZloT yofiliyvnen kreditoris rolSi, rac imas niSnavda, rom saxelmwifoebma
sesxisTvis gezi aiRes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisken. im saxelmwifoebma, romlebic
adre kreditoris rolSi gamodiodnen (belgia, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, irlandia,
holandia, skandinaviis qveynebi, Sveicaria), daiwyes dafinansebis moZieba valutis sta-
bilizebisTvis, sajaro da kerZo kapitalis gaumjobesebisTvis da a.S. amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebs mimarTes agreTve im debitorma saxelmwifoebma (bolivia, brazilia,
bulgareTi, Cile, kolumbia, kosta rika, kuba, germania, saberZneTi, ungreTi, peru,
poloneTi, rumineTi, iugoslavia, urugvai), romelTaTvisac TiTqmis yvela evropuli
bazari daketili iyo. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisgan aseve sesxulobda avstralia,
kanada, iaponia, palestina. amis Sedegad obligaciis bazarma londonidan niu iorkSi
gadainacvla. 1924-1928 wlebi iyo amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sabanko kreditebis aR-
mavlobis wlebi.13
mudi iyo pirveli sareitingo kompania, romelmac 1918 wels moaxdina amerikis
farglebs gareT saxelmwifoTa obligaciebis Sefaseba. ramdenime welSi mas SeuerTda
standard da pursi da fitCi.14 standard da pursma gamosca suverenuli reitingi 1929
wlis didi depresiis dawyebis win.15 ocdaerT qveyanas mieniWa pursis mier suverenuli
reitingi.16 1929 wlisTvis mudis gacemuli hqonda 50-mde suverenuli reitingi.17
didi depresiis dros suverenul reitinze moTxovna Semcirda. es gagrZelda me-
ore msoflio omis periodSi. 1931 wels brazilia, Cile, kolumbia, kosta rika, domini-
kis respublika, peru da TurqeTi gadaxdisuunaro gaxda. imave situaciaSi aRmoCnda
1932 wels avstria, bulgareTi, el-salvadori, germania, saberZneTi, ungreTi, libia,
nikaragua, panama, paragvai, iugoslavia, 1933 wels - kuba, guatemala, urugvai, rumine-
11
Williams G., Alsakka R., Gwilym O., The impact of sovereign rating actions on bank ratings in emerging mar-
kets, Journal of Banking & Finance 37, 2013, 565.
12
Kim S.J., Wu E., International Bank Flows to Emerging Markets: Influence of Sovereign Credit Ratings and
their Regional Spillover Effects, The Journal of Financial Research, Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, 2011, 332.
13
Schroeder K.S., The Underpinnings of Country Risk Assessment, Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 22, No.
2, 2008, 501-502.
14
Gaillard N., What is the Value of Sovereign Ratings? German Economic Review, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 2013, 209.
15
2, 2008, 502.
16
Ratha D., De K.P., Mohapatra S., Shadow Sovereign Ratings for Unrated Developing Countries, World De-
velopment, Vol. 39, 2010, No.3, 296.
17
Canto R., Packer F., Professional Forum-Sovereign Risk Assessment and Agency Credit Rating, European
Financial Management, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1996, 249.
246
Ti, 1936 - wels poloneTi. meore msoflio omis dros suverenuli reitingi miniWebuli
hqonda mxolod amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, kanadas da samxreT amerikis ramdenime
saxelmwifos Stats. Semcirda qveynis gadaxdisunarianobis Sefasebis saWiroeba.18
1934 wels miRebul iqna `jonsonis aqti“19, romlis safuZvelzec amerikis SeerTe-
bulma Statebma gadaxdisuunaro qveynebs aukrZala fasiani qaRaldebis miyidva ameri-
kis nebismier moqalaqeze an korporaciaze. es imas niSnavda, rom amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma akrZala aseve kerZo sesxebi im saxelmwifoebze, romlebmac ar gadaixades va-
li an gadaxdisuunaroebi iyvnen. meore msoflio omma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
suverenuli reitingis istoriaSi. 1940 wels wamyvanma sareitingo kompaniebma gamoiTx-
ova reitingebi, gacemuli avstriaze, evropisa da aziis qveynebze da gadawyvita Seefa-
sebina mxolod samxreTamerikuli da laTinoamerikuli warmoSobis obligaciebi. SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom suverenuli reitingi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi gaqra. 1970
wels, saerTaSoriso obligaciebis bazris gamococxlebasTan erTad, kvlav warmoiSva
moTxovna suverenul reitingebze. 1975 wlidan ki aqtiurad daiwyo maTi Sedgena. am pe-
riodSi pirveli suverenuli reitingi Seadgina fitCma. mas mohyva mudi, romelmac ga-
mosca xuTi qveynis suverenuli reitingi (avstralia, kanada, axali zelandia, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi) da standard da pursi, romelmac Seadgina Svidi suverenuli re-
itingi (avstralia, avstria, kanada, safrangeTi, iaponia, norvegia, amerikis SeerTebu-
li Statebi).20 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 15 qveyana sesxulobda amerikis kapitalis
bazarze, Sesabamisad, esaWiroeboda reitingi. mxolod ramdenime finansurad Zlier sa-
xelmwifos hqonda wvdoma saerTaSoriso kapitalTan evrobazris saSualebiT da rei-
tingis gareSe. naklebad gadaxdisunariani qveynebi kreditebs, ZiriTadad, bankebisgan
iRebdnen. suverenuli reitingis moTxovna SesamCnevad izrdeba 1980/90-ian wlebSi, ro-
desac sustma kreditebma SeaRwies saerTaSoriso sakredito bazarze.21
ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis suverenuli reitingis Sedgena 1980 wlidan iRebs
saTaves. 1980 wlisTvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis22
TiTqmis yvela maRali Semosavlis mqone qveyana iyo Sefasebuli. 1990 wlisTvis Sefase-
buli qveynebis raodenobam sagrZnoblad moimata. am periodSi suverenuli reitingis
zrda mocemulia cxrilSi.
18
Schroeder K.S.,The Underpinnings of Country Risk Assessment, Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 22, No.
2, 2008, 502.
19
“Johnson Act”.
20
Gaillard N., What is the Value of Sovereign Ratings? German Economic Review, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 2013, 208-
209.
21
Cantor R., Packer F., Professional Forum-Sovereign Risk Assessment and Agency Credit Rating, European
22
OECD: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD-is wevri qveynebia:
avstralia, avstria, belgia, kanada, Cile, CexeTi, dania, estoneTi, fineTi, safrangeTi,
germania, saberZneTi, ungreTi, islandia, irlandia, israeli, italia, iaponia, korea,
luqsemburgi, meqsika, holandia, axali zelandia, norvegia, poloneTi, portugalia,
slovakeTi, slovenia, espaneTi, SvedeTi, Sveicaria, TurqeTi, didi britaneTi, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi, <www.oecd.org> 26.04.2014.
247
suverenuli reitingis biznesis zrda

(mudis da standard da pursis mixedviT)23
suverenuli reitingis saSualod miniWebuli
weli
raodenoba reitingis done
1975 dan -mde 3 AAA/Aaa
1975-1979 9 AAA/Aaa
1980-1984 3 AAA/Aaa
1985-1989 19 A/A2
1990-1994 15 BBB-/Baa3
2006 wlis dekembris mdgomareobiT Sefasebuli iyo 131 qveyana, aqedan 45 maRali
23
Semosavlis mqone da 86 ganviTarebadi qveyana.24

1970-ian-80-ian wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac gaizarda ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis Se-
saZlebloba, rom miiRon saerTaSoriso sesxi, suverenuli reitingi saerTaSoriso fi-
nansuri sazogadoebis mTavari ganxilvis sagani gaxda. bazarze orientirebulma eko-
nomikam da finansurma reformam ganapiroba didi raodenobiT gare kapitalis Sedineba
samxreT evropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziisa da afrikis ganviTarebad bazarze. am Sem-
Txvevam niSani misca saerTaSoriso investors, rom vaWrobis globalizacia da Ria ka-
pitalis bazari riskis Semcveli elementia, romelmac SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas saer-
TaSoriso finansur seqtors.
im periodSi (1990-1991 wlebSi), rodesac daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri da Seiqmna 15
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo (cota adre daiSala aRmosavleT evropis socialisturi
banaki), kidev ufro gaizarda suverenuli reitingis ricxvi ganviTarebadi bazrebis-
Tvis. mas Semdeg, rac xelisufleba pirvelad Seadgams fexs kapitalis bazarze, iwyeba
saxelmwifosTvis aTvlis wertili. Semdeg SesaZlebloba eZlevaT saxelmwifos SigniT
arsebul wamyvan korporaciebsa da finansur instituciebs, mihyvnen mas bazarze. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, xelisufleba xSirad reitings imitom ukveTavs, rom hqondes wvdoma
saerTaSoriso kapitalis bazarze im kompaniebisTvis, romelTa domicilic aris am sa-
xelmwifos SigniT. magaliTad, es iyo suverenuli reitingis miRebis motivi 1992 wels
Ciles, xolo 1995 wels saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi. xSirad amerikeli investorebi ar yi-
duloben ganviTarebadi bazris aqciebs, Tu is ar aris Sefasebuli amerikaSi dafuZne-
buli sareitingo kompaniis mier.25
2001 wlis 11 seqtembridan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli riski
sagrZnoblad gaizarda, Sesabamisad, ufro Zneli gaxda ekonomikur, finansur da poli-
tikur seqtorSi gadawyvetilebis mimRebisTvis winaswar raimes analizi da gaTvla.26
23
Financial Management, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1996, 249
24
velopment, Vol. 39, 2010, No. 3, 296.
25
Langhor H.M., Langhor P.T., The Rating Agencies and their Credit Ratings: What They Are, How They Work
and their Credit Ratings, England, 2008, 135.
26
Hoti S., McAleer M., An Empirical Assessment of Country Risk Ratings and Associated Models, Journal of
Economic Surveys, Vol. 18, No.4, 2004, 539-540.
248
suverenuli reitingis istoriaSi mniSvnelovania sami periodis gamoyofa, kerZod,

sami krizisis: 1) aziis krizisi; 2) globaluri finansuri krizisi; 3) evropis sakredito
krizisi. am movlenebma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula rogorc suverenuli reitingis,
ise, zogadad, sareitingo kompaniebis istoriaSi. uSualod am periodis ganxilvamde,
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom TiToeuli krizisi konkretuli gakveTili iyo maregu-
lirebeli da zogadad, msoflios sareitingo kompaniebisTvis, Tumca, am gakveTilebi-
dan saTanado daskvnebis gamotana droSi yovelTvis iweleboda. bolo wlebma, krizisis
Semdgomma periodma, kidev erTxel dagvanaxa sareitingo kompaniis mniSvneloba da maTi
gadamwyveti roli im informaciis SeqmnaSi, romelze dayrdnobiTac investorebi Tavi-
anT gadawyvetilebebs iReben.27 aziis krizisis fonze advilad SesamCnevi iyo, rom sa-
reitingo kompaniebis Zalaufleba finansur bazarze ufro da ufro gaizrdeboda, da
rom maTi regulireba iqneboda saWiro. Tumca, es ase ar moxda da sareitingo kompanie-
bi mxolod fasiani qaRaldebis komisiis saerTaSoriso organizaciis28 Sesasruleblad
nebayoflobiT qcevis wesebs eqvemdebarebodnen. amis Sedegi iyo globaluri finansu-
ri krizisi. evropis ekonomikam ganicada seriozuli finansuri danaxarjebi globalu-
ri finansuri krizisis dros.29 aRniSnuli finansuri krizisi aramc da aramc ar iyo Se-
mofargluli mxolod sabanko seqtoriT.30 mas hqonda globaluri xasiaTi da pirdapir
Tu iribad Seexo msoflios yvela qveyanasa da TiToeul mcxovrebs.
sareitingo kompaniebis kritikisas xSirad ismis, rom maT ver SeZles krizisis
dadgomis winaswar ganWvreta. Tumca, am kritikis sapirispirod, unda iTqvas, rom sare-
itingo kompaniis mizani ar aris winaswar gansazRvros, Tu rodis dadgeba krizisi. misi
mizania, Seafasos finansuri krizisis dadgomis SesaZlebloba, anu `winaswar dadgena“
dakavSirebulia krizisis dadgomis drosTan, xolo `SesaZlebloba“ – krizisis dadgo-
mis varaudTan. zogadad, ar gvaqvs `finansuri krizisis“ ganmarteba. ras niSnavs finan-
suri krizisi? aris es valutis krizisi, sabanko krizisi, sakredito krizisi, ramdenime
maTganis sinTezi Tu sxva ram? amasTan dakavSirebiT konsensusis ar arsebobs, rac ase-
Ti movlenebis dros ekonomikas daucvels tovebs.31
aziis krizisi 1997-1998
sareitingo kompaniebma ver SeZles aziis krizisis winaswar ganWvreta. maT dau-
wies reitingi samxreT aziis krizisis qveynebs imaze meti, vidre es maTi imdroindeli
ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT iqneboda gamarTlebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom amis gamo sarei-
tingo kompaniebi erTgvarad konservatorulebi gaxdnen. amiT cdilobdnen dakarguli
reputaciis aRdgenasa da im zianis gamosworebas, romelic maT miadgaT krizisis ga-
27
Afonso A., Gomes P., Taamouti A., Sovereign Credit Ratings, Market Volatility, and Financial Gains, Compu-
tational Statistics and Data Analysis, 2013, 1.
28
“IOSCO: International Organization of Securities Commissions”.
29
Meti N., Sovereign risk contagion in the Eurozone, Economics Letters 117, 2012, 35.
30
Alsakka R., Gwilym O., Rating Agencies’ Signals during the European Sovereign Debt Crisis: Market Impact
and Spillovers, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 85, 2013, 146.
31
Schroeder S. K., The Underpinnings of Country Risk Assessment, Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 22, No.
2, 2008, 499.
249
uTviTcnobiereblobis gamo. am periodSi isini am krizisis gamomwvev mizezadac ki da-

asaxeles. sareitingo kompaniebma TiTqos aRiares Tavisi Secdoma, magram mainc Tavis
gamarTlebas Seecadnen. maT Tqves, rom aziis krizisi sxva TvisebebiT xasiaTdeboda,
gansxvavebiT warsulSi momxdari krizisebisgan. kerZod, problema kerZo seqtorSi gaC-
nda. Sesabamisad, sareitingo kompaniebis TqmiT, SeuZlebeli iyo, winaswar ganeWvritaT
movlenebi, rodesac isini reitingis gadamowmebas statistikur modelze ayrdnobdnen
da jer ver iRebdnen mxedvelobaSi kerZo seqtoris sifaqizes.32
globaluri finansuri krizisi 2007-2008
2007 wlis globalurma finansurma krizisma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena suverenu-
li reitingis sakiTxi. globaluri finansuri krizisis gamomwvev faqtorebs Soris pir-
vel adgilze kvlav sareitingo kompaniebi moeqcnen. Tumca, damokidebuleba Seicvala
da globaluri finansuri krizisis Semdeg sareitingo kompaniis sakiTxi gansakuTre-
buli Seswavlis sagnad iqca. krizisis dros gadawyda maTi samarTlebriv CarCoSi moq-
ceva.33
evrozonis sakredito krizisi
suverenuli reitingisa da sabanko seqtoris mWidro urTierToba globaluri

finansuri krizisisa da evropaSi misi Semdgomi Sokis safuZvelzec gamoCnda.34
2011-2012 wlebSi yuradRebis qveS moeqca evrozonis suverenuli reitingi, ker-
Zod saberZneTis, espaneTis da 2011 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis suverenuli
reitingi misi dawevis Semdeg. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi 2010 wels xazs usvamda
imas, rom suverenuli reitingi warmoadgens globaluri ekonomikis stabilurobis
mTavar saSiSroebas.35
evropis suverenuli sakredito krizisis dawyeba SesamCnevi gaxda 2010 wels.36
2010 wlis aprilsa da maisSi samma wamyvanma sareitingo kompaniam: fitCma, mudma da
standard da pursma didi gansxvavebiT reitingi dauwies saberZneTs, espaneTs, portu-
galias. sainteresoa, swavloben Tu ara investorebi rames sareitingo kompaniis moqme-
debebidan? am kiTxvaze pasuxi kvlevis bolos naTlad gamoCndeba. sareitingo kompani-
is saqmianobis kritikisas xSirad gamoiTqmis azri, rom maT aqvT tendencia, daelodon
32
Ferri G., Liu L.G., Stiglitz E.J, The Policyclical Role of Rating Agencies: Evidence from the East Asian Crisis,
Economic Notes, Vol. 28, Issue 3, 2003, 335-336.
33
34
Correa R., Lee K.H., Sapriza H., Suarez G.A., Sovereing Credit Risk, Banks’ Government Support and Bank
Stock Returns around the World, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 46, Issue 1, 2014, 96.
35
Williams G., Alsakka R., Gwilym O., The Impact of Sovereign Rating Actions on Bank Ratings in Emerging
Markets, Journal of Banking & Finance 37, 2013, 563.
36
Mink M., Haan J., Contagion during the Greek sovereign debt crisis, Journal of International Money and Fi-
nance, 34, 2013, 102.
250
bazarze movlenebis ganviTarebas da Semdeg moaxdinon reaqcia ukve damdgari Sedegis

mixedviT.37
2010 wels evropis finansuri problema imdenad mwvave iyo, rom evropis qveynebi
SeTanxmdnen saberZneTisTvis 80 miliardi evros odenobis sesxi miecaT. damatebiT, sa-
erTaSoriso savaluto fondma gasca 30 miliardi evro. iyo imis safrTxe, rom evropis
kavSirSi daiwyeboda sabanko krizisi. 2010 wlis aprilSi germaniis finansTa ministrma,
Soiblem.38 interviuSi ganacxada, rom isini ver dauSvebdnen evrokavSiris wevri qveynis,
am SemTxvevaSi saberZneTis, gakotrebas da mis gadaqcevas meore leman brazersad.39, 40
evropis sakredito krizisis dros rTul mdgomareobaSi iyo espaneTic, romelic
jer kidev 2008-2009 wlebSi ganicdida ekonomikur vardnas. es 2012 welsac gagrZelda.
qveyanaSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli 2007 wels iyo 7%, xolo 2012 wels 25%-s miaRwia.41
2011 wlis 19 oqtombers espaneTis suverenuli reitingis Semcirebam da kidev ufro mo-
ulodnelma avstriis, safrangeTis, italiis suverenuli reitingis dawevam 2012 wlis
13 ianvars kidev erTxel garkveviT gausva xazi sareitingo kompaniebis rols da finan-
sur bazarze maT Sefasebebze dayrdnobis praqtikas.42
evropis sakredito krizisis periodSi sami aspeqti aris aRsaniSnavi. pirveli, re-
itingis Semcireba da gazrda TiTqos dabalansebuli iyo. rodesac xdeboda oTxi sa-
xelmwifos reitingis Semcireba, maSinve zemoT iwevda xuTis reitingi. meore, reitin-
gis daweva da zrda SeiniSneboda rogorc maRali reitingis mqone qveynebze (kanada,
SvedeTi daewia reitingi; irlandia, axali zelandia aewiaT reitingi), aseve dabali re-
itingis mqone qveynebze (meqsikas da pakistans daewiaT reitingi, xolo CexeTs, indoeTs
da brazilias moemataT). mesame, ar momxdara arc erTi sainvesticio klasis reitingis
mqone saxelmwifos arasainvesticio klasSi gadayvana.43
kvlav miiCneven, rom krizisis dadgomas sareitingo kompaniebma Seuwyves xeli,
radgan moaxdines evrozonis suverenuli reitingis zedmetad swrafad da Seusabamod
daweva. zogadad, rom davaxasiaToT ganxorcilebuli da mimdinare regulireba, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom misi mizania reitingebze dayrdnobis Semcireba. Tumca, realoba jer
37
Cavallo E., Powell A., Rogobon R., Do Credit Rating Agencies Add Value? Evidence from the Sovereign Rat-
ing Business, International Journal of Finance & Economics, Vol. 18, Issue 13, 2012, 240.
38
Wolfgang Schäuble.
39
“Lehman-Brothers”: leman brazersi gakotrebis bolo dReebamde sainvesticio kategori-
is reitings flobda. yovelive es xdeboda maSin, rodesac jer kidev 2008 wlis maisis
bolodan cnobili iyo, rom kompaniis rekorduli vali daaxloebiT 613 miliard dol-
ars Seadgenda. 2008 wlis 15 seqtembers amerikis sainvesticio banki leman brazersi ga-
kotrda. swored es dRe iTvleba globaluri finansuri krizisis kulminaciad.
40
Mink M., Haan J., Contagion during the Greek sovereign debt crisis, Journal of International Money and Fi-
nance, 34, 2013, 103.
41
Gruppe M., Lange C., Spain and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, European Journal of Political Economy,
2013, 1-2.
42
Eijffinger C.W., Rating Agencies: Role and Influence of Their Sovereign Credit Risk Assessment in the Euro-
43
Ferri G., Liu L.G., Stiglitz E.J, The Policyclical Role of Rating Agencies: Evidence from the East Asian Crisis,
Economic Notes, Vol. 28, Issue 3, 2003, 339.
251
ucvlelia da suverenuli reitingi jer kidev mniSvnelovania investorebisTvis ga-

dawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.44
istoriam daadastura, rom sareitingo kompaniebi, ZiriTadad, ufro kargad ir-
geben mimdevris, vidre winamZRolis rols. amasTan, aris ramdenime faqtori, romlebic
gasaTvaliwinebelia sareitingo kompaniebTan mimarTebaSi: 1) jer kidev saxezea oli-
gopoluri bazari, sadac kvlav gabatonebulia sami sareitingo kompania, Tumca bevri
nakliT; 2) sareitingo kompania jer kidev ar agebs pasuxs araswori reitingisTvis, anu
pasuxs ar ageben maTi reitingis Sedegebze. 3) aqtiurad xdeba gare reitingebze day-
rdnoba.45
2011 wels evropis parlamentis komitetis46 mier miRebul iqna `dadgenileba sa-
reitingo kompaniebis Sesaxeb: samomavlo perspeqtivebi“.47 masSi ganxilulia sxvadas-
xva sakiTxi, maT Soris, reitingebze zedmetad dayrdnobis problema, sareitingo seq-
torSi konkurenciis xarisxi da evropuli sakredito reitingis fundamentis Seqmna.
aRniSnuli dokumenti aseve TxovniT mimarTavs evropis komisias, rom SeimuSaos riskis
Sefasebis alternatiuli meTodi.48
rodesac saubaria alternativebze, iqve gaismis kritika maregulireblis mimarT.
ratom gaxda sareitingo kompaniebis sakiTxi problematuri? marto isini arian pasu-
xismgebelni zemoganxiluli krizisis dadgomaze? miCiganis Statis senatorma, karl
levinma, ganacxada, rom globaluri finansuri krizisi iyo àrabunebrivad momxdari
ubedureba“, aramed adamianis xeliT Seqmnili ekonomikuri Sturmi. misi TqmiT, msgavsi
ram ganmeordeba, sanam ar Seicvleba fundamenturi wesebi.49 aris mosazreba, rom fi-
nansuri krizisis fundamenturi problema is iyo, rom ar arsebobda informirebuli,
kvalificiuri kadrebiT dakompleqtebuli, damoukidebeli instituti, romelic Sea-
fasebda finansur regulaciebs sajaro perspeqtividan. finansuri regulirebis apa-
rati, maregulirebeli ar moqmedebs sajaro interesis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogor unda
aiZulos sazogadoebam maregulirebeli, rom miiRos regulaciebi sajaro interesis
gaTvaliswinebiT, maSin rodesac mniSvnelovani informacia finansuri sistemis moqme-
debisa da regulirebis Sesaxeb saidumlos warmoadgens? metic, sajaroc rom iyos, ar
arsebobs iseTi dawesebuleba sajaro seqtorSi, romelic SeZlebda am informaciis sa-
Tanadod Sefasebasa da finansuri regulaciebis efeqtianobis dadgenas.50
44
45
46
“ECON: Committee of the European Parliament”.
47
“Report on Credit Rating Agencies: Future Perspectives”.
48
49
Levine R., The Governance of Financial Regulation: Reform Lessons from the Recent Crisis, International
Review of Finance, Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2012, 50.
50
iqve, 39-40.
252
finansur bazars ucbad da SemTxveviT ar gaugia simarTle sareitingo kompaniebis

Sesaxeb.51 igive Secdoma iqna daSvebuli sareitingo kompaniasTan mimarTebaSi. ratom
gaxda sareitingo kompania aseTi mniSvnelovani? 1970 wlamde is sruliad umniSvnelo
instituts warmoadgenda, romelic yidda informacias reitingis Sesaxeb. 1975 wels
SemoRebul iqna NRSRO52-s statusi, riTac reitingis miReba savaldebulo gaxda. msof-
liom daiwyo reitingis aqtiuri gamoyeneba. amasTan, yvelaze tragikuli sareitingo
kompaniebTan mimarTebaSi iyo is, rom moeTxovebodaT reitingis qona imis miuxedavad,
Tu ra mdgomareobaSi iyo sareitingo kompania da ra Secdomebs uSvebda igi. Sedegad,
sareitingo kompaniebi am regulirebis safuZvelze saerTod ar ziandebodnen.53 1990
wlidan, roca izrdeba interesTa konfliqtis saSiSroeba da garda imisa, rom reitin-
gis momxmarebeli TviTon ixdida reitingisTvis, banki sareitingo kompanias jer uxdi-
da fuls rekomendaciaSi, Tu rogor SeefuTa struqturirebadi finansuri produqti
ise, rom mieRo ufro maRali reitingi, Semdeg ki yidulobda reitings. swored es un-
da gamxdariyo maregulireblisTvis gafrTxileba mosalodneli safrTxeebis Sesaxeb.
Tumca, globalurma maregulirebelma araferi gaakeTa. piriqiT, xdeboda sareitingo
kompaniebis dacva da grZeldeboda reitingebze dayrdnoba. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia
saubari sareitingo kompaniis saqmianobaze, maT mdgomareobaze ise, rom xazi ar gaesvas
maregulirebeli institutebis xelSewyobas.54
ra alternativa arsebobs? miiCneven, rom sabazro fasi ufro meti informaci-
is Semcvelia, vidre reitingi an, sul cota, sabazro fasi ar Seicavs imaze nakleb in-
formacias, vidre reitingi, radgan bazaric iTvaliswinebs reitings. sabazro fasTan
ar aris dakavSirebuli iseTi problemebi, ris gamoc sareitingo kompaniebs xSirad ak-
ritikeben. Tundac is faqti, rom momxmarebeli yidulobs Tavis reitings, Sesabamisad,
aris saSiSroeba, rom gadaxdisunarianobis Sefaseba araobieqturad moxdeba.
sareitingo kompaniis mier miRebuli reitingis sasargeblod unda iTqvas, rom is
ufro moqnilia da naklebad feTqebadi, vidre bazari. es SeiZleba iyos imis Sedegi, rom
sareitingo kompaniebi ufro wynarad reagirebs, vidre bazari. mTavari problema baz-
ris monacemebTan mimarTebaSi aris is, rom reitingebis an bazris monawileebis msgav-
sad, mTeli bazari SeiZleba Secdes gadaxdisunarianobis riskis SefasebaSi. globalu-
ri finansuri krizisis wina wlebSi bazari, iseve rogorc sareitingo kompania, optimis-
turad iyo ganwyobili gadaxdisunarianobis riskebis mimarT, magaliTad, saberZneTis
mTavrobis obligaciebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom sabazro monacemebi win
uswrebs sareitingo kompaniis mier reitingSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs. es saber-
51
Grauwe P., Ji Y., Mispricing of Sovereign Risk and Macro-economic Stability in the Eurozone, JCMSL Jour-
nal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 50, Issue 6, 2012, 878.
52
NRSRO: garkveul sareitingo kompaniebs amerikis SEC-is mier araoficialuri gziT mien-
iWaT `nacionalurad aRiarebuli statistikuri sareitingo organizaciebis“ (NRSRO)
statusi da mxolod aseTi sareitingo kompaniebis mier miRebuli reitingebi iqna aRi-
arebuli. NRSRO statuss sareitingo kompaniebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan es
statusi kompaniebisTvis reitingis bazarze mTavari barieria.
53
Levine R., The Governance of Financial Regulation: Reform Lessons from the Recent Crisis, International
Review of Finance, Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2012, 43-44.
54
iqve, 45.
253
ZneTis magaliTzec damtkicda. bazarma ufro male gamoaswora misi araswori Sexedu-
leba saberZneTis gadaxdisunarianobasTan dakavSirebiT, vidre sareitingo kompanieb-
ma. sabazro monacemebis gamoyenebas SeiZleba garkveuli prioriteti mieniWos. pirvel
rigSi, sabazro fasSi aisaxeba iseTi faqtorebi, rac ar aris daTvladi da sajarod dak-
virvebadi. meore, bazari aris SorsmWvreteli da asaxavs bazris monawileTa molodins.
mesame, garkveulwilad sabazro maCvenebels aqvs prioriteti im gagebiT, rom is flobs
yoveldRiur informacias, rac iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom ufro swrafad moxdes
gadaxdisunarianobis riskis winaswar gaTvla.55
Semdegi alternativebi ganixileba: 1) moxdes reitingis sajaro momsaxurebad
transformireba. anu, moxdes sareitingo kompaniis nacionalizeba da Seiqmnas evro-
pis sareitingo kompania; 2) reitingis (maT Soris, suverenuli reitingis) Sedgena ga-
davides evropis centraluri bankis kompetenciaSi. 3) gaizardos konkurencia axal da
patara sareitingo kompaniebs Soris. pirveli alternativa evropis parlamentis mier
iqna SemoTavazebuli, Tumca, kritikamac ar daayovna. kritikosebs argumentad mohyav-
daT is, rom reitingis nacionalizeba gaaZlierebs maTze dayrdnobas. mesame alter-
nativa axlos iyo realobasTan, Tumca, xarjebi, dakavSirebuli sareitingo kompaniis
dafuZnebasTan, bazarze SesvlasTan da Rirebuli reputaciis mopovebasTan, Zalian
didia. amas emateba registraciisa da zedamxedvelobis xarjebi, romelic evropis ko-
misiam daawesa. meore alternativas yvelaze meti momxre hyavs. igi SesaZlebeli iqnebo-
da, magram ara sasurveli, radgan aris interesTa konfliqtis safrTxe TviTon evropis
centraluri bankis SigniT, TiTqos evropis sareitingo kompania iyo wlebis manZilze
alternativa, magram isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom misi dafuZnebac dakavSirebulia did
xarjebTan.56
3. suverenuli reitingis Sedgena
sareitingo kompaniis SesaZlebloba, Seafasos gadaxdisunarianoba, ufro Zlie-

ria suverenuli reitingebis SemTxvevaSi, vidre korporaciuli emitentebis dros.57
suverenuli reitingis Sedgenis procesi 1990 wlidan moyolebuli Zireulad ar
Secvlila. is gulisxmobs rogorc emitentis, ise sareitingo komitetis monawileobas
reitingis SedgenaSi. sareitingo komiteti, rogorc wesi, oTxidan aT analitikosam-
dea. riskebi, romelsac, saboloo jamSi, aCvenebs suverenuli reitingi, daaxloebiT
1920 wlidan moyolebeuli igivea. magaliTad, mudis SemTxvevaSi es 1918 wlidan ar Sec-
vlila da saboloo reitingi yovelTvis asaxavda or risks: gadaxdis SeuZleblobas da
gadaxdis mzadyofnas. Tumca, cvalebadia reitingis Sedgenis meTodologia, romelic
eyrdnoba mraval kriteriums. kriteriumebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, subieqturia da amasTan,
55
Karmann A., Maltritz D., Sovereign Default Risk and Recovery Rates: What Government Bond Markets Ex-
pect for Greece, Review of International Economics, 20 (4), 2012, 724-725.
56
zone, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 5, Issue 6, 2012, 919-920.
57
Santoni A., Arbia B., Assessing Rating Agencies’ Ability to Predict Bank Bankruptcy- The Lace Financial
Case, Economic Notes, Vol. 42, Issue 2, 20 Jun 2013, 204.
254
sajarod xelmisawvdomi araa. suverenuli reitingis Sedgena ar eydnoba raime maTema-

tikur formulas.58 misi Sedgena martiv process ar warmoadgens, magram sareitingo
kompaniebi, maTi biznespraqtikidan gamomdinare, detalur meTodologias ar xdian
sajaros. zogadad, Camoyalibebulia kriteriumebi, romelsac sareitingo kompaniebi
yuradRebas aqceven, Tumca ucnobia, Tu rogor xdeba praqtikaSi maTi Sefaseba da erT
simbolomde miyvana.59
reitingi gamoisaxeba konkretuli simboloTi. marTalia, sareitingo kompa-
niebs reitingis gansxvavebuli skala aqvT, magram maT Soris aris msgavsebac. samive
wamyvani sareitingo kompaniisTvis umaRlesi kategoriis reitingebi gamoixateba À“
simboloTi, Tumca gansxxvavebuli variaciiT: mudisTvis Aaa,Aa1,...,A3 da AAA, AA+,...,A-
darCenili ori sareitingo kompaniisTvis. Semdegi safexuri gamoixateba `B“ simbolo-
Ti: mudisTvis - Baa1,Baa2,...,B3 da BBB+,BBB,...,B – fitCisTvis da standard da pursisTvis.
arasainvesticio klasis reitingebTan mcire gansxvavebaa. standard da purs aqvs eqvsi
done - CCC+,CCC,...,D pirvelis SemTxvevaSi, xolo meores SemTxvevaSi: CCC,CC,....,D. mudis
aqvs xuTi done: Caa1, Caa2, Caa3, Ca da C.60 mudis sistema adre ufro danarCeni ori sare-
itingo kompaniis sareitingo skalis msgavsi iyo, Tumca 1982 wels mudim Secvala rei-
tingis sistema da reitingis TiToeul kategorias daumata cifrebi 1, 2, 3. es cvlileba
gamowveuli iyo mudis ubralo gadawyvetilebiT, gadasuliyo reitingis erTi sistemi-
dan meoreze da ar iyo dakavSirebuli reitingis Sinaarsis raime konkretul cvlile-
basTan an gaumjobesebasTan.61
1980 wlis Semdeg fitCma, mudma, standard da pursma aqtiurad daiwyes suvere-
nuli reitingis Sedgena. isini axdenen ekonomikuri, finansuri da politikuri riskis
Sefasebas TavianTi interpretaciiT.62 suverenuli riskis Sefaseba imaze Znelia, vidre
kompaniis kreditis Sedgena. mTavrobis, xelisuflebis riskis Sefasebisas sareitingo
kompaniam unda gaiTvaliswinos ara marto is faqtorebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gadaxdi-
sunarianobaze imoqmedon, aramed is faqtorebic, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdi-
non mTavrobis mzadyofnaze, gadaixados valdebulebebi. aseTi SeiZleba iyos politi-
kuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri faqtorebi.63
droTa ganmavlobaSi dabali da saSualo Semosavlis mqone saxelmwifoebma moa-
xerxa kapitalis bazarze Sesvla da, Sesabamisad, reitingis miReba wamyvani sareitingo
kompaniebisgan. Sedegad, 1990 wlidan saerTo raodenobaSi maRali Semosavlis mqone sa-
58
Gaillard N., What is the Value of Sovereign Ratings?, German Economic Review, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 2013, 210-
211.
59
Ratha D., De P.K., Mohapatra S., Shadow Sovereign Ratings for Unrated Developing Countries, World De-
velopment Vol. 39, 2010, No. 3, 297.
60
Brooks R., Faff W.R., Hillier D., Hillier J., The National Market Impact of Sovereign Rating Changes, Journal
of Banking & Finance 28, 2004, 236.
61
Liu P. Seyyed F.J., Smith S.D., The Independent Impact of Credit Rating Changes - The Case of Moody’s Rat-
ing Refinement on Yield Premiums, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Vol. 26, Issue 3-4, 2003, 339.
62
63
255
xelmwifoTa raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda. yovelive aman biZgi misca sareitingo

kompaniebs, gaemravalferovnebinaT suverenuli reitingis miniWebis kriteriumebi.64
qveynis riski bunebrivad aRiqmeboda, rogorc suverenuli riski da suverenuli ris-
ki ki dakavSirebuli iyo qveynis problemebTan, moexdina valdebulebebis Sesruleba.
1970 wlebSi, iranis politikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg, daemata politikuri riskis
Sefaseba da aseve, saxelmwifos mzadyofna, moaxdinos valdebulebis gastumreba. es
ukanaskneli ganixileba maSin, rodesac qveynis gadaxdisunarianoba xdeba problemuri.
1970 wels qveynis riskis Sefasebis meTodi SemuSavda da is dRemde gamoiyeneba: kerZod,
reitingi dgeba raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis SefasebiT. raodenobri-
vi maCveneblebi farTod moicavs swored qveynis ekonomikur, politikur da socialur
mdgomareobas.65
formalurad es kriteriumebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad davaxasiaToT:
ekonomikuri riski afasebs qveynis aqtualur ekonomikur siZlieresa da sisus-
tes. igi moicavs:
1. mTlian Sida produqts66 mosaxleobis erT sulze;
2. mTliani Sida produqtis realur wliur zrdas;
3. wliuri inflaciis dones;
4. biujetis balanss;
politikur riskSi igulisxmeba:
1. xelisuflebis stabiluroba;
2. socioekonomikuri mdgomareoba;
3. sainvesticio profili;
4. Sida konfliqtebi;
5. gare konfliqtebi;
6. korufcia;
7. samxedro politika;
8. religiuri daZabuloba;
9. kanoni da wesrigi;
10. eTnikuri daZabuloba;
11. biurokratiis xarisxi;
finansuri riski moicavs Semdeg kategoriebs:
1. valutis kursis stabilurobas;
2. sagareo valis, rogorc mTliani Sida produqtis procents;
3. likvidurobas;67
64
65
Schroeder S.K., The Underpinnings of Country Risk Assessment, Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 22, No.
2, 2008, 504.
66
`mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) yvela im saboloo saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis sabazro
Rirebulebaa, romelic iwarmoeba qveynis SigniT drois mocemul periodSi“. ix. menqiu
g., ekonomikis principebi, diogene, 2008, 507.
67
Economic Surveys, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2004, 557-558.
256
4. qveyanaSi produqtis swraf zrdas;

5. ucxo kapitalis araproduqtiul investirebas;
6. aramarTebul kreditebs ucxouri bankebidan;
socialur faqtorebSi SeiZleba moviazroT:
1. mosaxleobis mRelvareba ideologiuri gansxvavebis gamo;
2. mosaxleobis mRelvareba araTanabari Semosavlis gamo;
3. religiuri dapirispirebebi.68
saintereso aris is, rom sami wamyvani sareitingo kompania xSirad ver Tanxmdeba
reitingze. es gamowveuli unda iyos reitingis Sedgenis gansxvavebuli meTodiT. isini
arasdros xsnian, Tu ra Zala aqvs ama Tu im indikators reitingis SedgenaSi. Sesabami-
sad, SeuZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu ra rols asrulebs esa Tu is indikatori.69
sareitingo kompaniebma mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada. Tu 1918-1939 wlebSi
isini sainvesticio rekomendaciebs gascemdnen, dRes aRar gascemen. amave periodSi Se-
mosavlis wyaro iyo analitikuri saqmianobidan Sesuli Tanxa, rac udavod pozitiurad
unda Sefasdes.70 1990 wlidan suverenuli emitentebi valdebuli gaxdnen, gadaexadaT
reitingebisTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom sareitingo kompaniam Sewyvita Tavisi surviliT
reitingebis gamocema da amis sanacvlod daiwyo reitingebis Sedgena emitentis Tan-
xmobis safuZvelze. am siaxlem, ra Tqma unda, imoqmeda reitingis proceszec. Tu adre
moqmedebda ìnvestorebis gadaxdis modeli“,71 rodesac ar iyo saqmiani kavSiri sarei-
tingo kompaniasa da suverenuli reitingis mqone erTeuls Soris, moxda gadasvla èmi-
tentis gadaxdis modelze“,72 anu 1991 wlidan vinc ukveTavs reitings, is ixdis.73
is, rom momxmarebeli ixdis Tavisi reitingisTvis, Tavis mxriv, reitingiT vaWro-
bas iwvevs.74 anu, Cndeba imis saSiSroeba, rom emitenti CaerTveba `reitingSopingSi~.75
aseT SemTxvevaSi sareitingo kompaniisTvis gadamwyvetia sakuTari reputacia.76 e.w. ra-
ting shopping-ze unda aRvniSnoT, rom 2008 wels daido SeTanxmeba sam wamyvan sareitingo
kompaniasa da niu iorkis Statis advokat endriu siumos77 Soris. am SeTanxmebis Tanax-
mad, emitents unda SezRudvoda garkveul reitingebze fulis gadaxda da amasTan emi-
tents fuli unda gadaexada manam, sanam gamovidoda reitingi, anu winaswar. es danawesi
68
69
70
71
“Investor-pay model”.
72
“Issuer-pay model”.
73
Gaillard N., What is the Value of Sovereign Ratings? German Economic Review, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 2013, 209-
210.
74
75
“Rating shopping”.
76
Bolton P., Freicas C., Shaprio J., The Credit Ratings Game, The Journal of Finance, Vol. LXVII, No. 1, 2012,
109.
77
Andrew Cuomo
257
mainc ver aRmofxvris rating shopping-s, radgan emitents mainc SeuZlia SeTanxmebas miaR-
wios sareitingo kompaniasTan, rom man ar gamoaqveynos cudi reitingi. zogadad, rating
shopping-s aRmofxvra rTulia, radgan yovelTvis iarsebebs araformaluri SeTanxmeba
sareitingo kompaniasa da emitents Soris.78
2007-2008 wlebSi kvlav Tavidan wamoiWra reitingis Sedgenis procesSi interes-
Ta konfliqtis sakiTxi. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: sxvanairad rogor unda moiqcnen sa-
reitingo kompaniebi, rodesac maTi mTavari Semosavlis wyaro reitingis gayidviT mi-
Rebuli Tanxaa? potenciuri interesTa konfliqtis arseboba yuradRebis qveS moeqca
gansakuTrebiT 1997 wlis aziis finansuri krizisis dros, mas mohyva 2001 wlis enronisa
da 2002 wlis vorldkomis gakotreba, magram ase aSkara ar yofila rogorc ukanaskneli
globaluri finansuri krizisis dros.79 rodesac emitenti mniSvnelovania sareitingo
kompaniisTvis, radgan is ganmeorebadi klientia, an didi emisia aqvs, maSin sareitigo
kompania cdilobs misi reitingis gabuqvas.80 amas SesaZloa, `sareitingo TamaSi“ ewo-
dos.
reitingisTvis yvelaze didi naxtomia misi gadasvla arasainvesticio klasidan
sainvesticioSi an – piriqiT.81 imis miuxedavad, rom sareitingo kompania axdens reitin-
gis gadamowmebas, praqtikaSi reitingis Secvla mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi xde-
ba, rodesac sareitingo kompania aRmoaCens fundamentur cvlilebas qveynis kreditis
xarisxSi.82 anu, reitingis gadamowmeba ar xdeboda rame dadgenili wesis mixedviT, ara-
med, mxolod maSin, roca amas moiTxovda qveyana (Sesabamisad, gadaixdida amisTvis), an
saxeze iyo iseTi garemoeba da SesamCnevi cvlileba, romelic aiZulebda sareitingo
kompanias gadaemowmebina ama Tu im qveynis reitingi. praqtikaSi, rodesac erTi sarei-
tingo kompania axorcielebs reitingis awevas/dawevas, mas mokle droSi mohyveba msgav-
si cvlilebebi sxva sareitingo kompaniis mxridan.83
4. suverenuli reitingis mniSvneloba
suverenul reitings ramdenime mniSvnelovani funqcia akisria. mas SeuZlia xeli

Seuwyos informaciis asimetriulobis aRmofxvras. rodesac bazarze informaciis asi-
metriulobaa, es sabazro tranzaqciebs arTulebs. damoukidebel bizness, romelic
axdens kompaniebisa da produqtebis Sefasebas, SeuZlia am problemis daZleva. kargad
informirebul steikholders SeuZlia ukeTesi gadawyvetilebis miReba ama Tu im pro-
78
Bolton P., Freicas C., Shaprio J., The Credit Ratings Game, The Journal of Finance, Vol. LXVII, No. 1, 2012,
105.
79
iqve, 85.
80
iqve, 89.
81
Correa R., Lee K.H., Sapriza H., Suarez G.A.,Sovereing Credit Risk, Banks’ Government Support and Bank
Stock Returns around the Workld, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Volume 46, Issue s1, 2014, 114.
82
Kim S.J., Wu E., International Bank Flows to Emerging Markets: Influence of Sovereign Credit Ratings and
Their Regional Sppillover Effects, The Journal of Financial Research, Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, 2011, 335.
83
Ratha D., De K.P, Mohapatra S., Shadow Sovereign Ratings for Unrated Developing Countries, World Devel-
opment Vol. 39, 2010, No. 3, 296.
258
duqtis yidvis dros, aseve, romel obligaciaSi ganaxorcielos investicia da romel

kompaniasTan daiWiros saqmiani urTierToba. damoukidebeli kompaniebis mier Sedge-
nil reitings SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos investorisa da momxmareblis qmedebaze.84
zogadad, saxelmwifo cdilobs miiRos reitingi imisaTvis, rom gaiadvilos wvdo-
ma saerTaSoriso kapitalis bazarze, sadac investori, ZiriTadad amerikeli investo-
ri, prioritets aniWebs Sefasebul fasian qaRalds, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs reitin-
gi. adre saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen reitingis mopovebas mxolod maT ucxo valutaSi
arsebul obligaciebze. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac saerTaSoriso investorTa raodenobam
imata, gaizarda moTxovna obligaciebze, romelic gamocemuli iyo tradiciuli valu-
tisagan gansxvavebul valutaSi. bolo wlebSi ufro da ufro metma suverenma miiRo
reitingi adgilobrivi valutis obligaciisTvis. suverenuli reitingi mniSvnelovania
imitomac, rom is gavlenas axdens imave nacionalobis, warmoSobis sxva movaleebzec.
sareitingo kompaniebi, zogadad, ar aniWeben suverenul reitingze maRal reitings sa-
jaro da kerZo seqtoris emitentebs. Sesabamisad, suverenuli reitingi gavlenas ax-
dens adgilobrivi municipalitetis, provinciebis mTavrobebis, kerZo kompaniebis re-
itingze.85 ganviTarebad qveynebSi reitingi did gavlenas axdens kompaniebisa da banke-
bis reitingze. am movlenas TeoriaSi uwodeben sovereign ceilling-s, rac gulisxmobs, rom
reitingis sxva momxmarebels ar aqvs SesaZlebloba, miiRos imaze maRali reitingi, vid-
re suverenuli reitingia.86 suverenuli reitingi eniWeba mxolod saxelmwifos mTav-
robis mier gamocemul obligacias. rac Seexeba arasuverenuli emitentebis reitings,
is miiReba suverenul reitingze am instrumentis riskis damatebiT.87 rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, ar SeiZleba kompanias mieniWos imaze maRali reitingi, vidre saxelmwifos
aqvs. Tumca, aq gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom amgvari SezRudva moqmedebs mxolod didi
riskis Semcveli qveynebisTvis. es limiti ar vrceldeba im korporaciebze, romlebic
dafuZnebulia dabali riskis mqone qveynebSi, an iseT korporaciebze, romelic msof-
lios masStabiT arian warmodgenilebi da, Sesabamisad, suverenuli reitingi gansxvav-
deba maTTvis.88
suverenuli reitingi gansazRvras potenciuri investorebis raodenobas.89 rei-
tingi gavlenas axdens kapitalis bazris dinamikaze da kapitalis Rirebulebaze.90
84
Chatterji K.A., Toefel W.M., How Firms Respond to Being Rated, Management Journal, Vol. 31, Issue 9, 2010,
917.
85
Financial Management, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1996, 248-249.
86
velopment Vol. 39, 2010, No.3, 296.
87
2, 2008, 509.
88
Langhor M. H., Langhor T.P., The Rating Agencies and their Credit Ratings: What They Are, How They Work
89
Ferri G., Liu L.G., Stiglitz E.J., The Policyclical Role of Rating Agencies: Evidence from the East Asian Cri-
sis, Economic Notes, Vol. 28, Issue 3, 2 Dec 2003, 335.
90
Williams G., Alsakka R., Gwilym O., The Impact of Sovereign Rating Actions on Bank Ratings in Emerging
Markets, Journal of Banking & Finance 37, 2013, 565.
259
sakredito reitings didi mniSvneloba aqvs dafinansebis xarjebTan mimarTebaSi,

amasTan mniSvneloba ar aqvs, es iqneba kerZo kompania Tu suverenuli mevale.91 fasiani
qaRaldi warmoadgens kompaniisTvis dafinansebis xelsayrel gzas. msesxebeli eyrdno-
ba kompaniis finansur siZlieres, romelic gamoxatavs mis SesaZleblobas, gadaixados
valdebuleba. kompania metad aris dainteresebuli am saxis dafinansebiT, radgan is
ufro iafia, vidre sabanko sesxi. aqedan gamomdinare, fasiani qaRaldebis meSveobiT
mokle vadaze gaTvlili dafinansebis mopovebisaTvis kompania dainteresebulia, rom
SeinarCunos Sesabamisi, maRali klasis reitingi. amasTan kompania, romelsac investi-
ciebis mozidvis perspeqtiva aqvs, SeiZleba ufro dainteresebuli iyos reitingis qo-
niT, vidre is kompania, romelsac msgavsi perspeqtiva ar gaaCnia.92
sami wamyvani sareitingo kompaniis mier Sedgenili reitingi gavlenas axdens kapi-
talis bazarze suverenis an kompaniis Sesvlaze. 2010 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 65 ganviTa-
rebad qveyanas, ZiriTadad, gaWirvebul qveynebsa da 12 maRali Semosavlis mqone saxel-
mwifos hqonda miniWebuli reitingi wamyvani sareitingo kompaniis mier. zogadad, mi-
iCneva, rom reitingis arqona SeiZleba iyos uaresis momtani saxelmwifosTvis imdenad,
ramdenadac is SeiZleba imaze meti riskis matareblad Seafason, vidre sinamdvileSia.93
qveyana, romelsac ar aqvs reitingi, an gadaxdisuunaroa, an zedmetad mdidari
imisTvis, rom isesxos. is aseTad miiCnevs Tavs TviTon, an aseTad miCneulia bazris mi-
er.94 Tumca qveyana, romelic ar aris Sefasebuli, Teoriulad aqvs imis Sansi, rom hqon-
des imaze meti reitingi, vidre iTvleba, rom mas aqvs.
5. daskvna
suverenul reitings didi xnis istoria aqvs. is ar aris 21-e saukunis qmnileba. mi-
si Sedgena Tavdapirvelad evropaSi daiwyo, Tumca, sareitingo kompaniis mier Sedgeni-
li suverenuli reitingi saTaves iRebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan. meore msof-
lio omis periodSi suverenuli reitingze moTxovna mcirdeba. 1970 wlidan ukve aqtiu-
rad iwyeba suverenuli reitingze moTxovnis zrda. mas adgenen sareitingo kompaniebi,
ZiriTadad, wamyvani sareitingo kompaniebi. mniSvnelovania aRniSnos, rom suverenul
reitings arsebobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi Tan sdevs problemebi. maT mimarT
mudam kritika ismis. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo kritika aziis krizi-
sis, globaluri finansuri krizisisa da evropis sakredito krizisisis dros. xSirad
miuTiTebdnen, rom sareitingo kompaniebma xeli Seuwyo krizisis dadgomas, radgan ver
SeZlo misi winaswar gansazRvra. im azris gasamyareblad, rom ar arsebobs absolutu-
rad zusti reitingi, moaqvT argumenti, rom sareitingo kompanias rom SeeZlos abso-
91
92
Kemper J.K., Rao P.R., Do Credit Ratings Really Affect Capital Structure?, Financial Review, Vol. 48, Issue
4, 2013, 578-579.
93
velopment, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2010, 295.
94
iqve, 301.
260
luturi sizustiT momavlis ganWvreta, maSin iarsebebda mxolod ori saxis reitingi:
`gadaixdis~ da `ver gadaixdis“.95
2007 wlis globalur finansur krizisamde suverenuli valdebulebis Seusru-
lebloba ganixileboda Raribi da ganviTarebadi qveynebis problemad. Tumca, uka-
nasknel periodSi es problema Seexo evropis kargad ganviTarebul qveynebs: latvias,
ungreTs, aseve, saberZneTs, amasTan espaneTi da italia dadga valdebulebis Seusru-
leblobis saSiSroebis winaSe. rac Seexeba sxva evropul qveynebs, marTalia isini ar
aRmoCndnen amgvari riskis winaSe, Tumca krizisma maTzec negatiuri gavlena moaxdina,
radgan mouwiaT daxmarebis paketis dafinanseba. yovelive es imas miuTiTebs, rom ga-
daxdisunarianobis Sefaseba mniSvnelovania ara marto riskis matarebeli qveynebis-
Tvis.96 suverenuli reitingis Sedgena martiv process ar warmoadgens. ZiriTadad, misi
Sedgenis procesSi gakritikebulia sareitingo kompaniasa da reitingis momxmarebels
Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSiri da is faqti, rom momxmarebeli Tavad yidulobs saku-
Tar reitings. saxeze gvaqvs interesTa konfliqti. iseve rogorc medals, reitingsac
ori mxare aqvs da, garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovania qveynisTvis. miiCneva, rom umjobe-
sia, qveyanas hqondes dabali reitingi, vidre saerTod ar hqondes, radgan investore-
bisTvis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas informaciis mniSvnelovani wyaro dResac suvere-
nuli reitingia. sareitingo kompaniis saqmianobis regulirebas Tu gadavxedavT, vna-
xavT, rom swored am praqtikis Secvla aris misi mizani. anu, maqsimalurad Semcirdes
gare reitingebze, sareitingo kompaniis mier Sedgenil reitingebze dayrdnoba. suve-
renul reitings iyeneben imitom, rom masTan aris dakavSirebuli garkveuli sargebe-
lis miReba. Tu reitingi aRar iqneba mniSvnelovani, es Sedegad reitingisadmi interess
Seamcirebs da, SeiZleba iTqvas, reitings aRar gamoiyeneben.97
95
96
Karmann A., Maltritz D., Sovereign default Risk and Recovery Rates: What Government Bond Markets Ex-
pect for Greece, Review of International Economics, 20 (4), 2012, 723.
97
261
sergi jorbenaZe*
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis cneba
1. Sesavali
Tanamedrove epoqaSi adamianebis survilebi ukideganoa. maTi survilebis rea-

lizaciisTvis msoflios yvela qveyanaSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis damyarebaa
saWiro, romlis safuZvelzec mxareTa mosazrebis formireba da Sesabamisi moqmedebis
ganxorcieleba xdeba.1
zogadad, xelSekrulebis dadeba efuZneba mxareTa moTxovnilebas, daamyaron
iseTi saxis samarTlebrivi urTierToba, rac momavalSi saWiro viTarebis Sesatyvisad
cnobieri moTxovnilebis aRmocenebas Seuwyobs xels. fiqologiur mecnierebaSi moTx-
ovnilebas konkretul saganze an moqmedebaze aqtivobis ganxorcielebis survils, qce-
vis aRZvris survilze miuTiTebs, rac adamians aiZulebs gaakeTos raime saxis qmedeba.2
saxelSekrulebo samarTali mxareTa urTierTobasa da xelSekrulebis Tavisuf-
lebis principzea agebuli,3 igi `samarTlebrivi brunvis, ekonomikuri cxovrebis gan-
viTarebisa da piradi iniciativis ganviTarebis winapirobaa~.4 Tavis mxriv, xelSekru-
lebis TavisuflebaSi vlindeba pirovneba, rogorc qonebrivi uflebebis matarebeli
subieqti,5 vinaidan aRniSnuli uflebis safuZvelze pirovnebas miniWebuli aqvs Tavi-
sufali moqmedebis SesaZlebloba.6
winamdebare statiis mizania, gansazRvros xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis cneba.
aRniSnulisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi
bunebis ganmarteba, romelic SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes xelSekrulebis cnebis
samarTlebrivi mowesrigebidan gamomdinare. is, Tu ra aris xelSekrulebis cneba, da-
fuZnebulia, erTi mxriv, samarTlis normaTa ganmartebasa da, meore mxriv, mis ZiriTad
iuridiul sawyisebze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kerZo avtonomiisa Tu Tavisuflebis sa-
kiTxi. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania, naSromSi ganimartos Tavisuflebis arsi da misi
pirdapiri kavSiri saxelSekrulebo samarTalTan.
qveyanaSi moqmedi konstitucia winapirobaa imisa, rom TiToeuli samarTlebrivi
instituti Seesabamebodes mis qcevis wess. aRniSnuli safuZvlad udevs naSromSi xel-

1
Kötz H., Vertragsrecht, 2. Auflage, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2012, 12.
2
kakabaZe v., moTxovnilebis fsiqologia, Tb., 1988, 21.
3
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 martis #as-1359-1197-2010 ganCine-
ba, aRwerilobiTi nawili – Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 27 aprilis
gadawyvetileba.
4
5
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo saqmis sas-
wavlo centri, Tb., 2005, 269.
6
iqve.
262
sergi jorbenaZe, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis cneba
Sekrulebis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri safuZvlebis ganxilvis sakiTxs, rom-

lis mixedviTac iqneba Camoyalibebuli konstituciuri safuZvlebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi.
naSromis daskvniT nawilSi Sejamdeba TiToeuli maTgani, aseve ganisazRvreba sa-
qarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis samarTleb-
riv bunebasTan mimarTebiT, romelic, saboloo jamSi, Camoayalibebs xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis cnebas.
2. xelSekrulebis cneba
xelSekruleba, rogorc centraluri da mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi institu-

ti, me-19 saukuneSi ganviTarda.7 igi warmoadgens samarTlebriv saSualebas, mxareebs
maTive nebis realizaciis gansaxorcieleblad iuridiuli dokumentis saSuale-
biT mianiWos Sesabamisi uflebamosileba.8 amisaTvis saWiroa, xelSekrulebis moq-
medeba ganisazRvros kanoniT gansazRvrul sivrceSi,9 romlis farglebSic SeeZlebaT
mxareebs SeTanxmebuli Sinaarsis safuZvelze moqmedeba.
xelSekrulebis cnebis Taobaze SesaZlebelia gamoikveTos ramdenime ZiriTadi
aspeqti, romlis mixedviTac, erTi mxriv, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros xelSekrulebis
cnebis is ganmarteba, rac gabatonebulia iuridiul mecnierebaSi, xolo meore mxriv,
moxdes misi ganmarteba uSualod gansazRvruli saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebidan
gamomdinare.
xelSekruleba kanonis safuZvelze ideba, Sesabamisad, mas kanonis Zala gaaCnia.10
xelSekrulebis safuZvvelze mxareebi Tavad aweseben im qcevis wess, romlis Sesrule-
bis savaldebuloobac swored maT mier ganisazRvreba. terminSi `mxareebi~ SeiZleba
moviazroT ori an orze meti piri, rac, Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebas, rogorc garige-
bis erT-erT saxes ormxrivad an mravalmxrivad warmoaCens. praqtikaSi yvelaze xSi-
rad xelSekruleba ormxrivi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze ideba,11 rac gansaxilveli samar-
Tlebrivi institutis praqtikuli mniSvnelobis upirvelesi gamovlinebaa.
xelSekrulebis cnebas calke ar icnobs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (Sem-
dgomSi – ssk) an romelime sxva samarTlebrivi norma. magaliTad, Tu aviRebT saqarTve-
los zogad administraciul kodeqss (SemdgomSi – szak), me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilis
`z~ qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia administraciuli xelSekrulebis cneba, Tumca masSi
miTiTebaa samoqalaqosamarTlebriv xelSekrulebaze.12 imave problemas vawydebiT sa-
7
Brinkmann in Prütting/Wegen/Weinrich, BGB Kommentar, 1. Auflage, Verlag Luchterhand, Neuwied, 2006,
vor §145ff, Rn. 12.
8
Reul A., Grundrechte und Vertragsfreiheit im Gesellschaftsrecht, Deotsche Notar Zeitschrift (DNotZ), 2007,
Heft 3 (Seite 161-240), 2007, 185.
9
10
zoiZe b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda, upiratesad adamianis
uflebaTa WrilSi, eseebi, Tb., 2013, 57.
11
Sead., magaliTad, Musielak H. J., Grundkurs BGB, 8. Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, München, 2003, 19.
12
paralelurad SesaZlebelia imis gansazRvra, rom szak-Si gansazRvruli definicia
mxolod adasturebs xelSekrulebis monawile mxareTa arsebobis valdebulebas aseTi
263
qarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi. es ukanaskneli xelSekrulebas ar gan-

martavs Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi/ganCinebebSi da mxolod xelSekrulebis calkeuli
tipebis cnebis ganmartebiT Semoifargleba.13
amdenad, xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi institutis definiciisTvis saWiroa,
upirveles yovlisa, misi samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi wamovwioT wina planze da moqmede-
bis is winapirobebi CamovayaliboT, romlebic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiTaa gaTva-
liswinebuli. am mxriv, mniSvnelovania xelSekrulebis (xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis)
ZiriTadi principebis gansazRvra. magaliTad, xelSekrulebis dadebis sakiTxi – xel-
Sekrulebis dadebis faqti adamianis warmosaxvis Sedegia, igi warmoadgens Semoqmede-
biTi monawileobis aucilebel pirobas,14 romliTac SeiZleba ganisazRvros fuladi
valdebulebis an sxva saxis valdebulebis sakiTxi. magaliTad, rom aviRoT fuladi
valdebuleba, igi valdebulebis iseTi saxea, romlis obieqti fulis gansazRvruli
odenobaa.15 aseT SemTxvevaSi fulis, rogorc yovelgvari faseulobis, gansazRvris sa-
fuZvelze,16 mxareebs warmoeSobaT garkveuli uflebebi da movaleobebi. moyvanili ma-
galiTi Tanamedrove praqtikaSi araerTjeradi xasiaTisaa, rac xelSekrulebis samar-
Tlebrivi institutis mniSvnelobis aRniSvnis saSualebad gamodgeba.
Tavdapirvelad, xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi bunebis arsis gasarkvevad sain-
teresoa romis samarTalSi misi moqmedebisa da Tanamedrove praqtikis urTierTmimar-
Tebis sakiTxze msjeloba, romliTac naTlad gamoCndeba iurisprudenciis ganviTare-
bis TiToeul etapze xelSekrulebis, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi institutis,
roli da daniSnuleba.
2.1. xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi instituti romis samarTalSi

(zogadad)
xelSekruleba romis samarTalSi moiazreboda, rogorc ori an meti piris iseTi

SeTanxmeba, romelic maT Soris valdebulebas warmoSobda.17 aRniSnuli dayofili iyo
ramdenime saxed: mkacri samarTlis xelSekrulebebi, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo ke-
saxis samarTlebrivi urTierTobis dros, romlis farglebSic misi mxare unda iyos
aranakleb ori piri (erT-erTi mxare unda axorcielebdes sajarosamarTlebriv ufle-
bamosilebas).
13
ix. magaliTad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 11 aprilis #3k/210-01 gan-
Cineba: aRwerilobiTi nawili – Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo
da gakotrebis saqmeTa saapelacio palatis 2000 wlis 24 oqtombris ganCineba.
14
gogiCaiSvili T., zogadi fsiqologiis kursi, Tb., 2006, 118. fsiqologiur mecnierebaSi
warmosaxva warmodgenilia, rogorc konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcielebis winapiroba,
aucilebeli piroba. warmosaxvis safuZvelze pirs uCndeba molodini sasurveli Sede-
gis miRebis, xolo aRniSnuli Sedegis miReba SeuZlebelia, Tu mas ar eqna raime saxis
SemboWveli saSualeba, magaliTad – xelSekruleba. xelSekrulebis safuZvelze piri
moaxerxebs meore mxares mosTxovos konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcieleba an misgan Ta-
vis Sekaveba, rac saboloo Sedegs miaRebinebs. warmosaxvis mecnieruli cnebis ganmar-
tebis Taobaze ixileT dasaxelebuli naSromi, 118-123.
15
ZlieriSvili z., fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis Taviseburebani, Tb., 2005, 23.
16
iqve.
17
ix., magaliTad, rodinaZe k., romis kerZo samarTali, pirveli gamocema, baTumi, 2009, 54.
264
Tilsindisierebaze; verbaluri anu zepiri; literaluri anu dawerili; realuri anu

namdvili sityvidan warmoSobili da konsesualuri anu saerTo azridan warmoSobili.18
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa mimarT gansazRvruli
iyo garkveuli moTxovnebi, romlis mixedviTac igi unda dadebuliyo mxareTa SeTan-
xmebis safuZvelze. xelSekruleba SesabamisobaSi unda mosuliyo im periodSi moqmed
normebTan. misi dadebiT zneobis sawinaaRmdego normebi ar unda darRveuliyo.19
romis samarTalSi gawerili saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebi Tanamedrove
epoqaSi ufro metad viTardeboda.20 Tumca, kacobriobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, sa-
xelSekrulebo samarTlis ganviTarebis safuZvelze sxva, iseTi saxis xelSekrulebaTa
tipebi gaimijna, rogoricaa: ijara da qiravnoba21 da sxv. amis naTeli magaliTia kre-
ditis aRebisas moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis dakmayofileba: Tu romis samarTalSi mniS-
vneloba eniWeboda ficis dadebas,22 Tanamedrove epoqaSi mniSvnelovani roli am mxriv
ikisra giravnobis, ipoTekisa Tu sxva samarTlebrivma institutebma.23
2.2. xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi instituti Tanamedrove epoqaSi
saxelSekrulebo samarTlis institutis roli Tanamedrove epoqaSi socialuri

pirobebis cvalebasTan erTad ganviTarda24 da, socialuri daniSnulebis Tvalsazri-
siT, man centraluri uflebis roli daikava,25 rac ekonomikur sakiTxebTan mis mWidro
kavSirSi gamoixata.26, 27 aRniSnulis safuZvelze warmoiSva xelSekrulebaTa garkveuli
saxeebi, romelTac sazogadoebisTvisac mniSvnelovani datvirTva SeiZines.28
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis Tanamedrove praqtikaSi damkvidrebis kuTxiT
saubrisas, aucilebelia aRiniSnos e.w. èleqtronuli xelSekrulebebis~ arsebobis sa-
kiTxi, romelic eleqtronuli formiTaa dadebuli da romelic xelSekrulebaTa da-
debis axal formas warmoadgens.29 aRniSnulis saSualebiT, garigebis monawiles xel-
Sekrulebis teqstis aRqmis SesaZlebloba eleqtronuli dokumentidan gaaCnia.
ssk-is 328-e muxli aseTi qmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.30 magaliTad,
eleqtronuli fostis an socialuri mediis saSualebiT xelSekrulebaze xelis mowe-
18
ix., magaliTad, rodinaZe k., romis kerZo samarTali, pirveli gamocema, baTumi, 2009, 54.
19
metreveli v., romis samarTali (safuZvlebi), Tb. 2012, 72.
20
ix., magaliTad, nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tb., 2009, 99.
21
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tb., 2009, 100.
22
iqve.
23
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 15.
24
Sengelia i., saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba, rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis principi,
arsi da mniSvneloba, `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #4 (23)’09, Tb., 2009, 49.
25
Bruns in Münchener Kommentar zum VVG, 1. Auflage, vor §§307-309 BGB, 2010, Rn. 1.
26
Sead. Kötz H., Vertragsrecht, 2. Auflage, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2012, 12.
27
Sead., aseve: Kittner M., Schuldrecht, Rechtliche Grundlagen – Wirschaftliche Zusammenhänge, 3. Auflage,
Verlag Franz Vahlen, München, 2003, 46 da Semdgomi.
28
magaliTad, jorbenaZe s., frenSaizingis xelSekruleba, Tb., 2000, 6.
29
ioseliani n., xelSekrulebis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 43.
30
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, me-2 gamocema, Tb., 1999, 21.
265
ra. Tanamedrove biznesSi orives mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba,31 Tumca garkveul Sem-
TxvevebSi igi ar aris imdenad daculi, ramdenadac mxareTa mier ukve amobeWdil xel-
Sekrulebaze xelis mowera.32
2.3. xelSekrulebis moqmedeba praqtikaSi
xelSekrulebis moqmedebisas mniSvneloba eniWeba mis SinaarsSi gaweril ZiriTad

saxelSekrulebo aspeqtebs: sagans, ufleba-movaleobebs, angariSsworebis wess, vadeb-
sa da sxv.33 magaliTad, vadebis sakiTxi. mxareTa mier xelSekrulebis dadebisas misi
gaTvaliswineba erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens.34 aRniSnulis mi-
zezi ki, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gaxdes samoqalaqo ufleba, romlis ganxorcieleba dro-
is faqtorTan mniSvnelovnadaa dakavSirebuli.35
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac xelSekrulebaSi gawerili Sinaarsi xelSekrulebis sa-
TaurTan SeusabamobaSi modis. aseT dros saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebidan warmo-
Sobili davebis gadasawyvetad mniSvneloba eniWeba xelSekrulebaSive arsebul mxare-
Ta ufleba-movaleobebis sakiTxs, xelSekrulebis sagans da sxv.,36 rac xelSekrulebis
Sinaarsis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro metad aqtualurs xdis.
ZiriTadi saxelSekrulebo pirobebis gansazRvra xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
principis realizaciis ganxorcielebaa,37 xolo misi xelSekrulebaSi formireba, nebis
gamovlenis samarTlebriv valdebulebad qceva. amasTan, saxelSekrulebo valdebule-
bis safuZvelze, mxareebi Tavad gansazRvraven moqmedebis wess da im valdebulebebs,
romelic gamiznulia mis Sesrulebaze,38 romlis ganxorcielebis Semdeg sargebels
iRebs orive mxare.39 sargeblis miReba samoqalaqo brunvazea damokidebuli, romelic
swored praqtikaSi arsebuli saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebs efuZneba.40
xelSekrulebis praqtikulobis sakiTxze saubrisas SesaZlebelia SevexoT mis
iuridiul Zalasa da praqtikaSi ganxorcielebul mniSvnelobas. aRniSnuli mosazre-
ba SesaZlebelia davafuZnoT saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis samarTlebriv bunebaze.
31
Sead. berZeniSvili a., wulaZe l., esebua f., kaxiZe i., maWaraZe n., kvintraZe a., kldiaSvili
d., socialuri mediis ganviTarebis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi: realuri virtualuris
Zalaufleba? Tb., 2013, 58.
32
Sead. Schlechtriem/Schmidt-Kessel in Schlechtriem/Schwenzer, Kommentar zum einheitlichen UN
Kaufrecht, CISG, 5. Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, München, 2008, Art. 11 Rn. 4.
33
magaliTad, jorbenaZe s., reklamis ganTavseba telemauwyebelze, Tb., 2013, 174-179.
34
Sead. ZlieriSvili z., valdebulebis Sesrulebis navaraudevi da gonivruli vadebi, aka-
ki labartyavas 80 wlis saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 2013, 179.
35
zarandia T., saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili da vadebi, Tb., 2005, 30.
36
ix. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 17 ianvris # 2/6092-11 gadawyvetileba.
37
Sead. Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, 319-e muxli,
2001, 60.
38
39
40
266
igi zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi konstituciuri kanonis tolfasia.41 misi dade-

ba xdeba erTi saxelmwifos mier sxva saxelmwifosTan an saerTaSoriso organizacias-
Tan.42 aRsaniSnavia, rom, zogierTi qveynis konstituciis mixedviT, igi samarTlebriv
ierarqiaSi Sida kanonmdeblobaze maRal safexurs ikavebs43 da misi mowesrigeba xde-
ba saerTaSoriso normebiT,44 magaliTad, konvenciebiT.45 aRniSnul xelSekrulebaSi
saxelmwifos SeuZlia kanonTan Sesabamisi gaxados mis mier Camoyalibebuli pozicia,
warmoSvas sasurveli uflebebi (maT Soris valdebulebebi)46 da samarTlebriv doneze,
calkeul subieqtTaTvis Sesasruleblad savaldebulo gaxados igi.47
gansxvavebiT saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisgan, sxvadasxva qveynis kerZo samar-
Tlis subieqtebs Soris dadebul xelSekrulebebis ganxilvisas SeiniSneba, rom maT mi-
er aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba ganisazRvros rogorc
erTi, ise ramdenime qveynis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad,48 rac xelSekrulebis Tavi-
suflebis sakiTxs am kuTxiTac naTlad warmoaCens.49 aseTi saxis arCevanis Tavisufleba
gamomdinareobs uSualod mxareTa kerZo avtonomiis principidan50 da uSualod mxare-
ebs aqvT uflebamosileba, gansazRvron xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi.51
41
davidi r., Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, T. niniZisa (red.) da
e. sumbaTaSvilis Targmani, Tb., 2010, 109.
42
gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., pa-
paSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2013, 46.
43
davidi r., Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, T. niniZisa (red.) da
e. sumbaTaSvilis Targmani, Tb., 2010, 149.
44
gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., pa-
paSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2013, 46.
45
ZlieriSvili z., qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis xelSekrulebaTa samarTlebrivi bune-
ba, Tbilisi, 2010, 10.
46
Sead. xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004, 143.
47
ix. kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, evropuli da Sedar-
ebiTi samarTlis institutis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2009, 51-53; avtoris mier ganviTare-
bulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba saxelmwifos ma-
valdebulebeli samarTlebrivi dokumentia, rac calkeul pirTa mier misi Sesrulebis
SesaZleblobas eWvqveS ayenebs. winamdebare naSromSi saubari Seexeba uSualod saerTa-
Soriso xelSekrulebis samarTlebriv aspeqts xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis sakiTx-
Tan mimarTebaSi, Sesabamisad, misi samarTlebrivi relevanturoba calkeul pirTa moq-
medebis gansazRvrisTvis ar ganixileba.
48
ioseliani a., saxelSekrulebo sakolizio samarTali, Tb., 2011, 38.
49
Sead. Sengelia i., saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba, rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis prin-
cipi, arsi da mniSvneloba, `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #4 (23)’09, Tb., 2009, 46.
50
Sead. Spickhoff in Beck’scher Onlinekommentar BGB (EGBGB), Internationales Privatrecht, Art. 3, Hrsg:
Bamberger/Roth, Stand: 01.02.2013, Edition: 28, C. H. Beck, 2013, Rn. 1.
51
Reiner S., Reinhard Z. (Hrsg.), Basistexte zum Europäischen Privatrecht. Textsammlung, 2. Auflage, Baden-
Baden, 2002, S. 463, miTiTebulia, zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarT-
veloSi, sagamomcemlo saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, 268.
267
2.4. iuridiul mecnierebaSi gansazRvruli xelSekrulebis cnebis

ganmarteba
2.4.1. saxelSekrulebo urTierToba, rogorc relatiuri ufleba
iuridiul mecnierebaSi xelSekrulebis cnebis ganmarteba, erTi mxriv, mxare-

Ta mier nebis gamovlenasa,52 xolo meore mxriv, Sesabamisi ofertisa da aqceptis sa-
marTlebriv aspeqtSi ganixileba,53 romlis arsebobisTvisac samarTlebrivi Sedegis
dadgomis safuZvels mxareTa mier gamoxatuli nebis safuZvelze SeTanxmebis miRweva
warmoadgens.54 SeTanxmebul nebaSi vlindeba mxareTa moqmedebis farglebi,55 razec mxa-
reebs warmoeSobaT individualuri valdebulebani.56
xelSekruleba relatiur uflebaTa kategorias ganekuTvneba, rac valdebulebis
mxolod gansazRvrul pirebze dakisrebas gulisxmobs.57 kerZod, relatiuri uflebis
matarebels upirispirdeba mxolod aseTi saxis uflebebisa da movaleobebis mqone gan-
sazRvruli piri.58
2.4.2. xelSekruleba, rogorc jerarsuli movlena
imisTvis, rom xelSekruleba samarTlis TeoriaSi damkvidrebul am ori termini-

dan erT-erTs mivusadagoT, aucilebelia samarTlis zogadi principebidan amovideT:
samarTali jerarsuli movlenaa,59 romlis jerarsuli xasiaTic misi darRvevisTvis
Sesrulebis savaldebulobaa.60 savaldebuloba ar ganisazRvreba imgvarad, ra xdeba
moqmedebis momentSi, aramed igi awesebs moqmedebis arealsa da Sesrulebis periodu-
lobas.61
Tumca, ra SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli xelSekruleba ganisazRvros, rogorc je-
rarsi? aRniSnuli mosazrebis gasaviTareblad saWiroa zogadad kanonis, rogorc je-
rarsuli movlenis, ganxilva. xelSekruleba kanonis nawilia, igi relatiuri urTi-
erTobis monawileTa individualur kanonia.
52
Eckert H.-W. in Beck’scher Onilne-kommentar BGB, Hrsg: Bamberger/Roth, Stand: 01.08.2013, 28th ed.,
§145, Rn. 1.
53
Busche in Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, 6. Auflage, 2012, §145, Rn. 1.
54
Jauering in Jauering, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, 14. Auflage, 2011, §145, Rn. 1.
55
56
Sead. cipeliusi r., iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, meaTe gadamuSavebuli gamocema,
miunxeni, 2006, 3.
57
vaCeiSvili a., samarTlis zogadi Teoria (meore gamocema, pirveli gamocema daTariReb-
ulia 1926 wliT. meore gamocemis redaqtorebia: o. gamyreliZe da m. marianaSvili) , 2010,
186.
58
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, meore gamocema, Tb., 2003, 4.
59
60
Sead. iqve, 40.
61
magaliTad, Leisner-Egensperger A., Hans Kelsens Reine Rechtslehre, Juristische Arbeitsblätter (JA), Heft
7, 2005, 556.
268
xelSekrulebis sagani, rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri gagebiT, xelSekru-

lebis arsebobis upirvelesi safuZvelia. praqtikuli datvirTvidan gamomdinare, misi
ZalaSi Sesvla an Semdgomi moqmedebis ganxorcielebis saSualeba swored mis saganzea
dafuZnebuli. Sesabamisad, am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia xelSekrulebis
ori ZiriTadi aspeqtis gamoyofa: a) fizikuri qmedebebi, romelic gamiznulia xelSek-
rulebis dadebisTvis, warmoadgens arsis sferos,62 xolo b) xelSekrulebaSi gawerili
moqmedebis wesi ukve jerarsis nawilia, vinaidan igi mxareTa mier xelmoweris Semdeg
xdeba samarTlis nawili da gadmocemulia Sesabamisi garigebis saxiT.63
xelSekruleba samarTlis nawilia, xolo is, Tu ra aris samarTali, mecnierTa mier
dRemde rCeba ganxilvis sagnad.64 Tumca, sadavo ar aris is sakiTxi, rom xelSekrulebis
moqmedeba dafuZnebulia Sesabamisi normebis iurisdiqciaze. Sesabamisad, Tu xelSek-
rulebis dadebiT mxareebs erTmaneTis mimarT warmoeSobaT individualuri samarTa-
li, misi samarTlis WrilSi ganxilva swored xelSekrulebis, rogorc Sesasruleblad
savaldebulo dokumentis, jerarsul gagebamde migviyvans, vinaidan, iseve rogorc ka-
nonSi, xelSekrulebaSi gawerili wesic aucileblad unda Sesruldes.65
2.5 xelSekrulebis roli sajarosamarTlebrivi urTierTobisas
xelSekrulebis Zireuli samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi ssk-Sia mocemuli, ro-

melic kerZo samarTlis erT-erT dargs warmoadgens. Tumca, aRniSnuli ar niSnavs
xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi bunebis mxolod erT aspeqtSi ganxilvas, rogorc sa-
moqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis damyarebis Sedegs. kerZo samarTlis garda,
saxelSekrulebo urTierToba sajaro samarTalSic xSirad gvxvdeba.
kerZo da sajarosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis gamijvnasTan dakavSirebiT iuri-
diul literaturaSi araerTi mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli.66 TiToeuli aseTi mosazrebis
mTavari mizania, naTlad warmoaCinos maT Soris arsebuli ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. ase-
Ti SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, kerZo samarTalSi _ subordinaciuli urTierTobebis
naklebad arseboba, rac samarTlebrivi urTierTobis sawyisad sajaro dawesebulebis
nebaze damokidebulebas ar gulisxmobs.67 Tumca, rogorc sajaro, ise kerZosamarTleb-
rivi urTierTobis SemTxvevaSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis damyareba xSiria.
62
magaliTad, xelSekrulebaze xelis mowera, anu nebis gamovlenis samarTlebrivi
formireba.
63
Sead. Gril P., Recht und Ordnung, Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik (ZRP), Heft 4, Verlag C. H. Beck, München,
2001, 185.
64
ix., magaliTad, Dreier R., Der Begriff des Rechts, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW), Heft 14, Verlag
C. H. Beck, München, 1986, 894. avtori erTmaneTisgan mijnavs samarTlis sociologiur,
filosofiur da Teoriul mxares da miiCnevs, rom samarTlis ganmartebis problema
swored TiToeuli SemTxvevis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze unda gadawydes.
65
Sead. kelzeni h., ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria? l. bregvaZis Targmani, `samarTlis
Jurnali~, #2, 2011, Tb., 2011, 297.
66
aRniSnulis Taobaze ix., magaliTad, Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, II gamoce-
ma, Tb., 2001, 23-31.
67
269
sajaro samarTalSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis mniSvnelobis yvelaze arse-

biTi gamovlinebaa – szak-Si mowesrigebuli administraciuli xelSekrulebis samar-
Tlebrivi instituti. igi administraciulsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoSobis
erT-erTi safuZvelia.68
3. Tavisuflebis cneba
Tavisufleba arsebobs yvela sferoSi, yvela dargSi, xolo misi dacvis valdebu-
leba saxelmwifos gaaCnia. Tavisuflebis dacvis ararsebobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqne-
ba socialuri saxelmwifos arseboba,69 vinaidan igi warmoadgens iseTi mniSvnelovani
sikeTeebis arsebobis winapirobas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, usafrTxoeba70 da sxv.
Tavisufleba efuZneba kanons,71 Tumca, kanoni Tavisuflebas Tavisufals ver gax-
dis, misi valdebulebaa SezRudos igi. Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba iyos absoluturi.72
misi SezRudvis farglebis dadgena swored kanonis upirvelesi valdebulebaa, romlis
praqtikuli ganxorcieleba maSin unda moxdes, rodesac Tavisuflebis ganxorciele-
bam SeiZleba mesame piris ufleba Selaxos.73
Tavisufleba zogadi cnebaa. sakanonmdeblo doneze misi mowesrigeba gansazR-
vravs qcevis mxolod farTo wess. aseT SemTxvevaSi misi mowesrigebis arealSi ar eq-
ceva is, Tu rogor moqmedebs pirovneba Tavisuflebis realizaciisTvis,74 Tavisufle-
bis momwesrigebeli kanonisTvis mTavaria, pirovnebam ar moaxdinos am farglebs gareT
gasvla da mesame pirTa uflebebis Selaxva.
Tavisuflebis moazreba samarTalisgan ganyenebulad SeuZlebelia. kantis mo-
sazrebiT, adamiani Tavisufali maSinaa, roca kanons emorCileba. aseT SemTxvevaSi Se-
saZlebelia, piri izRudebodes, magram am SezRudvasac sakuTari Tavisuflebis mosa-
poveblad axorcielebdes.75
Tavisufleba samarTlis normaSia gansazRvruli. samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
warmoSobis safuZveli mxolod samarTlis norma SeiZleba iyos,76 e.i. Tavisufleba sa-
68
ix. szak-is 65-e I muxli.
69
ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 27 agvistos #1/2/434
gadawyvetileba saqmeze: saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis wi-
naaRmdeg.
70
aRniSnulis Taobaze ixileT: Di Fabio U., Sicherheit in Freiheit, NJW, Heft 7, Verlag C.H. Beck,
München, 2008, 421-425.
71
Ллойд Д., Идея права, перевод с английского, М. А. Юмашева, Ю. А. Юмашев, Юмашев, М. Югона, М.,
2002, 158.
72
Di Fabio U., Sicherheit in Freiheit, NJW, Heft 7, Verlag C.H. Beck, München, 2008, 422.
73
Sead. Singer R., Vertragsfreiheit, Grundrechte und der Schutz des Menchen vor sich selbst, Juristiscgen Zei-
tung (JZ), 50. Jahrgang, 1. 1995, 23, 1133.
74
Ллойд Д., Идея права, перевод с английского М. А. Юмашева, Ю. А. Юмашев, Юмашев, М. Югона,
Москва, 2002, 159.
75
76
xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Ta-
visuflebani, Tb., 2005, 203.
270
marTlis normis Sinaarssa da misi moqmedebis ganxorcielebazea damokidebuli. swo-

red aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania im sakiTxis ganxilva, romelic Tavi-
suflebis cnebas exeba iurisprudenciaSi.
Tavisufleba imis keTebis uflebaa, rac dasaSvebia kanoniT.77 igi yovelTvis Zi-
riTadi kanonidan gamomdinareobs,78 Tumca aRniSnuli ise unda iqnes gagebuli, TiTqos
pirs SeuZlia sakuTari nebis Tavisuflad ganxorcieleba, yovelgvari SezRudvis ga-
reSe.79 magaliTad, mewarmeobis Tavisufalebis normidan gamomdinare, man ganaxorci-
elos nebismieri iseTi saxis qmedeba, rac misi survilis Sesabamisi iqneba. aseTi saxis
qmedebis ganxorcieleba, Tavisuflebis SezRudva SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes sazo-
gadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) mniSvnelobidan,80 rac moqmedi kanonmdeblobis absolutur
dacvaSi iqneba gamoxatuli.
Tavisufleba esaa pirovnebis Tanasworobis ganmsazRvreli konkretul sakiTxSi81
da adamianis mier codnis cxovrebaSi gatarebis samarTlebrivi winapiroba.82 xelSek-
rulebiT da miT umetes werilobiTi xelSekrulebiT, rogorc mdgradi mtkicebulebis
mqone dokumentiT, mxareebi sakuTari Tavisuflebis realizacias swored saxelSekru-
lebo urTierTobaSi xedaven.83
Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba mniSvnelovania rogorc kerZo, ise sajarosamar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobebisas. mis mosapoveblad saWiroa, pirma gaiazros kanoni da misi
moqmedebis winapirobebi.84 orive SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad unda iqnes daculi intere-
sebi im pirTa, romlebic monawileoben aRniSnul samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi,85 rad-
ganac sxva SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba piris mier Tavisuflebis realizacia.
4. xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis istoria ar aris uZvelesi samarTlebrivi insti-

tuti. samarTlebriv institutad misi Camoyalibeba mxolod ramdenime saukunes iT-
vlis.86 xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis doqtrinis ganviTarebis erT-erT umTavres
xelSemwyobad aSS miiCneva.87 aseTi uflebis realizaciis aucilebloba msxvili komer-
ciuli organizaciebis Seqmnam ganapiroba, romelTac moqmedebis Tavisufali areali
77
monteskie S. l., kanonTa goni, r. feiqriSvilis Targmani, Tb., 1994, 180.
78
Sead. Bäurele M., Vertragsfreiheit und Grundgesetz, 1. Auflage, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden,
2001, 121.
79
80
ix. BVerfG, 1 BvR 924/12 vom 18.9.2013, Absatz-Nr. 12.
81
Sead. BverfG, 2 BvQ 55/13 vom 6.12.2013, Absatz-Nr. 8.
82
83
iqve, 224.
84
Sead. zoiZe b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda, upiratesad adamianis
85
Sead. davidi r., Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, T. niniZisa (red.)
da e. sumbaTaSvilis Targmani, Tb., 2010, 80.
86
Killian W., Kontrahierungszwang und Zivilrecht, ACP 180 (1980), 48.
87
Ллойд Д., Идея права, перевод с английского М. А. Юмашева, Ю. А. Юмашев, Юмашев, М. Югона, М.,
2002, 163.
271
sWirdebodaT.88 Sesabamisad, igi sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad ganviTarda. iu-

ridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba, `xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis isto-
ria aris Tqveni SezRudvebis istoria~,89 xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis, rogorc ara-
absoluturi uflebis samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens.90
Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi instituti saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis erT-
erTi umTavresi safuZvelia. iseve rogorc umetesi samarTlebrivi institutis Sem-
TxvevaSi, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi Tavisufleba ar aris SeuzRudavi,91 rac
ganpirobebulia erTaderTi faqtoriT: igi miznad isaxavs Tavisufali saqmianobis
stabilur da usafrTxo uzrunvelyofas.92 es wesi vrceldeba ara mxolod samoqala-
qosamarTlebriv, aramed mTlianad kerZosamarTlebriv saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-
bebze. magaliTad, SromiTi urTierTobis damyareba, romelic Sromis Tavisuflebis
principzea dafuZnebuli, gulisxmobs subieqtis survils, Tavad gankargos sakuTari
SesaZleblobebi SromiT saqmianobaSi93 da Tavad moaxdinos sakuTari nebis formireba
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principidan gamomdinare.
saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi Tavisuflebis SezRudva emyareba nebis Tavisuf-
lad gamovlenis princips.94 igi SeiZleba, erTi mxriv, mxareTa mier iqnes gansazRvruli
an, meore mxriv, kanoni pirdapir aregulirebdes xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis ZiriTad as-
peqtebs.95
xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba mxareTa SesaZleblobaa, sabazro ekonomikaSi da-
amyaron wesrigi. igi gamoiyeneba TiToeuli profesiis warmomadgenelTa mier. metic,
literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, xelSekrulebis Tavisuf-
lebis arsebobis gareSe, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes sabazro ekonomika, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, erTian jaWvs qmnis konstituciiT miniWebuli uflebamosilebis saxiT96 da rom-
liTac mxareebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciis SesaZlebloba aqvT.97
88
Ллойд Д., Идея права, перевод с английского М. А. Юмашева, Ю. А. Юмашев, Юмашев, М. Югона, М.,
2002, 163.
89
Von Jan B. (Jus Privatum, Bd. 40), Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck 1999. XXIV, 722 – miTiTebulia: Meder S.,
Privatautonomie und Kontrahierungszwang, NJW, Heft 4, Verlag C. H. Beck, München, 2002, 279.
90
Sead. Meder S., Privatautonomie und Kontrahierungszwang, NJW, Heft 4, Verlag C. H. Beck, München,
2002, 279.
91
magaliTad, saaqcio sazogadoebaSi aqcionerTa mier Sesabamisi moqmedebis gansazRvris
kuTxiT. aRniSnulis Taobaze ixileT: Altmeppen in Münchener Kommentar zum Aktiengesetz, 3.
Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, München, §291, Rn. 31.
92
93
ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 1997 wlis 4 noembris #2/33/1 ganCineba saq-
meze: nino ioseliani samcxe-javaxeTis mxareSi saqarTvelos prezidentis saxelmwifo
rwmunebulisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.
94
95
aRniSnul sakiTxze saubari detalurad iqneba winamdebare naSromis sxva TavSi,
romelSic moxdeba xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis orive samarTlebrivi
aspeqtis ganxilva.
96
Bäurele M., Vertragsfreiheit und Grundgesetz, 1. Auflage, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 2001,
306 – aRniSnul gverdze miTiTebulia niperdeis (Nipperdey) mosazreba, moyvanilia nawi-
lobriv citatis saxiT.
97
cipi, arsi da mniSvneloba, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #4 (23)’09, Tb., 2009, 46.
272
xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba damokidebulia piris mier sakuTari qcevis Se-

fasebis unarze, Sesabamisi Sedegis gaazrebaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, piris uflebaunari-
anobisa da qmedunarianobis realizaciis safuZvelia.98 aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi wes-
rigis damyarebis winapirobaa.99
arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, `xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba Tavisuf-
lebis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa~,100 rac samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi subieqtis SezRudul
uflebas warmoadgens.101 igi ssk-Si obieqturi formiT gvxvdeba. misi formirebisTvis
saWiroa mxareTa mier gamovlenili neba. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis uflebis realizaciisTvis pirovneba Tavad arCevs normas da Tavad gan-
sazRvravs aucilebeli moqmedebis wess da saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis Sinaarss.
zogadad, nebismieri samarTlebrivi norma102 sazogadoebas konkretuli moqmedebis
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas aniWebs,103 rac sazogadoebisave qmedebaSi gamoixateba,
Caerios aRniSnuli normiT mowesrigebul situaciaSi.104 xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba
swored aseTi moqmedebis SesaZleblobasa da saxelmwifos mxridan masSi Carevis SeuZ-
leblobas (aseve dacvas) gulisxmobs.105 mis safuZvelze ganmtkicebulia mxareTa Tavi-
sufleba, Tavad gansazRvron konkretuli pirobebi da xelSekrulebaSi gaweron isini
ise, rogorc miiCneven marTebulad.106 am mxriv, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sasamarTlos praqtika, romelic xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebad misi Sinaarsis gan-
sazRvras, formaze SeTanxmebasa da kontrahentis arCevis SesaZleblobas miiCnevs.107
Tumca, es ukanaskneli ar gamoixateba mxareTa mier mxolod xelSekrulebis dadebaSi.
aRniSnuli uflebis safuZvelze mxareebs SeuZliaT aseve ar dadon xelSekruleba,108
Tu saxeze ar iqneba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SezRudvis safuZveli, rac aseve xel-
Sekrulebis Tavisuflebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementia.109
98
Sead. kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 117.
99
Sead. von Thur, AT I, 1910, §22 III, 378; Larenz/Wolf, AT des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 2004, §6, RdNr. 1 ff –
miTiTebulia: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009,
117.
100
101
jorbenaZe s., samoqalaqo kodeqsis calkeuli samarTlebrivi institutebis moqmedeba
Sromis kodeqsTan mimarTebiT, `sarCevi~ #1-2 (2012), Tb., 2013, 19.
102
igulisxmeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi norma, romelic ar gamomdin-
areobs mxolod sasamarTlo praqtikidan (saerTo samarTlis qveynebis magaliTze).
103
104
iqve.
105
arsi da mniSvneloba, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, # 4 (23)’09, Tb., 2009, 45.
106
107
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 10 ivnisis #as-149-142-2013 ganCine-
ba: aRwerilobiTi nawili, Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 4 dekembris
gadawyvetileba.
108
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, muxli 319, Tb., 2001,
60.
109
Sead. Bydlinski F., Zu den dogmatischen Grundfragen des Kontrahierungszwanges, Verträge, gehalten auf
der Tagung der Zivilrechtslehrervereinugung am 18. 1979 in Bern, ACP 180 (1980), 5.
273
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SeboWva SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes sxvadasxva

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobidan. igi SeiZleba iyos ufro metad mkacri SemboWveli,
magaliTad, zrunvis Taobaze dazRveva110 da sxv. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi mxareebma unda
gansazRvron maTi moqmedebis kanonieri farglebi. dauSvebelia xelSekrulebis Tavi-
suflebiT dairRves mesame pirTa uflebebi. sxva sityvebiT: xelSekrulebis Tavisuf-
leba mTavrdeba iq, sadac saxelSekrulebo pirobebidan da kanonidan gamomdinare,
misi Sesruleba SeuZlebeli iqneba.111
4.1 kerZo avtonomiis mniSvneloba xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebisas
kerZo avtonomiis samarTlebrivi formireba, upirveles yovlisa, xelSekrule-

bis TavisuflebaSi xorcieldeba.112 is xelSekrulebis dadebis umTavresi safuZvelia
da saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebze pirdapiri saxis gavlenas axdens. swored aRniSnu-
lis gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare naSromSi xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebaze saubrisas
Tavdapirvelad swored kerZo avtonomiis sakiTxze gamaxvildeba yuradReba. konsti-
tuciur safuZvlebs mxolod Semdgomi Tavi daeTmoba. konstituciuri uflebebi samo-
qalaqo samarTlze da maT Soris, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebaze arapirdapiri moqme-
debis ganmaxorcielebelia.113
kerZo avtonomiis erT-erT gamovlinebas nebis avtonomia warmoadgens, romelic
swored aRniSnul samarTlebriv institutzea dafuZnebuli.114 aRniSnuli gansazRvravs
mxareTa uflebamosilebas, ganaxorcielon nebismieri, kanoniT aukrZalavi qmedeba115
da maT Soris dadon xelSekruleba.116 erTi mxriv, aseTi qmedeba adamianis fsiqikuri da-
mokidebulebis Sedegia, Tavad gansazRvros samarTlis Sesabamisad gamovlenili nebis
subieqturi faqtorebi,117 xolo meore mxriv, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis mxare, ka-
noniT miniWebuli Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare, xelSekrulebis safuZvelze SeboWvas
sakuTari Tavis usafrTxoebis rwmenaSi xedavs.118 amasTan, saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-
bebisas SeboWva xdeba ara mxolod erTi piris mimarT, aramed sxva piris Sesatyvisi boW-
viT,119 rac adamianis bunebrivi moTxovnilebis arsidan gamomdinareobs120 da romlis
safuZvelzec urTierToba myardeba subieqturi uflebisa da Sesatyvisi movaleobis
saxiT.121
110
BGH, Urteil vom 7.12.2011 – IV ZR 105/11.
111
BGH, Urteil vom 4.2.2013 – II ZR 134/11.
112
113
iqve. 84.
114
Sead. ioseliani a., saxelSekrulebo sakolizio samarTali, Tb., 2011, 13. nebis avtonomi-
is bunebis Taobaze Teoriebis sakiTxis Sesaxeb ixileT amave naSromis me-12-15 gverdebi.
115
116
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, 319-e muxli, 2001,
57.
117
Sead. naneiSvili g., samarTlis filosofiis sakiTxebi, 1992, 56.
118
119
120
121
274
Tavis mxriv, sakuTar nebaze dafuZnebuli boWva piris Tavisuflad moqmedebis

ganxorcielebis Sedegia. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, pirs ekisreba garkveuli saxis val-
debulebani, rac mas moqmedebis ganxorcielebis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs,122 anu piri
Tavad akisrebs sakuTar Tavs pasuxismgeblobas garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebis
saxiT.
TviTboWva ise ar unda iqnes gagebuli, TiTqos saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis
monawile pirma raime saxis ZaldatanebiTi saqmianoba unda ganaxorcielos. nebismieri
adamiani, ramdeni wlisac ar unda iyos igi, ver gaeqceva saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-
bis monawileobas da mudam iqneba, uSualod saxelSekrulebo pirobebidan gamomdinare,
gansazRvruli periodulobiT SeboWili konkretul aspeqtSi. dResdReobiT SeiZle-
ba arsebobdes pirovneba, romelsac werilobiTi saxis xelSekruleba ar daudia, Tum-
ca msoflio masStabiT mxolod gamonakliss warmoadgenen adamianebi, romelTac zepi-
ri saxis xelSekruleba dadebuli ar aqvT. maT mier ganxorcielebuli TiToeuli aseTi
qmedeba swored kerZo avtonomiis gamovlinebaa. aRniSnulis samarTlebriv safuZvlad
ssk-is me-10 muxlis me-2 nawili SeiZleba moviSvelioT, romelic kanoniT aukrZalavi
qmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas gansazRvravs da romlis me-3 nawilic mxare-
ebis aseTi uflebis realizaciis SesaZleblobas mxolod sxvaTa Tavisuflebis dacvis
WrilSi awesrigebs. aRniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros kerZo avtono-
miis damokidebuleba Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv institutTan da maT Soris _ xel-
Sekrulebis TavisuflebasTan.
Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba ver iqneba saxeze, Tu misi uflebis
matarebeli pirebi ver moaxdenen sakuTari uflebebis samarTlebrivad realiza-
cias. aseTi realizaciis SesaZlebloba mis monawileebs swored kerZo avtonomiis
principidan gamomdinare gaaCniaT.
4.2 xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri safuZvlebi
saqarTvelos konstitucia qveynis umaRles safexurze mdgomi samarTlebrivi

normaa, romelic samarTlebrivi wesrigis fuZemdeblur principebs adgens.123 yvela
sxva norma unda Seesabamebodes mas. aRniSnuli ssk-is me-2 muxlis pirveli nawiliTaa
gansazRvruli.124 es daTqma miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom Tu norma SeusabamobaSia konsti-
tuciasTan, mas ar eqneba savaldebulo Zala.125 xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba, rogorc
ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi instituti, samar-
Tlebriv aspeqtSi moqmedebis farTo areals gansazRvravs, romlis arakonstituciu-
122
Sead. Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 92.
123
124
iqve, 50. normaTa ierarqiisa da ssk-is mier konstituciasTan samoqalaqo kodeqsisa da
kerZo samarTlis sxvadasxva normebis Sesaxeb.
125
jorbenaZe s., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, muxli 2, Tb.,
1999, 30.
275
robis sakiTxi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi aravis dauyeneba.126 magram,

mxolod es statistikuri faqti ver gaxdeba xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konsti-
tuciuri kavSiris ganmsazRvreli kriteriumi. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi institutis
moqmedebis winapirobis gasarkvevad, mniSvnelovania, ZiriTadi uflebebidan gamomdi-
nare, misi konstituciuri safuZvlebis gansazRvra.
xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba, rogorc samarTlebrivi instituti, saqarTvelos
konstituciaSi araa pirdapiri saxiT mowesrigebuli. am mxriv, SesaZlebelia parale-
lis gavleba kontinenturi samarTlis qveynebis sxva konstituciebTan, romelTa mi-
xedviTac, aRniSnuli sakiTxi konstituciaSi pirdapiri saxiT ar gvxvdeba.127
Sedegad, mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosazrebas,
romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleba ganimartos sakiTxi, Tu romel konstituciur normas-
Tan modis SesabamisobaSi128 xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi instituti.129
SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizis kuTxiT, mniSvnelovania, germaniis sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos ramdenime mosazrebis ganxilva. kerZod, es ukanaskneli xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis sakiTxs ganixilavs ramdenime ZiriTad aspeqtSi: pirovnebis Tavisufali
ganviTarebis ufleba (moqmedebis Tavisufleba);130 profesiis Tavisuflad arCevis Se-
saZlebloba131 da sxv.
SesaZloa paralelis gavleba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTan. igi
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis ganxilvisas upiratesad saqarTvelos konstituciis
21-e muxlis WrilSi moqmedebs, romlis safuZvelzec is ganixilavs xelSekrulebis da-
debis pirobebis samarTlebrivobas sakuTrebis uflebasTan mimarTebiT.132
konstituciuri safuZvlebis ganxilva mniSvnelovania xelSekrulebis Tavisuf-
lebis zogadi principebis dadgenisTvis. zogadi principebi, erTi mxriv, SesaZlebelia
kanonis gareSec arsebobdes da konkretuli samarTlis institutis ganxilvisas mox-
126
tuRuSi T., burjanaZe g., mSvenieraZe g., gociriZe g., menabde v., adamianis uflebebi da
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis praqtika (1996-2012 wlebis sasamarT-
lo praqtika), saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, saqarTvelos saxalxo dam-
cvelisa da axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis erToblivi proeqti, Tb., 2013.
127
magaliTad, germaniis federaciuli respublikis konstitucia, romelSic saxelSek-
rulebo urTierTobaze kanoni ar saubrobs. aRniSnulis Taobaze ixileT, magaliTad,
Reul A., Grundrechte und Vertragsfreiheit im Gesellschaftsrecht, Deutsche Notar Zeitschrift (DNotZ), 2007,
Heft 3 (Seite 161-240), 2007, 185.
128
Sesabamisobis sakiTxi arsebiTia imdenad, ramdenadac swored sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los mier moxdeba xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri safuZvlebis gansaz-
Rvra an am safuZvlebis diferenciacia da maTgan erT-erTis gansazRvra, rogorc um-
Tavresi konstituciuri safuZveli.
129
Sead. Reul A., Grundrechte und Vertragsfreiheit im Gesellschaftsrecht, Deutsche Notar Zeitschrift (DNotZ),
2007, Heft 3 (Seite 161-240), 2007, 185.
130
BVerfG, Beschluss vom 16. 5. 1961 - 2 BvF 1/60, NJW 1961,1395.
131
BVerfG, Beschluss vom 25-03-1992 - 1 BvR 298/86, NJW 1992, 2621.
132
magaliTad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 1997 wlis 25 martis #2/31-5
gadawyvetileba saqmeze: levan furcxvaniZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.
276
des misi gaTvaliswineba133 da, meore mxriv, igi SesaZlebelia qveynis uzenaesi kanonis
Sesabamisobis kuTxiT iqnes gansazRvruli. aseTi saxis diferenciacia qveyanaSi arse-
buli konkretuli mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi unda iyos.134
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis ZiriTad konstituciur safuZvlad, iseve rogorc
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis TiTqmis yvela etapis safuZvlad, SegviZlia miviCnioT
adamianis Tavisuflebis ufleba. igi exeba adamianis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sfe-
ros.135 aRniSnuli ise ar unda iqnes gagebuli, TiTqos sxva konstituciuri uflebebi
swored am normidan gamomdinareobs,136 Tumca misi arseboba adamianis mier Sesabamisi
saqmianobis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebis upirvelesi winapirobaa.
garda aRniSnulisa, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konstituciur safuZvlebad
moiazreba Semdegi uflebebi: sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufle-
ba, azris gamoxatvisa da sityvis Tavisufleba, sakuTrebis ufleba, inteleqtua-
luri Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba, Tavisufali mewarmeobis ufleba (Sromis Tavi-
sufleba), mimosvlis Tavisufleba, pirTa Tanasworoba da qorwinebis ufleba.137
winamdebare naSomSi calke qveTavi daeTmoba mxolod kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis uf-
lebasa da pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebas, xolo danarCeni konstitu-
ciuri uflebebi, rogorc xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri safuZvlebi,
erTian qveTavSi iqneba mowesrigebuli.
4.2.1 kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba, rogorc xelSekrulebis

Tavisuflebis upirvelesi konstituciuri safuZveli
kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba yvelasaTvis Tanabari uflebebiTa da privilegiebiT

sargeblobis uflebas gulisxmobs.138 pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebuli samoqala-
qosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis arsidan gamomdinare, igi SeiZleba xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis upirveles konstituciur safuZvlad moixsenios.139 aRniSnulis safuZ-
velze mxareebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT daamyaron saxelSekrulebo urTierToba.140 mi-
TiTebuli piroba dafuZnebulia adamianis konstituciur uflebaze, damoukideblad,
133
134
135
Sead. Hofmann in Hofmann/Schmidt-Bleitbreu/Hopfauf, Kommentar zum Grundgesetz (GG), 11. Auflage,
Verlag Carl Heymanns, Köln, München, 2008 Art. 2 Rn. 31 da Semdgomi.
136
aRniSnuli mosazreba efuZneba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 6
arilis #2/1/41 gadawyvetilebas saqmeze: saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos
parlamentis winaaRmdeg.
137
Sead. Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 82-83.
138
gociriZe e. (avtorTa koleqtivi), saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi II, saqa-
rTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb., 2013, 59.
139
Sead. Di Fabio im Maunz/Dürig, Grundgesetz-Kommentar, 69. Ergänzugslieferung 2013, GG Art. 2, Rn.
108.
140
BverfGE 8, 274 (328); 88, 384 (403); 89, 48 (61); 95, 267 (303 f.); Manssen, Privatrechtsgestaltung durch
Hocheitsakt, 1994, 119 – miTiTebulia: iqve, Rn. 109.
277
Tavisuflad gansazRvron Tavisi samomavlo saqmianobia,141 rac Sesabamisi kontrahen-

tisa Tu Sinaarsis mqone xelSekrulebis arCevaSi gamoixateba.142
Tavad termini – xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba – adamianis uflebaTa sferodan
pirTa Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis sakiTxs aerTianebs,143 rac, saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobis monawileTaTvis Sesabamisi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis kuTxiT, umTav-
resi samarTlebrivi winapirobaa, romelic kanonSive daculia kerZo avtonomiis prin-
cipis safuZvelze.144
4.2.2 sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba,

rogorc xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri safuZveli
pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba moicavs sazogadoebrivi urTier-

Tobis yvela sferos145 da maT Soris saxelSekrulebo urTierTobasac,146 rac uSualod
am normis safuZvelze arsebuli qcevis sayovelTao Tavisuflebidan gamomdinareobs.147
aRniSnuli mosazrebis gansamtkiceblad, SesaZlebelia davimowmoT saqarTvelos sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos praqtika, romlis mixedviTac, saqarTvelos konstituci-
is me-16 muxli iTvaliswinebs mxareTa avtonomiurobis princips.148 aqedan gamomdina-
re, SesaZlebelia xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis moxsenieba pirovnebis Tavisufali
ganviTarebis uflebis erT-erT nawilad.149
germaniis federaciis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, xelSekrule-
bis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli kerZo avtonomiaa, xolo es ukanaskneli,
pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebis safuZvelze, Tavisufali moqmedebis
uflebidan gamomdinareobs.150 analogiurad qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi gamoT-
qmulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba e.w. `TviTgan-
141
Sead. Lang im Beck’scher Online-Kommentar GG, Hrsg: Epping/Hillburger, Stand: 15.05.2013, ed. 18, Art.
2, Rn. 3.
142
Sead. Di Fabio im Maunz/Dürig, Grundgesetz-Kommentar, 69. Ergänzugslieferung 2013, GG Art. 2, Rn.
109.
143
arsi da mniSvneloba, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #4 (23)’09, Tb., 2009, 49.
144
Sead. Schmidt im Erfurter Kommentar zum Arbeitsrecht, 14. Auflage 2014, GG, Art. 2, Rn. 14.
145
146
Sead., magaliTad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 19 dekembris
#1/7/454 ganCineba saqmeze: saqarTvelos moqalaqe levan sirbilaZe saqarTvelos parla-
mentis winaaRmdeg.
147
xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Ta-
visuflebani, Tb., 2005, 77.
148
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 ivnisis #1/2/458 ganCineba saqme-
ze: saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi: a. maWaraSvili da d. sarTania saqarTvelos parlamentisa
da saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros winaaRmdeg.
149
vor §145ff, Rn. 13.
150
BverfG v. 7. 2. 1990, BverfGE 81, 242, 254 f.; BverfG v. 6. 2. 2001, NJW 2001, 957 ff. – miTiTebulia:
Thüsing G., Angemessenheit durch Konsens – Zu den Grenzen der Richtigkeitsgewähr arbeitvertraglicher
Vereinbarungen, `Recht der Arbeit~ (RdA), Heft 5, 2005, 258.
278
zraxvisa~ da dacvis instruments warmoadgens,151 anu xelSekrulebis dadebis faqts,

rac aseve piris mier konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcielebis nawiladac SeiZleba iqnes
moxseniebuli.152 swored aseTi qmedebaa xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebisa da konstitu-
ciuri uflebis – piris personaluri ganviTarebis – nawili.153
4.2.3. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis sxva konstituciuri

safuZvlebi
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri safuZ-

vlebi, garda pirTa Tanasworobisa da pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebi-
sa, SeiZleba sxvac iyos. winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli iqneba TiToeuli maTgani swored
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv institutTan mimarTebaSi.
pirveli da, SeiZleba iTqvas, praqtikisTvis yvelaze ufro arsebiTi konstituci-
uri norma, romelic xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konteqstSi SeiZleba iqnes moazre-
buli, esaa gamoxatvisa da sityvis Tavisufleba. igi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa
konstituciur safuZvels warmoadgens imdenad, ramdenadac mxareebis uflebamosile-
bis sakiTxi wesrigdeba kerZo avtonomiis principebze dayrdnobiT, ganaxorcielon ka-
noniT aukrZalavi nebismieri saxelSekrulebo qmedeba.
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi ar unda Caerios saxelmwifo. gamoxatvisa da
sityvis TavisuflebaSi saxelmwifos mxridan Careva SesaZlebelia pirisaTvis Sesabami-
si Sinaarsis gansazRvraSi gamoixatos,154 rac samarTlebriv CarCoebs gascdeba. aRniS-
nulis paralelurad, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principSi saxelmwifos mier gar-
kveuli zemoqmedebis ganxorcielebac swored dasaxelebul ZiriTad uflebaSi Carevis
sakiTxad unda ganixilos. kerZod, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis monawile mxareebi,
kerZo avtonomiis principidan gamomdinare, sargebloben Tanabari uflebebiT, kano-
niT aukrZalavi nebismieri saxis survilis sityviT formireba da amdenad, realizacia
ganaxorcielon sakuTari konstituciuri uflebiT – gamoxaton Tavisi neba.
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa umetesoba sakuTrebis uflebis gankargvazea
dafuZnebuli. am mxriv, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis roli udidesia am samarTleb-
rivi institutis praqtikuli realizaciis gansaxorcieleblad, romlis safuZvelze,
konstituciaSi gawerili sakuTrebis ufleba erT-erT mniSvnelovan konstituciur
safuZvels warmoadgens. igi piris qonebriv uflebaSi Tavisuflebis arsebobas gulis-
151
arsi da mniSvneloba, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, # 4 (23)’09, Tb., 2009, 45.
152
gociriZe e. (avtorTa koleqtivi), saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi II, saqa-
rTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb., 2013, 103.
153
BverfG v. 7.2. 1990, BverfGE 81, 242, 254 f.; BverfG v. 6. 2. 2001, NJW 2001, 957 ff. – miTiTebulia:
Vereinbarungen, `Recht der Arbeit~ (RdA), Heft 5, 2005, 258. – `Diese Abschlussfreiheit ist Bestandteil der
Vertragsfreiheit und als Teil des Rechts auf freie Entfaltung der Persönlichkeit (Art. 2 Abs. 1 GG) verfassung-
srechtlich gewährleistet~. sasamarTlo aseve uTiTebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqti-
kaze: BVerfGE 8, 274, 328.
154
279
xmobs, romliTac mas cxovrebis damoukideblad warmarTvis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia,155

rac imis Tqmis safuZvelia, rom xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia gamovlin-
des sakuTrebis uflebis dacvaSi, mis realizaciaSi.156
sakuTrebis uflebis paralelurad ganxilul unda iqnes inteleqtualuri Se-
moqmedebis Tavisuflebis ufleba, romelic sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxea.157 aRniSnu-
li uflebis safuZvelze, piri daculia Seqmnili xelovnebis gavrcelebis procesSi,158
rac TavisTavad pirs SesaZleblobas aniWebs, xelSekrulebaSi asaxos igi, dados Tavi-
suflad xelSekruleba da Tavisi qonebrivi uflebebi gankargos sakuTari survilis
Sesabamisad.
pirTa Tanasworobaze dafuZnebuli konstituciuri normebidan xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis safuZvlad SesaZlebelia miCenul iqnes aseve qorwinebisa da ojaxis
aRiareba da dacva. erTi mxriv, misi mowesrigeba dafuZnebulia Tanaswor uflebaze,159
xolo meore mxriv, aucileblad saxeze unda iyos mxareTa mier gamovlenili neba, anu
Tanxmoba qorwinebasa da ojaxis Seqmnaze.160 garda aRniSnulisa, normis gansazRvris sa-
xiT, magaliTad SesaZlebelia saqorwino xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebac moviy-
vanoT,161 romlis saSualebiTac meuRleebs kanonis garda, maTi Tanacxovrebis manZilze
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis mowesrigeba relatiuri, anu saxelSekrulebo qonebrivi
urTierTobebiTac SeuZliaT.162
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konstituciur safuZvlad aseve SesaZlebelia
ganvixiloT sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnis ufleba da mimosvlis Tavisuf-
leba. pirveli maTganis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli piris dafuZneba, romelic
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobiT xorcieldeba,163 xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad,
SesaZlebelia ssk-is 668-e da Semdgomi muxlebis gansazRvra, romlis realizacia mi-
mosvlis Tavisuflebis, rogorc konstituciuri garantiis, gareSe SeuZlebelia.
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri safuZvlis ganxilva SesaZlebe-
lia aseve 30-e muxlidan gamomdinare.164 igi exeba saxelmwifos valdebulebas, ganavi-
155
izoria l., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da
Tavisuflebani, Tb., 2005, 147.
156
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2007,
20.
157
Sead. jorbenaZe s. (avtorTa koleqtivi), saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi
meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb.,
2013, 237.
158
kublaSvili k., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani
da Tavisuflebani, Tb., 2005, 183.
159
korkelia k., iqve, 305.
160
aRniSnulis Taobaze ixileT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika:
hameri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg [Hamer v. United Kingdom], 10.06.2009, 3002/03,
23767/03.
161
ssk-is 1172-e da Semdgomi muxlebi.
162
Sengelia r., Sengelia e., saojaxo samarTali, Tb., 2009, 183.
163
Sead. Wanturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, III gamocema, Tb., 2002,
30.
164
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 269-270.
280
Taros Tavisufali mewarmeoba da konkurencia, romlis ganxorcieleba, kerZosamar-

Tlebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli.165
4.2.4. Sualeduri Sedegi
konstituciuri normis mizani raime dogmis damkvidreba ar aris.166 misi moqme-

deba samoqalaqo samarTalSi arapirdapiri xasiaTisaa.167 aRniSnuli gamomdinareobs
uSualod konstituciaSi gawerili normebis moqmedebis winapirobidan, romlis mixed-
viTac, misi erT-erTi adresati saxelmwifoa da swored igi kisrulobs ZiriTadi kon-
stituciuri uflebebis Sesrulebis valdebulebas.168
saxelSekrulebo samarTlis (Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo samarTlis) konkretuli
normis Seusabamoba konstituciasTan gulisxmobs, rom es norma ar unda iqnes praqti-
kaSi gamoyenebuli,169 anu aseTi saxis norma arakonstituciuria.
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi instituti konstituciis nor-
mebidan gamomdinareobs, Tundac konstituciaSi igi pirdapir ar iyos miTiTebuli.170
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis araabsoluturobis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, misi Ti-
Toeuli konstituciuri safuZveli SezRudul uflebas warmoadgens. aRniSnuli, Ta-
vis mxriv, adamianis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs Seesabameba, romlis SezRudvis erTaderT
SesaZleblobad swored SezRudvis konstituciuri farglebia gaTvaliswinebuli.171
am mosazrebas safuZvlad udevs adamianis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri ganmarteba,
romelic ar aris absoluturi da mkacri. konstituciursamarTlebrivi safuZvlebis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia masSi Careva.172
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis umTavres konstituciur safuZvlad unda mi-
viCnioT pirTa Tanasworobis ufleba. aRniSnuli SesaZlebelia mTlianad samoqala-
qo kodeqsis upirvelesi konstituciuri garanti iyos, rac swored ssk-is pirvel mux-
lTan mova SesabamisobaSi. miTiTebuli muxlis mixedviT, samoqalaqo kodeqsi saojaxo
da qonebriv urTierTobebTan erTad pirTa Tanasworobaze dafuZnebul kerZo xasi-
aTis urTierTobebsac awesrigebs, Tundac misi monawile sajaro dawesebuleba iyos,
mas, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare, meore mxaresTan Tanaba-
165
Sead. futkaraZe i. (avtorTa koleqtivi), saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi
meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb.,
2013, 372.
166
Sead. Willoweit D., Grundbegriffe des Bürgerlichen Rechts, NJW, Heft 17, C. H. Verlag, München, 1983,
925.
167
168
iqve, 84.
169
Sead. niniZe T., samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirveli muxlis struqtura, akaki labartyavas 80
wlis iubilesadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 2013, 160.
170
Vereinbarungen, `Recht der Arbeit~ (RdA), Heft 5, 2005, 258.
171
Sead. kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2010, 133.
172
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 6 aprilis #2/1/415 gadawyvetileba
saqmeze: saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.
281
ri pirobebi aqvs.173 Tu saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi daculi ar iqneba pirTa Ta-

nasworobis sakiTxi, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneba pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis
uflebis sruli realizacia. amasTan, garda saqarTvelos konstituciis me-16 muxlSi
gawerili uflebisa, SeuZlebeli iqneba iseTi uflebebis dacva, rogoricaa: gamoxatvi-
sa da sityvis Tavisufleba, inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba da sxv., Tum-
ca kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba, rogorc kontituciiT ganmtkicebuli samarTlebrivi
sikeTe, ar gulisxmobs im faqts, rom igi yvela sxva kontituciur uflebas moicavs da
TiToeuli maTgani swored misgan gamomdinareobs.
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis cnebaze saubrisas, misi definiciis Camoyalibebis-
Tvis, aucileblad unda amovideT konstituciiT gawerili samarTlebrivi institute-
bis ganxilvidan. am mxriv, Tavisuflebis garants saxelmwifo swored konstituciuri
normebidan gamomdinare unda warmoadgendes,174 rac, Tavis mxriv, asaxuli iqneba kerZo
avtonomiis dacvaSi. Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba pirvel rigSi unda ga-
vigoT, rogorc ufleba, xolo uflebis gansazRvra piris Tavisuflebis sferos mi-
kuTvnebul da mis nebas daqvemdebarebul uflebamosilebad unda ganvsazRvroT.175
4.3. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi principebi (zogadad)176
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi principia,177 mxareebma sakuTari inte-

resis formireba xelSekrulebiT moaxdinon,178 rasac garkveul SezRudvebSi asaxaven.
Tumca aucileblad yuradsaRebia, rom mxareebi am SezRudvasac sakuTari Tavisufle-
bis mosapoveblad iyeneben,179 romlis gamovlinebac kanonis safuZvelze daSvebuli am-
gvari saxis daTqmaa,180 magaliTad, moZravi nivTis gayidvis xarjebis Sesaxeb daTqma,181
romelSic gawerilia gamyidvelisa da myidvelis mier gasawevi xarjebi da romelSic ka-
noni miTiTebas akeTebs mxareTa mier xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesis SemTxve-
vaSi sxvagvar mowesrigebaze.
173
174
ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 26 ivnisis #3/1/512 gadawyvetile-
ba saqmeze: daniis moqalaqe heinke qronqvisti saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg;
dasaxelebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebis Taobaze ixileT iuridiul
literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba: gegenava d., gegenava a., `daniis moqalaqe heinke
qronqvisti saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~ da kanonmdeblobis normatiuli Sim-
Sili, besarion zoiZis 60 wlis iubilesadmi miRZvnili gamocema, Tb., 2013, 176-193.
175
CaCava s., moTxovnebisa da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia, Tb., 2011, 3.
176
winamdebare TavSi xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principebis ganxilulia zogadi sax-
iT, vinaidan amave naSromis erT-erTi paragrafi ufro detalurad exeba mas.
177
aRniSnulia mxolod umTavresi principi, romliTac ikveTeba xelSekrulebis Tavisu-
flebis mniSvneloba samarTalSi. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi institutis principebis
Taobaze detalurad ixileT amave paragrafis 3. 2. Tavi.
178
Sead. Busche in Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, 6. Auflage, 2012, vor §145, Rn. 6.
179
180
181
ssk-is 478-e muxli.
282
xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba ramdenime aspeqtiT ganisazRvreba:182 xelSekru-

lebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisufleba,183 kontrahentis arCevis SesaZlebloba,184
xelSekrulebis formis arCevis Tavisufleba,185,186 xelSekrulebis tipis arCevis Tavi-
sufleba187 da xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisufleba.188 TiToeuli maTganis realizacia
xelSekrulebis monawileTa uflebebis ganxorcielebis Sedegs warmoadgens, rac, Ta-
vis mxriv, upirveles yovlisa, mxareTa nebis avtonomiaze dafuZnebuli samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis damyarebiT ganisazRvreba.
5. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis cneba saqarTvelos uzenaesi

sasamarTlos praqtikaSi
mniSvnelovania sakiTxze saubris dawyeba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos

mier gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi terminologiis araerTgvarovnebis ganxilviT. ga-
dawyvetilebebis/ganCinebebis erT nawilSi gansaxilveli Tema moxseniebulia, rogorc
xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba,189 xolo zogierT gadawyvetilebasa Tu ganCinebaSi igi
gansazRvrulia, rogorc _ saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba.190 am mxriv sasamarTlom
aucileblad unda daamkvidros erTi konkretuli termini, romelsac gamoiyenebs mis
TiToeul gansaxilvel saqmeSi erTgvarovani saxiT. marTalia, terminologiuri gau-
marTaoba ar warmoSobs raime saxis samarTlebriv Sedegs, da orive termini erTsa da
imave samarTlebriv institutze akeTebs aqcents, Tumca sakasacio sasamarTlos mier
misi gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovania iuridiuli mecnierebis samomavlo ganviTarebis-
Tvis.191
182
TiToeuli maTganis SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu ra saxis sax-
elSekrulebo urTierTobas amyarebs piri kontrahentTan. ix., magaliTad: Hertin Paul
W., Uhreberrecht, Verlag C. H. Beck, München, 2004, 116 da Semdgomi, sadac xelSekrulebebis
tipebi da, Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebaSi gawerili Sinaarsi konkretuli urTierTobis
mixedviT iyofa.
183
magaliTad, Looschelders D., Schuldrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 8. Auflage, Verlag Franz Vahlen, München,
2010, 22.
184
magaliTad, Kötz H., Vertragsrecht, 2. Auflage, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2012, 11.
185
magaliTad, Musielak H. J., Grundkurs BGB, 8. Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, München, 2003, 47.
186
xelSekrulebis formis arCevis Tavisufleba ganxilul unda iqnes mxolod im samar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs imperatiulad
xelSekrulebis dadebisTvis konkretul formas – magaliTad, ssk-is 183-e muxli.
187
aRniSnuli diferenciaciis Taobaze ixileT, magaliTad, Fikentscher W., Schuldrecht, 8. Au-
flage, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 1992, 79.
188
magaliTad, Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 92.
189
magaliTad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 27 martis #as-1300-1320-2011
ganCineba.
190
magaliTad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 30 oqtombris #as-863-809-2012
ganCineba.
191
saubaria CamoTvlili terminebidan (xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba da saxelSekrulebo
Tavisufleba) sasamarTlos mier erT-erTis arCevaze. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ssk-is
319-e muxlis saTauria: xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba, Cemi mosazrebiT, sasamarTlomac
swored aRniSnul terminze unda SeaCeros yuradReba.
283
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebsa da ganCinebebSi192 xelSek-

rulebis Tavisuflebis sakiTxze iuridiul mecnierebaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebidan
gansxvavebuli ganmarteba ar gvxvdeba. metic, ramdenime SemTxvevis garda, sakasacio
sasamarTlo ar axdens xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi institutis prin-
cipebis calke saxiT diferenciaciasa Tu praqtikul ganmartebas. miuxedavad aRniSnu-
lisa, mniSvnelovania sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebuli mosazrebebis sistematizacia
da Sejamebis saxiT maTi ganxilva.
pirveli da yvelaze arsebiTi, rac SeiZleba sasamarTlo praqtikidan ganixilos,
esaa sakasacio sasamarTlos msjeloba xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi
bunebis Taobaze, romlis mixedviTac, igi miiCnevs, rom xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba,
miuxedavad misi didi mniSvnelobisa samoqalaqo samarTalSi, imperatiuli normebis sa-
fuZvelze SeiZleba iqnes SezRuduli.193 aRniSnuli daTqma xelSekrulebis Tavisufle-
bis principis gansazRvris umTavresi safuZvelia.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani mxareTa mier gamovlenili nebis Tavisufali formire-
baa, rac maTTvis sasurveli Sinaarsis da kanoniT pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli xelSek-
rulebis dadebis SesaZleblobaSi gamoixateba.194 aRniSnul uflebas sasamarTlo xel-
Sekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebis iuridiul winapirobad miiCnevs.195,196 Tumca, iseve
rogorc TeoriaSi, sasamarTlo xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs SezRudul uf-
lebad moiazrebs da ganmartavs, rom igi unda ganxorcieldes saxelSekrulebo samar-
Tlianobis pirobebSi.197
gansaxilveli samarTlebrivi instituti moqmedebs samarTlianobis farglebSi,
rac gulisxmobs im mxaris dacvas, romelic bazarze ar aris gabatonebuli statusis
mqone piri da romelic, magaliTad, ar gansazRvravs saprocento ganakveTs konkretu-
li samarTlebrivi urTierTobis damyarebisTvis.198 aRniSnuli gamomdinareobs mxaris
valdebulebisgan, ar Seuqmnas araTanabari pirobebi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis
meore mxares,199 xolo aRniSnuli moqmedeba xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
samarTlebrivi safuZvelia, romelic mxolod imperatiuli normebis safuZvelze unda
iqnes gansazRvruli.200 aRniSnulis erT-erT magaliTad sasamarTlo miiCnevs upirate-
192
naSromisTvis specialurad moZiebulia saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mxolod
is saqmeebi, romelic arsebiTad gansaxilvelad miiRo sakasacio palatam. dauSvebeli
sakasacio saCivrebis safuZvelze gamotanil ganCinebebze am qveTavSi ar aris saubari.
193
ix. naWyebia a., samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi normebis ganmartebebi uzenaesi sasamarTlos
praqtikaSi (2000-2013), 2014, 119.
194
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 27 martis # as-1300-1320-2011 ganCineba.
195
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 8 noembris # as-839-890-2011 gadawyvetile-
ba.
196
aseve, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2005 wlis 9 noembris # as-382-691-05 ganCineba.
197
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 5 ivnisis # as-7-362-07 gadawyvetileba.
198
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2006 wlis 4 maisis # as-1139-1385-05 ganCineba.
199
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 12 ivnisis # 3k-631-02 gadawyvetileba.
200
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 21 noembris # 3k-681-03 ganCineba.
284
si Sesyidvis uflebas,201 romlis safuZvelzec mxares, kanonidan gamomdinare, SezRu-

duli aqvs kontrahentis arCevis Tavisufleba.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazreba absoluturad SesabamisobaSi mo-
dis TeoriaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebTan, romelic Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisuf-
lebas, rogorc xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis erT-erTi princips exeba. kerZod, sa-
samarTlo miiCnevs, rom Sinaarsis Tavisuflad gansazRvriT mxareebi damoukideblad
Tanxmdebian xelSekrulebis yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxze,202 rac mxareTa avtonomiu-
robis principis gamoxatulebaa.203 am mxriv sasamarTlo xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
realizaciisas gadamwyvet faqtorad miiCnevs mxareTa nebas, Tumca iqve ganmartavs,
rom nebis TviTnebobad qceva samarTlebriv CarCoebSi ar jdeba.204
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ramdenime ZiriTad saxelSekrulebo aspeqtzea yuradR-
eba gamaxvilebuli, romlis gansazRvris SesaZleblobis sakiTxs sasamarTlo mxareTa
uflebamosilebad ganixilavs. magaliTad, saxelSekrulebo vadebis gansazRvra;205,206
xelSekrulebaSi Tanxis odenobis gansazRvra,207 Tu kanoniT aseTi qmedeba (Tanxis ode-
noba) akrZaluli ar aris;208 fasze SeTanxmebis ufleba;209 valdebulebis Sesrulebis
droze, formasa da adgilze mxareTa SeTanxmeba.210
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sasamarTlo gansazRvravs aseve xelSekrulebis Tavi-
suflebis SezRudvis magaliTs, rogorc sanivTo garigebas.211 aRniSnulis arsebobisas
xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba SezRudulia, vinaidan mxareebi kanoniT dadgenil impe-
ratiul wesebs unda daemorCilon.212 aRniSnulis magaliTs vxvdebiT servitutebis ar-
sebobis safuZvelze.213
sasamarTlos mier erT-erT saqmeSi ganxilulia xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
safuZvelze xelSekrulebis monawile mxareTa varaudis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba,
201
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2006 wlis 21 noembris # as-154-579-06 ganCineba.
202
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 21 noembris # 3k-681-03 ganCineba.
203
igive ganCineba.
204
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 13 Tebervlis # as-505-889-06 ganCineba.
205
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 13 ivlisis # as-250-235-2010 ganCineba.
206
xelSekrulebaSi vadis gansazRvra aucileblad unda modiodes kanonTan Sesabamiso-
baSi. wina sqolioSi miTiTebul saqmeSi vadebis gansazRvris sakiTxi ganxiluli iyo mx-
areTa uflebamosilebis WrilSi, romliTac isini absoluturi TavisuflebiT xasiaT-
debian.
207
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 20 ivnisis # 3k/461-01 ganCineba.
208
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 13 ivnisis # 3k/429-01 ganCineba.
209
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 30 oqtombris # as-863-809-2012 ganCineba.
210
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 3 Tebervlis # as-1070-1337-09 ganCineba.
211
sasamarTlo, aseve, ganmartavs kontrahirebis iZulebis wess, rogorc xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis erT-erT aspeqts, Tumca winamdebare qveTavSi masze Segnebu-
lad ar iqneba yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. kontrahirebis iZulebis sakiTxze, romelsac
calke ZiriTadi Tavi daeTmoba, rogorc mTliani naSromis erT-erT nawils (xelSek-
rulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis saxeebze saubrisas), calke iqneba saubari.
212
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 25 maisis # as-1283-1538-09 ganCineba.
213
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2006 wlis 18 ivlisis # as-1108-1312-05 ganCineba.
285
razec igi ganmartavs, rom aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi instituti ar iZleva varaudis

samarTlebriv damcav uflebas, xelSekrulebis dadebis Taobaze da dadebis valdebu-
lebas ver warmoSobs is faqtori, rom kanoniT mxareebs aseTi uflebamosileba miniWe-
buli aqvT.214
erT-erT sasamarTlo saqmeSi sakasacio palata xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis sa-
kiTxs ar ganmartavs marTebulad.215 kerZod, sasamarTlo nasyidobis xelSekrulebis
momwesrigebel normebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principad miiCnevs, rac ar Se-
iZleba CaiTvalos dasabuTebul argumentad. misi ganmartebiT: `Tu xelSekrulebiT ar
aris gansazRvruli mxareTa moqmedebis reglamenti, upiratesoba eniWeba xelSekru-
lebis Tavisuflebis princips~. sasamarTlo erTmaneTTan aigivebs ssk-is 477-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebul qcevis wess xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principTan da miiCnevs,
rom Tu xelSekrulebaSi mxareTa mier uflebebi da valdebulebebi ar iqna gaTvalis-
winebuli, sakiTxi unda gadawydes xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principidan gamom-
dinare.
xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis damyarebis samar-
Tlebrivi safuZvelia da mxolod amis Semdeg moqmedebs ssk-is konkretuli xelSekru-
lebis momwesrigebeli normebi.216
6. daskvna
xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba ssk-iT miniWebuli uflebaa, mxareebma Tavad ikis-

ron valdebulebani, ra moqmedebas ganaxorcieleben samomavlod. aRniSnuls sa-
xelSekrulebo TviTboWva ewodeba,217 rac mxareTa mier xelSekrulebaSi sasurveli
Sinaarsis gansazRvrasa da sasurvel kontrahentTan xelSekrulebis dadebaSi gamoi-
xateba.218
xelSekrulebis cneba – xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebiT iboWeba misi
monawile yvela mxare da meore mxaris uflebebis mimarT, garda pativganwyobisa, samar-
Tlebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebac ekisrebaT. am mxriv, moralur faqtorebs ar eniWe-
ba iseTi mniSvnelovani roli, rogorc xelSekrulebaSi gaweril Sinaarss, Tumca meore
mxaris uflebebisadmi pativiscema SesaZlebelia misi uflebebis dacviT ganaxorcie-
los.219 xelSekruleba zog SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia qveynis ekonomikur bazarze axali
konkurentis Sesvlis mniSvnelobis mqone gaxdes, romlis safuZvelzec, es samarTleb-
rivi urTierToba ekonomikuri datvirTvis matarebeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes.220 aseTis
214
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 24 ivlisis # as-221-213-2012 gadawyvetile-
ba.
215
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 31 ianvris # as-1363-1381-2011 ganCineba.
216
magaliTad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 21 martis # 3k-1156-02 ganCine-
ba.
217
218
Sead. Kötz H., Vertragsrecht, 2. Auflage, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2012, 18.
219
Sead. zoiZe b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda, upiratesad adamianis
220
magaliTad, jorbenaZe s., frenSaizingis xelSekruleba, Tb., 2000, 6.
286
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia aucileblobas warmoadgendes saxelmwifos neba,

gaafarToos Tavisi moqmedebis arealis aseTi saxiT. saxelmwifo doneze xelSekrule-
bis Tavisuflebis sakiTxis mniSvneloba dasturdeba TiToeuli kompaniis mier ramde-
nime saxis saxelSekrulebi urTierTobebis damyarebiT. maT es ufleba xom saxelmwi-
fosgan ssk-is safuZvelze aqvT miniWebuli. magaliTad, avejis maRazia xelSekrulebas
debs ara mxolod myidvelTan, aramed mis TanamSromlebTan, bankTan da sxv.221 Sesabami-
sad, aseTi saxis qmedeba warmoadgens mravalmxrivi xasiaTis mqone samarTlebriv urTi-
erTobas da saxelmwifoc TiToeuli aseTi qmedebis Semdeg, garkveul sargebels iRebs.
ssk ar Seicavs xelSekrulebaTa saxeebis srul CamonaTvals, rac xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis principis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa.222 metic, amave samarTlebrivi insti-
tutis safuZvelze msoflioSi izrdeba iseTi saxis xelSekrulebebis raodenoba, ro-
melic ar warmoadgens klasikuri xelSekrulebebis saxes. xelSekrulebis bunebidan
gamomdinare, igi SeiZleba gavrceldes, rogorc individualurad ori konkretuli pi-
rovnebis mimarT,223 ise pirTa ufro farTo wreze. xelSekruleba unda miviCnioT xel-
Sekrulebis monawile mxareTa nebis formirebis iuridiul saSualebad.
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis ganuyofeli nawilia is, rom mosamar-
Tles ar SeuZlia Caerios saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi da TviT xelSekrulebaSi
Tavisi mosazrebiT, Tu ra aris mxareTa mier gansazRvruli Sinaarsidan samarTliani da
gonivruli.224 aRniSnuli, Tavis mxriv, mosamarTlis mxridan xelSekrulebis monawile
mxareTa Tavisuflebis dacva, aseTi uflebis pativiscemis gamovlinebaa. ra SeiZleba
moiazrebodes TavisuflebaSi? Tavisufleba, es aris qmedeba an qmedebisgan Tavis Se-
kaveba konkretuli piris survilisa da nebis Sesabamisad. demokratiuli reJimis mqone
qveynisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, kanonSi gaweros Tavisuflebis zogadi moqmedebis are-
ali da Sesabamis individze moaxdinos konkretuli sakiTxebis samarTlebrivi delegi-
reba.
Tavisuflebis sakiTxi aisaxeba xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv in-
stitutSi. aRniSnulis upirvelesi gamovlinebaa – kerZo avtonomia. mxareebs gaaCniaT
moqmedebis farTo areali, Tavisuflad ganaxorcielon nebismieri, kanoniT aukrZala-
vi qmedeba.
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis umTavres konstituciur safuZvlad unda gani-
sazRvros kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis ufleba. am uflebis safuZvelze, mxareebi, Ta-
nabar sawyisebze dayrdnobiT, amyareben saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebs da identuri
SesaZlebloba aqvT, dadon an ar dadon xelSekruleba. germanul iuridiul literatu-
raSi gamoTqmulia aseve mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba
221
Sead. Kötz H., Vertragsrecht, 2. Auflage, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2012, 12-13.
222
cipi, arsi da mniSvneloba, `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, # 4 (23)’09, Tb., 2009, 46.
223
Schliemann H., Tarifliches Günstigkeitsprinzip und Bindung der Rechtsprechung, `Neue Zeitschrift für Arbe-
itsrecht~ (NZA), Heft 3, 2003, 124.
224
287
konstituciuri Tavisuflebis garantiaa,225 moqmedebis ganxorcielebis Tavisuflebis

gamovlinebaa.226
Semajamebeli saxiT SeiZleba moxdes xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis cnebis de-
finicia: igi pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebuli, kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis
erT-erTi samarTlebrivi institutia, romelic gamomdinareobs konstituciuri
normidan, gansazRvravs Tavisuflebis moqmedebis farTo arealsa da awesebs qce-
vis zogad wess.
225
vor §145ff, Rn. 13.
226
Sead. Hofmann in Hofmann/Schmidt-Bleitbreu/Hopfauf, Kommentar zum Grundgesetz (GG), 11. Auflage,
Verlag Carl Heymanns, Köln, München, 2008 Art. 2 Rn. 33.
288
lana canava*
mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba, rogorc Zalauflebis

dabalansebis meqanizmi xelisuflebis
danawilebis sistemaSi
1. Sesavali
„sicocxlis“ aRmniSvneli ebrauli sityva, romelsac xSirad atareben yelsabamsa

da samkaulebze, iTvleba gamosaxulebad, romelic aRniSnavs RmerTs.1 swored aseve Se-
iZleba mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba CaiTvalos demokratiuli mmarTvelobis simbolod,
mis „saxed da xatad~, radganac demokratiul weswyobilebaSi is, vinc marTavs, pasuxis-
mgebeli unda iyos maT winaSe, vinc imarTeba.2
pasuxismgebloba demokratiis mTavari maxasiaTebelia, mis gareSe sazogadoeba de-
mokratiuli wesrigidan gadadis arademokratiulze. demokratiis tradiciul-libera-
luri Teoria mas ganixilavs swored rogorc responsible government-s, rogorc sapasuxis-
mgeblo marTvas, anu mTavrobas, romelsac unari aqvs, miiRos gadawyvetileba da agos
maTze pasuxi. swored politikuri mmarTvelobis SezRudvaa warmomadgenlobiTi demok-
ratiis gagebis ZiriTadi elementi.3
Zalauflebis SezRudva miiRweva mTavrobis kontrolisa da pasuxismgeblobis
principebis gamoyenebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, kontroli konstitucionalizmis mTavari
koncefciaa. kontrolisa da pasuxismgeblobis sistema uzrunvelyofs mTavrobis raci-
onalurobas, xdis mas ufro windaxedulsa da Tanmimdevruls. mTavroba pasuxismgebe-
lia parlamentis winaSe, parlamentis meSveobiT ki sazogadoebis winaSe.4
Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmSi kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba SeiZina mTavro-
bis kontrolisa da gawonasworebis sakiTxma. es ganpirobebulia konstitucionaliz-
mis Tanamedrove tendenciebiT. Tavdapirvelad xelisuflebis danawilebis sistemis
damfuZnebeli mamebi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis aRmatebulobas aRiarebdnen, dRes
amis sawinaaRmdegod aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sul ufro met Zalauflebas ikrebs.
dakisrebuli funqciebis aRsasruleblad – mosaxleobis molodinebisa da probleme-
bis gadaWris mizniT – aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Tavis kompetenciebs ifarToebs.
parlamenti ki praqtikulad misdami daqvemdebarebuli organo xdeba. miuxedavad amisa,
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis pirveloba aRar miiCneva Tanamedrove demokratiis ten-

1
Dubnick M. J., Seeking Salvation for Accountability, 2002, 2, <http://mjdubnick.dubnick.net/papers/2002/
salv2002.pdf>, [04.01.2014].
2
Bradley A., Ewing K., Constitutional and Administrative Law, Oxford, 2007, 107.
3
burgenbergeri b., demokratiis Teoria, 28, <http://migri-law.ge/download/demokratiis%20teoria.
pdf> [04.01.2014].
4
Turpin C., Tomkins A., British Government and the Constitution, Oxford, 2007, 565.
289
denciebTan Seusabamod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavrobis gazrdili uflebamosilebis sapa-

suxod pasuxismgeblobisa da kontrolis qmediTi meqanizmi arsebobs.5
mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobisa da kontrolis sakiTxi aqtualuria demokratiuli
weswyobilebis mqone yvela saxelmwifoSi. nebismieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba pa-
suxismgebelia.6 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis kontrolisa da pasuxismgeblobis
formebis mravalferovnebiT mainc saparlamento sistema gamoirCeva. saparlamento
sistemaSi pasuxismgebeli mTavrobis arseboba misi udavo kriteriumia.7 amitomac iT-
vleba, rom saparlamento sistema yvelaze ufro metad asaxavs demokratiis etimologi-
ur mniSvnelobas, xalxis mmarTvelobas, radgan xalxis warmomadgenlebi – parlamentis
wevrebi – uflebamosilni arian Tvalyuri adevnon da Sesabamisi zomebi miiRon mTavro-
bis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.8
winamdebare statiis ZiriTadi sakvlevi Temaa sxvadasxva mmarTvelobis modelSi
Zalauflebis gamijvnis konteqstSi Sekaveba-gawonasworebis meqanizmebis ganxilva.
2. Zaluflebis gamijvna
TavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi didi gavlena moaxdines ganmanaTleblebma. gansakuT-

rebiT aRsaniSnavia, jon lokis, Sarl lui monteskiesa da Jan-Jak rusos moZRvrebebi,
romelTac Zalauflebis gamijvnis (igivea, rac `xelisuflebis danawileba~) koncefcia
Camoayalibes. Zalauflebis gamijvnis moZRvreba dRemde mTavrobis kontrolis Ziri-
Tad meqanizmadaa miCneuli. Zalauflebis gamijvnis idea gulisxmobs xelisuflebis sam
Stod - sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlod - gayofa/gamijvnas da TiToeuli
maTganisTvis Tavisi eqskluziuri uflebis gadacemas.9 sakanonmdeblo qmnis kanonebs,
aRmasrulebeli aRasrulebs, sasamarTlo ki mowodebulia gadawyvitos davebi. Zalauf-
lebisaken miswrafebis SeCereba mxolod maSin SeiZleba, rodesac am survilis mqone piri
erTdroulad ar aris isic, vinc am survilis miRwevisaTvis saWiro saSualebebs akon-
trolebs.10 amasTan, Zaluflebis gamijvnis mizani aris ara Sromis danawileba da funqci-
ebis specializacia, aramed Stoebs Soris urTierTkontrolisa da balansis miRweva. Tu
romelime organo gascda Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebs, danarCen ors unda hqon-
des misi Sekavebis SesaZlebloba.
XVII saukunidan XX saukunis dasawyisamde gavrcelebuli iyo sakanonmdeblo xeli-
suflebis ùzenaesobisa~ da misi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze batonobis~ idea.11 Za-
5
lovo f., Tanamedrove didi demokratiebi, n. cqitiSvilisa da m. balavaZis Targmani, v. ke-
Selavas redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2002, 123.
6
Bradley A., Ewing K., Constitutional and Administrative Law, Harlow, 2007, 107.
7
8
melqaZe o., maxaraZe o., politikuri xelisuflebis organizacia saparlamento sistemis
qveynebSi (qarTul problemebTan dakavSirebiT), Tb., 2001, 27.
9
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo, d. gegenavas saerTo redaqci-
iT, Tb., 2013, 26.
10
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. maisuraZis
Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2003, 90.
11
kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi (konstituciis 78-e
muxlis komentari), Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I, Tb., 2012, 9.
290
lana canava, mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba, rogorc Zalauflebis dabalansebis
meqanizmi xelisuflebis danawilebis sistemaSi
luflebis gamijvnis Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli jon loki acxadebda, rom `konsti-
tuciur saxelmwifoSi, romelic moqmedebs erTianobis SesanarCuneblad, SeiZleba arse-
bobdes mxolod erTi umaRlesi xelisufleba – sakanonmdeblo, romelsac emorCilebian
da unda emorCilebodnen sxva danarCenebi, radgan sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba warmo-
adgens ndobiT aRWurvil xelisuflebas~.12 Tumca, konstitucinalizmi sxva mimarTule-
biT ganviTarda. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sul ufro met Zalauflebas ikrebs. XX
saukunis Sua periodidan saxelisuflo triadaSi aRmasrulebelma xelisuflebam wam-
yvani roli daikava. sxva StoebTan SedarebiT swored aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba uf-
ro metad flobs finansur, materialur-teqnikur, teqnologiur, organizaciul, ada-
mianur da sxva saxis resursebs. mTavroba akontrolebs srul informacias saxelmwifos
sagareo da saSinao urTierTobebis sferoSi, mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebebi gaaCnia
sakanonmdeblo procesSi, mTavrobis sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi saparlamento inici-
ativebsac ki sWarbobs da aseve flobs uamrav sxva berkets, riTac gavlenas axdens saka-
nonmdeblo organos saqmianobaze.13 Tanamedrove aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis siZli-
eres andraS Saio ase aRwers: àRmasrulebeli xelisufleba erTgvar kentavrs waagavs:
misi sxeulis qveda nawils biurokratia, saxelmwifo administracia warmoadgens, xolo
zeda nawils – partiuli politikosi, romelic misi amomrCevlis, parlamentis da, upir-
veles yovlisa, misi partiis yvelaze gavleniani wevris wyalobiT, saxelmwifo intere-
sebs gamoxatavs. sxeulis mZlavri qveda nawili aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas aqcevs uZ-
lieres ganStoebad, romelsac misi miznebis miRwevis yvelaze didi Sansi aqvs~.14
3. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kontrolis sistema saprezidento

respublikaSi
3.1. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba saprezidento respublikaSi
saprezidento respublikis Seqmna filadelfiis konstituciis avtorebs ukavSir-

deba. am sistemaSi yvelaze naTlad aris Zalauflebis gamijvnis koncefciebi asaxuli.
saprezidento sistema TiToeul Stos TiTo funqcias gadascems. parlamenti sakanon-
mdeblo funqciiTaa aRWurvili, prezidenti – aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT, sasamar-
Tlo ki samarTalSefardebiTi funqciiT. prezidenti marTavs aRmasrulebel xelisuf-
lebas fiqsirebuli vadiT.15 prezidenti airCeva parlamentisgan damoukideblad, xalxis
mier pirdapir an saarCevno kolegiis mier, anu mas damoukidebeli legitimaciis wyaro
aqvs da igi ar ukavSirdeba sakanonmdeblo organos umravlesobis nebas. saprezidento
respublikaSi prezidentis instituti aerTianebs saxelmwifos meTaurobasa da aRmas-
12
loki j., wignidan kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi
(konstituciis 78-e muxlis komentari), Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I,
Tb., 2012, 10.
13
kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi (konstituciis 78-e
muxlis komentari), Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I, Tb., 2012, 10-11.
14
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva: konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. maisuraZis
Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2003.
15
291
rulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurobas. magaliTad, aSS-is konstitucia saerTod ar iTva-

liswinebs mTavrobis cnebas, Tumca, prezidentTan arsebobs prezidentis kabineti, ro-
melic mdivnebisgan (imave ministrebisgan) Sedgeba. kabineti araa damoukidebeli organo,
rogorc es saparlamento respublikaSia, igi prezidentis saTaTbiro organos warmoad-
gens. prezidenti aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas marto axorcielebs da ar iyofs minis-
trebTan gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas. prezidents mTavrobis sferoSi gadawyveti-
lebis miRebis sruli Tavisufleba aqvs. es kargad Cans linkolnis sityvebSi, romelic
Tavis mdivnebTan monaTmflobelobis gauqmebis Taobaze konsultaciis dros ganacxada:
`Svidi winaaRmdegi, erTi momxre: gadawyvetileba miRebulia~.16
kabineti pasuxismgebelia prezidentis da ara parlamentis winaSe. kabinetis wevris
gadayenebis ufleba aqvs prezidents.17 es niSnavs, rom saprezidento respublikaSi aR-
masrulebeli xelisufleba monisturia, erTi piri udgas saTaveSi, maSin rodesac sapar-
lamento respublikaSi kolegiuri organo marTavs mas. prezidencializmis momxreebi
acxadeben, rom prezidents, romelic arCeulia mTeli xalxis mier, SeuZlia ukeT ganasa-
xieros xalxis neba, vidre sakanonmdeblo organos. isini acxadeben, rom prezidents, ro-
gorc erT moqmed pirs, ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvs, imoqmedos swrafad da gadamwyve-
tad.18 Tumca, cnobili mecnieri hans kelzeni mkacrad akritikebda aSS-s sistemas. igi
wers: `roca erTaderT individs irCeven, romelic milionobiT individs warmoadgens,
xalxis warmomadgenlobis idea, ra Tqma unda, kargavs Tavis ukanasknel safuZvels~.19 igi
Tvlida, rom es keisarianzms, keisrul mmarTvelobas uxsnis gzas. marTlac, im qveyneb-
Si, sadac araa maRali politikuri kultura da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, saprezidento
respublika prezidentis diqtaturis wyaro xdeba.
3.2. prezidentis pasuxismgebloba
prezidenti arCeulia fiqsirebuli vadiT, aSS-is SemTxvevaSi 4 wliT. normalur

viTarebaSi prezidenti ver moixsneba am vadis ganmavlobaSi. misi gadayeneba SeiZleba
mxolod sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis, konstituciis darRvevis an samSoblos Rala-
tis SemTxvevaSi. xolo Tu prezidenti naklebad qmedunariania, arakompetenturi an uf-
lebamosilebas borotad iyenebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi prezidentis gadayenebis raime meqa-
nizmi ar arsebobs. prezidentis impiCmenti ver ganxorcieldeba xelisuflebis Stoebs
Soris politikuri uTanxmoebis gamo,20 rac sakanonmdeblo organos aiZulebs preziden-
16
lovo f, Tanamedrove didi demokratiebi, n. cqitiSvilisa da m. balavaZis Targmani, v. ke-
17
kandelaki k., losaberiZe d., ruxaZe z., tabucaZe i., xmalaZe v., jibRaSvili z., konstitu-
ciuri sistemebi da konstituciuri procesi saqarTveloSi (1995–2009), misi ganviTarebis
perspeqtiva, Tb., 2009, 18.
18
Fish S., Stronger Legislatures Stronger Democracies, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2006, 5-6,
<http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/oppd/Page_8/Stronger_legislature%20_Stronger_democracies.pdf>,
[04/01/2014].
19
kelzeni h., citireba ix. lovo f., Tanamedrove didi demokratiebi, m. balavaZisa da n. cqi-
tiSvilis Targmani, v. keSelavas redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2002, 84.
20
Sargentich T., The presidential and parliamentary models of national government, AM. U.J. INT’L L. & POL’Y,
Vol. 8:579, 580, <http://www.auilr.org/pdf/8/8-23-19.pdf>, [ 04.01.2014].
292
tis uflebamosilebis vadis ganmavlobaSi mis atanas. ase vTqvaT, `prezidenti da pala-
ta ganwiruli arian TanacxovrebisTvis TavianTi mandatis xangrZlivobiT~.21 amerikul
sistemaSi prezidenti araa kongresis wevri da arc angariSvaldebulia palatebis winaSe.
amerikul sistemaSi araferia iseTi, romelic Seesabameba pirdapiri pasuxismgeblobis
reJims, romelsac ejaxeba saparlamento sistemaSi premier-ministri. prezidentebi mxo-
lod mediis kiTxvebisTvis arian Ria, isic maSin, rodesac Tanaxma arian gascen SekiTxvebs
pasuxi.22 Tavis mxriv, arc prezidents aqvs kongresis daTxovnis ufleba, rogorc es sa-
parlamento respublikaSia. aseve prezidents ar aqvs sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufle-
ba, arc raime `pozitiuri~ prerogativa kongresze zemoqmedebis moxdenisTvis.23
3.3. urTierTgawonasworebis sistema
saprezidento respublikaSi aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo organoebi damou-

kideblad funqcionireben da erTmaneTze raime zegavlenas ver axdenen. maS ra meqaniz-
mebiT xorcieldeba sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier urTierTga-
wonasworeba? – aSS-is konstitucia qmnis imgvar sistemas, sadac TiToeuli Sto, miuxe-
davad maTi damoukideblobisa, iZulebulia iTanamSromlos meoresTan. xelisuflebis
ganStoebebi erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebuli da erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia, mag-
ram avtonomiuri araa, radgan maT ar SeuZliaT mxolod TviTon, izolirebulad imoq-
medon.24 konstitucia adgens sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis `sazia-
ro uflebamosilebebs~, rac qmnis gawonasworebisa da dabalansebis sistemas. `saziaro
uflebamosilebiT~, prezidents sakanonmdeblo aqtebze vetos ufleba eZleva, xolo
senats – prezidentis samTavrobo da sasamarTlo StoebSi ganxorcielebul sakadro
gadawyvetilebebze.25 amerikis konstituciis damfuZnebelma mamebma senati Seqmnes ara
mxolod sakanonmdeblo organod, aramed mas mniSvnelovani prerogativebi mianiWes aR-
masrulebel xelisuflebasTan mimarTebiT – senati prezidentis funqciebs amsubuqebs.
man xmaTa 2/3-iT unda daamtkicos prezidentis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebebi. senati
niSnavs maRali rangis federalur Tanamdebobis pirebs. is aZlevs Tanxmobas kabinetis
wevrebis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisTvis. prezidenti, miuxedavad Tavisi didi Zalaufle-
bisa, iZulebulia iTanamSromlos parlamentTan Tundac im martivi mizezis gamo, rom
Tu parlamentma saTanado asignebebi ar gamoyo, igi ver ganaxorcielebs Tavis funqci-
ebs, kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe ar SeuZlia saxelmwifo biujetidan erTi centis aRebac.
21
pakte p., melen-sukramaniani f., konstituciuri samarTali, g. kalatoziSvilis Targmani,
a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobT, Tb., 2012, 351.
22
Aucoin P., Jarvis M., Modernizing Government Accountability: A Framework for Reform, Canada, 2005, 23,
<http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2008/csps-efpc/SC103-15-2005E.pdf>, [04.01.2014].
23
a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2012, 353.
24
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. maisuraZis
25
Aucoin P., Jarvis M., Modernizing Government Accountability: A Framework for Reform, Canada, 2005, 23,
<http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2008/csps-efpc/SC103-15-2005E.pdf>, [04.01.2014].
293
aseve, misi Tanxmobis gareSe ver Seqmnis raime samsaxurs.26 prezidentis uflebamosileba
omis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb eqvemdebareba kongresis kontrols. garda amisa, kongresis
komitetebi gansakuTrebul uflebamosilebas floben da aRmasrulebli xelisuflebis
sxva warmomadgenlebi, garda kabinetisa, regularulad ikiTxebian komitetebSi. sapar-
lamento komisiebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
kontrolis sferoSi. arsebobs zedamxedvelobis komisiebi, aseve sagamoZiebo komisiebi.
sagamoZiebo komisiebs ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs amerikaSi, vidre sxva saparlamento
reJimebSi.27
Zalauflebis gamijvna xSirad warmoSobs Cixs, rodesac rTuli da mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebi ganixileba. prezidenti did sirTuleebs awydeba ucxo erebTan SeTanxmebebis
miRwevisas kongresis SesaZlo oponirebis gamo.28 Slezingers ki amis sapirispirod di-
di britaneTis saparlamento sistema mohyavs, sadac premier-ministri aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis wevrebs Tanamdebobaze niSnavs parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe, debs xel-
Sekrulebebs parlamentis ratifikaciis gareSe, acxadebs oms parlamentis nebarTvis ga-
reSe, malavs informacias parlamentSi gamoZaxebis gareSe, daculia saparlamento ga-
moZiebisgan da memkvidreobiT miRebuli aqvs is Zalaufleba, rac erT dros absolutur
monarqs ekuTvnoda.29
saprezidento sistema mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis sistemas ori gancalke-
vebuli StosTvis SezRudvebis dawesebis gziT qmnis. am or Stos SeiZleba gansxvavebu-
li xedvebi hqondes, rac saWiroebs gadawyvetilebis misaRebad debatebisa da molapa-
rakebis gamarTvas. es windauxedavi da moufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas ufro
rTuls xdis. aman SeiZleba ukeTesi gadawyvetilebebis miRebasac Seuwyos xeli. urTi-
erTgawonasworebisa da balansis sistema sxva RirebulebebTan erTad afarToebs Zala-
uflebasTan wvdomasa da politikur dialogs. Tumca, rac ufro farToa dialogi, miT
ufro Znelia gadawyvetilebis miReba. Zalauflebis gamijvna da Sekavebisa da gawonaswo-
rebis meqanizmi TavisTavSi atarebs uwesrigobisa da araorganizebulobis potencials,
razec aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebaSi Immigration and Naturalization Service
v. Chadha, ganacxada, rom `komforti da efeqtianoba demokratiuli mmarTvelobis arc
upirvelesi mizani da arc ganmasxvavebeli niSania~.30 marTlac, `xelisuflebis gamijvna-
danawilebis doqtrina 1787 wlis konvenciam aRiara ara imisTvis, rom efeqtianoba waexa-
lisebina, aramed imisTvis, rom gamoricxuliyo xelisuflebis TviTneburi gamoyeneba.
mizani iyo ara is, rom Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli uTanxmoeba, aramed is, rom xalxi
26
izoria l., saprezidento, saparlamento Tu naxevradsaprezidento? gza demokratiuli
konsolidaciisken, Tb., 2010, 18.
27
Selavas redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2002, 182-183.
28
Sargentich T., The Presidential and Parliamentary Models of National Government, AM. U.J. INT’L L. & POL’Y,
29
Shlezinger A., Leave the Constitution Alone, Parliamentary Versus Presidential Government, edited by Lijphard
A., 90-94, cit.:, Sargentich T., The Presidential and Parliamentary Models of National Government, AM. U.J.
INT’L L. & POL’Y, Vol. 8:579, 581, <http://www.auilr.org/pdf/8/8-23-19.pdf>, [04.01.2014] .
30
Vol. 8:579, 588-589, <http://www.auilr.org/pdf/8/8-23-19.pdf>, [ 04.01.2014].
294
daculi yofiliyo avtokratiisagan saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis sam seqciad ga-

danawilebis Tanmxlebi gardauvali uTanxmoebis saSualebiT~.31
sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ès wyvili, romlis gayrac SeuZlebelia, ufro da-
interesebulia, vidre vinme sxva, rom urTierTobebSi garkveul harmonias miaRwios~.32 es
ormxrivi urTierTdaTmoba asustebs mTavrobis tiranias da qmnis urTierTgawonaswo-
rebisa da balansirebis sistemas.
4. mTavrobis kontroli saparlamento sistemaSi
4.1. istoriuli Sesavali
parlamentis winaSe pasuxismgebeli mTavroba didi britaneTis saparlamento re-

JimSi Camoyalibda. ministrTa pasuxismgeblobisTvis istoriuli brZola iyo xangrZli-
vi da Zneli. es ukavSirdeba me-17 saukunis bolos stiuartTa absoluturi dinastiis
winaaRmdeg brZolas, rodesac parlamentma ministrebi pasuxismgeblebi gaxada TavianT
gadacdomebze, rac parlamentma maTi uflebamosilebis mefisgan damoukideblad dam-
tkicebiT moipova.33 ministris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis warmoSobas xeli Seuwyo
Tavad mefis xelSeuxeblobam.34 mefis pirovneba iTvleboda wmindaTawmindad, romelsac
àr ZaluZs cudis qmna~. mefis saxeliT aRsrulebuli ukanono qmedebebisTvis pasuxis-
mgebeli swored ministri an mefis mrCeveli SeiZleba gamxdariyo da ara mefe.35am wesidan
gamomdinare, arsebobda mefis saqmianobis yvela sferoze pasuxismgebeli ministri.
ministrebi iyvnen mxolod kerZo, arakoleqtiuri sabWos wevrebi da maTi pasuxis-
mgeblobac wminda sisxlissamarTlebrivi xasiaTis iyo. drois garkveul monakveTSi pa-
suxismgebloba gamoixateboda parlamentis mier ministrebis impiCmentis gamocxadebiT.
saxelmwifo moxeleebi pasuxismgeblebi iyvnen palatebis winaSe Ralatis, mZime danaSa-
ulis an sxva samarTaldarRvevis CadenisTvis. me-17 saukuneSi ki impiCmenti gaxda poli-
tikuri iaraRi parlamentis xelSi mefis arapopularuli gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRmde-
god. impiCmentis saSiSroebac ki aiZulebda ministrebs gadamdgariyvnen am proceduris
dawyebis gareSec.36
TiTqmis mTeli me-18 saukunis manZilze kabineti warmoadgenda organos, romelic
Sedgeboda maRali Tanamdebobis pirebisgan da romelTa urTerTdamokidebulebac ga-
urkveveli da bundovani iyo. kabineti, rogorc mTliani organo, ar iyo parlamentis wi-
naSe pasuxismgebeli.37 1714 wels, hanoveris dinastiis germaneli princis taxtze asvlis
31
Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2003, 92-93.
32
33
ix. <http://ezproxy.iliauni.edu.ge:2055/EBchecked/topic/1928742/ministerial-responsibility>, [04.01.2014].
34
35
36
37
295
Semdeg, romelTac ugulebelyves inglisuri ena da uyuradRebod miatoves samefos saq-

meebi, kabinetma, premier-ministris xelmZRvanelobiT, damoukideblad daiwyo arsebo-
ba.38 1717 wlis Semdeg mefe iSviaTad eswreboda kabinetis sxdomebs. mefes moqmedeba SeeZ-
lo mxolod ministris rCeviT. parlaments SeeZlo mefis iZuleba ministris gadayenebis
Taobaze, magram ar SeeZlo ekarnaxa mefisTvis ministris daniSvna. am dros ar iyo mkafio
xazi gavlebuli kabinetisa da ministris individualur saqmianobas Soris. 1806 wlis-
Tvis TemTa palataSi msjeloba daiwyo - ministrebs unda aeRoT zogadi valdebuleba
mTavrobis saqmianobaze, Tu mxolod sakuTar qmedebebze iyvnen pasuxismgebelni.39
me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi personaluri pasuxismgeblobis masStabi sagrZnoblad
Semcirda da koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis niSnebi ufro SesamCnevi gaxda. 1832 wlis
Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom kabinets unda SeenarCunebina umravlesobis mxardaWera, Tu mas
uflebamosilebis gagrZelebis survili hqonda. gansxvavebiT wina periodebisgan, am-
jerad mTeli mTavroba unda damdgariyo parlamentis winaSe imis dasadgenad, axorcie-
lebdnen Tu ara efeqtur mmarTvelobas.40 koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina 1878
wels lord salisberis mier Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: kabinetis yvela wevri absolu-
turad da garduvalad pasuxismgebelia, miuxedavad imisa, mxars uWerda Tu ara miRebul
gadawyvetilebas, mas ara aqvs ufleba, ganacxados, rom erT SemTxvevaSi mxars uWerda
gadawyvetilebas da meore SemTxvevaSi ki ara. es aris principi, romelic afuZnebs kabine-
tis absolutur pasuxismgeblobas kabinetis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg.41 1832
weli mniSvnelovani iyo imiTac, rom reformaTa bilis miRebam saTave daudo saparlamen-
to monizms. Tu aqamde ministrs funqcionirebisTvis sWirdeboda mefisa da parlamentis
ndoba da erT-erTis guliswyroma misi gadayenebis safuZveli SeiZleba gamxdariyo, 1832
wlis Semdeg mefem dakarga personaluri politikis gatarebis ufleba. kanonis ZaliT,
kabinets mefis ndoba aRar sWirdeboda.42es realobad iqca 1841 wels, rodesac premier
-ministrma ser robert pilma mTavroba dedofal viqtorias daxmarebis gareSe Seqmna.43
me-19 saukunis Sua xanebisTvis ministrTa pasuxismgebloba britaneTis saparlamento
mmarTvelobis safuZveli gaxda.
4.1.2. me-19 saukunis evropa
me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi mTeli evropis masStabiT idga problema, rogor unda
gakontrolebuliyo mefe. mefis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ver dgeboda verc pirovnuli
da ver aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauris konteqstSi. amitom liberaluri opo-
zicia daJinebiT moiTxovda parlamentis winaSe pasuxismgebeli mTvarobis Seqmnas. `Tu
gsurT sruli ndoba arsebobdes ersa da mTavrobas Soris, mieciT neba ungrelebs, daa-
38
a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobT, Tb., 2012, 239
39
40
iqve.
41
iqve, 110.
42
Selavas redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2002, 283-284.
43
ix. <http://ezproxy.iliauni.edu.ge:2055/EBchecked/topic/1928742/ministerial-responsibility>, [04.01.2014].
296
fuZnon konstituciuri, anu, sxva sityvebiT, pasuxismgebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-

leba...~44 aRniSnuli sakiTxi sxvadasxvagvarad marTlac aisaxa evropul konstituciebSi.
ase Camoyalibda pasuxismgebeli mTavrobis sistema evropaSi. Tumca, inglisis revolu-
ciebi da brZola mefis xelisuflebis SezRudvisTvis gaxda ara mxolod pasuxismgebeli
mTavrobis Camoyalibebis safuZveli, aramed am sistemam Seqmna Zalauflebis gamijvnis
pirveli prototipi. mefis absoluturi xelisufleba SeizRuda orpalatiani parlamen-
tiT, mefes darCa aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (SemdgomSi aRniSnulic CamoerTva), par-
laments – sakanonmdeblo. rogorc andraS Saio aRniSnavs, XVIII saukuneSi am ganStoebebs
Soris urTierTobis sakiTxi miCneuli iyo ara imdenad funqciebis mixedviT gadanawile-
bul saxelisuflebo urTierTobis sakiTxad, aramed ufro metad qveynis Semadgeneli
socialuri Zalebis dabalansebis saSualebad.45
4.2. saparlamento sistemis zogadi daxasiaTeba
saparlamento demokratiis ganmsazRvreli niSania aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

saparlamento gziT formireba da misi politikuri pasuxismgebloba parlamentis wina-
Se. es gulisxmobs imas, rom mTavrobis formireba mxolod arCevnebiT araa gansazRvru-
li, aramed warmoadgens molaparakebis (politikuri vaWrobis) Sedegs. garda amisa, es
niSnavs, rom mTavrobam SeiZleba Tavisi mandati daasrulos parlamentis vadis amowur-
vamde, Tu parlamenti amas moisurvebs.46 saparlamento sistema im sistemis antiTezaa,
romelic Zalauflebis gamijvnazea dafuZnebuli. aq sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebas Soris kavSiri imdenad mniSvnelovnad iTvleba, rom erTma avtorma mas
uwoda `balTa~, romelic yvelafers erTad kravs da sistemas ase amuSavebs.47 es kavSiri
parlamentsa da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris realizdeba urTierTndobis meSve-
obiT. ndoba-undoblobis sakiTxi wamoiWreba mTavrobis funqcionirebis TiTqmis yvela
etapze, es moicavs ara mxolod mis `dabadebasa~ (mTavrobis formireba) da `gardacvale-
bas~ (mTavrobis gadayeneba),48 aramed mxardaWeras calkeul kanonproeqtebze, mTavrobis
programaze da a. S.
4.3. mTavrobis formireba
pirvel rigSi, mTavrobis ndobis sakiTxi dgeba misi Seqmnis dros. saparlamento
sistemaSi, rogorc wesi, mTavrobis formirebis procesSi pirvel nabijs dgams saxelmwi-
fos meTauri. Tumca, saxelmwifos meTauris empiriuli CarTuloba mTavrobis formi-
44
Saio a, xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. maisuraZis
Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2003, 102-103.
45
iqve, 91.
46
Diermeier D., Eraslan H., Merlo A., A Structural Model of Government Formation, 2001, 27, <http://www.ssc.
upenn.edu/~merloa/wpapers/strucgov_2001.pdf>, [30.05.2014].
47
lausoni k., adamianTa sazogadoebis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba, respublika: saparlamen-
to Tu saprezidento, o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996, 151.
48
Huber J. D., The Vote of Confidence in Parliamentary Democracies, The American Political Science Review Vol.
90, No. 2, 1996, 270, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2082884> [11.09.2008].
297
rebis procesSi xSirad konstituciuri wesebisgan Zalze gansxvavebulia. saparlamento

monarqiebis umetesobaSi konstitucia monarqs aniWebs mTavrobis wevrebis daniSvnisa
da moxsnis uflebamosilebas. praqtikaSi ki demokratiulma normebma monarqebi aiZula,
es uflebamosilebebi gadaeca sxva pirebisTvis, pirvel rigSi ki mmarTveli partiis li-
derebisTvis.49
im saparlamento qveynebSi, sadac arsebobs orpartiuli sistema, saxelmwifos me-
Tauri asaxelebs gamarjvebul partias, xolo iq, sadac mravalpartiuli sistemaa da ko-
aliciuri mTavrobis formirebis mravalnairi SesaZlebloba arsebobs, saxelmwifos me-
Tauris gavlena izrdeba, gansakuTrebiT politikuri krizisebis periodSi, roca mTav-
robis formireba ver xerxdeba. erTi gamarjvebuli partiis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi,
mTavrobis formireba xdeba swrafad da martivad. iq, sadac aseTi partia ar vlindeba,
mTavrobis formireba ufro rTuli da amave dros mravali alternativiT aRsavse pro-
cesia. aseT SemTxvevaSi procesi ganpirobebulia ara imdenad saarCevno SedegiT, aramed
instituciuri SezRudvebiT, procesSi monawile TiToeuli piris miznebiTa da resur-
sebiT. mas Semdeg, rac konsultaciebs gaivlian partiis liderebTan, zogierT qveyanaSi
yofil premier-ministrTan (da vice premier-ministrTan), palatebis spikerTan, qveynis
mTavar socialur-ekonomikur jgufebTan da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdo-
maresTanac ki, saxeldeba premier-ministris kandidatura, romelic axdens mTavrobis
formirebas da investituris misaRebad unda warsdges parlamentis winaSe. norvegiaSi,
daniaSi, did britaneTSi, luqsemburgsa da niderlandebSi formalurad investituris
votumi ar moiTxoveba. luqsemburgsa da niderlandebSi marTalia formalurad inves-
tituris votumi ar moiTxoveba, magram normas warmoadgens, rom mTavroba umravleso-
bis mier unda iyos mxardaWerili da ara Sewynarebuli. niderlandebSi ndoba ivaraude-
ba, sanam sapirispiro ar damtkicdeba undoblobis votumis Sedegad. im qveynebs Soris,
sadac formalurad votumi moTxovnilia, fardobiTi umravlesoba sakmarisia belgiaSi,
italiaSi, irlandiasa da SvedeTSi. SvedeTSi, sanam premier-ministri da misi mTavroba
miiRebs uflebamosilebas, unda damtkicdes, rom absoluturi umravlesoba araa premi-
er-ministris winaaRmdegi. praqtikaSi es gulisxmobs, rom TavSekaveba iTvleba nagulis-
xmev Tanxmobad da Sesabamisad, umciresobis mierac SeiZleba airCes premier-ministri.
mxolod espaneTSi (pirvel kenWisyraze) da germaniaSi (pirvel da meore kenWisyraze)
mTavroba unda daamtkicos absoluturma umravlesobam. e.i. zogierT qveyanaSi SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes mxolod umravlesobis mTavroba, zogierT qveyanaSi ki umciresobis mos-
vlac SesaZlebelia mTavrobaSi.50
4.4. mTavrobis gadayeneba
garda imisa, rom parlamenti axdens mTavrobis formirebas, misi Semdgomi funqci-
onirebac damokidebulia parlamentze, ramdenadac mas undoblobis votumis Sedegad
SeuZlia gadaayenos mTavroba. undoblobis votumis winapiroba SeiZleba politikuri
49
Winter L. D., The Role of Parliament in Government Formation and Resignation, Parliaments and Majority
Rule in Westeren Europe, edited by Doring H., 123, <http://allman.rhon.itam.mx/~emagar/ep3/rules/doring.
ed.parliamentsAndMajRule1995.pdf>, [30.05.2014].
50
iqve.
298
uTanxmoeba iyos, gansxvavebiT saprezidento respublikisgan, sadac impiCmenti mxolod

sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls ukavSirdeba.51 umravlesobasa da mTavrobas Soris mudmi-
vi Tanxmobis SenarCuneba saparlamento reJimis maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba miviCnioT. Tu
maT Soris Tanxmoba araa, es iwvevs erT-erTi moTamaSis gavardnas. undoblobis votumi
mTavrobasa da umravlesobas Soris SesaZlo uTanxmoebis gadaWris saSualebaa. beilisma
aRmoaCina, rom kolegiurad marTul politikuri reJimSi dabalia protestisa da demon-
straciebis done, naklebia ajanyebebi, SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi da politikuri mkvle-
lobebic ki, vidre es monokratiulad marTul politikur reJimebSia.52
praqtikaSi parlamentis uflebamosileba, gadaayenos mTavroba, SeiZleba gamo-
yenebul iqnes mxolod umciresobis mTavrobis an partiuli solidarobis darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi mTavroba uzrunvelyofilia umravlesobis mxardaWeriT.
Tumca, koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas. palatis ndobis Se-
narCunebis saWiroeba TavisTavad awesebs SezRudvebs mTavrobisTvis. es aiZulebs mTav-
robas axsnas, gaamarTlos Tavisi pozicia, SeTanxmebaze da daTmobaze wavides.53 premier-
ministrs kidev ufro metad uwevs kompromisze wasvla, Tu mTavroba koaliciuria.
4.5. tradiciuli da racionalizebuli parlamentarizmi
mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis dayenebis TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove da tradici-

uli parlamentarizmi erTi da igive araa. am mxriv, erTmaneTisgan imijneba tradiciuli
(klasikuri) da racionalizebuli parlamentarizmi.
4.5.1. tradiciuli parlamentarizmis krizisi
klasikuri tipis konstituciebi mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis dayenebas ar uqmnis

dabrkolebas. zogierT saparlamento reJimSi is SeiZleba dadges nebismier sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT nebismieri saSualebiT: kenWisyra undoblobaze, kenWisyra gadavadebaze,
kanonproeqtis ukugdeba, kreditebze uaris Tqma. pasuxismgeblobis sistematuri daye-
neba iwvevs mTavrobis arastabilurobas.54
saparlamento arastabiluroba gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo XIX saukunesa
da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. swored am periodSi SeiZina parlamentarizmma yvelaze
metad uaryofiTi mniSvneloba, arastabilurobis sinonimic ki gaxda.55 mudmivi krizise-
51
52
Bagce H., The Role of Political Institutions in Tackling Political Fragmentation and Polarization: Presidentialism
Versus Parliamentarism, 2002, 152, <http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/140.pdf>, [04.01.2014].
53
Turpin C., Tomkins A., British Government and the Constitution, Cambridge, 2007, 567.
54
lovo f., parlamentarizmi, n. cqitiSvilisa da m. balavaZis Targmani, v. keSelavas redaq-
torobiT, Tb., 2005, 101.
55
iqve, 104.
299
bi xSirad iwvevda mTavrobis paralizebas, an xels uwyobda faSizmis legalur mosvlas.56

1875-1914 wlebis safrangeTis mesame respublikaSi 39 wlis ganmavlobaSi 48 mTavroba ga-
moicvala. meoTxe respublikaSi kidev ufro damZimda mdgomareoba da TiToeuli mTav-
robis moRvaweobis vada daaxloebiT 6 Tvemde aRwevda.57 parlamentarizmis gadarCena
mxolod reformis gziT isaxeboda, reformis ZiriTadi mizani ki mTavrobis gaZliereba
unda yofiliyo.
4.5.2. parlamentarizmis racionalizacia
Zireuli cvlilebebi iqna Setanili omis Semdgom dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoe-

bis konstituciebSi mTavrobisa da parlamentis urTierTobis racionalizaciis mizniT.
racionalizebuli parlamentarizmi aris konstituciuri meqanizmebisa da procedu-
rebis erToblioba, romelic gamiznulia kabinetis stabilurobis ganmtkicebisken ise,
rom SenarCunebul iqnes saparlamento sistemis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi mTavrobis po-
litikaze sakanonmdeblo zedamxedvelobis CaTvliT.58
klasikuri saparlamento sistemis pirobebSi kabinetis mier Semotanili kanonpro-
eqtis uaryofa avtomaturad ayenebs kiTxvis niSnis qveS mTavrobis Semdgomi funqcioni-
rebis kanonierebas. racionalizaciis Sedegad mTavrobisadmi undoblobis gamocxadeba
calke procedura gaxda, anu undoblobis gamocxadeba SesaZlebelia mxolod winaswar-
ganzraxulad. garda amisa, garTulda TviTon undoblobis procedura. undoblobis
votumis sakiTxis dasayeneblad saWiroa deputatTa garkveuli raodenobis xelmowera.
aseve undoblobis votumis xSiri gamoyenebis Sesamcirdeblad SemoRebul iqna undob-
lobis sakiTxis dasmis garkveuli periodiT akrZalva. ganisazRvra undoblobis votu-
mis ganxilvis vadebi. undoblobis votumis gamosacxadeblad saWiroa xmaTa absolutu-
ri umravlesoba, rodesac klasikuri parlamentarizmis mixedviT ubralo umravleso-
bac sakmarisia.59
racionalizebuli parlamentis umZlavresi iaraRia undoblobis konstruqciuli
votumi.60 yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqanizmi, rac mTavrobis stabilurobis gansamtkiceb-
lad iqna SemuSavebuli, swored germaniis federaciuli respublikis ZiriTadi kanonis
es novaciaa. germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis 67-e muxlis Tanaxmad, undoblobis Sedegad kan-
cleri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gadadgeba, Tu parlaments hyavs misi Semcvleli. warmate-
bulma undoblobis votumma imavdroulad alternatiuli mTavroba unda warmoadginos.
Sesabamisad, mTavroba SeiZleba mxolod im koaliciis mier iqnes gadayenebuli, romelic
mzadaa erTad Seudges muSaobas. Sesabamisad mTavroba ver iqneba gadayenebuli im koali-
56
tanCevi e., racionalizebuli parlamentarizmi, respublika: saparlamento Tu saprezi-
dento, o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996, 38.
57
58
dento, o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996, 38-39.
59
iqve, 40.
60
iqve, 41.
300
ciis mier, romelic stromis sityvebis Tanaxmad, sxva araferia Tu ara ukmayofilo ka-
nonmdeblebis sasowarkveTili brbo, `snaiperebis~ nairsaxeoba, romlebmac araerTxel
Camoagdes italiis mTavroba.61
interpelaciebis sapasuxod gaCnda ndobis sakiTxi.62 mTavrobas SeuZlia sakuTari
iniciativiT dasvas ndobis sakiTxi. ndobis votumi SeiZleba kabinetis xelSi manipula-
ciis iaraRad gadaiqces, rodesac mTavrobas parlamentSi gamoaqvs arapopularuli ka-
nonproeqti, an undoblobis sakiTxis Tavidan acileba surs.63
4.5.3. ndobis sakiTxi, rogorc mTavrobis iaraRi
premier-ministrs ndobis sakiTxis dasma SeuZlia nebismier politikaze, rodesac

moisurvebs. italiaSi reglamenti saSualebas iZleva ndobis votumi gamoyenebul iqnes
ara mxolod specifikur sakiTxebze, aramed calkeul muxlebze an Sesworebebze. zogi-
erT qveyanaSi calkeuli saxis kanonproeqtebi, rogoricaa, biujeti, momarageba, Cveu-
lebis Tanaxmad, ndobis sakiTxis dasmad iTvleba. didi britaneTis magaliTi miuTiTebs,
Tu rogor muSaobs mTavrobis mier inicirebuli ndobis procedura. 1993 wels britane-
Tis TemTa palatam kenWi uyara undoblobis motivs maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Seer-
TebasTan dakavSirebiT. ori mTavari opoziciuri partia emxroboda xelSekrulebasTan
mierTebas, Tumca, mxars uWerdnen undoblobis votums imis gamo, rom xelSekrulebis
socialuri nawilis ratificireba ar xdeboda. premier-ministrs sWirdeboda konserva-
tiuli partiis myari mxardaWera, maT Soris, im oci meamboxis, romlebic ewinaaRmde-
gebodnen evropuli institutebisadmi nebismier SeerTebas. maT gadawyvetili hqondaT
mimxrobodnen opozicias.64
jon meijorma undoblobis votumis sawinaaRmdegod wamoayena ndobis votumi, ga-
moacxada ra, rom damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi parlamenti daiSleboda. amis Sedegad meambo-
xeebmac mxari mTavrobas dauWires. britaneTma xelSekrulebis ratificireba moaxdina
ise, rogorc es premier-ministrs surda. es aris ndobis votumis efeqtis naTeli maga-
liTi. im SemTxvevebSi ki, rodesac ndobis votumi gamoyenebuli araa, parlamentis wev-
rebi iTvaliswineben imis SesaZleblobas, rom premier-ministrs nebismier dros SeuZlia
dasvas ndobis sakiTxi. undoblobis votumi premier-ministrs aZlevs politikaze gav-
lenis moxdenis mniSvnelovan saSualebas maSinac ki, rodesac realurad es procedura
arc dawyebula.65
61
Strøm K., Parliamentary Government and Legislative Organisation, Parliaments and Majority Rule in
Westeren Europe, edited by Doring H., 75, <http://allman.rhon.itam.mx/~emagar/ep3/rules/doring.
62
lovo f., parlamentarizmi, n. cqitiSvilisa da m. balavaZis Targmani, v. keSelavas reda-
qtorobiT, Tb., 2005, 100.
63
64
90, No. 2, 1996, 269, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2082884>, [11.09.2008].
65
iqve.
301
ndobis procedura aRmasrulebelsa da sakanonmdeblo organos Soris qmnis imgvar

sistemas, romelic sapirispiroa saprezidento respublikisTvis. aSS-Si sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba qmnis saboloo politikas, aRmasrulebels SeuZlia mxolod vetos dade-
ba, da ara Secvla. saparlamentoSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ndobis votumis gamo-
yenebiT qmnis saboloo programas. Tu parlamenti ar gaiTvaliswinebs am sakiTxs, par-
lamenti aRmoCndeba saprezidento respublikis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis rolSi
mxolod vetos dadebis SesaZleblobiT.66
4.6. mTavrobisa da parlamentis urTierTgawonasworeba
mTavrobis koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba gawonasworebulia aRmasrulebeli xe-

lisuflebis mier sakanonmdeblo organos vadamdeli arCevnebiT. yvela omis Semdgomi
saparlamento konstitucia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas aniWebs uflebas, daiTxovos
sakanonmdeblo organo, Tu kabinets undobloba gamoecxada da is amis Sedegad ar gadad-
geba. klasikuri parlamentarizmis pirobebSi ki msgavsi rame SeuZlebelia.67
daTxovnis uflebas uwodeben xelisuflebis `moqnil~ dayofas, rac aSS-is konsti-
tuciiT SemoRebuli xelisuflebebis `xisti dayofis~ sawinaaRmdegoa. aSS-is sistemis
mibaZviT SvedeTis 1809 wlis da norvegiis 1814 wlis konstituciiT parlamentis daTx-
ovna aikrZala. SvedeTSi parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba mogvianebiT iqna SemoRebuli,
xolo norvegiaSi dRemde asea. samTavrobo pasuxismgeblobis realurad dayenebis miuxe-
davad, norvegiul reJimSi arasodes dauyenebiaT eWqveS daTxovnis uflebis akrZalva.68
asea SveicariaSi, sadac mTavroba iuridiulad eqvemdebareba parlaments. Tumca, Sveica-
ria saparlamento sistemas ar miekuTvneba.
daTxovnis uflebis borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan asacileblad zogjer konsti-
tucia zRudavs parlamentis daSlas garkveuli garemoebebiTa da drois miTiTebiT.
bevri konstitucia, magaliTad, germaniis ZiriTadi kanoni am meqanizms mxolod sagange-
bo situaciebisTvis inaxavs. es ganpirobebulia parlamentis gamouvali mdgomareobiT,
mTavrobis formirebis SeuZleblobiT. igivea saberZneTis SemTxveva. aseve SvedeTSi es
xdeba, rodesac ar arsebobs premier-ministris daniSvnis SesaZlebloba.69
daTxovnis uflebamosileba xSirad iTvleba parlamentarizmis ZiriTad maxasi-
aTeblad. duglas verni mas saparlamento demokratiis 11 Tvisebas Soris asaxelebs70.
xuan linTzi mas `droebiTi sixistis~ antipodad miiCnevs, rac ase Tavs abezrebs sapre-
zidento demokratiebs. Tumca, lovo Tvlis, rom es araa parlamentarizmis ZiriTadi ma-
66
90, No. 2, 1996, 269, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2082884>, [11.09.2008].
67
68
69
Strøm K., Swindle S., Strategic Parliamentary Dissolution, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 96, No.
3, 2002, 576, <http://web.pdx.edu/~mev/pdf/Strom_Swindle_ParlArtiicle.pdf>, [26/04/2014].
70
Verney D., Parliamentary Government and Presidential Government, Parliamentary Versus Presidential Govern-
ment, edited by Lijphart A., Oxford, 1992, 36.
302
xasiaTebeli da arc misi organuli formaa. misi azriT, is jer koniunqturuli da Semdeg
Teoriuli xasiaTisaa.71 vinaidan saparlamento mTavroba miCneulia erTiani Zalaufle-
bis sistemad, sadac sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli Sto iZulebulia warmoadginos
Tanmimdevruli, SeTanxmebuli politika, Teoriulad iTvleba, rom mTavrobis meTauris
uflebamosileba, daSalos parlamenti, saparlamento umravlesobis mier mTavrobis ga-
dayenebis uflebis sapirwonea. `saSineli samsjavros~ es ori meqanizmi, gadayenebisa da
daSlis uflebamosilebebi, aiZulebs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas
iyvnen urTierTdamokidebulni. Tumca praqtika, yovelTvis ar miuTiTebs, rom daTxov-
nis uflebis realizacia yvela SemTxvevaSi mimarTulia mTavrobis stabilurobis uz-
runvelyofisken. es xandaxan mTavrobis manipulaciis saSualebaa.72
4.7. saparlamento sistemis analizi
saparlamento sistema, saprezidentosgan gansxvavebiT, sakanonmdeblo da aRam-

srulebeli xelisuflebis erTianobasa da urTierTdamokidebulebas usvams xazs, vid-
re maT antagonistur damokidebulebas. rogorc sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis damoukidebloba warmoadgens saprezidento mTavrobis specifikur ma-
xasiaTebels, ase warmoadgens maTi erTianoba da kombinacia kabinetis mTavrobis zust
princips.73 valter beighotis azriT, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
erTianoba swored inglisis konstituciis dafaruli arsi da misi efeqtianobis saidum-
loa. Tavis naSromSi ìnglisis konstitucia: kabineti~ beighoti wers: `Tuki piri, visac
aqvs saqmis ganxorcielebis valdebuleba, amave dros araa piri, romelic qmnis kanonebs,
yovelTvis iqneba winaaRmdegoba am or pirs Soris. aRmasrulebeli dakoWlebulia im ka-
nonebis miuReblobiT, romelic saWiroa, kanonmdebeli ki waxdenilia moqmedebebiT, ro-
melzec pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreba. aRmasrulebeli aRaraa aRmasrulebeli im dRidan,
rodesac mas ar SeuZlia aRasrulos is, risi gakeTebac gadawyvita; xolo kanonmdebeli
demoralizebulia TavisuflebiT, iRebs ra iseT gadawyvetilebebs, romlis efeqtiT
sxvebi itanjebian. [...] did britaneTSi mTavrobas SeuZlia kanonmdeblis iZuleba gadad-
gomis, an misi daTxovnis muqariT. arcerTi maTganis gamoyenebis meqanizmi ar arsebobs
saprezidento respublikaSi. sakanonmdeblo organo ver daiSleba, xolo mTavrobis ga-
dadgomas yuradRebas ar aqcevs. roca maT Soris gansxvavebuli azrebi warmoiSoba, ka-
nonmdebeli Zaladobs aRmasrulebelze, aRmasrulebeli – sakanonmdebloze, didi al-
baTobiT ase daasruleben urTierTobas TavianTi vadis amowurvamde. [...] saprezidento
respublikaSi kongresi arCeulia fiqsirebuli vadiT, romelic ar SeiZleba arc aCqar-
des an Seferxdes. arsebobs prezidenti, romelic aseve arCeulia fiqsirebuli vadiT,
yvela RonisZieba dadgenilia droSi. aq ar aris elastikurobis elementi, yvelaferi
aris xisti, gansazRvruli da daTariRebuli. Sen winaswar gyavs gansazRvruli Seni mTav-
71
72
Strøm K., Swindle S., Strategic Parliamentary Dissolution, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 96, No.
3, 2002, 576, <http://web.pdx.edu/~mev/pdf/Strom_Swindle_ParlArtiicle.pdf>, [26/04/2014].
73
Bagehot W., The English Constitution: The Cabinet, Parliamentary Versus Presidential Government, edited by
Lijphart A., Oxford, 1992, 66.
303
roba, miuxedavad imisa, is gakmayofilebs Tu ara, kargad muSaobs Tu cudad, ginda Tu ar

ginda, kanonis Tanaxmad, is unda SeinarCuno~.74
4.8. mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba: miTi Tu realoba?
marTalia, saparlamento demokratia xels uwyobs xelisuflebis efeqturobas, Ta-

namSromlobas, magram aq SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, marTvis sadaveebis mTavrobisadmi ga-
dacemiT parlamentma xom ar aiRo xeli pasuxismgeblobaze?75 mTavrobasa da parlaments
Soris politikuri urTierToba demokratiul saxelmwifoSi xSiri kritikis sagania jer
kidev me-19 saukunidan. es kritika momdinareobs saparlamento sistemaSi saparlamen-
to umravlesobasa da mTavrobas Soris mWidro TanamSromlobidan, rac SeuTavsebelia
Zalauflebis gamijvnis ideasTan.76 aqedan xom ar gamomdinareobs is daskvna, rom sapre-
zidento respublikaSi ufro metad daculia parlamentis erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia
– aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kontroli, vidre saparlamentoSi. Tumca, amasTan da-
kavSirebiT mioleri Tavis wignSi `sami Sto” acxadebs, rom zogadi warmodgena – parla-
mentisa da mTavrobis aucilebeli kontrastis Sesaxeb, rogorc Zalauflebis gamijvnis
moTxovna – mcdaria. saparlamento sistemaSi arsebuli mWidro TanamSromloba mTavro-
basa da saparlamento umravlesobas Soris saWiroa demokratiuli nebis realizaciis
xelSesawyobad.77 marTalia, mTavrobis Zalauflebasa da parlamentis Zalauflebas So-
ris balansi mTavrobis sasargeblodaa gadaxrili, magram roca saparlamento mTavrobis
Zlier meTaurzea saubari, misi Zalauflebis nawili ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva fraq-
ciasTan kompromisiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tu koalicia daiSala, mTavrobas gadad-
goma mouwevs. sabolood parlamentsa da mTavrobas Soris TanamSromloba safrTxes ar
warmoadgens. TanamSromloba warmoiSoba saprezidento sistemaSic. amitom es safrTxe
araa upirvelesad im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom orive, saprezidento da saparlamento,
sistemaSi met-naklebad aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba erTmaneTzea
damokidebuli, marTalia, sxvadasxvanairad, magram urTierTdamokidebuleba saxezea
oriveSi.
5. naxevrad saprezidento (Sereuli) respublika
5.1. naxevrad saprezidento respublikis zogadi daxasiaTeba
naxevrad saprezidento, romelsac xandaxan „ormag“ an „Sereul“ sistemas uwode-

ben, aerTianebs saprezidento da saparlamento sistemis elementebs. naxevrad saprezi-
dento respublikas zogjer axasiaTeben, rogorc saparlamento respublikas ormagi aR-
74
Bagehot W., The English Constitution: The Cabinet, Parliamentary Versus Presidential Government, edited by
Lijphart A., Oxford, 1992, 67-71.
75
Westeren Europe, edited by Doring H., 58, <http://allman.rhon.itam.mx/~emagar/ep3/rules/doring.ed.parlia-
mentsAndMajRule1995.pdf>, [30.05.2014].
76
Möllers C., The Three Branches: A Comparative Model of Separation of Powers, Oxford, 2013, 110.
77
iqve, 113.
304
masrulebeli xelisuflebiT.78 naxevrad saprezidentos pirveli konstituciuri daxa-

siaTeba diuverJes ekuTvnis. frangi mecnieri diuverJe mmarTvelobis formas aRiarebs
naxevrad saprezidentod, sadac prezidenti: a) xalxis mieraa arCeuli, b) flobs mniSvne-
lovan kompetenciebs; g) mTavrobasTan Tanaarsebobs, romlis gadayenebac parlaments
SeuZlia.79 is am mmarTvelobas aRwers, rogorc sistemas, romelic monacvleobs sapre-
zidento da saparlamento sistemas Soris. diuverJe safrangeTis mexuTe respublikas
ar gansazRvravs arc rogorc saprezidentos, da arc saparlamentos, aramed sistemas,
romelic monacvleobs maT Soris. miuxedavad amisa, termini „naxevrad saprezidento“
xSirad aRqmulia, rogorc Sualeduri mmarTvelobis forma saprezidentosa da sapar-
lamentos Soris. profesorebi keri da Sugarti ki miiCneven, rom es arc Sualeduri da
arc saprezidentosa da saparlamentos Soris monacvle tipia. frangul sistemas isini
uwodeben `premieri prezidentTan erTad~ sistemas.80
naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas axorcielebs ro-
gorc prezidenti, ise mTavroba. prezidentis pirdapiri arCevnebi mosaxleobas aZlevs
gadamwyveti xmis uflebas mTavari aRmasruleblis arCevaSi, amave dros mTavrobis ar-
sebobam unda Seamciros prezidentis siamayis riskebi. amasTan prezidenti Tavisufalia
pasuxismgeblobisgan, mTavroba ki pasuxismgebelia rogorc prezidentis, ise parlamen-
tis winaSe.81 es sistema gulisxmobs prezidentisa da sakanonmdeblo organos mxridan
SeTanxmebul, xSirad ki SejibrebiT kontrols premier-ministrsa da mTavrobaze.82
5.2. mTavrobis formireba
Sereul sistemaSi prezidents farTo kompetencia aqvs, maT Soris, mTavrobis for-
mirebis procesSi. prezidenti SearCevs da niSnavs premier-ministrs. premier-ministri,
Tavis mxriv, SearCevs ministrebis kandidaturebs da dasamtkiceblad warudgens prezi-
dents. safrangeTSi parlamentis investitura arc aucilebelia da arc kanoniT dadge-
nili. safrangeTis konstitucia prezidents uflebas aZlevs, daasaxelos premier mi-
nistrobis kandidati ise, rom parlamentis ndoba ar miiRos, premierisa da mTavrobis
wardgena prezidentis gadawyvetilebiT xdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad surT mas da
premiers parlamentis institutisadmi pativiscemis gamomJRavneba.83 Tumca, praqtikaSi
78
Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law), Final opinion (No. CDL-AD (2010)
028) on the draft constitutional law on amendments and changes to the constitution of Georgia, <http://www.
venice.coe.int/docs/2010/CDL-AD(2010)028-e.asp>, [04.01.2014].
79
izoria l., saprezidento, saparlamento Tu naxevrad saprezidento? gza demokratiuli
konsolidaciisken, Tb., 2010, 26.
80
Shugart M., Carey J., Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics, New York,
1992, 23.
81
ruseTis federaciaSi mTavroba konstituciurad pasuxismgebelia rogorc parlamentis,
ise prezidentis winaSe, safrangeTSi ki, konstituciis Tanaxmad, mxolod parlamentis wi-
naSea pasuxismgebeli.
82
Fish S., Stronger Legislatures Stronger Democracies, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2006, 6, <http://www.
europarl.europa.eu/pdf/oppd/Page_8/Stronger_legislature%20_Stronger_democracies.pdf>, [04.01.2014].
83
safrani u., mmarTvelobis principebi: aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, respublika: sapar-
lamento Tu saprezidento, o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996, 184.
305
dainerga ndobis miRebis procedura, radgan konstituciis Semdgenels ase surda. mag-
ram 1988-1993 wlebSi es Tavidan iqna acilebuli, radgan mTavroba erovnuli asambleis
umciresobidan iyo da parlamentSi mxolod ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gacxadebiT iqna Semo-
fargluli.84
rCeba STabeWdileba, rom safrangeTis prezidenti garkveulwilad emsgavseba sap-
rezidento respublikis prezidents, romelic Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr arCevs mTavro-
bis wevrebs. miuxedavad amisa, safrangeTis prezidentma miteranma premier-ministrad
mTavari opoziciuri partiis lideri, Siraki, daniSna. ratom moiqca ase miterani, ro-
desac is Tavad axdens mTavrobis formirebis inicirebas? an SekiTxva sxvagvarad rom
daisvas, aSS-Si prezidenti ratom ar moiqca miteranis msgavsad, rodesac demokratebis
mier kontrolirebuli senatis winaSe aRmoCnda? am kiTxvis pasuxia: vis aqvs mTavrobis
daTxovnis ufleba?85 aSS-Si prezidentis kabinetis wevrebis daniSvnaSi monawileobs se-
nati. Tumca, aSS-is prezidentebi mainc axerxeben sakuTari simpaTiebis Sesabamisad daa-
kompleqton kabineti maSinac ki, roca senati opoziciuradaa ganwyobili. magram aSS-Si
kabinetis wevrebis moxsnis ufleba mxolod prezidents aqvs da ara – senats. safrangeT-
Si prezidents ar SeuZlia kabinetis moxsna, magram es SeuZlia asambleas. amitom, rode-
sac safrangeTis prezidenti awydeba opoziciur asambleas, is ufro sustia mTavrobis
formirebis procesSi, vidre aSS-is prezidenti.86 prezidenti inarCunebs mTavrobis da-
saxelebis uflebas, asambleas ki aqvs misi moxsnis iniciativa. sadac mxolod prezidents
SeuZlia mTavrobis daTxovna, kabineti prezidentis survilis Sesabamisad kompleqteba,
xolo sadac mxolod parlaments SeuZlia daTxovna, parlamentis umravlesobis neba do-
minirebs kabinetis formirebis procesSi.87
5.3. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organizacia da funqcionireba
Sereul mmarTvelobaSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas hyavs ori meTauri: prezi-

denti da premier-ministri, amasTan maT Soris kompetenciebi naTlad gamijnuli araa.
Sereuli respublikebis konstituciebSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan TanamSrom-
lobis mxriv konstituciis orazrovneba am sistemis naklia. portugaliisa da vaimaris
respublikis magaliTze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTavari gamowveva saxelmwifos meTaursa
da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurs Soris kompetenciis naTeli gaumijnaobaa.88
am sistemaSi prezidenti dominant rols asrulebs, Tu mas asambleis mxardaWera
aqvs. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas axorcielebs prezidenti, magram parlamentis wina-
Se pasuxismgebelia mTavroba. premieri asrulebs asambleasTan damakavSirebeli rgolis
rols, krizisul SemTxvevaSi ki damcavi `faris~ rols, romelic prezidents politi-
84
qtorobiT, Tb., 2005, 89-90.
85
1992, 108-109.
86
iqve, 117.
87
iqve, 125.
88
iqve, 56.
306
kuri dartymebisgan icavs. Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ekonomikurma politikam

marcxi ganicada, prezidents SeuZlia premier-ministri msxverplad Seswiros parla-
ments, cxadia, Tu SeZlebs parlamentis darwmunebas premieris braleulobaSi.89
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba SeiZleba daiyos opoziciur segmentebad – erTi
mxriv, prezidenti da meore mxriv, kabineti asambleis mxardaWeriT, romlebic sxvadas-
xva amomrCevlis mier damoukideblad aris arCeuli. rodesac prezidenti da mTavroba
opoziciur Zalebs warmoadgenen, am dros warmoiSoba kohabitacia, e.w. Tanacxovreba.
Tuki am dros erT-erTi an orive mxare ugulebelyofs erTmaneTis uflebebs, kohabi-
taciam SeiZleba warmoSvas krizisi. amitom kohabitacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc àR-
masrulebeli, dayofili sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg~.90 Tumca, prezidenti arc aq rCeba
berketis gareSe, mas SeuZlia nebismieri mizeziT daiTxovos parlamenti. safrangeTSi
erTaderT akrZalvas warmoadgens parlamentis daTxovnis dauSvebloba misi arCevidan
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia daTxovna gamoiyenos
Tavisi mxardamWeri umravlesobis aRsadgenad. Tu amomrCevlebma mTavrobis partias da-
uWires mxari, am SemTxvevaSi is ukve iZulebulia, Seeguos opoziciur mTavrobas.
5.4. naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis modelis Sefaseba
naxevrad saprezidento sistema daamkvidra safrangeTis me-5 respublikam. mesame

da meoTxe respublikebSi saparlamento gadawyvetilebis miRebis negatiuri gamocdile-
bis Semdeg miiCnies, rom Zlieri prezidenti da susti parlamenti – vaimaris respublikis
konstituciasTan mimsgavsebuli – gaaumjobesebda politikuri sistemis gadawyvetile-
baunarianobas. faqtobrivad ki frangul sistemaSi arsebuli saparlamento mTavroba da
xalxis mier arCeuli Zlevamosili prezidenti mraval problemas qmnis. xSiri kritikis
sagania prezidentis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis nakleboba. prezidenti pasuxismge-
beli araa Tavisi politikisTvis arc amomrCevlebisa da arc parlamentis winaSe. safran-
geTis prezidenti uflebamosilia daiTxovos parlamenti, risi uflebamosilebac pre-
zidents ara aqvs aSS-Si. prezidents parlamentis daSlis ufleba SeuZlia gamoiyenos sa-
parlamento politikis destabilizaciisTvis. Sedegad, gansxvavebiT saparlamento sis-
temisgan, aq naklebia parlamentisa da mTavrobis ormxrivi urTierTdamokidebuleba.
amis sanacvlod parlamentia damokidebuli prezidentze.91 yovelive zemoaRniSnulma
xelisuflebis danawilebis principis deformacia moaxdina.92 axali `naxevrad saprezi-
dento~ sistema gavrcelda aRmosavleT evropaSi. arastabiluri politikuri partiebis
landSaftSi ki is avtoritarul saprezidento sistemad yalibdeba. prezidents surs,
rom xeli SeuSalos parlamentSi umravlesobis formirebas, radgan rac ufro sustia
parlamenti, miT ufro Zlieri xdeba prezidenti.93 Tumca, Sugarti da keri miiCneven, rom
89
1992, 53.
90
iqve, 57.
91
92
Cernilovski z., prezidentumis instituti istoriuli gamocdilebis Suqze, respublika:
saparlamento Tu saprezidento, o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996, 110.
93
307
mmarTvelobis es forma dasaSvebia imdenad, ramdenadac aq mTavrobis formirebis asi-

metria kompensirdeba parlamentis mier mTavrobis moxsnis asimetriiT. isini miiCneven,
rom arademokratiul formas warmoadgens is Sereuli mmarTveloba, romelSic prezi-
dents aqvs mTavrobis rogorc daniSvnis, ise moxsnis uflebamosileba. am formas isini
gansazRvraven, rogorc prezidenti parlamentTan erTad. aseTi sistema arsebobda ger-
maniaSi, e.w. vaimaris respublikaSi (1919-1933), rac faSizmis mosvliT dasrulda. dRes
asea ruseTis federaciis respublikaSi da sxva saxelmwifoebSi. am sistemaSi sruliad
darRveulia Sekaveba-gawonasworebis meqanizmebi.
Sereuli mmarTvelobis modelis saerTo maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am
modelSi mTavrobis kontroli yvelaze sustadaa gamoxatuli. saocaria albaT is faq-
ti, rom safrangeTis V respublikam daamkvidra mmarTvelobis iseTi modeli, romelic
yvelaze naklebad Seesabameba xelisuflebis danawileba/gamijvnisa da mTavrobis kon-
trolis koncefcias, rodesac yvelaze mniSvnelovani wvlili, rac konstitucionaliz-
mis ganviTarebaSi safrangeTs Seutania, aris xalxis mxridan mTavrobis kontroli – kon-
kretuli realizaciaa adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis deklaraciis, romelic
miRebul iqna 1789 wels.94
6. daskvna
arsebuli TiToeuli sistema moicavs garkveul dadebiT da uaryofiT aspeqtebs.

saprezidento respublikasa da saparlamento sistemaSi saxezea Stoebs Soris ormxrivi
urTierTdamokidebuleba, riTac iqmneba Zaluflebis dabalanseba-gawonaworebis sis-
tema. Tumca, es sxvadasxva gziT xorcieldeba saprezidento da saparlamento modeleb-
Si. saprezidento respublikaSi TiToeul Stos SeuZlia Seamowmos erTmaneTi sakuTari
Tavis arsebobisTvis safrTxis Seqmnis gareSe, xolo saparlamento sistemaSi maT Soris
SeuTanxmebloba erT-erTi moTamaSis gavardnis safuZvelia. saprezidento sistemaSi
`xisti~ Zaluflebis gamijvnaa, xolo saparlamentoSi `moqnili~. saparlamento sistema
pasuxismgebloba-daTxovnis meqanizmebiT balansdeba. Tumca, SeiniSneba, rom es balansi
ufro mTavrobis sasargeblodaa gadaxrili. amitom balansis aRsadgenad saWiroa par-
lamentis daTxovnis SesaZleblobis maqsimalurad SezRudva.
rac Seexeba Sereul mmarTvelobas, jobs, cal-calke gamoiyos premieri preziden-
tTan erTad da saprezidento-saparlamento modelebi. orive SemTxvevaSi arsebobs par-
lamentis prezidentze damokidebuleba, mTavrobis susti kontroli da prezidenti pa-
suxismgeblobis gareSe. miuxedavad amisa, premieri prezidentTan erTad mmarTvelobis
modelSi gawonasworeba-dabalansebis sakiTxi ise mwvaved ar dgas, rogorc sapreziden-
to-saparlamento modelSia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris sistema, romelic dasaSvebia,
magram jobs, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli.95 am ukanasknelSi prezidenti niSnavs mTavrobas,
xsnis mas, iTxovs parlaments, xelmZRvanelobs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. aq mTav-
94
hovardi a., gza konstitucionalizmisken, respublika: saparlamento Tu saprezidento,
o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996, 45.
95
Elgie R., Moestrup S., Semi-Presidentialism in Central and Eastern Europe, Manchester, 2008, 1.
308
robac da parlamentic damokidebulia prezidentze. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

kontroli am sistemaSi Zalze saeWvoa ganxorcieldes. amas miuTiTebs im qveynebis praq-
tikac, sadac es formaa gavrcelebuli. ar arsebobs ra aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
kontroli, Sesabamisad, is arc demokratiuli mmarTvelobis formaa.
Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmis tendencia, rogorc vxedavT, aRmasrule-
beli xelisuflebis gaZlierebaa da ara – sakanonmdeblosi. erTi mxriv, es aucile-
belia mTavrobis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis, magram, meore mxriv, es xom ar mi-
uTiTebs saxalxo suverenitetis ideis gaqrobaze. saxalxo suverenitetis Teoriis
Tanaxmad, warmomadgenlobiTi organo, parlamenti, gamoxatavs xalxis xmas, an, rusos
mixedviT, saerTo nebas. Sua saukuneebis demokratebi xSirad saubrobdnen xalxis xmaze,
rogorc RmerTis xmaze. Tumca, xalxis neba arc ise Zlierad gamoiyureba dRevandel
politikaSi.96 rogorc Cans, konstitucionalistebs kidev bevri aqvT safiqrali
gawonasworeba-Sekavebis meqanizmebis daxvewaze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi wlebis Semdeg
mxolod istorikosebi Tu moigoneben, rom odesRac arsebobda mTavrobis kontrolisa
da Zaluflebis Sekavebis koncefcia.
96
Westeren Europe, edited by Doring H., 54-57, <http://allman.rhon.itam.mx/~emagar/ep3/rules/doring.
309
karlo nikoleiSvili*
pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli

adgilobrivi sabWos damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba
1. Sesavali
sasjelis daniSvnisa da aRsrulebis mizania samarTlianobis aRdgena, damnaSavis

resocializacia-reabilitacia da axali danaSaulis Tavidan acileba.1 msjavrdebulis
kanonisadmi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis aRdgena, adamianTa Tanacxovrebis wesebisadmi
pativiscemis dabruneba2 uzrunvelyofs axali danaSaulis Tavidan acilebas da damna-
Savis sazogadoebaSi sruluflebian wevrad xelaxal Camoyalibebas. saxelmwifom spe-
cialuri programebisa da institutebis meSveobiT unda ganaxorcielos msjavrdebul-
Ta Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebidan sazogadoebaSi transformacia.3 pirobiT
vadamde gaTavisuflebis instituti erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi da konstruqciuli
RonisZiebaa xelaxali danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad, romelic uzrunvelyofs dam-
naSavis dagegmil, zedamxedvelobas daqvemdebarebul reintegracias.4 1847 wels fran-
gma a. bonevil de marsanJim gamoigona pirobiT gaTavisufleba, romelic gulisxmobda
msjavrdebulis gaTavisuflebas sasjelis garkveuli periodis moxdis Semdgom, moma-
valSi damakmayofileblad qcevis pirobiT.5
patimrobis da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebis gadatvirTuloba da ci-
xis mosaxleobis zrda mniSvnelovani problemaa sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis
sistemisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT dawesebulebis administraciisaTvis rogorc adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis, ise sasjelaRsrulebis institutebis efeqturad marTvis kuTxiT.6
aRniSnuli problema ubiZgebs saxelmwifos, izrunos msjavrdebulTa gaTavisuflebis
efeqturi politikis gansazRvraze.
gamomdinare zemoxsenebulidan, sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis sistemi-
saTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis institutis arseboba.
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, mowveuli leqtori.

1
saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi~, 22/07/1999, #2287, saqa-
rTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne #41(48), 13/08/1999, 39-e muxli.
2
saqarTvelos kanoni `patimrobis kodeqsi~, 09/03/2010, #2696, saqarTvelos sakanonmde-
blo macne #12, 24/03.2010, 116-e muxlis pirveli punqti.
3
evropis sabWos ministrTa komiteti, rekomendacia Rec (2006) 2, evropuli cixis wesebi,
107-e wesi.
4
evropis sabWos ministrTa komiteti, rekomendacia Rec (2003) 22, pirobiT vadamde gaTa-
visuflebis Taobaze, preambula.
5
pradeli J., SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali, red. T. niniZe, e. sumbaTaSvilis Targmani,
Tb., 1999, 467.
6
evropis sabWos ministrTa komiteti, rekomendacia No. R. (99) 22, cixis gadatvirTulo-
bis da cixis mosaxleobis gazrdis Taobaze, preambula.
310
karlo nikolaiSvili, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli
Tumca, msjavrdebulTa am uflebis arasworad ganxorcielebam SeiZleba savalalo Se-

degamdec ki migviyvanos. amitom mniSvnelovania pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sis-
temis samarTlianobis principze ageba.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielebulma bolo periodis cvlilebebma
mravali kiTxvis niSani gaaCina pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis institutis saTana-
dod funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebiT. gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia gadawyvetilebis
miRebis meqanizmi. sakiTxavia, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis gadawyvetis uflebis
sasamarTlosaTvis CamorTmeva da adgilobrivi sabWosaTvis gadacema xom ar xelyofs
samarTliani sasamarTlos konstituciur da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv principebs.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 84-e muxlis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad, `sasamarTlos ga-
dawyvetilebis gauqmeba, Secvla an SeCereba SeuZlia mxolod sasamarTlos.~ Tumca, es
debuleba avtomaturad ar usvams xazs saqarTveloSi moqmedi pirobiT vadamde gaTavi-
suflebis sistemis arakonstituciurobas. evropis qveynebis kanonmdeblobac icnobs
gansxvavebul midgomas; sxvadasxva qveynebSi pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis Taobaze
gadawyvetilebebs iReben gansxvavebulad Seqmnili da struqturirebuli organoebi.
uflebamosili organo SeiZleba iyos ara marto sasamarTlo, aramed Tavisuflebis aR-
kveTis dawesebulebis administracia, specialuri tribunali, sazogadoebrivi proku-
rori da sxva.7 Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania, ara sakiTxis ganmxilveli organos saxelwo-
deba, aramed saqmianobis Sinaarsi, marTlmsajulebis funqcia.
mizanSewonilia, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli adgi-
lobrivi sabWos struqtura da saqmianobis wesi Seesabamebodes samarTliani sasamar-
Tlos standarts, uzrunvelyofili iyos damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba. adami-
anis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo (SemdgomSi aseve evropuli sasamarTlo an sasa-
marTlo) sakiTxs ganixilavs adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropu-
li konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtis WrilSi. Tumca, igi ganmartebisas iyenebs me-6
muxliT dadgenil samarTliani sasamarTlos standarts.8
yovelive zemoxsenebulis gaTvaliswinebiT, did interess iwvevs pirobiT vadam-
de gaTavisuflebis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili modelis am kuTxiT Ses-
wavla. mecnieruli kvlevis interess ufro metad amZafrebs is garemoeba, rom sakiTxi,
faqtobrivad, gamoukvlevelia, auTvisebelia.
statiis mTavar kiTxvas warmoadgens, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs pirobiT vadam-
de gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos saqmianoba samarTlia-
ni sasamarTlos standarts, ramdenad damoukidebeli da miukerZoebelia is. pasuxam-
de misvla SesaZlebelia struqturirebulad – istoriuli kvlevis, analizis, sinTe-
zis da interdisciplinuri Sedarebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT. mTavar kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad aucilebelia samarTliani sasamarTlos konstituciuri da saerTaSoriso
7
Panfield N., van Zyl Smit D., Dunkel F., Release from Prison, European Police and Practice, USA, 2010,
425, cit.: miqanaZe g., patimris pirobiT vadamde ganTavisuflebis ufleba – evropuli
gamocdileba da saqarTvelos realoba, statiaTa krebulSi adamianis uflebaTa dacva:
miRwevebi da gamowvevebi, red. k. korkelia, Tb., 2012, 130.
8
boxaSvili b., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali,
Tb., 2004, 222.
311
samarTlebrivi principebis gaanalizeba, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis erovnuli

meqanizmis gaazreba da Semdgom kvleviT miRebuli Sedegebis urTierTSejereba, Seda-
reba, sinTezireba.
2. pirobiT vadamde gaTavisufleba saqarTveloSi

(istoriuli analizi)
ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sistema

saqarTveloSi oTxjer Seicvala. 2006 wlamde sakiTxs ganixilavda da gadawyvetilebas
iRebda teritoriulad gansjadi sasamarTlo, sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis di-
reqtoris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze.9 mocemul periodSi saqarTveloSi gaxSirebu-
li iyo sajaro mosamsaxureTa mosyidvis, korufciis SemTxvevebi. gamonakliss arc di-
reqtorebi warmoadgendnen. es ufro metad arTulebda penitenciur sistemaSi gaZlie-
rebuli kriminaluri samyaros winaaRmdeg brZolas. Sesabamisad, dawyebuli reformis
farglebSi aucilebeli gaxda pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sistemis Secvlac.
sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis direqtorebs 2006 wlidan CamoerTvaT Suam-
dgomlobis wardgenis ufleba. sasjelaRsrulebis departamentSi Seiqmna mudmivmoq-
medi komisia, rogorc Suamavali rgoli sasamarTlosa da msjavrdebuls Soris. `patim-
robis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 68-e muxlis safuZvelze, msjavrdebulebs ufleba
hqondaT SuamdgomlobiT miemarTaT mudmivmoqmedi komisiisaTvis. es ukanaskneli afa-
sebda garkveul garemoebebs da iRebda gadawyvetilebas pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuf-
lebis Taobaze sasamarTlosaTvis wardginebis Sesaxeb.
2006 wlis ivlisidan 2008 wlis dekembris CaTvliT sasjelaRsrulebis departa-
mentis mudmivmoqmed komisias SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa 4294-ma msjavrdebulma, ro-
melTagan dakmayofilda 1377, saerTo raodenobis 32%. 2006 wlis pirveli ivlisidan
2008 wlis pirvel oqtombramde mudmivmoqmedma komisiam pirobiT vadamde gasaTavi-
suflebad sasamarTlos warudgina 1048 msjavrdebulis saqme, romelTagan 924, saerTo
raodenobis 96%, dakmayofilda.10 statistikuri monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom arsebiT
gadawyvetilebas mudmivmoqmedi komisia iRebda da sasamarTlos mxolod dammowmeb-
lis funqcia ekisreboda.
2009 wels Seicvala pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis aRniSnuli modelic. sa-
kiTxis ganxilvis kompetenciam sasjelaRsrulebis departamentidan gadainacvla sas-
jelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa saministros doneze.
departamentis mudmivmoqmedi komisia Caanacvla saministros mudmivmoqmedma komisi-
am. garda amisa, sakiTxs ganixilavda, gadawyvetilebas iRebda mudmivmoqmedi komisia da
ara sasamarTlo.11
9
miqanaZe g., patimris pirobiT vadamde ganTavisuflebis ufleba – evropuli gamocdi-
leba da saqarTvelos realoba, statiaTa krebulSi: adamianis uflebaTa dacva: miRwe-
vebi da gamowvevebi, red. k. korkelia, Tb., 2012, 130.
10
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis saangariSo moxseneba saqarTveloSi adamianis ufle-
baTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, 2008 wlis meore naxevari, 82.
11
312
2010 wlis pirveli oqtombridan Zaladakargulad gamocxadda `patimrobis Sesa-

xeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni da ZalaSi Sevida `patimrobis kodeqsi~. axali kanoniT arse-
biTad Seicvala saqarTveloSi pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sistema. Camoyalibda
pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli sabWoebi, romelTac daevala
saqmeebis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis miReba.12 mocemul SemTxvevaSi qveyanaSi dainer-
ga britanuli modelis analogi.13 sasamarTlo rgoli, faqtobrivad, srulad amovarda
sakiTxis ganxilvis procesidan, man SeinarCuna mxolod saapelacio funqcia: adgilob-
rivi sabWos gadawyvetileba SeiZleba administraciuli wesiT gasaCivrdes sasamar-
TloSi.14
am ukanaskneli cvlilebiT ar gauqmebula mudmivmoqmedi komisia, aramed igi
kvlav agrZelebs saqmianobas, rogorc pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis gan-
mxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos zedamxedveli organo.15 adgilobrivi sabWo valdebu-
lia sam TveSi erTxel mainc warudginos angariSi mudmivmoqmed komisias. es ukanaskne-
li aseve uflebamosilia gamoiTxovos sabWos nebismieri gadawyvetileba uaris Tqmis
Taobaze da miiRos axali gadawyvetileba.16
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, marTalia, sasamarTlo aRar warmoadgens pirobiT
vadamde gaTavisuflebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis mimReb organos, magram amiT, faq-
tobrivad, araferi Secvlila. statistikurma monacemebma cxadyo, rom bolo cvlile-
bebamdec mudmivmoqmedi komisia warmoadgenda de faqto gadawyvetilebis mimReb orga-
nos da sasamarTlo mxolod asrulebda dammowmebel funqcias.
3. sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros adgilobrivi sabWo,

rogorc `sasamarTlo~ organo
sasamarTlos damoukideblobis da miukerZoeblobis detalurad gaanalizebamde

aucileblad unda ganisazRvros is organoebi, romelTac marTlmsajulebis ganxor-
cielebis ufleba aqvT da procesis samarTlianad warmarTvis valdebuleba ekisrebaT.
is SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos uwyebis saxiT, romelic oficialurad `sasamarTlod~
ar iwodeba, Tumca axorcielebs samosamarTlo funqcias – sadavo sakiTxebTan dakavSi-
rebiT gamoscems gadawyvetilebas da uzrunvelyofs mis Sesabamisobas kanonTan.17
precedentuli samarTali cxadyofs, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-
Tlo gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs im organos dasaxelebas, romelic axorcie-
12
blo macne #12, 24/03/2010, 41-e muxlis pirveli nawili.
13
14
blo macne #12, 24/03/2010, 42-e muxlis me-6 punqti.
15
iqve, 44-e muxlis pirveli punqti.
16
iqve, 44-e muxlis me-7 punqti.
17
smiti r. k. m., adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, saxelmZRvanelo, meore gamocema, m. ko-
biaSvilis Targmani, red. g. joxaZe, Tb., 2005, 356-357.
313
lebs marTlmsajulebas.18 saqmeSi H belgiis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom,

terminis arsidan gamomdinare, `tribunali~ moiazrebs marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorci-
elebel organos, romelic samarTlis normebis safuZvelze ganixilavs kompetencias
mikuTvnebul sakiTxebs dadgenili procedurebis dacviT.19
saqmeSi didieri safrangeTis winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom
finansuri bazris sabWo warmoadgens `tribunals~ konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli pun-
qtis miznebisaTvis. miuxedavad erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi klasifikaciisa, igi warmo-
adgens sasamarTlos, vinaidan uflebamosilia ganixilos saqmis yvela aspeqti da mas,
rogorc marTlmsajulebis organos, aqvs sruli iurisdiqcia.20
amasTanave, evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtSi moxseniebuli sasamar-
Tlo ar aris aucilebeli iyos klasikuri tipis, qveynis standartul sasamarTlo sis-
temaSi integrirebuli. mTavaria, organos gaaCndes Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bis uflebamosileba, akmayofilebdes samarTliani sasamarTlos niSnebs da uzrunvel-
yofdes sasamarTlo xasiaTis garantiebs.21
pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebamosileba ev-
ropis qveynebSic sxvadasxva organos aqvs mindobili da igi yovelTvis ar ukavSirdeba
standartul sasamarTlo sistemas. magaliTisTvis inglisSi, uelssa22 da Sotlandia-
Si23 gadawyvetilebas iReben specialurad Seqmnili pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis
sabWoebi. belgiaSi msjavrdebulebi, romelTac sasjelis saxed da zomad ganesazRvraT
sam wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, SeiZleba gaTavisufldnen pirobiT vadamde iusti-
ciis ministris mier gamocemuli administraciuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, xo-
lo sam welze meti vadiT msjavrdebulebi – sasjelis aRmasrulebeli sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT.24 sloveniaSi gadawyvetilebas iRebs specialurad Seqmnili komisia,
romelic sami wevrisagan Sedgeba: uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle, uzenaesi saxel-
mwifo prokurori da iusticiis saministros cixis administrirebis sammarTvelos sa-
jaro moxele.25
18
magaliTisTvis, Demicoli v. Malta, [1991] ECHR, App. no 1305/87, 40.
19
H v. Belgium, [1987] ECHR, App. no 8950/80, 50.
20
Didier v. France, [2002] ECHR, App. no 58188/00, 3. makbraidi j., adamianis uflebebi da sisxlis
samarTlis procesi, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-
Tali, evropis sabWo, naTargmnia evropis kavSirisa da evropis sabWos erToblivi pro-
gramis àrasaTanado mopyrobisa da dausjelobis aRmofxvris~ farglebSi, 2011, 152.
21
treqseli S. (s. j. samersis daxmarebiT), adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis proces-
Si, v. gogelias, e. lomTaTiZis, e. qarcivaZis, T. ivaniSvilis, n. narindoSvilis Targmani,
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, Tb., 2009, 532-533.
22
Padfield N., Recalling Conditionally Released Prisoners in England and Wales, European Journal of Proba-
tion (EJP), Vol. 4, No.1, 2012, 34-45.
23
Weaver B., Tata C., Munro M., Barry M., The Failure of Recall to Prison: Early Release, Front-Door and Back-
Door Sentencing and the Revolving Prison Door in Scotland, European Journal of Probation (EJP), Vol. 4, No.
1, 2012, 85-98.
24
Ridder S., Beyens K., Snacken S., Does Reintegration Need REHAB? Early Release Procedures Without a
Legal Permit of Residence in Belgium, European Journal of Probation (EJP), Vol. 4, No. 3, 2012, 31.
25
Sugman Subbs K., Ambroz M., Recalling Conditionally Released Prisoners in Slovenia, European Journal of
Probation (EJP), Vol. 4, No.1, 2012, 103.
314
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi xaz-

gasmiT aRniSna, rom samarTlebrivi kategoriis bunebas gansazRvravs ara misi saxelwo-
deba, aramed Sinaarsi, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi subieqtze dakisrebuli funqcia. mo-
samarTle da samosamarTlo uflebamosilebis ganmaxorcielebeli piri funqciurad
identuria; erTic da meorec marTlmsajulebas axorcielebs.26
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros pirobiT vadamde ga-
Tavisuflebis saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWo uflebamosilia Secvalos sa-
samarTlos mier sasjelis SefardebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba saq-
mis yovelmxriv da srulyofilad ganxilvis Semdeg, Seswavlili masalebis safuZvelze.
am ganmartebebidan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom saqmianobis arsis gaTvaliswinebiT, es
organo samosamarTlo funqciis ganmaxorcielebelia. Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyofili
unda iyos sasamarTlo garantiebi da adgilobrivi sabWos saqmianoba akmayofilebdes
samarTlianobis standartebs.
4. damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba
damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba efuZneba konstitucionalizmis umniSvne-

lovanes princips, romlis Tanaxmad, erTiani saxelmwifo xelisufleba ganawilebulia
sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da aRmasrulebel Stoebs Soris. xelisuflebaTa damou-
kidebel nawilebad dayofa adamianis Tavisufali ganviTarebisa da samarTlis uzena-
esobis uzrunvelmyofel winapirobas warmoadgens. mniSvnelovania, rom TiToeulis-
Tvis uzrunvelyofili iyos damoukideblobis xelSeuxebloba da arc erTma miiRos
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba meoreze.27 monteskie miuTiTebda: `mudam ase iyo, rom Za-
lauflebiT mosil kacs misi borotad gamoyenebisaken hqonda da aqvs midrekileba da
ase grZeldeba manam, sanam bariers ar waawydeba. raTa ar moxdes Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyeneba, saqme ise unda moewyos, rom Zalaufleba akontrolebdes Zalauflebas~.28
dauSvebelia sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis erTi piris daq-
vemdebarebaSi gaerTianeba, miT ufro misTvis sasamarTlo uflebamosilebis miniWeba.29
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom marTlmsajuleba iyos
damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli. amas adasturebs monteskies sityvebi: àr arsebobs
Tavisufleba, Tu sasamarTlo xelisufleba gamocalkevebuli ar aris sakanonmdeblo
26
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi – irakli lekveiSvili, koba gociriZe, koba kobaxiZe da saxal-
xo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis winaaRmdeg, 2003
wlis 26 Tebervali, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, I punqti.
27
cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali I, Tb., 2005, 226.
28
Secondat Ch., Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, trans. And ed. Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn
Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, XI, 4, cit., Saio a., xe-
lisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. menaRariSvilis Targ-
mani, red. T. niniZe, Tb., 2003, 89, sqolio 4.
29
Tamanaha B. Z., On the Rule of Law History, Politics, Theory, New York, 2004, 53-54, cit.: gegenava d.,
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi buneba da misi adgili xelisuflebis da-
nawilebis koncefciaSi, Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, I wigni, red. g. kveren-
CxilaZe da d. gegenava, Tb., 2012, 82.
315
da aRmasrulebel saxelisuflebo ganStoebaTagan. Tu is mierTebulia sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebasTan, Zalaufleba moqalaqeTa sicocxlesa da Tavisuflebaze TviTnebu-
ri xdeba, radgan mosamarTle iqceva kanonmdeblad. Tu is mierTebulia aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebasTan, mosamarTle mCagvrelis Zalauflebas iZens~.30
zemoT xsenebuli principi asaxulia rogorc erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi, ise sa-
erTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi. saqarTvelos konstituciis 84-e muxlis pirveli pun-
qtis Tanaxmad, `mosamarTle Tavis saqmianobaSi damoukidebelia da emorCileba mxo-
lod konstitucias da kanons. raime zemoqmedeba mosamarTleze, an Careva mis saqmiano-
baSi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze zegavlenis mizniT akrZalulia da isjeba kanoniT~. ada-
mianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti gansazRvravs, rom
`yvelas aqvs ufleba kanoniT Seqmnili damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos
mier gonivrul vadaSi samarTlian da sajaro mosmenaze~. agreTve sasjelaRsrulebis,
probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris mier 2010 wlis 28 oqtombris
#151-e brZanebiT damtkicebuli adgilobrivi sabWos tipuri debulebis me-3 muxlis me-
10 punqti miuTiTebs, rom `sabWos wevri Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas
damoukidebelia da emorCileba mxolod saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas~.
mosamarTlis damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobis formaluri asaxva sakma-
risi ar aris – amas komunisturi konstituciebic iTvaliswinebda. aucilebelia damo-
ukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelmyofeli qmediTi garantiebis arsebo-
ba.31 Sesabamisad, sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros adgilobrivi sabWos,
rogorc samosamarTlo funqciis ganmaxorcielebeli organos, damoukideblobis da
miukerZoeblobis dasadgenad mizanSewonilia sakiTxis Tanmimdevruli kvleva. adgi-
lobrivi sabWo unda warmoadgendes damoukidebel saxelisuflebo Stos nawils da ak-
mayofilebdes samarTliani sasamarTlos standarts, uzrunvelyofdes mniSvnelovani
sakiTxis neitralurad gadawyvetas.
4.1. damoukidebloba
damoukidebeli sasamarTlos gareSe eWvqveS dadgeboda kanonis uzenaesobisa da

TviT samarTlis arsebobis sakiTxic.32 marTlmsajulebis interess yvelaze metad emsa-
xureba damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistema, romelic saTanado kanonmdeblobis gaT-
valiswinebiT agvarebs subieqtebs Soris warmoSobil davebs. samarTlebriv saxelmwi-
foSi unda gaimijnos uflebamosilebebi aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisufle-
30
Secondat Ch., Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, trans. And ed. Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn
Miller and Harold Samuel Stone, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, XI. 6, cit.: Saio a., xe-
lisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. menaRariSvilis Targ-
mani, red. T. niniZe, Tb., 2003, 268.
31
Svarci h., konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis damkvidreba postkomunistur evropaSi, q.
aleqsiZis Targmani, red. k. kublaSvili, Tb., 2003, 88.
32
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, Tb., 2009, 67.
316
bebs Soris.33 marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli organo ar unda eqvemdebarebodes

romelime saxelmwifo an Tundac arasaxelmwifo subieqts.34
saqmeSi malhausi CexeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg adamianis uflebaTa evropul-
ma sasamarTlom marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli organo, miwis samsaxuri, ar
miiCnia damoukideblad konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis miznebisaTvis. sasa-
marTlom miuTiTa, rom miwis samsaxuri iyo raionuli samsaxuris Semadgeneli depar-
tamenti, romelic mTavrobis kontroliT axorcielebda saxelmwifos adgilobriv ad-
ministraciul funqcias.35
saqmeSi kadubeci slovakeTis winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
piestanis adgilobrivi da trnavas raionuli samsaxurebi mTavrobis zedamxedvelobiT
axorcielebdnen saxelmwifos adgilobriv administraciul funqcias. am organoTa
xelmZRvaneloba iniSneboda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kontroliT, xolo ofic-
rebs, romlebic Sromis kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT iyvnen gaformebuli, anazRaureba-
di mosamsaxureebis statusi eniWebodaT. oficerTa daniSvnis wesis gaTvaliswinebiT,
gare zewolisagan damcavi garantiebis simciris gamo sasamarTlom daadgina me-6 mux-
lis pirvel punqtis darRveva damoukideblobis ararsebobis safuZvliT.36 evropulma
sasamarTlom msgavsad Seafasa sxva raionuli samsaxurebis saqmianoba saqmeSi lauko
slovakeTis winaaRmdeg.37
sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros adgilobrivi sabWos saxelwodeba
ukve TavisTavad miuTiTebs, rom igi warmoadgens aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Stos,
erT-erTi samTavrobo erTeulis Semadgenel nawils. is aris saministros daqvemdeba-
rebaSi arsebuli struqturuli danayofi, romlis wevrebic iniSnebian ministris mier
da ierarqiulad eqvemdebarebian kidec mas. pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis
ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWo administraciuli organoa, romelic gadawyvetile-
bas iRebs individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis formiT. Sesabami-
sad, samosamarTlo funqciis ganxorcieleba konkretul SemTxvevaSi miniWebuli aqvs
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, rac arRvevs xelisuflebaTa danawilebis princips da
marTlmsajulebis damoukidebeli organos mier ganxorcielebis valdebulebas.
mniSvnelovania agreTve saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiTa da adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli sasamarTlos precedentebiT dadgenili damoukideblobis sxva aspeqte-
bis ganxilvac. marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli organos damoukideblobis gan-
sasazRvrad evropuli sasamarTlo yuradRebas aqcevs sxvadasxva faqtors.38 kerZod,
dadgenilia ramdenime moTxovna, romelsac erovnuli sasamarTloebi damoukideblo-
bis uzrunvelsayofad unda akmayofilebdnen. Tavdapirvelad, saqmeSi le konti, van
33
smiti r. k. m., adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, saxelmZRvanelo, me-2 gamocema, m. ko-
biaSvilis Targmani, red. g. joxaZe, Tb., 2005, 358.
34
Tb., 2009, 74.
35
Malhous v. The Czech Republic, [2001] ECHR, App. no 33071/96, 57.
36
Kadubec v. Slovakia, [1998] ECHR, App. no 27061/95, 57.
37
Lauko v. Slovakia, [1998] ECHR, App. no 26138/95, 64.
38
Tb., 2004, 237.
317
loveni da de meieri belgiis winaaRmdeg39 aRniSnuli kriteriumebi sasamarTlos gan-

sasazRvrad Camoyalibda. Tumca wlebis manZilze isini damoukideblobis Sesafasebel
garemoebebad gardaiqmna.40
injali TurqeTis winaaRmdeg aris erTi mravali saqmidan, sadac adamianis ufle-
baTa evropulma sasamarTlom gansazRvra, rom marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli
organos damoukideblobis dasadgenad mxedvelobaSi miiReba iseTi garemoebebi, ro-
gorica wevrebis daniSvnis wesi da vada, gare zegavlenisagan dacvis garantiebi da sasa-
marTlos mier damoukideblobasTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili STabeWdileba.41
4.1.1. daniSvna
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom gansazRvra, rom sasamarTlo orga-

no damoukidebeli unda iyos rogorc aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan, aseve mxaree-
bisagan.42 xelisuflebis danawilebis principidan unda momdinareobdes, rom TiToeul
Stos Tavad hqondes sakuTari struqturisa da organizaciuli mowyobis gansazRvris,
Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvnis ufleba.43 marTalia, xSirad marTlmsajulebis organoe-
bis dafuZnebas da mosamarTleTa daniSvnas sxva saxelisuflebo ganStoeba wyvets, mag-
ram am ukanasknels konkretul saqmeebSi Carevisa da kontrolis ufleba ar aqvs.44 da-
moukideblobis gansazRvrisaTvis arsebiTad mniSvnelovania mosamarTlis daniSvnis
forma.45
adgilobrivi sabWos wevrebs Tanamdebobaze amtkicebs saqarTvelos sasjelaR-
srulebisa da probaciis ministri, saministros mudmivmoqmedi komisiis wardginebis
safuZvelze.46 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli Tavis 2011 wlis angariSSi miuTiTebs,
rom daniSvnis proceduram SesaZloa eWvis qveS daayenos sabWos wevrebis aRmasrulebe-
li xelisuflebisagan damoukideblobis sakiTxi, aseve maTi miukerZoeblobac gadawy-
vetilebis miRebis procesSi.47
39
Le Compte, Van Leuven and De Meyere v. Belgium, [1982] ECHR, App. no 6878/75.
40
41
Incal v. Turkey, [1998] ECHR, App. no 22678/93, 65.
42
Campbell and Fell v. the United Kingdom, [1984] ECHR, App. no 7819/77; 7878/77, 78. ix. korkelia k.,
qurdaZe i., adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropu-
li konvenciis mixedviT, Tb., 2004, 163.
43
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. menaRariSvi-
lis Targmani, red. T. niniZe, Tb., 2003, 111.
44
iqve, 119.
45
Salov v. Ukraine, [2005] ECHR, App. no 65518/01, 80.
46
blo macne #12, 24/03.2010, 41-e muxlis me-3 punqti. saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis,
probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 28 oqtombris #151
brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros
adgilobrivi sabWos tipuri debuleba~, me-3 muxlis me-3 punqti.
47
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis angariSi saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa da Tavi-
suflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2011, 354.
318
unda aRiniSnos, rom msoflios qveynebi mosamarTleTa daniSvnis sxvadasxva wess

gansazRvraven. Sesabamisad, gasakviri ar aris, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sa-
samarTlo cdilobs moeridos am mimarTulebiT wevri saxelmwifoebis kritikas.48 mxo-
lod is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlos wevrebi iniSnebian aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlis mier, TavisTavad ar xelyofs evropuli konvenciiT gansazRvrul uf-
lebas. me-6 muxlis darRvevis dasadgenad, aucilebelia mosamarTlis daniSvnis praq-
tika mTlianobaSi iwvevdes ukanono Sedegebs.49 magaliTad, saqmeSi liTgou gaerTiane-
buli samefos winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom ar CaTvala darRvevad is faqti, rom
saarbitraJo tribunalis or wevrs ganawesebda mTavroba.50
Sesabamisad, sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis ministris mier sabWos wevrebis
daniSvna TavisTavad ar arRvevs samarTliani sasamarTlos standarts. Tumca, rogorc
wina qveTavSi aRiniSna, arsebiT problemas qmnis is garemoeba, rom sabWo Tavad aris sa-
ministros struqturuli erTeuli.
4.1.2. daniSvnis vada
Zlieri, arakontrolirebadi sasamarTlos Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia mdgradi

saxelisuflebo Stos Camoyalibeba. mosamarTlis damoukideblobaze did gavlenas ax-
dens uflebamosilebis vadis xangrZlivoba da misi SezRudvis SesaZlebloba. yvelaze
metad mizanSeuwonelia mosamarTlis daniSvna mokle da ganaxlebadi vadiT.51 Tuki ka-
nonmdebloba mTavrobas aniWebs mosamarTlis xanmokle periodiT, magram ganmeorebiT,
araerTgzis, daniSvnis SesaZleblobas, eWvis qveS dgeba misi damoukideblobis sakiTxi.
Tanamdebobis SenarCunebis mizniT, mosamarTle yovelTvis ecdeba aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebisaTvis sasurveli gadawyvetilebis miiRebas.52
evropis calkeul qveynebSi mosamarTleebi iniSnebian uvadod. Tumca adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi cxadyofs, rom maTi arCeva xuTi
an samwliani periodiT misaRebia damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad.53 saqmeSi ringe-
izeni avstriis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom evropuli konvenciis me-6 mux-
lis pirveli punqtis miznebisaTvis, regionuli komisia, romlis wevrebic Tanamdebo-
baze iniSnebian xuTi wlis vadiT, warmoadgens sasamarTlo organos, romelic damouki-
debelia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da mxareebisagan.54 saqmeSi suteri Sveicariis
48
49
Tb., 2004, 238.
50
Lithgow v. The United Kingdom, [1986] ECHR, App. no 9006/80 202.
51
52
53
iqve.
54
Ringeisen v. Austria, [1971] ECHR, №2614/65, 95.
319
winaaRmdeg mosarCele acxadebda, rom mosamarTleTa daniSvnis wesi ewinaaRmdegeboda

samarTliani sasamarTlos standarts. kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mosamarTles sami
wlis vadiT niSnavda federaluri sabWo, ese igi mTavroba. Tumca evropulma sasamar-
Tlom miuTiTa, rom damoukideblobisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris mosamarTle iniSne-
bodes uvadod, an SeuZlebeli iyos misi gaTavisufleba kanonis safuZvelze. Tuki Ta-
namdebobaze ganwesdeba gansazRvruli periodiT, mniSvnelovania, mosamarTlis mdgo-
mareoba iyos stabiluri da movaleobebis ganxorcielebisas igi ar ganicdides raime
zemoqmedebas.55
saqarTvelos konstituciis 86-e muxlis meore punqtis Tanaxmad, mosamarTle Ta-
namdebobaze ganwesdeba uvadod, kanoniT dadgenili asakis miRwevamde. mosamarTlis
uvadod ganwesebamde kanonma SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos mosamarTlis ganweseba gan-
sazRvruli vadiT, magram ara umetes sami wlisa. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tlom 2003 wlis 26 Tebervals ganixila `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
organuli kanonis 852-e muxlis pirveli punqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxi. aRniSnu-
li normis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos prezidents ufleba hqonda gankargulebiT 18 Tvis
vadiT daeniSna sasamarTlo uflebamosilebis ganmaxorcielebeli piri.56 sasamarTlom
ganmarta, rom SezRuduli vadiT Tanamdebobaze ganweseba uaryofiTad moqmedebs mo-
samarTlis damoukideblobaze. xangrZlivi vadiT an uvadod daniSvna mniSvnelovani
garantia mosamarTlis saqmianobaSi Carevis asacileblad. xangrZlivi periodis gan-
mavlobaSi xelSeuvalobis piroba mosamarTles ganumtkicebs damoukideblobis Segne-
bas.57 Sesabamisad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli.
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros adgilobrivi sab-
Wos tipuri debulebis me-3 muxlis me-11 punqtis Tanaxmad, sabWos wevri Tanamdeboba-
ze iniSneba erTi wlis vadiT. dasaSvebia erTi da imave piris ganmeorebiT damtkiceba.
aSkaraa, rom aseTi xanmokle vadiT daniSvna ver uzrunvelyofs sasamarTlo funqciis
ganmaxorcielebeli piris damoukideblobas.
4.1.3. anazRaureba
samarTliani sasamarTlos arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia finansuri da adminis-

traciuli damoukidebloba. ekonomikuri damokidebulebisas aRmasrulebeli da saka-
nonmdeblo xelisufleba ecdeba dafinansebis SezRudvis an Semcirebis gziT zegavle-
na moaxdinos sasamarTloze.58 kanonisadmi da sasamarTlo xelisuflebisadmi sazoga-
55
Sutter v. Switzerland, [1979] ECHR, №8209/78, 2. makbraidi j., adamianis uflebebi da sisxlis
samarTlis procesi, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-
Tali, evropis sabWo, naTargmnia evropis kavSirisa da evropis sabWos erToblivi pro-
gramis àrasaTanado mopyrobisa da dausjelobis aRmofxvris~ farglebSi, 2011, 154.
56
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi – irakli lekveiSvili, koba gociriZe, koba kobaxiZe da saxal-
xo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis winaaRmdeg, 2003
wlis 26 Tebervali, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo.
57
iqve, IV punqti.
58
Svarci h., konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis damkvidreba postkomunistur evropaSi,
q. aleqsiZis Targmani, red. k. kublaSvili, Tb., 2003, 93.
320
doebis pativiscemas aseve mniSvnelovnad akninebs farTod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba,

rom aRmosavleT evropaSi mosamarTle ìyideba~.59
sruli damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad mosamarTles unda hqondes iseTi
anazRaureba, romelic ganapirobebs mis materialur keTildReobas. evropis sabWoSi
gasawevrianeblad aucilebeli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis Taobaze angariSis momza-
debisas cnobili gaxda, rom saqarTveloSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo mosamarTleebis
mier qrTamis aReba. es arc iyo moulodneli, vinaidan maTi xelfasi, TveSi saSualod
oci amerikuli dolari, ar iyo sakmarisi aucilebeli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofi-
leblad. prezidentma eduard SevardnaZem aRiara kidec, rom saqarTveloSi mxolod
ori Tu sami mosamarTle iyo arakorumpirebuli.60
mosamarTlis Sromis anazRaureba da socialuri dacva sasamarTlo xelisufle-
baSi korufciis Tavidan acilebis garantia.61 saxelmwifos ekisreba valdebuleba, uz-
runvelyos mosamarTleTa saqmianobis da cxovrebis saTanado, Rirseuli pirobebi ma-
Ti damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad.62
pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos wev-
rebi saqmianobas axorcieleben yovelgvari anazRaurebis gareSe.63 faqtobrivad, ase-
Ti umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis gadawyveta warmoadgens maT meorad saqmianobas, romlis
srulyofilad da keTilsindisierad ganxorcielebis interesi dakargulia. sakiTx-
is ase mowesrigeba, erTi mxriv, asustebs sabWos wevrTa damoukideblobis xarisxs da
aZlierebs ZiriTad saqmianobaze mijaWvulobas, meore mxriv, xels uwyobs korufciis
ganviTarebas.
4.1.4. imuniteti
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis mniSvnelovani garanti mosamar-

Tlis imunitetia. es uzrunvelyofs SantaJisa da zegavlenis Tavidan acilebas Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros, prokuraturis Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sxva organo-
59
Svarci h., konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis damkvidreba postkomunistur evropaSi,
q. aleqsiZis Targmani, red. k. kublaSvili, Tb., 2003, 88.
60
evropis sabWo, saparlamento asamblea, àngariSi evropis sabWos standartebTan saqar-
Tvelos marTlwesrigis Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb~ (1997) 1, §115. cit.: treqseli S. (s. j. sa-
mersis daxmarebiT), adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, v. gogelias,
e. lomTaTiZis, e. qarcivaZis, T. ivaniSvilis, n. narindoSvilis Targmani, saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, Tb., 2009, 76-77.
61
korkelia k., mWedliSvili n., nalbandovi a., saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamiso-
ba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da misi oqmebis standartebTan, Tb., 2005,
118.
62
`saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, 04/12/2009, #2257, saqarTvelos
sakanonmdeblo macne #41, 08/12/2009, 68-e muxlis meore punqti.
63
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa mini-
stris 2013 wlis 31 dekembris #377 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos sasjelaRs-
rulebisa da probaciis saministros aparatis Tanamdebobrivi sargoebi~ ar moicavs in-
formacias sabWos wevrTa xelfasis Sesaxeb, <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmss
earch&view=docView&id=2177691&lang=ge>, [31.12.2013].
321
ebisagan. saqarTvelos konstituciis 87-e muxlis pirveli punqti krZalavs saqarTve-

los uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris winaswari an Semdgomi Tanxmobis gareSe mo-
samarTlis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micemas, dakavebas an dapatimrebas, sacx-
ovrebeli sadgomis, avtomanqanis, samuSao adgilis da pirad Cxrekas.
mosamarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis gan-
mxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos wevrs ar icavs imuniteti. mas, rogorc yvela sxva su-
bieqts, SesaZlebelia daekisros sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba yovelgvari
aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo Tu sasamarTlo damcavi privilegiis gareSe. es gare-
moeba kidev ufro amZafrebs eWvs sabWos, rogorc sasamarTlo funqciis ganmaxorcie-
lebeli organos, damoukideblobis Sesaxeb.
4.2. miukerZoebloba
termini miukerZoebloba gonebis iseT mdgomareobas aRniSnavs, romelic gansa-

xilveli sadavo sakiTxis mimarT mxareTa Soris sruli wonasworobiT xasiaTdeba.64 ga-
erTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi adamianis uflebaTa komitetma ganacx-
ada, rom `sasamarTlos miukerZoebloba gulisxmobs, rom mosamarTleebma ar unda Se-
iqmnan raime winaswari warmodgena gansaxilveli saqmis Sesaxeb da ar unda imoqmedon
erT-erTi mxaris interesebidan gamomdinare~.65 xolo adamianis uflebaTa evropulma
sasamarTlom saqmeSi piersaki belgiis winaaRmdeg ganmarta, rom miukerZoebloba gu-
lisxmobs winawari rwmenis an mikerZoebis arqonas.66 Sesabamisad, aucileblad unda ar-
sebobdes garantiebi, romlebic procesis monawileebs ganmsWvalavs ndobiT, rom sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebas miiRebs kanonis safuZvelze, garemoebaTa samarTlianad
Sefasebis gziT.
marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli organos miukerZoeblobis Sefasebisas
evropuli sasamarTlo iyenebs rogorc obieqtur, ise subieqtur tests. obieqturi
testis safuZvelze unda ganisazRvros – arsebobs Tu ara garemoeba, garda mosamar-
Tlis qcevisa, romelic eWvs wamoWris; obieqturad aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, rom mxa-
ris SiSi mikerZoebasTan dakavSirebiT gamarTldes.67 sasamarTlo miukerZoeblad unda
warmoCndebodes Cveulebrivi gonieri moqalaqis, obieqturi damkvirveblis TvalSi.
rac Seexeba subieqtur tests, is dakavSirebulia mosamarTlis pirad damokidebule-
basTan, SexedulebasTan da mas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tumca SeuZlebelia
imis praqtikulad garkveva, sruldeba Tu ara subieqturi testis moTxovna - mosamar-
Tlis gonebrivi mdgomareoba iyos miukerZoebeli. yvela adamiani subieqturi arsebaa
64
65
arvo o. kartuneni fineTis winaaRmdeg, 1992 wlis 21 oqtomberi, 7.2-e punqti, ix.: hanski
r., Sainini m., adamianis uflebaTa komitetis mier ganxiluli ZiriTadi saqmeebi, adamia-
nis uflebaTa instituti, Abo Akademi University, Turqu/Abo, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, 2006,
199.
66
Piersack v. Belgium, [1982] ECHR, App. no 8692/79, 30.
67
Fey v. Austria, [1993] ECHR, App. no14396/88, 30.
322
da mikerZoebisagan absoluturad ver gaTavisufldeba. xSirad gonebaSi Seucnoblad

viTardeba faruli midrekilebebi. SeiZleba mosamarTle, romelic acnobierebs saku-
Tar mikerZoebas, Seswevs TviTkritikisa da TviTkontrolis unari, ufro neitraluri
iyos, vidre mosamarTle, romlisTvisac ucnobia sakuTari midrekilebebi.68
pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos mi-
ukerZoeblobis Sesafaseblad mniSvnelovania iseTi sakiTxebis ganxilva, rogoricaa:
samsaxurebrivi SeuTavsebloba, acileba da saqmis ganxilvaSi adre monawileoba.
4.2.1. samsaxurebrivi SeuTavsebloba
mosamarTlis politikuri, finansuri Tu piradi interesebisagan Tavisufali ga-

dawyvetileba uzrunvelyofili unda iyos specialuri normebiT. kanoniT gaTvalis-
winebulma garantiebma unda aicilos imgvari damokidebuleba, romelmac SeiZleba ga-
moiwvios konfliqti mosamarTlis pirad interessa da saqmis obieqturad gadawyvetis
interess Soris.69
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom samsaxurebriv SeuTavseblobasTan
dakavSirebuli araerTi SemTxveva ganixila. saqmeSi belilosi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg
ganmcxadebeli miuTiTebda, rom policiis sabWo, romelmac jarima daakisra, sapoli-
cio xelisuflebaze daqvemdebarebul organos warmoadgenda. gadawyvetileba miiRe-
boda erTpirovnulad, policiis oficris mier, romelic SeiZleboda yofiliyo, mag-
ram ar iyo miukerZoebeli. zemoxsenebuli organos bunebaze miuTiTebda is garemoe-
bac, rom is iwodeboda administraciul, municipalur xelisuflebad. imis gaTvalis-
winebiT, rom Tanamdebobaze oTxi wlis vadiT iniSneboda, policiis sabWos mosamarTle
namdvilad iyo damoukidebeli. magram is imavdroulad iyo policiis iuristi, sajaro
moxele, romelsac samosamarTlo vadis amowurvis Semdeg SeeZlo policiaSi samuSaod
dabruneba. Sesabamisad, Cveulebrivi moqalaqis, obieqturi damkvirveblis warmodge-
naSi is mainc rCeboda policiis warmomadgenlad, romelic erTgulia Tavisi kolegebis
da eqvemdebareba ufrosebs. amgvarad SeiZleba Seilaxos is ndoba, romelsac demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi sasamarTloebi unda aRZravdnen.70
saqmeSi ringeizeni avstriis winaaRmdeg adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamar-
Tlom ganacxada, rom regionuli sabWo damoukidebeli organo iyo, romlis wevrebic
iniSnebodnen xuTi wlis vadiT da romlisTvisac aucilebeli proceduruli garantie-
bi uzrunvelyofili iyo. regionuli sabWo, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda mosamarTle,
Sedgeboda sajaro moxeleebisa da dainteresebuli organoebis warmomadgenlebisagan.
sabWos SemadgenlobaSi sajaro moxeleebis CarTuloba evropulma sasamarTlom ar mi-
iCnia konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis darRvevad. sabWos wevris wardgena av-
68
69
70
Belilos v. Switzerland, [1988] ECHR, App. no 10328/83, 63-67.
323
striis soflis meurneobis zeda palatis mier ver adasturebda mikerZoebulobis Ta-
obaze gamoTqmul eWvs.71
saqmidan srameki avstriis winaaRmdeg irkveva, rom samosamarTlo funqciis mqone
organos, regionis administraciis, SemadgenlobaSi warmodgenili iyo samxareo mTav-
robis sami sajaro moxele. ringeizenis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze evropulma sasa-
marTlom kvlav gaimeora, rom sajaro moxeleebis arseboba marTlmsajulebis ganma-
xorcielebel organoSi, TavisTavad ar arRvevs konvencias. Tumca mocemuli saqme gan-
sxvavdeboda winamorbedisagan: qalbatoni sramekis sasargeblod gamotanili pirveli
instanciis gadawyvetileba gasaCivrda regionis administraciaSi. samxareo mTavrobis
warmomadgeneli, romelmac saqmeSi SeiZina mxaris statusi, iyo regionuli administra-
ciis erT-erT sajaro moxeleze ierarqiulad zemdgomi Tanamdebobis piri. aRniSnuli
sajaro moxele ki warmoadgenda mTavar figuras gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.
evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT dairRva konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli
punqti: rodesac sasamarTlos Semadgenlobis erT-erTi wevri samsaxurebrivi orga-
nizaciis kuTxiT, movaleobebiT subordinaciul mdgomareobaSia mxaresTan, SesaZloa
gaCndes safuZvliani eWvi mis miukerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT.72
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi kritikas imsaxu-
rebs. Stefan treqseli marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom `damoukidebloba aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebisagan ar aris uzrunvelyofili, rodesac sajaro moxeleebi, romlebic
Cveulebriv administraciuli organos interesebiT xelmZRvaneloben, uecrad miu-
kerZoebeli mosamarTlis rangSi aRmoCndebian~.73 xelisuflebaTa danawilebis sistema
moiazrebs wess, rom xelisuflebis erTi Stos warmomadgeneli piri ar SeiZleba imav-
droulad iyos meoris Semadgeneli nawili.74
saqarTvelos konstituciis 86-e muxlis mesame punqtis Tanaxmad, `mosamarTlis
Tanamdeboba SeuTavsebelia nebismier sxva TanamdebobasTan da anazRaurebad saqmiano-
basTan, garda pedagogiuri da samecniero moRvaweobisa. mosamarTle ar SeiZleba iyos
politikuri partiis wevri, monawileobdes politikur saqmianobaSi~. imave debulebas
imeorebs saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 39-e muxli.
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros adgilobrivi sab-
Wos tipuri debulebis mesame muxli gansazRvravs organos dakompleqtebis wess. adgi-
lobrivi sabWo Sedgeba xuTi wevrisagan, romelic aerTianebs sasjelaRsrulebisa da
probaciis saministros an sasjelaRsrulebis departamentis centraluri aparatis,
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebisa da proba-
ciis erovnuli saagentos, arasamTavrobo organizaciis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-
lobis da iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos TiTo warmomadgenels. cxadia, rom wevrebs aqvT
71
Ringeisen v. Austria, [1976]ECHR, App. no2614/65, 95, 97.
72
Sramek v. Austria, [1984] ECHR, App. no 8790/79, 41-42.
73
Si, v. gogelias, e. lomTaTiZis., e. qarcivaZis, T. ivaniSvilis, n. narindoSvilis Targmani,
74
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. menaRariSvi-
lis Targmani, red. T. niniZe., Tb., 2003, 110.
324
ZiriTadi samsaxuri, romelsac warmoadgenen sabWoSi. ZiriTad samsaxurSi isini axor-

cieleben TavianT funqciebs da iReben Sesabamis anazRaurebas, xolo adgilobrivi sab-
Wos wevroba maTTvis gasamrjelos gareSe SeTavsebiTi saqmianobaa. Sesabamisad, sabWos
wevrebis mier, erTi mxriv, samosamarTlo funqciis ganxorcieleba da, meore mxriv, Zi-
riTadi samsaxuri, romelic dakavSirebulia sajaro moxeleobasTan an sxva sapasuxis-
mgeblo saqmianobasTan, arsebiTad urTierTSeuTavsebelia.
sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris
2013 wlis 31 ivlisis #191 brZanebiT, debulebis me-3 muxlidan amoRebulia me-9 punqti,
romlis Tanaxmadac, garda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenelisa, sabWos
wevrs ekrZaleboda politikuri partiis wevroba, politikur saqmianobaSi monawileo-
ba. debulebis bolo redaqcia uSvebs, rom sabWos wevri iyos politikuri partiis wev-
ri, an monawileobdes politikur saqmianobaSi. es ki arsebiTad ewinaaRmdegeba saqar-
Tvelos konstituciis zemoT xsenebul debulebas.
4.2.2. acileba
aucilebelia sasamarTlo warmodgebodes yovelmxriv neitralurad. marTlmsa-

julebis organos miukerZoebloba SeiZleba eWvis qveS dadges mxaresTan axlo urTier-
Tobis an gansxvavebuli damokidebulebis gamo.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika am mimarTulebiT mraval-
ferovnebiT gamoirCeva. saqmidan holmsi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg irkveva, rom ganmcxade-
bels cili daswames nacistur wreebTan axlo kavSirSi. man es faqti gaasaCivra sasamar-
TloSi, romelic Sedgeboda social-demokratiuli partiis xuTi aqtiuri wevrisagan.
evropuli sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, arsebobda safuZvliani, obieqturi eWvi mar-
Tlmsajulebis organos mikerZoebasTan dakavSirebiT, vinaidan erTi mopasuxeTagani
wlebis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda social-demokratiuli partiis pirdapir Tu ara-
pirdapir mflobels, xolo meore – ideologiur mrCevels.75
saqmeSi pulari gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg ganmcxadebelma erT-erT in-
Jiners SesTavaza korufciuli garigeba, kerZod, qrTamis sanacvlod misi interesebis
dacva. aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme, romelSic inJineri warmoadgenda mTavar mow-
mes. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi iricxeboda batoni forsati, rome-
lic dasaqmebuli iyo inJineris, batoni maklarenis firmaSi. evropulma sasamarTlom
ar daadgina me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis darRveva, vinaidan zemoxsenebuli nafici
msajuli iyo erT-erTi Jiuris TxuTmeti wevridan da uzrunvelyofili iyo miuker-
Zoeblobis garantiebi.76 evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba imsaxurebs kritikas,
radgan marTlmsajulebis organos miukerZoeblobisaTvis aucilebelia eWvi ar arse-
bobdes arc erTi wevris mimarT.
saqme vetSteini Sveicariis winaaRmdeg Seexeboda erT-erT kantonze mimdinare ad-
ministraciul sasamarTlo process. msgavsad sxva kantonebisa, administraciuli sasa-
75
Holm v. Sweden, [1993] ECHR, App. no14191/88, 31-33.
76
Pullar v.The United Kingdom, [1996] ECHR, App. no 22399/93, 37, 40, 41.
325
marTlo Sedgeboda srul da naxevar ganakveTze momuSave mosamarTleebisagan. am uka-

nasknelT aseve SeeZloT yofiliyvnen praqtikosi advokatebi. 1995 wlis 15 Tebervals
ganmcxadebeli warsdga kantonis administraciuli sasamarTlos winaSe, sadac batoni
R warmoadgenda mosamarTles. paralelurad, federalur sasamarTloSi ganmcxadeb-
lis winaaRmdeg mimdinare saqmeSi igive R warmoadgenda municipalitets. amgvarad, R
erTsa da imave dros iTavsebda or funqcias: erTi mxriv, kantonis administraciul sa-
samarTloSi mimdinare ganmcxadeblis saqmeSi igi iyo mosamarTle, xolo, meore mxriv,
federalur sasamarTloSi - imave ganmcxadeblis mowinaaRmdege mxaris warmomadgene-
li. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom arsebobda obieqturad
gamarTlebuli eWvi marTlmsajulebis organos mikerZoebasTan dakavSirebiT.77
miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia erovnuli kanonmdebloba
awesrigebdes mosamarTlis acilebis sakiTxs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis sap-
roceso kodeqsis me-8 Tavi, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-4 Tavi,
saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-3 Tavi78 da `sakonstitucio
samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 25-e muxli iTvaliswinebs mosamar-
Tlis acilebis safuZvlebs, romlebic Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-
marTlos mier dadgenil standartebs.79
pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos ti-
puri debulebis me-15 muxli aregulirebs wevris acilebis sakiTxs sxdomis zepiri mos-
meniT gamarTvis dros: ar unda arsebobdes naTesauri urTierToba an sxva iseTi da-
mabrkolebeli kavSiri, erTi mxriv, msjavrdebuls, mis kanonier warmomadgenels, ad-
vokats, dazaralebuls da, meore mxriv, sabWos wevrs Soris, romelic eWvs gamoiwvevs
am ukanasknelis obieqturobasa da miukerZoeblobaSi. arsebiTi darRvevaa is garemoe-
ba, rom sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris
brZaneba ar iTvaliswinebs zepiri mosmenis gareSe sxdomaze sabWos wevris acilebis
SesaZleblobas. realurad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia naTesaurma kavSirma Tu sxva damab-
rkolebelma garemoebam ganapirobos sabWos wevris mikerZoebuloba zepiri mosmenis
gareSe ganxilvisas. saxezea aSkara xarvezi, romelic aRmofxvras saWiroebs.
4.2.3. saqmis ganxilvaSi adre monawileoba
mosamarTlis monawileoba samarTalwarmoebis adreul etapze SesaZloa aseve

gaxdes miukerZoeblobaze eWvis warmoSobis sakiTxi. mniSvnelovania, rom mosamarTles
ar hqondes winaswar Camoyalibebuli rwmena gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeSi hauSildti daniis winaaR-
mdeg ganixila im mosamarTlis miukerZoeblobis sakiTxi, romelic monawileobda ro-
77
Wettstein v. Switzerland, [2000] ECHR, App. no 33958/96, 45-49.
78
aRsaniSnavia, rom administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi ar Seicavs mosamarTlis acile-
bis maregulirebel normebs da, pirveli muxlis meore punqtis safuZvelze, gamoiyeneba
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis debulebebi.
79
korkelia k., mWedliSvili n., nalbandovi a., saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamiso-
ba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da misi oqmebis standartebTan, Tb., 2005,
158.
326
gorc winasasamarTlo, ise arsebiTi ganxilvis etapze. daniis kanonmdeblobis Tanax-

mad, mosamarTles hqonda miniWebuli sagamoZiebo procesze zedamxedvelobis funqcia.
vinaidan winaswari patimrobis an sxva sakiTxis gadawyvetisas aucilebeli iyo garemoe-
bebisa da pirovnebis Sefaseba, saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis etapze arsebobda eWvi imave
mosamarTlis miukerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT. winasasamarTlo etapze mosamarTle
afasebda pirovnebis mimarT policiis organoTa eWvis safuZvlianobas, xolo arsebiTi
ganxilvisas wardgenili da gamokvleuli mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze – braleulo-
bas. mocemul saqmeSi winasasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gamotanisas cxra SemTxvevaSi
mosamarTlem miuTiTa gansakuTrebiT Zlier eWvze, rom ganmcxadebeli iyo damnaSave.
daniis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, winaswari patimrobis Sefardebisas mosamarTle un-
da darwmunebuliyo, rom braldebulis mimarT arsebobda individualurad dadastu-
rebuli eWvi, rac gulisxmobda arsebiT sicxades bralTan mimarTebaSi. vinaidan gan-
sxvaveba mosamarTlis mier winasasamarTlo da arsebiTi ganxilvis etapze dasadgen
sakiTxebs Soris faqtobrivad ar arsebobda, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamar-
Tlom daadgina me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis darRveva mosamarTlis miukerZoeblobis
mimarT obieqturi eWvis arsebobis gamo.80
saqarTveloSi pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs ganixilavs sami sabWo:
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adgilobrivi sabWo, dasavleT saqarTvelos adgilobrivi
sabWo da arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWo.81 garkveuli pe-
riodis ganmavlobaSi sabWoebis Semadgenloba ucvlelia. xSir SemTxvevaSi msjavrde-
bulis gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs ganmeorebiT ganixilavs sabWos igive Semadgenloba.
magaliTisTvis, 2013 wlis 28 Tebervals arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilvelma ad-
gilobrivma sabWom, #01/13-001 gadawyvetilebiT, msjavrdebuls zepiri mosmenis gareSe
uTxra uari pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebaze. samotivacio nawilidan irkveva, rom
sabWom ixelmZRvanela Sefasebis kriteriumebiT da mxedvelobaSi miiRo mometebuli
safrTxis Semcveli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, dazaralebulis pirovneba da asaki.82 xo-
lo 2013 wlis 31 maiss arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilvelma sabWom yuradReba ga-
amaxvila danaSaulis xasiaTsa da simZimeze, agreTve jgufurad Cadenil qmedebaze da,
#01/13-043 gadawyvetilebiT, imave msjavrdebuls uTxra uari.83 orive SemTxvevaSi sab-
Wom gadawyvetileba miiRo, faqtobrivad, mxolod danaSaulis xasiaTze dayrdnobiT,
sxva mniSvnelovani kriteriumebis Sefasebis gareSe, sakiTxis zepir mosmenaze ganuxil-
velad. SeiZleba obietur damkvirvebels gauCndes eWvi, rom msjavrdebulis pirobiT
vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmeorebiT ganxilvisas adgilobrivi sabWo moqme-
80
Hauschildt v. Denmark, [1989] ECHR, App. no 10486/83, 43, 50-52.
81
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuriduli daxmarebis sakiTxTa mini-
stris 2010 wlis 28 oqtombris №151-e brZaneba `saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da
probaciis saministros adgilobrivi sabWoebis raodenobis, teritoriuli gansjado-
bisa da adgilobrivi sabWos tipuri debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, pirveli muxli.
82
zepiri mosmenis gareSe gadawyvetileba #01/13-001, 2013 wlis 28 Tebervali, arasrul-
wlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWo.
83
iqve.
327
debda wina ganxilvis dros Camoyalibebuli mrwamsiT. damatebiTi Sefasebebi ar ikve-

Teba meore gadawyvetilebidan, sabWos zepiri mosmenis sxdomac ki ar mouwvevia.
5. daskvna
erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcilebuli ukanaskneli cvlilebebis safuZ-

velze, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba CamoerTva sasa-
marTlo organos da gadaeca specialurad Seqmnil adgilobriv sabWos. Tumca istori-
ulma analizma cxadyo, rom saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo organo mxolod dammowmeblis
funqcias asrulebda da praqtikulad gadawyvetilebas mainc ar iRebda.
gadawyvetilebis uflebis pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis adgilobrivi sabWo-
saTvis miniWeba TavisTavad ar xelyofs saerTaSoriso da erovnul doneze dadgenil
standartebs. mniSvnelovania, rom sakiTxis ganmxilveli organo akmayofilebdes sa-
marTliani sasamarTlos standarts.
naSromSi ganviTarebulma Sefasebebma da daskvnebma cxadyo, rom pirobiT vadam-
de gaTavisuflebis adgilobrivi sabWo ar aris damoukidebel organo, vinaidan warmo-
adgens mTavrobis Semadgenel nawils. organos damoukideblobas ver uzrunvelyofs
verc sabWos wevrTa daniSvnis wesi da vada, anazRaureba, imunitetis ararseboba. eW-
vis qveS dgas adgilobrivi sabWos wevrTa miukerZoeblobis sakiTxic: maTTvis pirobiT
vadamde gaTavisuflebis ganxilva mxolod SeTavsebiTi, meoradi saqmianobaa; ar arse-
bobs zepiri mosmenis gareSe ganxilvisas acilebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba.
Sesabamisad, naSromSi ganviTarebuli daskvnebis safuZvelze, aucilebelia ka-
nonmdeblobaSi Sevides cvlilebebi pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis adgilobrivi
sabWos damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad.
328
laSa fanCuliZe*
administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis

gamijvnis sakiTxi sabaJo samarTaldarRvevisaTvis
1. Sesavali
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, teqnologiur ganviTarebasTan erTad, saxelmwifos sazR-

vrebze sabaJo kontroli mxolod ekonomikuri Semosavlisa da stabilurobis uzrun-
velyofis saSualeba aRar aris, aramed mas sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis dacvaSi
mniSnelovani roli akisria. am sakiTxis ganxilva mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac TandaTa-
nobiT aqtualuri xdeba saxelmwifos SigniT sabrZolo iaraRisa da masalebis, qimiuri
da radiaciuli nivTierebebis Semotanaze kontroli. sabaJo kontrolis gverdis av-
liT aRniSnuli saxis sagnebis qveyanaSi importma SesaZloa ekonomikas didi ziani ver
miayenos, Tumca Tavisuflad SeuZliaT sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas Seuqmnas didi
safrTxe. amasTan, gasarkvevia, Tu ra igulisxmeba qimiur da radiaciul nivTierebebSi,
romeli maTgani SeiZleba iyos safrTxis Semcveli da romeli kategoriis nivTierebe-
bi da masalebi unda iqnes moazrebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis (Sem-
dgomSi – sssk) 214-e muxlis Sesabamis makvalificirebel garemoebad. aRniSnulisaTvis
aucilebeli iqneba maTi mimoxilva, sadac zogadi daxasiaTebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli
iqneba maTi dajgufeba, Tu ramdenad uqmnis TiToeuli safrTxes sazogadoebriv usaf-
rTxoebas. gasarkvevia, Tu ra sikeTeebi aris daculi ssk-is 214-e muxliT da amis mixed-
viT SesaZlebeli iqneba imaze msjeloba, Tu ra kategoriis nivTierebaTa ukanono Se-
motana/gatana unda ganisazRvros sisxlissamarTlebrivi da administraciuli wesiT
dasjad qmedebad.
garda zemoTqmulisa, problema SeiZleba Seqmnas Zvirfasi nivTebis sabaJo kon-
trolis gverdis avliT saxelmwifoSi Semotana/gatanis sakiTxmac. miuxedavad imisa,
rom es ukanaskneli sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebas ar uqmnis safrTxes, normatiuli
bundovaneba aqac qmnis garkveul problemebs. saqme exeba sakiTxs, unda iyos Tu ara
Zvirfasi nivTebis minimaluri Rirebuleba dadgenili sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgeblobis dasakisreblad. aRniSnuli qmedebisaTvis administraciuli Tu sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi wesiT dasjadobis sakiTxi calke ganxilvas saWiroebs, vinaidan praqtika-
Si es qmnis seriozul problemebs da samarTaldamcavebs Tavad uwevT praqtikis Semu-
Saveba am bundovanebis aRmosafxvrelad.
amasTan, vinaidan sabaJo wesebis darRveviT saqonlis sazRvarze gadatana ZiriTa-
dad safrTxes uqmnis qveynis ekonomikur stabilurobas, dasadgenia, Tu ra saxis qmede-
bebi SeiZleba moicvas aRniSnulma Semadgenlobam. am SemTxvevaSi muxlis definiciaSi
ubralod „Semotana/gatanis“ cnebis arseboba ar aris sakmarisi, radgan saxelmwifos
sazRvris SigniT saqonlis Semotanac da gatanac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes mraval sxva-
* Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
329
dasxva saqmianobas – iqneba es impotri, reeqsportireba, tranziti, droebiTi Semotana

Tu sxva. amaTgan nawilis ganxorcieleba sabaJo kontrolis gverdis avliT saxelmwi-
fos materialur zians ayenebs, nawili ki ara. amdenad, aRniSnuli qmedebisaTvis admi-
nistraciuli Tu sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT dasjadobis sakiTxi moiTxovs Semdgom
analizs.
sabaJo kontrolis gverdis avliT aseve SesaZlebelia kulturuli Rirebulebis
mqone nivTebis ukanono Semotana an gatana. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq arc sazogadoeb-
riv usafrTxoebasa da arc ekonomikur stabilurobas eqmneba safrTxe, problema mainc
rCeba, vinaidan, samarTlebrivad naTlad ar aris dadgenili kulturuli Rirebulebis
mqone nivTebi. am SemTxvevaSi, problemas ara sisxlis samarTlis kanoni qmnis, romelic
am SemTxvevaSi blanketurad moqmedebs, aramed specialuri normatiuli aqti, sadac
aRniSnuli sakiTxi ar aris gadawyvetili.
saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze moZravi nivTis gadatana/gadmotanisaTvis admi-
nistraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gamijvna mniSvne-
lovania, radgan erTi da imave samarTaldarRvevisaTvis ar SeiZleba samarTlis sxva-
dasxva dargiT dasja. miT umetes maSin, rodesac samarTlis dargebSi sisxlis samar-
Tals bolo adgili ukavia, rogorc yvelaze represiul samarTlis dargs.
administraciul samarTalSi saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze tvirTis gada-
adgilebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia sagadasaxado kodeqsSi, romelic
awesebs pasuxismgeblobas saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze tvirTis gadakveTis Ta-
obaze. am muxlis mniSvnelovani nawili awesebs pasuxismgeblobas iseTi samarTaldar-
RvevisaTvis, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos ssk-Si, kerZod 214-e muxlSi,
ris gamoc maTi gamijvnis sakiTxi moiTxovs Semdgom analizs. TemaSi ganxiluli iqneba
iseTi sakiTxebi, rodesac xdeba kolizia samarTlis sxvadasxva dargs Soris da Tu ro-
gor unda gadawydes aseTi SemTxvevebi.
praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac piris qmedebaSi saxezea sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi niSnebi, Tumca piri isjeba administraciuli wesiT. gaanalizebuli iqneba
aseTi SemTxvevebi, ris Semdegac SeTavazebuli iqneba problemis gadaWris gzebi.
kvlevaSi dayenebuli sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad gamoyenebulia analizisa da sinTe-
zis, induqciisa da deduqciis, aRweris, Sedarebis, sistemuri, dogmatur-iuridiuli
meTodebi.
2. Tavisufal samoqalaqo brunvaSi myofi sagnebis wesis darRveviT

gadatanis an gadmotanis dros administraciuli da
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamijvna
aRsaniSnavia is, rom sagadasaxado kodeqsi sasaqonlo operaciebis ramdenime re-

Jims moicavs. kerZod, esenia: importi, eqsporti, tranziti, sawyobi, reeqsporti, Sida
gadamuSaveba, gare gadamuSaveba, droebiTi Semotana, Tavisufali zona da Tavisufali
sawyobi.1
1
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, muxli 227.
330
laSa fanCuliZe, administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamijvnis
sakiTxi sabaJo samarTaldarRvevisaTvis
am dros yuradReba unda gamaxvildes imaze, Tu romeli maTgani uqmnis safrTxes

qveynis ekonomikur interess. ekonomikuri interesisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna ZiriTa-
dad gulisxmobs imas, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze sabaJo wesis darRve-
viT Semotanili saqonlidan saxelmwifo biujetSi ar Sedis gadasaxadi.2 importis, eq-
sportis, tranzitis, sawyobis, reeqsportis, Sida gadamuSavebis, gare gadamuSavebis,
droebiTi Semotanis, Tavisufali zonis da Tavisufali sawyobis sasaqonlo operacie-
bidan saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze saqonelis Semotanisas Semomtanma mxolod
importis, reeqsportis, droebiTi Semotanis dros unda gadaixados damatebuli Rire-
bulebis gadasaxadi. aseve, importis dros pirma unda gadaixados damatebuli Rirebu-
lebis gadasaxadTan erTad importis gadasaxadi. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos ekonomikur
interess ziani adgeba mxolod saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze saqonlis sabaJo
wesis darRveviT importis, reeqsportis da droebiTi Semotanis dros.3
saqarTvelos ekonomikur interesess mxolod importi, reeqsporti da droebi-
Ti Semotanis sasaqonlo operacia uqmnis safrTxes. sxva danarCen SemTxvevebSi Semota-
nili nivTi, magaliTad, oqro gadis sxva qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, erTnairad ar unda is-
jebodis piri, romelsac saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze sabaJo wesis darRveviT
Semoaqvs oqro da axorcielebs saqonlis imports da is piri, romelic saqarTveloSi
tranzitiT Semodis da saqonelTan erTad somxeTSi midis, ris gamoc misi saqoneli da-
matebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadiT da importis gadasaxadiT ar ibegreba.
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom ssk-is me-7 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT,
danaSuls ar warmoadgens iseTi qmedeba, romelic Tumca formalurad Seicavs ssk-iT
gaTvaliswinebul romelime qmedebis niSnebs, magram imdenad umniSvneloa, rom ar gamo-
uwvevia ziani, romelic aucilebels gaxdida misi Camdenis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasu-
xismgeblobas. saqarTvelos ekonomikur interess ziani adgeba mxolod saqarTvelos
ekonomikur sazRvarze saqonlis sabaJo wesis darRveviT importis, reeqsportis da
droebiTi Semotanis dros. rac Seexeba eqsportis, tranzitis, sawyobis, Sida gadamuSa-
vebis, gare gadamuSavebis, Tavisufali zonis da Tavisufali sawyobis sasaqonlo ope-
raciebis SemTxvevebs, am dros ziani ar adgeba saqarTvelos ekonomikur interess, ris
gamoc piri, romelic saqonels am sasaqonlo operaciebSi moaqcevs, ar unda daisajos
sisxlis samarTlis wesiT.
ssk-is 214-e muxli awesebs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas saqarTvelos
ekonomikur sazRvarze saqonlis sabaJo wesis darRveviT saqonlis Semotanaze nebis-
mieri sasaqonlo operaciis dros, maSin rodesac ziani saqarTvelos ekonomikur in-
teress adgeba mxolod importis, reeqsportis da droebiTi Semotanis dros. amitom,
ssk-is 214-e muxlis redaqcia unda Seicvalos da masSi unda dakonkretdes, Tu romeli
sasaqonlo operaciebis dros daisjeba piri sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT, ris Sedega-
dac saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze saqonlis sabaJo wesis darRveviT importis,
reeqsportis da droebiTi Semotanis dros piri daisjeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi we-
siT, xolo sxva sasaqonlo operaciis dros sagadasaxado kodeqsiT.
2
Драганова В. Г., Рассалова М. М., Таможное право, Закон и право, М., 2011, 124.
3
331
2.1 kulturuli memkvidreobis wesis darRveviT gadatanis an

gadmotanis dros administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis gamijvna
imisaTvis, rom gairkves, Tu ra aris kulturuli memkvidreobis Zegli, saWiroa

ganisazRvros, Tu ra aris kulturuli memkvidreoba. kulturuli memkvidreoba SeiZ-
leba iyos materialuri da aramaterialuri.
materialuri kulturuli memkvidreoba adamianis mier an adamianis bunebaze ze-
moqmedebis Sedegad Seqmnili nebismieri saxis mxatvruli, esTetikuri, istoriuli,
memorialuri Rirebulebis mqone arqiteqturuli, xelovnebis, qalaqTmSeneblobiTi,
sasoflo, arqeologiuri, anTropologiuri, eTnografiuli, monumenturi, teqnikis
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli uZravi an moZravi obieqtebia.
aseve, kulturul memkvidreobas ganekuTvneba dokumenturi masalebi, baRebi,
parkebi, landSafturi arqiteqturis obieqtebi, istoriuli dasaxlebebi, istoriu-
lad Camoyalibebuli garemo, dakavSirebuli qveynis istoriasTan, ganviTarebasTan,
folklorTan, rwmenasa da tradiciebTan, adre an amJamad arsebul civilizaciasTan.4
aramaterialur kulturul memkvidreobas ganekuTvneba zepirsityvierebis
tradiciebi da gamoxatvis formebi, enis, rogorc materialuri kulturuli memkvid-
reobis matareblis, CaTvliT, saSemsruleblo xelovneba, adaT-wesebi, Cveulebebi,
tradiciul xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli codna da unar-Cvevebi, aseve maTTan dakav-
Sirebuli instrumentebi, sagnebi, artefaqtebi da kulturuli sivrceebi, romlebic
sazogadoebis, jgufebisa da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, calkeuli pirebis mier aRiarebu-
lia maTi kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilad.
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zegli aris: kulturuli memkvidreobis uZravi an
moZravi obieqti, romelsac kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb kanoniT dadgenili we-
siT mieniWa Zeglis statusi. Tumca CvenTvis mxolod moZravi obieqtebia saintereso.
magaliTad: kulturuli memkvidreobis moZrav Zegls ganekuTvneba niko firosmanaSvi-
lis mier Sesrulebuli naxati „kaxuri Rvino“, Jirafi, meTevze, xolo uZrav Zegls sve-
ticxoveli, jvris monasteri da a.S.
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi eniWeba obieqts, romelsac aqvs isto-
riuli an kulturuli Rirebuleba, dakavSirebuli mis siZvelesTan, unikalurobasTan
an avTentikurobasTan. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kanonmdebloba icnobs kulturuli
memkvidreobis kompleqsur Zegls, am safuZvlis arsebobisas kulturuli memkvidre-
obis kompleqsuri Zeglis statusi mieniWeba fizikurad, funqciurad, istoriulad an
teritoriulad dakavSirebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis erTobliobas,
romelic topografiulad identificirebadi erTeulia.
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusis obieqtisaTvis miniWebis sakiTxs ga-
nixilavs kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministroSi arsebuli kulturisa da ZeglTa
dacvis ministris saTaTbiro organo – kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis sabWo.5
4
saqarTvelos kanoni `licenziisa da nebarTvis gacemis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 3.
5 saqarTvelos kanoni `kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb~, muxli 15.
332
obieqts kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi eniWeba sabWos Sesabamisi

daskvnis safuZvelze, ministris individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aq-
tiT.
ministris individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti obieqtis kultu-
ruli memkvidreobis obieqtTa siaSi Setanis Sesaxeb ZalaSi Sedis gamoqveynebis momen-
tidan, rac aisaxeba Zeglebis saxelmwifo reestrSi da saministros internetgverdze.6
kulturuli faseulobis saqarTvelodan gatanaze nebarTvas gascems saqarTve-
los kulturis da ZeglTa dacvis saministro.7 mxolod am Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi Se-
iZleba sabaJo sazRvarze kulturuli faseulobis saqarTvelodan gatana samewarmeo
mizniT. saqarTveloSi dadgenilia kulturuli faseulobis saqarTvelodan gatana-
ze nebarTvis erTiani forma, romelsac amtkicebs saqarTvelos kulturis da ZeglTa
dacvis saministro.
saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtis gadasata-
nad aucilebelia nebarTva, romelsac gascems kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saminis-
tro.8
nebarTvis maZiebeli nebarTvis misaRebad nebarTvis gamcems warudgens werilo-
biT gancxadebas. gancxadeba unda Seicavdes: fizikuri pirisaTvis – dabadebis adgilsa
da TariRs, samuSao da sacxovrebeli adgilebis misamarTebs; individualuri mewarmi-
saTvis – samewarmeo reestrSi registraciis Sesaxeb monacemebs, iuridiuli pirisaTvis
saWiroa samewarmeo reestrSi registraciis Sesaxeb monacemebi, miTiTeba, Tu romeli
nebarTvis miRebas moiTxovs nebarTvis maZiebeli.9
samewarmeo mizniT kulturuli faseulobis saqarTvelodan gatanisa da droebiT
gatanis Sesaxeb nebarTvis gacemis, moqmedebis SeCerebis, ganaxlebis, gauqmebis, masze
uaris Tqmisa da masSi cvlilebebis Setanis wesi ganisazRvreboda samewarmeo saqmiano-
bis licenziisa da nebarTvis gacemis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Sesaba-
misad. aRniSnuli kanoni gauqmebulia.10
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtTa siaSi SeiZleba Setanil iqnes moZravi nivTi, Tu ver xerxdeba aramaterialuri
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtis raobis srulyofili gansazRvra, aseve rodesac
mis istoriul an kulturul RirebulebasTan dakavSirebuli monacemebi gadamowmebas
an damatebiT Seswavlas saWiroebs. aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis obieq-
tTa siaSi obieqtis Setanis momentidan masze vrceldeba „kulturuli memkvidreobis
Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT Zeglis mimarT dadgenili samarTlebrivi reJimi. obieq-
ti aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtTa siaSi SeiZleba Setanil iqnes
mxolod eqvsi Tvis vadiT, am vadis gagrZeleba SeiZleba mxolod erTxel, ara umetes 6
Tvisa. Sesabamisad, jamSi, aRniSnuli procesi SeiZleba 12 Tvemde gagrZeldes.
6
saqarTvelos kanoni `kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb~, muxli 15.
7
8
saqarTvelos kanoni `samewarmeo saqmianobis licenziisa da nebarTvis gacemis
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 19.
9
10
iqve, muxli 43.
333
saministro, aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtTa siaSi Seta-

nil obieqts misTvis Zeglis statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, mi-
si saxeobis, mniSvnelobis, mdgomareobis, istoriuli da kulturuli Rirebulebisa da
kategoriis gansazRvrisaTvis Sesabamisi daskvnis miRebis mizniT, warudgens kultu-
ruli memkvidreobis dacvis sabWos.
Tu saTanado kvlevebis Sedegad dadgindeba, rom ar arsebobs aramaterialuri
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtTa siaSi Setanili obieqtisaTvis Zeglis statu-
sis miniWebis safuZvlebi, sabWos daskvnis safuZvelze, ministri uflebamosilia, amo-
ricxos obieqti aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtTa siidan.
kulturuli memkvidreobis gatanisas arsebobs aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT pa-
timrobis gamoyenebis yvela safuZveli.11 patimrobis vada aris 9 Tve.12 arsebobs SesaZ-
lebloba imisa, rom piri saTanado wesis darRveviT Seecados kulturul obieqtTa er-
Tian siaSi droebiT Setanili nivTis saqarTvelos sazRvarze gadatanas. am dros piri
unda daisajos sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT, radgan kulturul obieqtTa erTian sia-
Si droebiT Setanil nivTze vrceldeba Zeglis mimarT dadgenili samarTlebrivi reJi-
mi,13 ris gamoc piri SesaZloa daakaon, patimroba Seufardon. Semdeg ki gaasamarTlon
6 TveSi. Semdeg, sabWos daskvnis safuZvelze aRmoCndes, rom aRniSnuli nivTi ar gane-
kuTvneba kulturul faseulobas. piri patimrobis vadis bolo dResac rom gaasamar-
Tlon, es vada mainc ar iqneba sakmarisi, radgan kulturuli memkvidreobis erTian sia-
Si droebiT Setanis 6-Tviani vada SeiZleba gagrZelebul iqnes kidev 6 TviT, ris gamoc
saxezea jamSi 12 Tve. mas Semdeg, rac, sabWos daskvnis safuZvelze, ministri amoricxavs
droebiT Setanil moZrav nivTs erTiani siidan, saxeze aRar iqneba danaSaulis Semad-
genloba, piri ki ukve gasamarTlebuli iqneba.
udanaSaulo piris gasamarTlebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa 214-e muxlis Se-
niSvnaSi ganisazRvros, rom aRniSnuli muxli ar vrceldeba kulturuli memkvidreo-
bis obieqtTa siaSi droebiT Setanil kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebze. kerZod sa-
gadasaxado kodeqsis 289-e muxlSi unda moxdes Sesabamisi cvlileba, ris Sedegadac Tu
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtTa siidan droebiT Setanli nivTi amoiricxeba, pirs
daubrundeba gadaxdili jarima.
praqtikaSi gvxdeba SemTxveva, rodesac aris eWvi, rom konkretuli nivTi ganekuT-
vneba kulturul memkvidreobas, ris gamoc Semosavlebis samsaxuri aCerebs am nivTis
saqarTvelodan gatanas da elodeba Sesabamis dokuments, romlis warmodgenis Semdeg
igi iRebs am nivTis saqarTvelodan gatanis an masalebis sagamoZiebo samsaxurisaTvis
gadacemis gadawyvetilebas. magaliTad: 2013 wlis 01 ivniss foTis portis gavliT, be-
lorusiis mimarTulebiT RviniT datvirTuli satvirTo avtomanqana gadaadgildebo-
da. sabaJo kontrolis ganxorcielebisas avtomanqanaSi me-19 saukuneSi gamocemuli 20
cali wigni aRmoaCines. manqanis mZRols ganumartes, rom wignebi, siZvelidan gamomdi-
nare, SesaZloa kulturul memkvidreobas ganekuTvnebodes, mas ki Sesabamisi nebarTva
ar hqonda, ris gamoc aRniSnuli nivTebis gatana SeCerda saTanado dokumentis wardge-
11
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, muxli 198.
12
iqve, muxli 205.
13
saqarTvelos kanoni `kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb~, muxli 15.
334
namde.14 aRniSnuli wignebis sakiTxi jer ar garkveula. Tu wignebi ar ganekuTvneba kul-

turul memkvidreobas, Semosavlebis samsaxuri nivTebis gatanis proceduras ganaax-
lebs. Tu wignebi kulturul memkvidreobas ganekuTvneba, gveqneba ssk-is 214-e muxlis
me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis niSnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ssk-is 214-e mux-
li aris ganzraxi danaSauli, ris gamoc Semosavlebis samsaxuri masalebs gadacems fi-
nansTa saministros sagamoZiebo samsaxuris sagamoZiebo departaments, raTa gairkves,
pirma icoda Tu ara, rom gadahqonda kulturul memkvidreobas mikuTvnebuli nivTebi.
am sakiTxis garkvevis Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli piris dasja ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-3
nawiliT.
2.2. Zvirfasi liTonisagan damzadebuli saiuveliro nakeTobis

an nakeTobis jarTis wesis darRveviT gadatanis an
Zvirfasi liToni aris nebismieri saxis oqro, vercxli, platina, aseve, paladiumi
nebismier mdgomareobaSi – nedleuli, Senadnobebi, naxevarfabrikatebi, laboratori-
uli WurWeli da instrumentebi, qimiuri naerTebi, jarTi da narCenebi.15
Zvirfasi liTonis jarTad miiCneva liTonis meoradi nedleuli, romelic gan-
kuTvnilia sawarmoo gadamuSavebisaTvis da romelic warmoiSveba liTonis warmoebis
an meqanikuri damuSavebis procesSi, aseve liTonis is nakeTobebi, romlebic gamousa-
degaria im daniSnulebiT gamosayeneblad, risTvisac isini Seiqmna gatexvis, gacveTis
meqanikuri, qimiuri dazianebis an sxva mizezTa gamo.16
Zvirfasi liTonebis aRricxva xdeboda saqarTvelos kanoniT `Zvirfasi liTo-
nebisa da Zvirfasi qvebis saxelmwifo kontrolis, analizisa da dadamRvis Sesaxeb~,
romlis mixedviTac Zvirfasi liTonebis aRricxvas awarmoebda finansTa saministros
Zvirfasi liTonebis da Zvirfasi qvebis zedamxedvelobis departamenti. 2005 wlis 01
ianvramde Zvirfasi liToniT da Zvirfasi liTonis jarTiT vaWroba saWiroebda licen-
zias, ris gamoc aRniSnuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli pirebi valdebuli iyvnen, ewarmo-
ebinaT Zvirfasi liTonebis, Zvirfasi qvebis da nawarmis, agreTve warmoebis procesSi
warmoqmnili jarTisa da narCenebis raodenobisa da wonis aRricxva.
saxelmwifo, kerZod finansTa saministro, Zvirfasi liTonebis nawarmis sinjiT
moniSvnisas iyenebda damRas. damRas saWiroebda 375-ze meti sinjis oqros nawarmi. 830-
ze meti sinjis vercxlis nawarmi, 950-ze meti sinjis platinis nawarmi, 500-ze meti sin-
jis paladiumis nawarmi. araZvirfasi liToniT, inertuli masiT mTlianad dafaruli
an SeRebili nawarmi ar saWiroebda dadamRvas. sinjSi igulisxmeba Zvirfasi liTonebis
14
ix. <http://rs.ge/Default.aspx?sec_id=4845&lang=1&newsid=2507>, [28.04.2014].
15
saqarTvelos kanoni `Zvirfasi liTonebisa da Zvirfasi qvebis saxelmwifo kontrolis,
analizisa da dadamRvis Sesaxeb~, muxli 2.
16
mTavrobis dadgenileba Savi anda feradi liTonebis jarTis da Savi anda feradi
liTonebis narCenis eqsportis momsaxurebis tarifis odenobisa da gadaxdis wesis
gansazRvris Taobaze, muxli 1.
335
Senadnobebis xarisxi, romlisganac damzadebulia nawarmi, romelic gamoxatavs Zvir-

fasi liTonis woniTi erTeulis raodenobas Senadnobis aTaseul woniT erTeulSi.
savaldebulo sasinj kontrols eqvemdebareboda saqarTvelos teritoriaze damza-
debuli nawarmi, romelic gankuTvnili iyo gasayidad an Sesrulebuli iyo dakveTiT.
aseve, saqarTveloSi gasayidad Semotanili ucxouri nawarmi da 1950 wlamde damzadde-
buli nawarmi, Tu igi iyo vaWrobis an yidva-gayidvis sagani.17
Tumca 2005 wlis 01 ianvridan aRniSnuli kanoni Zaladakargulad iqna cnobili,
radgan Zvirfasi liTonebis gasayidad licenzia saWiro aRar aris.
Zvirfasi liTonis aRniSnuli definicia ar gamodgeba ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-3 na-
wiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSulis dasakvalificireblad, radgan is kanoni, romel-
Sic aRniSnuli definicia iyo gansazRvruli, Zaladakargulad aris gamocxadebuli
2005 wlis 01 ianvridan.18
ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT, iseTi Zvirfasi liTonis Semotanaa ak-
rZaluli, romelic aris saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT aRricxuli. 2005 wlis 01 ian-
vridan Zvirfasi liTonis aRricxva aRar warmoebs.
saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze gadaadgilebisas pirma fizikuri piris sabaJo
deklaraciaSi unda miuTiTos Zvirfaseulobis Sesaxeb, romelSic Sedis Zvirfasi li-
Tonebi, qvebi da nakeTobebi, antikvaruli nivTebi da xelovnebis nimuSi xatebi, naxa-
tebi, qandakebebi da sxva.19 amasTan sabaJo deklaraciaSi araswori monacemebis Setana
an sabaJo organos pasuxismgebeli muSakisaTvis araswori informaciis miwodeba ga-
moiwvevs pasuxismgeblobas saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.20 Sesabamisad,
arsebobs erTi samarTlebrivi aqti, romelSic naxsenebia Zvirfaseuloba, es aris „fi-
zikuri piris sabaJo deklaraciis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos finansTa ministris brZaneba,
romelic ZvirfaseulobaSi moiazrebs Zvirfas liTonebs, qvebs da nakeTobebs. Sesaba-
misad, Tundac 0,1 grami oqrosgan da vercxlisgan an Tundac 1 larad Rirebuli Zvir-
fasi liTonisagan damzadebuli saiuveliro nakeTobis Semomtanic gansakuTrebuli
simkacriT unda daisajos, kerZod ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT, radgan ssk-is 214-e
muxlis me-3 nawilSi miTiTebulia Zvirfasi liTonis wesis darRveviT Semotana an ga-
tana, Zvirfasi liTonebis Sesaxeb wesi ki gansazRvrulia mxolod finansTa ministris
zemoaRniSnul brZanebaSi.
praqtikam ganviTarebis sxva gza pova. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqarTvelos saba-
Jo sazRvarze xdeba, magaliTad, oqros an vercxlis nakeTobis Semotana an gatana, dgin-
deba aRniSnuli nakeTobebis sabaJo Rirebuleba. Tu sabaJo Rirebuleba gadaaWarbebs
ssk-is 214-e muxlis SeniSvniT gaTvaliswinebul zRvars, maSin qmedeba kvalificirdeba
17
analizisa da dadamRvis Sesaxeb~, muxli 7.
18
analizisa da dadamRvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Zaladakargulad cnobis Taoba-
ze, muxli 1.
19
finansTa ministris brZaneba # 1036 fizikuri piris sabaJo deklaraciis Sesaxeb finansTa
ministris 2005 wlis 05 aprilis # 221 brZanebaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis
Sesaxeb, danarTi 2.
20
336
ssk-is 214-e muxlis pirveli, xolo nivTis gansakuTrebiT didi odenobis sabaJo Rire-
bulebis SemTxvevaSi ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT.
2014 wlis 14 marts sabaJo gamSveb punqtze „yazbegi” ruseTis mxridan Semosul
somxeTis moqalaqe g.s.-s bargis daTvalierebisas 71,8 grami oqros nakeToba aRmouCi-
nes. saqonlis Rirebulebam Seadgina 3576,4 lari.
2014 wlis imave dRes sabaJo gamSveb punqtze „yazbegi” ruseTis mxridan Semosul
azerbaijanis moqalaqe a.s.-s bargis daTvalierebisas 94,15 grami oqros nakeToba aRmo-
uCines. saqonlis Rirebulebam Seadgina 3667,9 lari.
zemoaRniSnul or magaliTSi oqros nakeTobebis gatana xdeboda malulad, magram
sabaJo Rirebuleba ar aRemateboda 5000 lars, ris gamoc ssk-is 214-e muxlis SeniSvnis
mixedviT saxeze ar gvaqvs danaSaulis Semadgenloba. somxeTis moqalaqe g.s. sagadasaxa-
do kodeqsis 289-e muxlis me-10 nawilis mixedviT dajarimda 3576,4 lariT, xolo azer-
baijanis moqalaqe a.s. – 3667,9 lariT.
Tumca, rodesac oqros sabaJo Rirebuleba aRemateba 5000 lars, saxeze aris dana-
Saulis Semadgenloba, kerZod, 2014 wlis 08 Tebervals sabaJo gamSveb punqtze „yazbe-
gi” ruseTis mxridan Semosul ruseTis moqalaqes g.e.-s bargis daTvalierebisas 427,46
grami oqros nakeToba aRmouCines. saqonlis Rirebulebam Seadgina 26551,02 lari da igi
malulad iyo Semotanili, ris gamoc mas brali waredgina saqarTvelos ssk-is 214-e mux-
lis me-2 nawiliT.21 Tumca zemoaRniSnul samive magaliTSi unda damdgariyo sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, radgan, rogorc aRiniSna, Zvirfasi liTonis Semotanis
wesi gansazRvrulia mxolod „fizikuri piris sabaJo deklaraciis Sesaxeb” saqarTve-
los finansTa ministris brZanebaSi, xolo 214-e muxlis me-3 nawilSi ar aris saubari
didi odenobiT nivTis Semotanaze. 214-e muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT, Tundac 0,1 gra-
mi oqrosgan da vercxlisgan an Tundac 1 larad Rirebuli Zvirfasi liTonisagan dam-
zadebuli saiuveliro nakeTobis Semomtanic unda daisajos ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-3
nawiliT.
aRniSnuli praqtika ewinaaRmdegeba ssk-is 214-e muxlis definicias, radgan ssk-
is 214-e muxlis SeniSvnaSi aRniSnuli zRvari exeba moZravi nivTis sabaJo Rirebulebas
mxolod pirvel da me-2 nawilebisaTvis, radgan moZravi nivTis did da gansakuTrebiT
did odenobebze saubari mxolod am nawilebSia.
gamodis, rom ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-3 nawilSi miTiTebuli saqarTvelos sabaJo
sazRvarze Zvirfasi liTonisagan dazadebuli saiuveliro nakeTobis an nakeTobis
jarTis wesis darRveviT gadatana an gadmotana ubralod ar gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi.
amis mizezi aris is, rom 2005 wlis 01 ianvridan Zvirfasi liTonis aRricxva aRar warmo-
ebs, radgan „Zvirfasi liTonebisa da Zvirfasi qvebis saxelmwifo kontrolis, analizi-
sa da dadamRvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni Zaladakargulad iqna cnobili, ris gamoc
saWiroa ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-3 nawilSi cvlilebebis Setana da am definiciis amoReba.
Sesabamisad, rodesac ssk-is 214-e muxlis SeniSvniT gaTvaliswinebul zRvars ar
gadaaWarbebs Zvirfasi liTonis gadmotana an gadatana, pirs sisxlissasamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreba. mas daekisreba administraciuli pasuxismgebloba.22
21
22
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 289-e muxli.
337
3. administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis

gamijvna Tavisufal samoqalaqo brunvidan
amoRebuli sagnebis gadatana an gadmotanis dros
3.1. birTvuli da radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis wesis darRveviT

ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawilSi kriminalizebulia iseTi iaraRis, masalis an

mowyobilobis Semotana, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRis Sesaqmnelad. masSi moiazreben iaraRs, romelsac SeuZlia moklas da mniSnelo-
vani ziani miayenos adamianTa did jgufs, aseve sxva sicocxlis formebs, an mniSvnelov-
nad daazianos adamianis mier Seqmnili struqturebi, magaliTad, Senobebi da bunebrivi
struqturebi. eseT iaraRTa jgufs ganekuTvneba: birTvuli, qimiuri, biologiuri da
radiaqtiuri iaraRi. masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis cneba dRemde ar aris Camoyali-
bebuli arc qarTul da arc saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobaSi,23 ris gamoc kanonmdebels
Tavi unda Seekavebina aseTi terminis ssk-Si gamoyenebisagan. amitom saqarTveloSi ase-
Ti nivTierebis Semotanis dros iniSneba eqspertiza, romelic adgens, konkretuli niv-
Tiereba aris Tu ara masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi an masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis
Sesaqmnelad gamiznuli. aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta ki uwevs eqsperts, romelsac
ar aqvs SesaZlebloba, ixelmZRvanelos saqarTveloSi moqmedi romelime normatiu-
li aqtiT, sadac iqneboda gansazRvruli masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis cneba da Ca-
moTvlili iqneboda is nivTierebebi, romlebic gankuTvnilia masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRis Sesaqmnelad. Sesabamisad, eqspertma unda gamoiyenos romelime konkretuli
mecnieris saxelmZRvanelo da amis safuZvelze Seadginos eqspertizis daskvna, rac ga-
urkvevlobas iwvevs, radgan TviTon mecnierebSi sxvadasxva mosazrebaa iseT sabaziso
sakiTxzec ki, qimiuri iaraRi unda CaiTvalos Tu ara masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRad.
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, mxolod birTvuli da radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi unda ga-
nixilebodes masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRad.24 saWiroa normatiuli aqti, romelic
gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda CaiTvalos masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRad. dReis mdgoma-
reobiT, aseTi normatiuli aqti ar arsebobs, ris gamoc termini „masobrivi ganadgure-
ba“ unda iqnes amoRebuli.
birTvuli iaraRi aris xelsawyo, romelic qmnis atomur energias afeTqebis gziT,
atomis gayofis an sinTezis reaqciis Sedegad.25
23
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gansazRvrebisaTvis, Carus W. S., Defining Weapons of Mass
Destruction, National Defense University, 2012, <http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/CSWMD-OccasionalPa-
pers/CSWMD_OccationalPaper-8.pdf>, [28.04.2014].
24
Carter A.B., How to Counter WMD, Foreign Affairs, 2004, 73, aseve, Harigel G.G., Chemical and Biologi-
cal Weapons: Use in Warfare, Impact on Society and Environment, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 2001,
<http://www.wagingpeace.org/chemical-and-biological-weapons-use-in-warfare-impact-on-society-and-en-
vironment>, [25.04.2014].
25
2010 wlis 24 dekemberis saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №397, saqarTvelos sa-
sazRvro gamtar punqtebSi, aeroportebSi, navsadgurebsa da sazRvao sivrceSi birT-
338
birTvuli da radiaqtiuri nivTierebis sabaJo wesis darRveviT Semotanis an ga-

tanis dasjadobis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom aRniSnuli nivTiereba saf-
rTxes uqmnis sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, ris gamoc maTi brunvis mimarT specialu-
ri wesebia dadgenili.26 am wesebis mizania birTvuli da radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis
ukanono brunvis aRkveTa, radioaqtiur kontrols daqvemdebarebuli saqonlis gada-
zidvebis samarTlebrivi regulireba da saqarTvelos radiaciuli usafrTxoebis uz-
runvelyofa.
radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi, saSiSroebis donis mixedviT, iyofa oTx jgufad. pir-
veli jgufis radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi ar aris saSiSi, yvelaze saSiSia me-4 jgufis ra-
diqtiuri nivTierebebi.27
pirveli jgufis radioaqtiur nivTierebebs ganekuTvneba garemoSi bunebrivad
arsebuli radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi. bunebrivad arsebuli radioaqtiuri nivTiere-
bebs gaaCniaT gamosxivebis doza, radioaqtiuri aqtivobis done, romelic ganpirobe-
bulia garemoSi myofi bunebrivi an sxva radioaqtiuri wyaroebiT. bunebrivad arsebul
radioaqtiur nivTierebebze ar vrceldeba kontroli.
yvela minerali da qani Seicavs mcire raodenobiT urans, Toriumisa da kaliumis
radioaqtiur izotops.28 Tu I jgufis radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi koncentrirebulia
raime saganSi, misma radiaciulma donem SeiZleba miaRwios im zRvars, romlis aRmoCe-
nac SesaZlebelia radiaciis monitoris gamoyenebiT. xelis deteqtorebis saSualebiT
xSirad xdeba izotopebis – radiumis, Toriumisa da kaliumis aRmoCena. bunebriv radi-
oaqtiur nivTierebebs aseve Seicavs keramikuli filebi, xreSi da kaliumiani sasuqebi.29
me-2 jgufis radioaqtiuri nivTierebebs ganekuTvneba iseTi izotopebi, romle-
bic ZiriTadad medicinaSi gamoiyeneba da maTi gamoyeneba teroristuli mizniT nakle-
bad SesaZlebelia; am jgufs ganekuTvnebian izotopebi – CS-137, AM-241, CO-60 da sxv.30
me-3 jgufis radioaqtiuri nivTierebebs ganekuTvneba industriul warmoeba-
sa da kvlevebSi gamoyenebadi radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi. es nivTierebebi ZiriTadad
gvxvdeba samrewvelo masalebSi. zogjer maT gamoiyeneben radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis
meqanizmis Sesaqmnelad. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs formas, romelSic es nivTiereba
aris aRmoCenili, rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iZleva warmodgenas maTi gamoyenebis miznis
Sesaxeb. am saxis nivTierebis gadazidvis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia specialuri dafa-
vul da radioaqtiur nivTierebaTa aRmoCenisas gangaSze erToblivi moqmedebis wesis

damtkicebis Sesaxeb, muxli 1.
26
iqve, muxli 2.
27
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2001 wlis 26 mar-
tis brZaneba №132/n: saqarTvelos teritoriaze radiaciuli usafrTxoebis normebis
28
ix. <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Naturally-Occurring-Ra-
dioactive-Materials-NORM/>, [20.04.2014].
29
ix. saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2001 wlis
26 martis brZaneba №132/n, saqarTvelos teritoriaze radiaciuli usafrTxoebis
normebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb muxli 1.
30
Smith K. P., An Overview of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM), Enviromental Assessment
and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 1992, 65.
339
soeba da gadazidvisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Sesruleba. am jgufis radioaqtiuri

nivTierebebia: cezium-137, Am-241, kobalti-60.31
radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis IV jgufSi mocemuli masalebi gamoiyeneba birTvul
meqanizmebSi32.
me-4 jgufis radioaqtiuri nivTierebebs ZiriTadad ganekuTvneba plutoniumi,
garda im plutoniumisa, romelic Seicavs 80%-ze met plutonium-238-sa da uran-233-s,
gamdidrebuls uran-235-iT an uran-233-iT; madnisagan gansxvavebuli formis urani,
romelic Seicavs izotopebs bunebrivi koncentraciiT; nebismieri masala, romelic
Seicavs mocemuli izotopebis narevs.33
radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze gadatana an gadmo-
tanisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba dawesebulia imisaTvis, rom aR-
niSnuli nivTierebebi safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas da saxelmwifos
ekonomikur interesebs.34 magaliTad: 2006 wlis 25 ianvars Sinagan saqmeTa saministros
TanamSromlebma ruseTis erTi da saqarTvelos sami moqalaqe daakaves 100 grami, daax-
loebiT 90%-iT gamdidrebuli, uranis SemotanisaTvis saqarTvelos ssk-is 214-e mux-
lis me-5 nawiliT, ris gamoc maT SemdgomSi rva-naxevari wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
miesajaT.35
ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawilSi zogadad aris miTiTebuli radiaqtiuri nivTie-
rebis saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze gadatanaze an gadmotanaze. Sesabamisad, aRniSnu-
li muxlis safuZvelze piri daisjeba nebismieri saxis radiaqtiuri nivTierebis gada-
tanisaTvis an gadmotanisaTvis.
pirveli jgufis radioaqtiuri nivTierebebs ganekuTvneba garemoSi bunebrivad
arsebuli radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom iseTi sagnebi, rogoricaa ke-
ramikuli filebi, xreSi da kaliumiani sasuqebi, ar warmoadgenen iseT saSiSroebas, rom
pirs aRniSnuli sagnebis gadatana an gadmotanisaTvis daekisros sisxlissamarTlebri-
vi pasuxismgebloba.
sinamdvileSi, pirveli jgufis radiaqtiuli nivTierebebis sabaJo wesis darRve-
viT saqarTvelos sazRvarze gadatana an gadmotana safrTxes ver Seuqmnis sazogado-
ebriv usafrTxoebas. igi safrTxes Seuqmnis mxolod qveynis ekonomikur interesebs,
vinaidan biujetSi ar Sedis sabaJo gadasaxadebi. qveynis ekonomikuri interesebis da-
31
32
2010 wlis 24 dekemberis saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №397: saqarTvelos sa-
33
34
lekveiSvili m., Todua n., gvenetaZe n., mamulaSvili g., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kerZo nawilis komentarebi, 1-li wigni, Tb., 2014, 546.
35
ix. <http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=14673>, [27.04.2014].
340
sacavad mimarTulia ssk-is 214-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romelic iTvaliswinebs pasu-
xismgeblobas didi odenobiT moZravi nivTis saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze gadatana
an gadmotanisaTvis, rac sruliad sakmarisia.
Tu pirvel jgufs mikuTvnebuli radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi saqarTvelos sazR-
varze sabaJo wesis darRveviT iqneba Semotanili, unda moxdes maTi sabaJo Rirebule-
bis dadgena, ris Semdegac moZravi nivTis didi odenobiT ssk-is 214-e muxlis SeniSvniT
gaTvaliswinebuli zRvaris gadaWarbebis SemTxvevaSi piri unda daisajos ssk-is 214-e
muxlis pirveli nawiliT. xolo aRniSnuli zRvaramde sabaJo Rirebulebis dadgenis
SemTxvevaSi, piri unda daisajos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT saqarTvelos sazRvarze sa-
baJo wesis darRveviT nivTis gadatana an gadmotanisaTvis gamovlenili xerxis mixed-
viT.36
3.2. Sxamiani da momwamlavi nivTierebebis wesis darRveviT

ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawilis SemadgenlobaSi CamoTvlilia nivTebi, romelTa

Semotana saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze dadgenili wesis sawinaaRmdegod akrZalulia
da am dadgenili wesis sawinaaRmdegod Semotana iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxis-
mgeblobas.
Sxamiani da momwamalavi nivTierebebis definicia arc erT sakanonmdeblo aqtSi
ar aris asaxuli. saWiroa erTi normatiuli aqti mainc, romelSic aRniSnuli iqneba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs momwamlavi an Sxamiani nivTiereba. pirs SesaZlebloba unda
hqondes, rom legalurad ganaxorcielos Sxamini an momwamlavi nivTierebis Semotana.
arasworia pirdapir sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba aseTi niv-
Tierebebis sabaJo sazRvarze wesis darRveviT SemotanisaTvis maSin, rodesac aseTi we-
si ar arsebobs.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba icnobs saSiS qimiur nivTierebebs, romlebic SesaZ-
loa ganxilul iqnen Sxamian da momwamlav nivTierebebad37.
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebi da preparatebi mavne zemoqmedebas axdenen adamianis
janmrTelobasa da garemoze. saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze akrZalulia iseTi nivTi-
erebebis Semotana, rogoricaa38:
a) feTqebadi nivTierebebi da preparatebi myar, Txevad, pastismagvar an labisebr
mdgomareobaSi, romlebic iwveven egzoTermul reaqcias atmosferuli Jangbadis ga-
reSe da swrafad gamoyofen gazebs, detonireben, advilad aaldebian an feTqdebian na-
wilobriv daxSul pirobebSi gaxurebiT;
36
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi 289-e muxli.
37
giuaSvili n., doliZe a., zeikiZe l., legaSvili i., ruxaia k., qarCava j., RvinefaZe m., Can-
qseliani a., comaia i., saqarTvelos qimiuri profili, Tb., 2009, 11.
38
calkeuli saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebiTa da pesticidebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
sferoSi winaswar dasabuTebuli Tanxmobis proceduris Sesaxeb, 1998 wlis 10 seqtem-
bris roterdamis konvencia, muxli 1.
341
b) damJangavi nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic iwveven Zlier egzoTermul

reaqcias sxva aalebad nivTierebebTan Sexebisas;
g) ukiduresad aalebadi nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebsac aqvT dabali aa-
lebis da duRilis wertilebi, aaldebian haerTan Sexebisas oTaxis temperaturasa da
normalur atmosferul wnevaze;
e) nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic cocxal qsovilTan Sexebisas azianeben
mas;
v) toqsikuri nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic organizmSi mcire odeno-
biT moxvedrisas iwveven sikvdils, mwvave an qronikul mowamvlas;
z) gamaRizianebeli nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic organizmSi moxved-
risas iwveven fizikur gaRizianebasa da anTebiT process;
T) alergiuli nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic organizmSi moxvedrisas
iwveven zemgrZnobelobas (alergiul reaqcias);
i) kancerogenuli nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic organizmSi moxvedri-
sas iwveven an xels uwyoben simsivnuri daavadebis ganviTarebas;
k) mutagenuri nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic organizmSi moxvedrisas
iwveven an xels uwyoben genetikuri sistemis moSlas;
l) teratogenuri nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic organizmSi moxvedri-
sas iwveven an xels uwyoben nayofis ganviTarebis procesis darRvevas da simaxinjeebs;
m) gonadotropuli nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic organizmSi moxved-
risas iwveven an xels uwyoben sasqeso jirkvlebis funqciis moSlas;
n) embriotropuli nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic organizmSi moxvedri-
sas iwveven Canasaxis ganviTarebis moSlas;
momwamlav da Sxamian qimiuri nivTierebebs ganekuTvnebian agreTve advilad aale-
badi nivTierebebi da preparatebi,39 kerZod:
a) nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic cxeldebian da aaldebian haerTan Sexe-
bisas oTaxis temperaturaze energiis sxva wyaroebis ararsebobisas;
b) myari nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic aaldebian siTbos wyarosTan xan-
mokle Sexebisas da ganagrZoben wvas am wyaros mocilebis Semdegac;
g) Txevadi nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebsac aqvT dabali aalebis werti-
li;
d) nivTierebebi da preparatebi, romlebic wyalTan an nestian haerTan Sexebisas
gamoyofen advilad aalebad airebs saSiSi odenobiT;
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebis importis an eqsportis ganmaxorcielebelma fizikur-
ma an iuridiulma pirma winaswari dasabuTebuli Tanxmobis misaRebad unda mimarTos
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros.40
winaswar dasabuTebuli Tanxmoba aris principi, romlis Tanaxmad, saerTaSori-
so vaWrobisas ar SeiZleba akrZaluli an mkacrad SezRuduli pesticidebis Semotana
39
giuaSvili n., doliZe a. da sxvebi, saqarTvelos qimiuri profili, Tb., 2009, 11.
40
342
saTanado SeTanxmebis gareSe an saregistracio organos gadawyvetilebis gverdis av-

liT, winaswar dasabuTebuli Tanxmobis proceduris calkeuli saSiSi qimiuri nivTi-
erebebiTa da pesticidebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi winaswar dasabuTebuli
Tanxmobis proceduris Sesaxeb konvenciis (SemdgomSi – konvencia) darRveviT.41 winas-
war dasabuTebuli Tanxmobis proceduris arsia saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis eqspor-
tiori qveynebis mier tvirTis daniSnulebis qveyanaSi am nivTierebis importis reJimis
winaswar garkveva da dacva. konvencia iTvaliswinebs samdivnos saSualebiT konvenciis
wevri qveynebis regularul informirebas konvenciis wevr qveynebSi konvenciiT regu-
lirebadi nivTierebebis importis reJimis Sesaxeb. konvenciis wevri qveynebi valdebu-
li arian, ar dauSvan konvenciiT regulirebadi nivTierebebis eqsporti im qveynebSi,
romelTac konvenciis samdivnos am nivTierebaTa importis akrZalvis Sesaxeb acnobes.
garda amisa, im nivTierebebis eqsportis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic konvenciis danarTSi
miTiTebuli ar aris, magram misi gamoyeneba an importi am konkretul qveyenaSi akrZa-
luli an SezRudulia, qveyana valdebulia Tavad gaarkvios mimReb qveyanaSi nivTiere-
bis importis reJimi da mimRebi qveynis mier importis akrZalvis SemTxvevaSi sakuTari
teritoriidan am nivTierebaTa eqsporti ar dauSvas.42
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac importirebuli saSiSi qimiuri nivTiereba ar aris Seta-
nili erTian saxelmwifo reestrSi, saxelmwifo eqspertizis daskvnis misaRebad da sa-
SiSi qimiuri nivTierebis registraciisaTvis nivTierebis Semqmneli ganacxads warud-
gens saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros. 43
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebis registracia gulisxmobs nivTierebis Setanas saSiS
qimiur nivTierebaTa erTian saxelmwifo reestrSi. saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebis regis-
tracias axorcielebs saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis sa-
ministro.44
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebis saxelmwifo eqspertiza adgens: saSiSi qimiuri nivTi-
erebis gamoyenebisas adamianis janmrTelobasa da garemoze misi mavne zemoqmedebis xa-
siaTsa da xarisxs, agreTve nivTierebis gamoyenebisas rekomendebuli usafrTxoebis
zomebis sakmarisobas da dasabuTebulobas. nivTierebis Semqmnelis mier saxelmwifo
eqspertizisa da registraciisTvis gadacemuli dokumentebis Seusabamobis SemTxve-
vaSi saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros ufleba
aqvs, saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebis Semqmnels mosTxovos damatebiTi gamokvlevis Catare-
ba, agreTve damatebiTi monacemebi da dokumentebi nivTierebis Sesaxeb.45
41
42
saqarTvelos kanoni `samewarmeo saqmianobis licenziisa da nebarTvis gacemis safuZv-
lebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 4.
43
ix. saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris brZaneba
№82/n, saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis saxelmwifo eqspertizisa da saxelmwifo gamocdis
wesisa da proceduris Sesaxeb, muxli 6.
44
iqve, muxli 5.
45
iqve, muxli 4.
343
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebis saxelmwifo eqspertizis dadebiTi daskvna nivTiere-

bis registraciis safuZvelia da amis Semdeg moxdeba am nivTierebis importis an eq-
sportis reJimSi moqceva.46
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebis saxelmwifo eqspertizis uaryofiTi daskvnis SemTxve-
vaSi, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro iRebs ga-
dawyvetilebas nivTierebis saxelmwifo gamocdis Catarebis Sesaxeb. saxelmwifo ga-
mocda tardeba gadawyvetilebis miRebidan erTi Tvis vadaSi.
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebis saxelmwifo gamocdas atarebs Sesabamisi profilis
samecniero an sxva organizacia xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, saxelmwifos an nivTiere-
bis Semqmnelis xarjze.
saxelmwifo gamocdis Sedegebis mixedviT mzaddeba Sesabamisi angariSi da das-
kvna.
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis saxelmwifo eqspertizisa da saxelmwifo gamocdis
wesi da procedura ganisazRvreba debulebiT,47 romelsac SeimuSavebs da amtkicebs sa-
qarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro kompetentur sa-
xelmwifo organoebTan SeTanxmebiT.
amgvarad, qarTuli kanonmdebloba icnobs mxolod qimiur nivTierebaTa cnebas da
specialuri reestriT adgens maT maxasiaTeblebs Tu kategoriebs. magram calke gaTva-
liswinebuli ar aris Sxamiani da momwamlavi nivTierebebis CamonaTvali. saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT es ori cneba ar aris gansazRvruli da gamoyenebulia mxolod saqar-
Tvelos ssk-is 214-e muxlSi. ssk-is 214-e muxli blanketuria, magram am or cnebasTan mi-
marTebaSi ar arsebobs specialuri norma, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli yofiliyo
amis dasadgenad. amdenad, aucilebelia am ori kategoriis nivTierebis gaTvaliswineba
da maTi daxarisxeba specialuri normebiT, an maTi amoReba ssk-is muxlis Semadgenlo-
bidan.
2006 wlis 12 dekembers g.q. da j.a. gaemgzavrnen sarfis gamSveb punqtze, sadac api-
rebdnen „OPEL VECTRA~-s markis avtomobiliT TurqeTis respublikaSi gadaetanaT 10
kilogrami da 400 grami Sxamiani nivTiereba – liTonuri vercxliswyali, Tumca isini
dakavebul iqnen samxedro policiis TanamSromlebis mier. 2007 wlis 04 ivliss bral-
debulebi gasamarTldnen 19, 214-e muxlis me-4 nawiliT.48
2009 wlis 09 ivliss lagodexis sabaJo gamSveb punqtze „golfis“ markis avtomo-
biliT gadmokveTes saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis ekonomikuri sazRvari da gadmoitanes
orvalentiani vercxliswylis momwamlavi da Sxamiani nivTiereba, ra drosac isini da-
kavebul iqnen ss sasazRvro policiis TanamSromlebis mier. isini gasamarTldnen ssk-
is 214-e muxlis me-5 nawilis „d“ q/punqtiT.49
46
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris brZaneba №82/n,
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis saxelmwifo eqspertizisa da saxelmwifo gamocdis wesisa
da proceduris Sesaxeb, muxli 5.
47
iqve, muxli 9.
48
ix. <http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/sisxli-2008-3-uni.pdf>, [01.05.2014].
49
ix. <http://www.heretifm.com/?2/3576/&fl=Y2FsZW5kYXIuMjAxMy4wNi4z> ,[28.04.2014].
344
3.3. masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis masalis an

nedleulis wesis darRveviT gadatanis an gadmotanis dros
administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis masalad ganixileba masobrivi ganadgurebis ia-

raRis birTvuli masalebi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi, radioaqtiuri narCenebi da
mineralebi, wiaRiseuli, romlebisganac praqtikulad SesaZlebelia birTvuli masa-
lebis miReba, agreTve nebismieri nivTi, romelic damzadebulia birTvuli masalis an
radioaqtiuri nivTierebisagan, an Seicavs maT, rogorc Semadgenel nawils, agreTve
birTvuli teqnologiebi da nou-hau.50
saqarTvelos sasazRvro gamtar punqtebSi, aeroportebSi, navsadgurebsa da
sazRvao sivrceSi radioaqtiur nivTierebaTa aRmoCenisas cxaddeba gangaSi, romlis
drosac kompetentur organoebis mier xdeba reagireba.
sasazRvro gamtari punqti aris saerTaSoriso mimosvlisaTvis nebadarTuli
gzatkecilis an gzis monakveTi, rkinigzis sadguris, navsadguris, aeroportis, aerod-
romis teritoriis nawili, sadac xorcieldeba sazRvris gadakveTasTan dakavSirebu-
li sasazRvro kontroli.51
birTvuli da radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis aRmoCena dakavSirebulia riskTan, ris
gamoc am proceduram SeiZleba gamoiwvios axlos myofi adamianebis safrTxeSi Cayene-
ba, swored amitom sasazRvro gamtari punqtis teritoriaze, sabaJo kontrolis zona-
Si, aeroportebsa da navsadgurebSi specialurad aris gamoyofili adgili – droebi-
Ti sadgomi, sadac SesaZlebelia radioaqtiur kontrols daqvemdebarebuli saqonlis,
bargis, xelbargis anda misi gadamtani an Semcveli satransporto saSualebebis dro-
ebiTi usafrTxo ganTavseba saqonlisa da satransporto saSualebis Semdgom izoli-
rebamde an maT mimarT kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli sxva Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis
gatarebamde. droebiTi sadgomis adgils gansazRvravs saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros uflebamosili organo. aRniSnuli sakiTxi unda iyos SeTanxmebuli saqar-
Tvelos energetikisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministrosTan, kerZod, birTvuli da
radiaciuli usafrTxoebis departamentTan da saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sa-
jaro samarTlis iuridiul pirTan – Semosavlebis samsaxurTan.52
50
saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriaze nar-
Cenebis tranzitisa da importis Sesaxeb, muxli 2; aseve, saqarTvelos sasazRvro gam-
tar punqtebSi birTvul da radiaqtiur nivTierebaTa aRmoCenisas gangaSze erToblivi
moqmedebis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb. 2010 wlis 24 dekemberis saqarTvelos mTavrobis
dadgenileba № 397, muxli 2.
51
saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb~, muxli 2. aseve, 2010
wlis 24 dekemberis saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №397. saqarTvelos sasaz-
Rvro gamtar punqtebSi, aeroportebSi, navsadgurebsa da sazRvao sivrceSi birTvul
da radioaqtiur nivTierebaTa aRmoCenisas gangaSze erToblivi moqmedebis wesis damt-
kicebis Sesaxeb, muxli 2.
52
saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb~, muxli 2.
345
imisaTvis, rom aRikveTos masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis masalis saqarTveloSi

ukanono Semotana an gatana, qveynis sasazRvro gamtar punqtebSi dganan morige jgufe-
bi – cvlaSi myofi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros uflebamosili organos
warmomadgenlebi, xolo sabaJo gamSveb punqtSi – saqarTvelos finansTa saministros
mmarTvelobis sferoSi Semavali sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris, Semosavlebis
samsaxuris, sagadasaxado organos warmomadgenlebi, romelTac gavlili aqvT Sesaba-
misi swavleba da aRWurvilni arian individualuri radiaciuli peijerebiTa da xelis
radiaciuli deteqtorebiT. aseve, radioaqtiuri izotopis amomcnobiT, romelic aris
portatuli, gadasatani tipis xelsawyo. aRniSnuli xelsawyo gamoiyeneba radionukli-
dis Zebnisa da amocnobisaTvis, gama- da neitronuli gamosxivebis identifikaciisa da
radiaciuli eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis.53 maT aseve aqvT rentgeni, romelic gamos-
cems mokle eleqtromagnitur talRebs, rac SesaZlebels xdis, gaSuqdes gaumWvirvale
sagani. rentgeni, rogorc sazomi erTeuli, ixmareba eleqtruli muxtis armqone maio-
nebeli gamosxivebis dozis Sesafaseblad.
sagadasaxado organo uflebamosilia, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaT-
valiswinebul sabaJo kontrolis zonaSi Seamowmos satransporto saSualeba, fiziku-
ri piri, misi kuTvnili bargi, xelbargi, saqoneli da maTi Tanmxlebi dokumentacia, ro-
goricaa sabaJo deklaracia, satransporto zeddebuli, invoisi, sanebarTvo mowmoba.
aseve, gaxsnas satransporto saSualeba da Seamowmos masSi CatvirTuli saqoneli Sesa-
bamisi xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT. gaataros saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaT-
valiswinebuli sabaJo kontrolis RonisZiebebi. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi moiwvios
Sesabamisi specialistebi fizikuri piris, misi kuTvnili bargis anda xelbargis, sat-
ransporto saSualebisa da saqonlis Sesamowmeblad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiZa-
xos Semmowmebeli jgufi anda damxmare personali. radioaqtiur kontrols daqvemde-
barebuli deklarirebuli saqonlis xvedriTi aqtivobis sididis gansazRvris mizniT,
sagadasaxado organo Semowmebisas uflebamosilia moiTxovos Semmowmebeli jgufis
CarTva. saqonlis gadaadgilebisas saqonlis mimarT Semowmebis procedura SeiZleba
dasruldes mas Semdeg, rac dadasturdeba, rom Semowmebis Sedegad gamovlenili radi-
aciuli foni ar aRemateba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil zRvrul normebs.
monacemebi birTvuli da radioaqtiuri nivTierebis aRmoCenis da dakavebis Sesa-
xeb saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sainformacio-analitikuri departamen-
tis Sesabamisma danayofma aSS-is energetikis departaments unda miawodos aRniSnuli
informaciis miRebidan 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.54
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu birTvuli da radioaqtiuri nivTierebis aqtivobis done aRe-
mateba dadgenil zRvars,55 centraluri gangaSis sadguris operatori gamoiZaxebs Sem-
53
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris brZaneba №82/n,
saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis saxelmwifo eqspertizisa da saxelmwifo gamocdis wesisa
da proceduris Sesaxeb, muxli 4.
54
2010 wlis 24 dekembris saaqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №397, saqarTvelos sa-
55
run-200, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2001
wlis 26 martis brZaneba №132/n, saqarTvelos teritoriaze radiaciuli usafrTxoebis
normebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb.
346
mowmebel jgufs, romelic axdens aRmoCenili radioaqtiuri masalis meorad Semowme-

bas, raTa moxdes misi siRrmiseuli Semowmeba, aRmoCenili masalis klasifikaciis gan-
sazRvra da lokalizeba. meoradi Semowmebis dros xdeba aseve saeWvo wyaros skanireba.
gamoZaxebis SemTxvevaSi, Semmowmebelma jgufma unda moaxdinos Sesabamisi reagireba,
maT Soris, Sesabamisi organoebis daxmarebiT SeaCeros satransporto saSualeba, saqo-
neli an is mgzavri, romelmac gamoiwvia gangaSis signalis CarTva.56
Tu I jgufis radioaqtiuri nivTierebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi radionuklidis
aqtivoba aRemateba radiaciuli usafrTxoebis normebiT dadgenil zRvars, saqonlis
gadamzidavma Semmowmebeli jgufis sagadasaxado organos uflebamosil warmomadge-
nels unda warudginos aRniSnuli nivTierebis an misi Semcveli saqonlis gadazidvis
legalurobis damadasturebeli dokumenti. aRniSnuli dokumentis wardgenis Sem-
TxvevaSi Semmowmebeli jgufi auqmebs gangaSs da amis Taobaze acnobebs centraluri
gangaSis sadguris operators.
dawesebulia ormagi standarti maTTvis, vinc tovebs saqarTvelos teritorias
da maTTvis, vinc Semodis saqarTveloSi.
fizikuri piris Semowmebis dros II jgufis radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis aRmoCe-
nis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piris kuTvnili bargi, xelbargi, saqoneli an satransporto
saSualeba ar Seicavs aseT nivTierebas da radiaciuli fonis arseboba ganpirobebulia
piris mier Catarebuli mkurnalobis kursiT, piri valdebulia Semmowmebel jgufs wa-
rudginos samedicino dawesebulebis mier gacemuli dokumenti, romelic adasturebs
am piris mier radioaqtiuri nivTierebis gamoyenebiT mkurnalobis kursis Catarebis
faqts. samedicino dokumentis wardgena saqarTvelos moqalaqisaTvis savaldebuloa
saqarTvelodan misi gasvlis, xolo ucxo qveynis moqalaqisaTvis saqarTveloSi misi
Semosvlis SemTxvevaSi. saqarTvelos moqalaqis Semosvlis an ucxo qveynis moqalaqis
saqarTvelodan gasvlis SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirs ar gaaCnia zemoaRniSnuli samedicino
dokumenti, Sesabamis monacemTa bazaSi detalurad unda dafiqsirdes am piris saiden-
tifikacio monacemebi, gamgzavrebis marSruti da saboloo daniSnulebis adgili.57
aRniSnuli debuleba aSkarad diskriminaciulia, radgan saqarTvelos moqalaqis
gasvlis SemTxvevaSi man unda warmoadginos samedicino dokumenti, xolo Semosvlis
SemTxvevaSi ara. ucxoelma gasvlisas ar unda warmoadginos dokumenti, xolo Semos-
vlisas ki unda warmoadginos samedicino dokumenti.
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRisaTvis aucilebeli masalis sabaJos gverdis av-
liT saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Semotanis erTi precedenti arsebobs. kerZod, 2006 wlis
ianvarSi 90%-iT gamdidrebuli 100gr. uranis Semotanis faqtze dakavebul iqna o.x.58
rac Seexeba masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis sabaJos gverdis avliT Semotanas, qarTul
praqtikaSi aseTi SemTxveva ar dafiqsirebula.
56
2010 wlis 24 dekemberis saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №397, saqarTvelos sa-
57
run-200, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2001
wlis 26 martis brZaneba №132/n, saqarTvelos teritoriaze radiaciuli usafrTxoebis
normebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb.
58
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT SemTxvevis magaliTi, ix. zemoT, gv. 340.
347
3.4. feTqebadi nivTierebebis wesis darRveviT gadatanis

an gadmotanis dros administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi
feTqebadi nivTiereba aris „iseTi naerTi, romelsac garkveuli zemoqmedebis Se-

degad axasiaTebs swrafad gavrcelebadi qimiuri gardaqmna, ra drosac gamoiyofa di-
di kinetikuri energia, gazi da temperatura, romlis gamoyeneba SeiZleba meqanikuri
moZraobiTi samuSaos Sesasruleblad an sxvadasxva sagnis dasangrevad“.59
feTqebadi nivTierebebi aris nivTierebebi da preparatebi myar, Txevad, pastis-
magvar an labisebr mdgomareobaSi, romlebic iwveven egzoTermul reaqcias atmosfe-
ruli Jangbadis gareSe da swrafad gamoyofen gazebs, detonireben, advilad aaldebian
an feTqdebian nawilobriv daxSul pirobebSi gaxurebiT.60
feTqebadi nivTierebebi aRniSnavs feTqebad produqtebs, romlebic farTod
cnobilia rogorc „plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebi“,61 maT Soris feTqebadi niv-
Tierebebi drekadi an elastikuri furclovani formiT.62
feTqebadi nivTierebebi warmoadgenen qimiur naerTebs an narevebs, romlebic ga-
re zemoqmedebiT, rogoricaa meqanikuri – dartyma, Cxvleta, siTburi da eleqtruli
– naperwkali, ali, gaTboba, ganmuxtva, ganicdian detonacias maRali temperaturis da
wnevis mqone gazebis warmoqmniT.63
feTqebad nivTierebebs yofen sam jgufad: mainicirebeli, brizantuli, satyor-
cni.
mainicirebel feTqebad nivTierebebs axasiaTebT maRali mgrZobeloba gare ze-
moqmedebaze. aRniSnul nivTierebebs ZiriTadad iyeneben detonatorebSi, radgan maTi
afeTqeba iwvevs kontaqtSi myofi brizantuli nivTierebebis detonacias.
brizantuli feTqebadi nivTierebebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia masTan SexebaSi myo-
fi sagnis, rogoricaa liToni, betoni, msxvreva. isini mainicirebel nivTierebebze nak-
leb mgrZnobiareni arian gare zemoqmedebaze.
simZlavris mixedviT brizantul nivTierebebs yofes sam jgufad: maRali, saSua-
lo da dabali simZlavris feTqebad nivTierebebad.
satyorcni asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi ewodeba iseT qimiur naerTebs an narevebs,
romelTa qimiuri gardaqmnis ZiriTadi formaa wva. aRniSnul nivTierebebs miekuTvneba
denTi.
aucilebelia saxelmwifoSi moxdes feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandeba.64
saSiS qimiur nivTierebasTan usafrTxo mopyrobis uzrunvelyofisa da misi sa-
momxmareblo Tvisebebis SenarCunebis mizniT, nivTierebis Semqmneli an mwarmoebeli
59
lekveiSvili m., Todua n., gvenetaZe n., mamulaSvili g., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kerZo nawilis komentarebi 1-li wigni, Tb., 2014, 654.
60
saqarTvelos kanoni ìaraRis Sesaxeb~, muxli 2.
61
konvencia plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis
mizniT, muxli 1.
62
xuciSvili g., samxedro sainJinro saqme, Tb., 2004, 121.
63
iqve, 123.
64
konvencia plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis
mizniT, muxli 3.
348
valdebulia gansazRvros nivTierebis SefuTvis, niSandebisa da etiketirebis saxe

(teqnikuri saSualeba) da nivTierebas gaukeTos Sesabamisi warwera.65
niSnisa da etiketis Sinaarsisadmi moTxovnebs, aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso stan-
dartebis Sesabamisad, gansazRvravs saqarTvelos janmrTelobis dacvis saministro.66
saxelmwifo iRebs zomebs mis teritoriaze araniSandebuli feTqebadi nivTiere-
bebis damzadebis akrZalvisa da Tavidan acilebisaTvis. feTqebadi nivTierebebis mTe-
li maragi, romelic ar aris samxedro an policiuri funqciebis Semsrulebeli ufle-
bamosili organoebis mflobelobaSi, unda ganadgurdes, an iqnes niSandebuli.67
ssk-is 214-e muxlSi miTiTebulia feTqebadi nivTierebis wesis darRveviT gada-
tana an gadmotanis Taobaze. jandacvis saministros mier dadgenili wesis mixedviT,
saWiroa, feTqebadi nivTierebis niSandeba da etiketireba.68 etiketireba gulisxmobs
specialuri niSnis gakeTebas, magaliTad: satvirTo avtomanqanaze, romelsac gadaaqvs
saSiSi tvirTi, ar aris warwera an niSani gamosaxulebis saxiT, rom satvirTo avtomo-
bilSi saSiS tvirTia. SesaZloa pirs am nivTierebebis sabaJoze Semotanisas wesrigSi
hqondes yvela dokumentacia, Tumca ar hqondes tvirTi etiketirebuli. ssk-is 214-e
muxlis me-4 nawilSi ar aris im danaSulis xerxebis Sesaxeb miTiTiTebuli, rac am mux-
lis pirvel nawilSia CamoTvlili, ris gamoc aseTi qmedeba CaiTvleba sabaJo wesis dar-
Rvevad, Sesabamisad, pirs daekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, rac ar
aris marTebuli. saWiroa ssk-is 214-e muxlis SeniSvnas daematos, rom Tu piri yvela
saWiro dokumentacias waradgens sabaJoze da ar moxdeba sabaJo kontrolis gverdis
avliT an misgan malulad tvirTis Semotana, igi gaTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisa-
gan, ris Sedegadac, piri unda daisajos mxolod administraciuli wesiT.69
2007 wlidan 2014 wlis CaTvliT asafeTqebeli nivTierebis sabaJos kontrolis
gverdis avliT saqarTveloSi SemotanasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo praqtika ar ar-
sebobs.
3.5. cecxlsasroli iaraRis wesis darRveviT gadatanis an

saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze akrZalulia nebarTvis gareSe cecxlsasroli ia-

raRis da sabrZolo masalis gadatana an gadmotana.
iaraRi aris mowyobiloba an sagani, romelic konstruqciulad gankuTvnilia
cocxali an sxva obieqtis dasazianeblad anda gasanadgureblad, an signalis misawo-
deblad.70
65
saqarTvelos kanoni `saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 24.
66
iqve, muxli 25.
67
konvencia `plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb~ maTi gamovlenis
mizniT, muxli 4.
68
giuaSvili n., doliZe a., zeikiZe l., legaSvili i. da sxvebi, saqarTvelos qimiuri pro-
fili, Tb., 2009, 13.
69
sagadasaxado kodeqsis 289-e muxli.
70
ZabuniZe g., iaraRis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2004, 34.
349
cecxlsasroli iaraRi ki aris iaraRi, romelSic Wurvi an safantis Wurvebi mi-

marTul moZraobas iwyebs denTis an sxva muxtis wvisas gamoyofili energiis Sedegad
da romelic gankuTvnilia manZilidan obieqtis meqanikurad dasazianeblad anda gasa-
nadgureblad.71
cecxlsasroli iaraRis ZiriTadi elementebia lula, dolura, Camketi, CarCo da
lulis kolofi.72
ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawilSi zogadad aris miTiTebuli cecxlsasroli iara-
Ris Taobaze. iaraRis ramdenime saxes gamoyofen: samoqalaqo iaraRi, samsaxurebriv-
saStato iaraRi, samxedro-sabrZolo iaraRi.73
im Tanamdebobis pirTa nusxas, romlebsac aqvT samsaxurebriv-saStato iaraRis
tarebis ufleba, amtkicebs saqarTvelos mTavroba saqarTvelos Tavdacvisa da saqar-
Tvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebis erToblivi wardginebiT.
iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis, samxedro teqnikis, teqnikuri dokumentaciis, ag-
reTve iaraRis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti,
importi, reeqsporti da tranziti xorcieldeba saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros
mier gacemuli nebarTvis safuZvelze.74
nebarTvis misaRebad saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros unda waredginos: a) sa-
eqsporto an saimporto xelSekruleba; b) saqonlis warmoSobis sertifikati; g) xel-
mowerili kontraqtis (xelSekrulebis) asli an gaformebuli ganzraxulobaTa oqmi;
d) iaraRis eqsportis, importis, reeqsportisa da tranzitis nebarTva,75 gacemuli im
qveynis uflebamosili saxelmwifo organos mier, romlis teritoriazedac aris re-
gistrirebuli kontraqtis (xelSekrulebis) an gaformebuli ganzraxulobaTa oqmis
monawile mxare; e) saboloo moxmarebis sertifikati, Tu nebarTvis maZiebeli ar aris
momxmarebeli.
am nebarTvas saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro gascems saqarTvelos erovnu-
li uSiSroebis sabWos samxedro-teqnikur sakiTxTa mudmivmoqmedi uwyebaTaSorisi
komisiis rekomendaciis safuZvelze, romelsac warudgens am dokumentaciis aslebs.
sanadiro gluvluliani, sasporto, jildod miRebuli, gazis, safantis, sakoleqcio
iaraRisa da maTTvis saWiro sabrZolo masalebis eqsportis, importis, reeqsportisa
da tranzitis nebarTva gaicema saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos samxedro-
teqnikur sakiTxTa mudmivmoqmedi uwyebaTaSorisi komisiis rekomendaciis gareSe. ne-
barTvisa da xelSekrulebebis dednebs nebarTvis mflobeli warudgens saqarTvelos
sabaJo organoebs.76
71
saqarTvelos kanoni iaraRis Sesaxeb, muxli 2.
72
73
74
saqarTvelos prezidentis 2002 wlis 22 seqtemberis №408 brZanebuleba saeqsporto
kontrols daqvemdebarebuli ormagi daniSnulebis produqciis eqsportis, importis,
reeqsportisa da tranzitis sakiTxTa gadawyvetis zogierT RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb, mux-
li 1; aseve, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2011 wlis 1 dekemberis №451 dadgenileba ormagi
daniSnulebis produqciis eqsportis, importis, reeqsportis an tranzitis nebarTvis
gacemis wesisa da nebarTvis formis damtkicebis Sesaxeb, muxli 2.
75
saqarTvelos kanoni `salicenzio da sanebarTvo mosakreblebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 5.
76
350
fizikuri pirebis mier iaraRis calkeuli egzemplarebis saqarTveloSi Semota-

na da saqarTvelodan gatana (garda eqsport-importisa, tranzitisa da reeqsportisa)
xorcieldeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, saqarTvelos Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros mier gacemuli nebarTvis safuZvelze.77
ucxo saxelmwifosa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa, agreT-
ve saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dacvis specialuri samsaxuris aqtiT gansazRvruli re-
estriT gaTvaliswinebul sxva mniSvnelovan pirTa vizitis dros maT Tanmxleb pirTa
mier iaraRisa da sabrZolo masalis saqarTveloSi Semotana da saqarTvelodan gatana
xorcieldeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dacvis specialuri samsaxuris nebarTviT, rac
ecnobeba saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebs da saxelmwi-
fo sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departaments.
ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqes ufleba aqvs, saqarTveloSi SeiZinos iaraRi saqar-
Tvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier Sesabamisi saxelmwifos Suamdgomlobis sa-
fuZvelze gacemuli nebarTviT. 78
ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqes ufleba aqvs, saqarTveloSi Semoitanos sanadiro
da sasporto iaraRi, Tu arsebobs Sesabamisi kontraqti (xelSekruleba) nadirobaze an
mowveva sportul RonisZiebaze da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros nebarTva,
xolo eqsponirebaze saWiroa saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros nebarTva. Semotani-
li iaraRi saqarTvelodan gatanil unda iqnes im vadebSi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebu-
lia kontraqtiT (xelSekrulebiT) an mowveviT. am vadebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi xdeba
iaraRis droebiTi amoReba sakiTxis gadawyvetamde.79
pirebs, romelTac aqvT iaraRis tarebis ufleba, SeuZliaT iaraRis sazRvarze ga-
datana mxolod im saxelmwifos nebarTviT, romelSic xdeba iaraRis Setana. ramdena-
dac sazRvarze ori gamtari punqtia, im sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqtSi, saidanac piri to-
vebs saxelmwifos, ar unda xdebodes iaraRis CamorTmeva. miuxedavad amisa, praqtikaSi,
rodesac piri tovebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvrebs, Tuki mas Sesabamisi saxel-
mwifos nebarTva ar gaaCnia, jer kidev saqarTvelos sasazRvro-gamSveb punqtSive xdeba
iaraRis CamorTmeva. aRniSnuli praqtika aramarTebulia, ramdenadac Tuki pirs aqvs
iaraRis tarebis ufleba saxelmwifoSi, maSin amave saxelmwifos sasazRvro-gamSvebi
punqtis meSveobiT iaraRis gatana ar warmoadgens am saxelmwifos sabaJo wesebis dar-
Rvevas. Tumca, im saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis darRvevaa, sadac xdeba iaraRis Setana
unebarTvod.80 Sesabamisad, iaraRis CamorTmeva sasazRvro gamtar punqtSi aris ukano-
no da ar unda xdebodes. imisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli aviciloT Tavidan, aucilebelia,
miRebul iqnes normatiuli aqti, romlis mixedviTac aikrZaleba sxva qveyanaSi iaraRis
gadatana, rodesac pirs aqvs ufleba saqarTveloSi ataros iaraRi, Tumca ar gaaCnia
sxva qveyanaSi, kerZod, romelSic midis, iaraRis Setanis nebarTva.
ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawilSi erTadaa moqceuli saqarTvelos sazRvarze sa-
baJo wesis darRveviT cecxlsasroli iaraRis da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gad-
77
78
79
80
Juki a. b., SaSxanebi da avtomatebi, moskovi, 1088, 32.
351
motanis SemTxvevebi. gamodis, rom erTi pistoletis gadatana an gadmotana imave saf-
rTxis Semcvelia sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis, rogoric masobrivi ganadgure-
bis iaraRis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, 2013 wlis 03 seqtembers sasazRvro gamSveb punqt
„sarfis~ teritoriaze TurqeTis moqalaqe S.h.-s sabaJo daTvalierebisas aRmoaCnda
cecxlsasroli iaraRi SARSILMAZ T1102-11R01398, erTi mWidiTa da 25 vazniT. aRniSnuli
gamo mas brali waredgina saqarTvelos ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawiliT.81
ujobesi iqneba am normaSi cvlilebis Setana da cecxlsasroli iaraRis amoReba,
radgan am normaSi moqceulia iseTi nivTebi, romlebic gansakuTrebul safrTxes uqmni-
an sazogadoebriv uSiSroebas. cecxlsasroli iaraRis saqarTvelos sazRvarze sabaJo
wesebis darRveviT Semotana unda gadavides TavSi `danaSauli sazogadoebrivi uSiSro-
ebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg~. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ssk-is 262-e muxli calke
awesebs pasuxismgeblobas saqarTveloSi narkotikuli saSualebis ukanonod gadatana
an gadmotanaze. magaliTad: 2014 wlis 19 aprils sabaJo gamSvebi punqtis, „vales” teri-
toriaze TurqeTidan momaval ruseTis moqalaqes m.a.-s bargis daTvalierebisas narko-
tikuli da fsiqotropuli nivTierebebis Semcveli preparatebi: CETACODEINE – 52 abi,
PHENAZEPAM – 9 abi, LEXOTAN – 5 abi aRmouCines. aseve, 2014 wlis 18 aprils sasazRvro
gamSveb punqt „wiTeli xidis~ teritoriaze azerbaijanis moqalaqe S.s.-s narkotikuli
nivTierebis Semcveli preparati MABRON RETARD – 20 abi aRmoaCnda. gamovlenili
samarTaldarRvevebis masalebi gadagzavnil iqna Sss samcxe-javaxeTis samxareo mTavar
sammarTveloSi.82 aRniSnuli faqtis gamo piri daisjeba 262-e muxliT.
analogiurad unda iyos cecxlsasroli iaraRis SemTxvevaSic. dRes moqmedi ka-
noniT, cecxlsasroli iaraRis SemotanisTvis piri daisjeba ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4
nawiliT, romlis sanqcia aris xuTidan rva wlamde. masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Se-
motanis SemTxvevaSic piri daisjeba aseve xuTidan rva wlamde vadiT, rac arasworia.
cecxlsasroli iaraRi Semotana ver Seuqmnis sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas iseT saf-
rTxes, rogorc saqarTvelos sazRvarze masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis ukanonod Se-
motana, ris gamoc cecxlsasroli iaraRis ukanono Semotanis gansazRvra unda moxdes
`sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa~ TavSi,
ris Semdegac aRniSnuli faqtis gamo sanqcia mniSvnelovnad unda Semcirdes.
3.6. SeiaraRebis da strategiulad mniSvnelovani nedleulis

wesis darRveviT gadatanis an gadmotanis dros administraciuli da
saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze SeiaraRebis Semotanasa da gatanaze saxelmwifo

axorcielebs kontrols. imisaTvis, rom fizikurma an iuridiulma pirma saqarTvelos
teritoriaze Semoitanos an saqarTvelos teritoriidan gaitanos iaraRi, mas sWirde-
ba licenzia an specialuri nebarTva.
81
82
352
nebarTva aris gansazRvruli an ganusazRvreli vadiT qmedebis ganxorciele-

bis ufleba, romelic ukavSirdeba obieqts.83imisaTvis, rom moxdes saqarTvelos sa-
baJo sazRvarze iaraRis gadatana an gadmotana, pirs unda gaaCndes erT-erTi saxis
licenzia: konkretuli saxeobis iaraRis warmoebis generaluri an SekeTebis specia-
lizebuli licenzia;84 samxedro-sabrZolo iaraRis damzadebis, warmoebis generaluri
licenzia;85 samxedro-sabrZolo iaraRis SekeTebis generaluri licenzia; samxedro-
sabrZolo iaraRiT vaWrobis generaluri licenzia; konkretuli saxeobis iaraRiT vaW-
robis licenzia. fizikur pirebs unda hqondeT Semdegi saxis nebarTvebidan erT-erTi:
Tavdacvis mokleluliani cecxlsasroli iaraRis an sportuli mokle xraxnillulia-
ni cecxlsasroli iaraRis SeZenis, Senaxvisa da tarebis ufleba; Tavdacvis gazis/airis
iaraRis SeZenis, Senaxvisa da tarebis ufleba; sanadiro cecxlsasroli iaraRis SeZe-
nis, Senaxvisa da tarebis ufleba; sportuli grZelluliani cecxlsasroli iaraRis an
sportuli mokle gluvluliani cecxlsasroli iaraRis SeZenis, Senaxvisa da tarebis
ufleba.86 piris mier, romelsac, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, samsaxureb-
rivi uflebamosilebis gasvlis Semdeg unarCundeba iaraRis tarebis ufleba, samoqa-
laqo iaraRis SeZenis nebarTva; ucxo qveynis moqalaqis mier saqarTveloSi SeZenili sa-
moqalaqo cecxlsasroli, gazis/airis iaraRis, sanadiro an sportuli cecxlsasroli
iaraRis anda sabrZolo masalis saqarTvelodan gatanis nebarTva;87 samxedro-sabrZo-
lo iaraRis eqsportis, importis, reeqsportis, tranzitis, Sida gadamuSavebis, gare
gadamuSavebis da droebiTi Semotanis anda gatanis nebarTva. iaraRis koleqcionirebi-
sa da eqsponirebis nebarTva da sxv.
saqarTvelos mTavroba saeqsporto da saimporto kontrolis gansaxorcieleb-
lad, saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosTan arsebuli samxedro-teqnikur sakiTxTa
mudmivmoqmedi komisiis wardginebiT, amtkicebs saeqsporto da saimporto kontroli-
sadmi daqvemdebarebuli strategiuli daniSnulebis samxedro produqciisa da momsa-
xurebis nusxas.
SeiaraRebis eqsporti, importi, reeqsporti, tranziti, Sida gadamuSaveba da ga-
re gadamuSaveba, droebiTi Semotana anda gatana xorcieldeba nebarTvis safuZvelze,
romelsac gascems saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.88 iseT SeiaraRebaze, romelic
ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli samxedro miznisaTvis, magram SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
birTvuli, qimiuri da sxva saxis masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRisa da misi gadatanis
saSualebebis Seqmnisas, nebarTva gaicema saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi gan-
83
saqarTvelos kanoni `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 19.
84
saqarTvelos prezidentis 2002 wlis 22 seqtemberis #408 brZanebuleba, saeqspoeto con-
trols daqvemdebarebuli ormagi daniSnulebis produqciis eqsportis, importis, re-
eqsportisa da tranzitis sakiTxTa gadawyvetis zogierT RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb, 6.
85
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2011 wlis 1 dekemberis №451 dadgenileba ormagi daniSnulebis
produqciis eqsportis, importis, reeqsportis an tranzitis nebarTvis gacemis wesisa
da nebarTvis formis damtkicebis Sesaxeb, muxli 2.
86
87
iqve, muxli 19.
88
saqarTvelos kanoni `SeiaraRebis, samxedro teqnikisa da ormagi daniSnulebis produq-
ciis saeqsporto da saimporto kontrolis Sesaxeb~, muxli 8.
353
viTarebis saministros an saqarTvelos finansTa saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi

Semavali sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris, Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier. aseT Sei-
araRebaze saqarTvelos mTavroba, saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis
saministros wardginebiT, amtkicebs saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosTan arsebul
samxedro-teqnikur sakiTxTa mudmivmoqmed komisiasTan SeTanxmebul nusxas.89
mniSvnelovania is, rom kanonmdebelma iaraRis definiciis gansazRvris dros Se-
iaraReba da sabrZolo masala cal-calke gamoyo.90 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tavdacvis
saministros debulebaSi SeiaraReba da sabrZolo masala cal-calkea moxseniebuli91,
rac gulisxmobis imas, rom sabrZolo masalis saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze gadatana
an gadmotana ar iZleva ssk-is 214-e muxlis Semadgenlobas, radganac sabrZolo masala
araa am muxliT gaTvaliswinebul saganTa CamonaTvalSi miTiTebuli.
praqtikaSi ki aris SemTxveva, roca sabrZolo masalis sazRvarze Semotana isjeba
ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawiliT. magaliTad, 2014 wlis 06 Tebervals sarfSi TurqeTis
moqalaqes s.i.-s kuTvnil avtomanqanaSi Semowmebisas 21 cali sabrZolo vazna aRmouCi-
nes. aRniSnulis gamo igi gasamarTlda saqarTvelos ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawiliT.92
ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawilis dispoziciaSi ar aris aRniSnuli sabrZolo masa-
lis dasjadobis Taobaze, Sesabamisad, dRevandeli redaqciis mixedviT, sabrZolo ma-
salis sazRvarze Semotanis dros piri unda daisajos ssk-is 236-e muxlis me-2 nawilis
mixedviT, sabrZolo masalis tarebisaTvis.
ssk-is 236-e muxlis dasjadad acxadebs cecxlsasroli iaraRis da sabrZolo masa-
lis SeZenas, Senaxvas, tarebas, gadazidvas, gadagzavnas an gasaRebas. Tundac erTi sab-
rZolo vaznis tareba ukve iZleva ssk-is 236-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis
Semadgenlobas. aRniSnuli miuTiTebs kanonmdeblis nebas, romelic gamoixateba imaSi,
rom sabrZolo masalis da cecxlsasroli iaraRis tareba Tanabrad uqmnis safrTxes
sazogadoebriv uSiSroebas. aRniSnulis gamo gasagebi xdeba, rom saWiroa ssk-is 214-
e muxlis me-4 nawilis dispoziciaSi miTiTebuli iyos sabrZolo masalis dasjadobis
Taobaze, radgan dRevandeli redaqciis mixedviT sabrZolo masalis sazRvarze Semo-
tanis dros piri unda daisajos ssk-is 236-e muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, sabrZolo
masalis tarebisaTvis.
4. daskvna
naSromSi arsebuli mosazrebebi SeiZleba Semdeg Tezisebad CamovayaliboT:

Tavisufal samoqalaqo brunvaSi myof nivTebTan dakavSirebiT aRiniSna, rom sa-
gadasaxado kodeqsi sasaqonlo operaciebis ramdenime reJims moicavs. kerZod, ese-
nia: importi, eqsporti, tranziti, sawyobi, reeqsporti, Sida gadamuSaveba, gare gada-
muSaveba, droebiTi Semotana, Tavisufali zona da Tavisufali sawyobi. am sasaqonlo
89
saqarTvelos kanoni `SeiaraRebis samxedro teqnikisa da ormagi daniSnulebis produq-
90
91
Tavdacvis saministros debuleba, muxli 2.
92
354
operaciebidan saqarTvelos ekonomikur interess ziani adgeba mxolod saqarTvelos

ekonomikur sazRvarze saqonlis sabaJo wesis darRveviT importis, reeqsportis da
droebiTi Semotanis dros, ris gamoc eqsporti, tranziti, sawyobi, Sida gadamuSave-
ba, gare gadamuSaveba, Tavisufali zona da Tavisufali sawyobis sasaqonlo operacie-
bis ganxorcielebis dros piri administraciulad unda isjebodes. am arguments amya-
rebs is, rom ssk-is me-7 muxlis me-2 nawili qmedebas, mis mier gamowveuli zianis mcire
mniSvnelobis gamo, ar ganixilavs danaSulad. ssk-is 214-e muxlis redaqcia saWiroebs
cvlilebas, raTa dakonkretdes, Tu romeli sasaqonlo operaciebis dros daisjeba pi-
ri sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT. cvlilebis Setanis Sedegad saqarTvelos ekonomikur
sazRvarze saqonlis sabaJo wesis darRveviT importis, reeqsportis da droebiTi Se-
motanis dros piri daisjeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT, xolo sxva sasaqonlo ope-
raciis dros sagadasaxado kodeqsiT.
kulturuli memkvidreobis erTian siaSi droebiT Setanil nivTTan dakavSirebiT
ganxilulia SemTxveva, rodesac piri SesaZloa gasamarTlebul iqnes da Semdeg aRmoC-
ndes, rom danaSaulis Semadgenloba saxeze ar gvqonda. SeTavazebul iqna problemis
gadaWris gza, kerZod sagadasaxado kodeqsis 289-e muxlSi da ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-3
nawilSi unda moxdes Sesabamisi cvlileba, ris Sedegadac kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtTa siaSi droebiT Setanli nivTTan dakavSirebuli samarTaldarRvevaze gani-
sazRvros administraciuli pasuxismgebloba.
Zvirfas liTonebTan dakavSirebiT dadginda, rom ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-3 nawil-
Si amosaRebia „Zvirfasi liTonisagan damzadebuli saiuveliro nakeTobis an Zvirfasi
liTonis jarTis wesis darRveviT gadatana an gadmotana“, radgan 2005 wlis 01 ianvri-
dan aRniSnuli nakeTobebis da jarTis aRricxva aRar warmoebs.
Tavisufal samoqalaqo brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebis, rogoricaa Sxamiani, mom-
wamlavi, radiaqtiuri, feTqebadi, SeiaraRebis, asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis, cecx-
lsasroli iaraRis, im masalis an mowyobilobis, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Sesaqmnelad, strategiulad mniSvnelovani nedleu-
lis saqarTveloSi dadgenili wesis darRveviT Semotana safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoeb-
riv usafrTxoebas, ris gamoc aRniSnuli nivTebis Semotana mkacr kontrols eqvemdeba-
reba. sazRarze maTi Semotanis da gatanis wesi dadgenilia normatiuli aqtebiT, Tumca,
maTgan ramdenime, rogoricaa kanoni „Zvirfasi liTonebisa da Zvirfasi qvebis saxel-
mwifo kontrolis, analizisa da dadamRvis Sesaxeb“, cnobilia Zaladakargulad.93 aseve,
momwamlavi da Sxamiani nivTierebebis definicia arcerT normatiul aqtSi ar aris gan-
martebuli. masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis definiciaze ki jer Camoyalibebuli po-
zicia arc saerTaSoriso samarTalSi gvxvdeba, rac am terminebis araswori gamoyenebis
risks qmnis. naSromSi detalurad iqna ganxiluli, ra igulisxmeba ssk-is 214-e muxlSi
gaTvaliswinebuli Tavisufali samoqalaqo brunvidan amoRebul nivTierebebSi, rome-
li maTgani SeiZleba iyos safrTxis Semcveli da romeli kategoriis nivTierebebi da ma-
salebi unda iqnes moazrebulebi saqarTvelos ssk-is 214-e muxlis dispoziciaSi.
93
saqarTvelos kanoni Zvirfasi liTonebisa da Zvirfasi qvebis saxelmwifo kontrolis,
analizisa da dadamRvis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Zaladakargulad cnobis Taobaze,
muxli1.
355
aseve, me-2 jgufis radiaciuli nivTierebebis saqarTveloSi Semotanis da gatanis

dros ganxiluli iyo sakiTxebi, rodesac saqarTvelos moqalaqe da ucxo saxelmwifos
moqalaqe araTanabar mdgomareobaSi arian Cayenebuli.
dadginda, rom feTqebadi nivTierebebis etiketireba savaldebuloa, ris gamoc
etiketis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, dRes moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, piri daisjeba
sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT, rac arasworia. Tu piri yvela saWiro dokumentacias wa-
radgens sabaJoze da ar moxdeba sabaJo kontrolis gverdis avliT an misgan malulad
tvirTis Semotana, igi unda daisajos administraciulad.
dasaxelebul iqna kanonmdeblobis xarvezi, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom sabrZolo
masala ar Sedis SeiaraRebis CamonaTvalSi,94 ris gamoc sabrZolo masalis saqarTvelo-
Si Semotanis dros piri daisjeba ssk-is 236-e muxliT, rac aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba ka-
nonmdeblis nebas.
aseve, kulturuli memkvidreobis Semotana/gatanis Sesaxeb dadginda, rom 100
welze meti xnis erTi monetis saqarTveloSi Semomtani daisjeba sisxlis samarTlis
wesiT, miuxedavad am monetis Rirebulebisa. maSin rodesac moZravi nivTis Semotanis
dros dawesebulia Rirebulebis zRvari, romlis minimumi sazRvarze malulad Semota-
nis SemTxvevaSi 5000 laria. amdenad, saWiroa kulturuli memkvidreobis Semotana/ga-
tanis SemTxvevaSic moqmedebdes iseTive RirebulebiTi zRvari, rogorc es ssk-is 214-e
muxlis pirvel da me-2 nawilebisTvis aris dawesebuli.
dabolos, ganxilulia iseTi sakiTxi, rodesac erTi pistoletis gadatana an gad-
motana ssk-is 214-e muxlis me-4 nawilis mixedviT imave safrTxis Semcvelia sazogado-
ebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis, rogoric masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi. radgan erTadaa
moqceuli saqarTvelos sazRvarze sabaJo wesis darRveviT cecxlsasroli iaraRis da
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gadmotanis SemTxvevebi, xolo sabrZolo masalis Se-
motana ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli ssk-is 214-e muxlis dispoziciaSi. problemis gada-
saWrelad SeTavazebul iqna am normaSi cvlilebis Setana da „cecxlsasroli iaraRis”
amoReba, ris Semdegac sabaJo wesis darRveviT cecxlsasroli iaraRis da sabrZolo ma-
salis SemotanisTvis pasuxismgebloba unda ganisazRvros sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis
TavSi.
94
saqarTvelos kanoni `SeiaraRebis, samxedro teqnikisa da ormagi daniSnulebis produq-
356
Temur cqitiSvili*
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva, rogorc safrTxis

Semqmneli deliqtebis dasjadobis legitimaciis safuZveli
1. Sesavali
qarTul sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi, samarTlebrivi sikeTis nacvlad,

tradiciulad, gamoiyeneba „danaSaulis obieqtis“ cneba, romelSic moiazreben „sazo-
gadoebriv urTierTobebs“, rasac oTx saxed hyofen. winamdebare statiaSi dasabuTe-
bulia, Tu ratom unda mieniWos upiratesoba, „danaSaulis obieqtis“ nacvlad, samar-
Tlebrivi sikeTis cnebas.
germanul sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebaSi araerTgvarovani Sexedulebaa gamoT-
qmuli imis Taobaze, Tu ras warmoadgens samarTlebrivi sikeTe. igi ganmartebulia
rogorc „mdgomareoba, romlis xelyofa da dacvac SesaZlebelia“, „samarTlebrivad,
minimum, dacvis Rirsi sikeTe“, „sisxlissamarTlebrivad daculi interesebi“, „gasu-
lierebuli idealuri Rirebuleba“, „socialuri wesrigis samarTlebrivad daculi
abstraqtuli Rirebuleba“,1 „idealuri socialuri Rirebuleba“2 da a.S. miuxedavad
samarTlebriv sikeTeze arsebul azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa, TiTqmis erTsulovania damo-
kidebuleba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom qmedebis Semadgenloba samarTlebrivi sikeTis
mixedviT unda ganimartos,3 vinaidan TiToeuli qmedebis Semadgenloba konkretuli
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis mizans emsaxureba. statiaSi ganxilulia calkeul av-
torTa Sexedulebebi samarTlebriv sikeTeze da Camoyalibebulia samarTlebrivi si-
keTis cneba, mocemulia samarTlebriv sikeTeTa klasifikacia, gaanalizebulia samar-
Tlebrivi sikeTisa da Rirebulebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi.
mocemul teqstSi ganxilulia samarTlebrivi sikeTe, rogorc safrTxis Semqmne-
li deliqtebis dasjadobis legitimaciis safuZveli. kritikulad aris gaSuqebuli is
Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, normebi, romlebic safrTxis Semqmneli deliqtebis
dasjadobas aweseben, ar gulisxmoben samarTlebriv sikeTes, vinaidan sakiTxis aseTi
gadawyveta eWvqveS ayenebs Sesabamisi normis arsebobis gamarTlebas.
2. samarTlebrivi sikeTis moZRvreba
samarTlebrivi sikeTis arsebobis sakiTxi pirvelad me-19 saukuneSi daisva. manam-

de danaSauli uflebis xelyofad miiCneoda.4 cnobili germaneli mecnieri foierbaxi
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori.
1
Roxin C., Strafrecht, AT, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 14.
2
Wessels/Beulke, Strafrecht, AT, Die Straftat und ihre Aufbau, 40. Auflage, Heidelberg, 2010, 3, § 1, 8.
3
Roxin C., Strafrecht, AT, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 14.
4
Haft F., Strafrecht, AT, 8. Aufl., München, 1998, 73.
357
Tavis ùflebis xelyofis TeoriaSi~ (Rechtsverletzungstheorie) danaSauls ganmartavs, ro-

gorc saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili, sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT garantirebul
Tavisuflebis xelyofas da sxvaTa uflebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebas, romel-
sac sisxlis samarTlis kanoni emuqreba. saxelmwifos mizania individualuri uflebe-
bis dacva da, Sesabamisad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi dasjadobis wanamZRvaria am ufleba-
Ta xelyofa.5 moralisa da zneobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli deliqtebi individualuri
uflebis xelyofas ar gulisxmoben da amitom, foierbaxiseuli gagebiT, SeuZlebelia
danaSaulad maTi Sefaseba. aseTi deliqtebi unda dasjiliyo, rogorc policiuri sa-
marTaldarRveva (Polizeiübertretungen).6
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs iseT danaSauls, rogo-
ricaa „danaSauli sazogadoebrivi zneobis winaaRmdeg“ (cxovelisadmi sastiki mopy-
roba, prostituciisTvis adgilis gadacema, micvalebulisadmi upativcemuloba). da-
naSaulis foierbaxiseuli ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli samarTaldarRveva ver miiCneva
danaSaulad, vinaidan, rogorc danaSaulebrivi qmedebis saxelwodebac migviTiTebs,
xelyofisgan dasacavi sikeTea sazogadoebrivi zneoba, morali, rac, bunebrivia, ar
aris individualuri sikeTe. aq saubaria sazogadoebaze da ara calkeul pirovnebaze,
rogorc sazogadoebis wevrze. garda „sazogadoebrivi zneobis winaaRmdeg mimarTu-
li danaSaulisa“, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs sxva saxis danaSaulebsac,
romlebic aseve ar aris mimarTuli individualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis winaaRmdeg.
magaliTad, danaSauli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.
me-19 saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi birnbaumma Camoayaliba samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dacvis moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmad, danaSauli xelyofs sikeTes, romelic adamians
bunebisgan, sazogadoebisgan da, upirveles yovlisa, pozitiursamarTlebrivi norme-
biT aqvs miniWebuli.7 igi dacul sikeTes or kategoriad hyofda: „naturalur“ da „so-
cialur“ sikeTed. daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTis orsaxovani dayofis safuZvelze,
birnbaumi axdenda danaSaulis klasifikacias, `bunebriv~ da `socialur~ danaSaule-
bad, romelic mimarTulia koleqtivis da individebis winaaRmdeg. igi ar gamoricxavda
amoraluri da antireligiuri qmedebis dasjadobis SesaZleblobas.8
me-19 saukunis miwuruls da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi birnbaumis moZRvrebam
ganviTareba pova. listma danaSauli ganmarta rogorc samarTlebrivad daculi inte-
resebis xelyofa.9 listis Sexeduleba efuZneboda rudolf fon ieringis swavlebas,
romlis mixedviT mizani aris yvela samarTlis „Semqmneli“ (Semoqmedi).10 nebismierma sa-
marTlebrivma normam unda daadasturos misi mizanSewoniloba gansazRvruli subieq-
tebisTvis, subieqturi interesebis matareblebisTvis. am interesebis, samarTlebrivi
sikeTis matarebelSi ieringi gulisxmobs ara mxolod individebs, aramed koleqtiur
sazogadoebas da saxelmwifosac. saxelmwifo da individi ar upirispirdebian erTma-
5
Swoboda S., Die Lehre Rechtsgut und ihre Alternativen, ZStW 2010, 26.
6
iqve, 26.
7
Haft F., Strafrecht, AT, 8. Aufl., München, 1998,73.
8
9
Haft F., Strafrecht, AT, 8. Aufl., München, 1998,73.
10
Röhl K., Röhl H., Allgemeine Rechtslehre, Ein Lehrbuch, 3. Aufl., Köln. München, 2008, 357.
358
Temur cqitiSvili, samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva, rogorc safrTxis
neTs da ar arian gaucxoebuli, aramed arsebobs aseTi gamonaTqvamic: „saxelmwifo Ta-

vad aris calkeul adamianTa erToba“.11 am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba is, rom saxelmwifo
samarTlebriv sazogadoebaSi TiToeuli moqalaqis, da ara sazogadoebis garkveuli
fenis, interesebis damcvelad gvevlineba.
hasemeri samarTlebriv sikeTed miiCnevs im adamianur interesebs, romlebic sis-
xlissamarTlebriv dacvas saWiroebs.12 misi TvalsazrisiT, sisxlis samarTlis legi-
timaciisTvis sakmarisi ar aris interesis mxolod socialurad dasabuTebuli, maSa-
sadame, araindividualuri mniSvneloba.13 amave TvalTaxedviT, universaluri samar-
Tlebrivi sikeTis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva moiTxovs, individualuri interese-
bidan gamomdinareobdes, rom qmedeba dasjis Rirsia. garemos dazianebis, garemosTvis
safrTxis Seqmnis dasjadoba efuZneba ara garemos, rogorc sazogadoebrivi sikeTis
dacvis aucileblobas, aramed im ideas, rom jansaRi garemo, rogorc „adamianuri cxov-
rebis pirobebis ansambli“ („Ensemble der menschlichen Lebensbedingungen“) individualuri
cxovrebisTvis mniSvnelovani interesebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba.14
hasemeri individualur interesebs wina planze ayenebs, vidre sazogadoebriv
an saxelmwifo interesebs. samarTlebriv sikeTeze misi moZRvrebis mTavari qvakuTx-
edi swored adamiani, adamianuri interesebia. am mxriv sayuradReboa qarTuli sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsi, romlis kerZo nawili, gansxvavebiT 1960 wlis qarTuli sabWouri
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisgan, swored adamianis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaule-
biT iwyeba. amiT qarTvelma kanonmdebelma wina planze daayena adamianis interesebi.
magram, amasTan erTad, isic unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, rom zogjer wina planze sa-
xelmwifo interesebi dgeba. SeiZleba es qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo
nawilidan mkafiod ar ikveTeba, magram amaze metyvelebs Semdegi garemoebebi: adamians,
marTalia, gmiroba da sxvisTvis Tavis gawirva ar moeTxoveba, magram SeiZleba profesi-
idan an sxva faqtoridan gamomdinare, evalebodes safrTxis Tavis Tavze miReba. jaris-
kaci, roca brZolis velze mtris Tavdasxmas igeriebs da amiT saxelmwifo interesebs
icavs, ar aris uflebamosili, uari Tqvas im safrTxeze, romelic mas piradad emuqreba.
igive iTqmis policielzec, roca igi wesrigs, maSasadame, sazogadoebriv interesebs
icavs. policieli ara mxolod uflebamosili, aramed valdebulic aris, daicvas wes-
rigi da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Seebas marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Camdens. polici-
els da jariskacs maTTvis dakisrebuli movaleobis Sesruleba sakuTari sicocxlis-
Tvis safrTxis Seqmnis fasad ujdebaT, rac arcTu iSviaTad sicocxlis mospobiTac
sruldeba. amitom, zogjer rTulic SeiZleba iyos gadaWriT pasuxis gacema kiTxvaze,
ra ufro prioritetulia: adamianuri (individualuri), sazogadoebrivi Tu saxelmwi-
fo interesebi?
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT metad sainteresoa b. zoiZis Sexeduleba, rome-
lic aRniSnavs, rom „samarTali individualuri interesebis garSemo trialebs. es, cxa-
dia, Cemi da Seni interesia. rac Seexeba sazogadod Cvens interess, esec Cemi interesis
11
12
Hassemer, Neumann., in: NK, Band 1, 2. Aufl., 2005, 107, §1. 144.
13
iqve, 106, §1. 137.
14
iqve, 106, §1. 135.
359
gamovlenis saSualebaa. is arsebobs damoukideblad, magram arsebobs ara TavisTavad,

aramed CemTvis“.15
qarTul sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi samarTlebrivi sikeTis aRsaniSna-
vad dRemde gamoiyeneba termini „danaSaulis obieqti“.16 gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia
gamoTqmuli imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli „danaSaulis obieq-
tad“. mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom masSi igulisxmeba is sazogadoebrivi urTierTobe-
bi, romelic zians ganicdis danaSaulis Sedegad.17 „danaSaulis obieqts“ yofen zogad,
gvareobiT, saxeobiT da uSualo obieqtad.18
g. tyeSeliaZe „danaSaulis zogadi obieqtis“ Semadgenel nawilad Tvlida ara mxo-
lod sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, aramed sisxlis samarTlis kanonsac.19 misi Tval-
sazrisiT, „danaSaulis obieqtis“ materialuri mxarea sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi,
xolo formaluri, sisxlis samarTlis kanoni. rodesac damnaSave Cadis danaSauls, ara
mxolod azianebs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, aramed arRvevs normis avtoritets
da prestiJs.20
sisxlis samarTlis norma aris saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia sa-
marTlebrivi sikeTis dacva, magram, metad sakamaToa, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba sisxlis sa-
marTlis norma gamovacxadoT dasacav sikeTed. sisxlis samarTlis normasa da am nor-
miT dacul samarTlebriv sikeTes Soris iseTi urTierTdamokidebulebaa, rogorc mi-
zansa da saSualebas Soris.
g. naWyebias TvalsazrisiT, „danaSaulis obieqtis“ nacvlad unda gamoviyenoT
termini „sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti“.21 misi SexedulebiT, danaSauli xel-
yofs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, romelsac sisxlis samarTali icavs, magram „da-
naSaulis obieqtis“ da „sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqtis“ cnebebi erTmaneTs
gamoricxaven, ramdenadac erTmaneTs gamoricxavs garkveuli samarTlebrivi sikeTis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva da misi danaSaulebrivi xelyofa.22 aRniSnuli debuleba
sainteresoa. danaSauli marTlac uaryofaa imisa, rac sisxlis samarTliT aris dacu-
li. Tu sisxlis samarTlis norma icavs garkveul samarTlebriv sikeTes, danaSauli, pi-
15
zoiZe b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda, Tb., 2013, 116.
16
wereTeli T., tyeSeliaZe g., moZRvreba danaSaulze, Tb., 1969, 138; surgulaZe l., sisxlis
samarTali, danaSauli, Tb., 1996, 81; xuroSvili g., wignSi: naWyebia g., dvaliZe i., (red.),
sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2007, 110; lekveiSvili m., mamu-
laSvili g., wignSi: mamulaSvili g., (red.), sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, me-5
gamocema, Tb., 2014, 9.
17
wereTeli T., tyeSeliaZe g., moZRvreba danaSaulze, Tb., 1969, 138; surgulaZe l., sisx-
lis samarTali, danaSauli, Tb., 1996, 81.
18
lis samarTali, danaSauli, Tb., 1996, 138-157; lekveiSvili m., mamulaSvili g., sisxlis
samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, Tb., 2011, 9.
19
lis samarTali, danaSauli, Tb., 1996, 142-143.
20
lis samarTali, danaSauli, Tb., 1996, 144-145.
21
naWyebia g., `sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqtis~ cneba, `samarTali~, 1999, №6-7, 84.
22
iqve.
360
riqiT, am sikeTis xelyofas iwvevs. amitom, Tu romeli terminia swori – „danaSaulis

obieqti“ Tu „sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti“, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rome-
li poziciidanaa danaxuli samarTlebrivi sikeTe: danaSaulis ganxorcielebis Semdeg
Tu danaSaulis ganxorcielebamde. danaSaulis ganxorcielebis Semdeg SeiZleba sauba-
ri „danaSaulis obieqtze“, xolo danaSaulis ganxorcielebamde „sisxlissamarTlebri-
vi dacvis obieqtze“.23 magram, danaSaulis ganxorcielebis Semdegac SeiZleba saubari
„sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqtze“, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba igulisxme-
bodes ara samarTlebrivi sikeTe konkretulad, aramed zogadad, rameTu danaSaulis
(dasrulebuli formiT) ganxorcielebis Semdeg aRar arsebobs dasacavi samarTlebri-
vi sikeTe konkretuli saxiT da is ukve xelyofilia, anu dasacavic araferi darCa.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, unda iTqvas, rom termini „danaSaulis obieqti“ da „sis-
xlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti“ ar aris zusti (konkretuli) Sinaarsis momcveli.
danaSaulis ganxorcielebis Sedegad SeiZleba xelyofil iqnes rogorc konkretuli
samarTlebrivi sikeTe, ise misi matarebelic. magaliTad, mkvlelobis dros. danaSauli
isec SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, rom mxolod samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa miviRoT
Sedegad, rac yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs am sikeTis matareblis xelyofasac, kerZod, sa-
kuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis ganxorcielebisas (nivTis dazianeba - ssk-
is 187-e mux.).
sisxlissamarTlebrivad daculia rogorc konkretuli sikeTe (sicocxle, jan-
mrTeloba, sakuTreba da a. S.), ise misi matarebelic. samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva swo-
red misi matarebelis dacvis mizans emsaxureba. magram, erTmaneTTan ar unda gaigivdes
samarTlebrivi sikeTe da misi matarebeli (qmedebis obieqti).24 maSin, roca gamoiyeneba
termini „danaSaulis obieqti“, mkafio ar aris, Tu ra igulisxmeba konkretulad. aRniS-
nuli termini ar iZleva samarTlebrivi sikeTisa da qmedebis obieqtis diferenciaciis
saSualebas. ufro metic, is mecnierebi, romlebic „danaSaulis obieqtad“ sazogadoeb-
riv urTierTobebs Tvlian, imasac aRniSnaven, rom igi erTianobaa sxvadasxva nawilisa.
„misi erTi nawilia urTierTobis monawileni, xolo meore – am urTierTobis monawile-
Ta saqmianoba“.25 sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Semadgenel niSnebad ganixilaven aseve
am urTierTobis monawileTa gansazRvrul uflebebsa da movaleobebs.26
Tanamedrove qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, rogorc Cans, upiratesobas
termin „samarTlebriv sikeTes“ aniWebs. amaze miuTiTebs kodeqsis 28-e, 30-e da 31-e mux-
lebis Sinaarsi. 28-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, aucilebeli mogerieba gulisxmobs mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisas xelmyofis dazianebas Tavisi an sxvisi samarTlebrivi
sikeTis dasacavad.27 xolo, 31-e muxlis I nawilis Sesabamisad, „marTlsawinaaRmdegod
23
naWyebia g., qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciis zogadi Teoriis Sesavali, sisxlis
samarTlis mecnierebis cnebaTa sistemis aspeqtiT, Tb., 2000, 111-112.
24
turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tb., 2011, 22.
25
wereTeli T., tyeSeliaZe g., moZRvreba danaSaulze, Tb., 1969, 138.
26
Леквеишвили М., Объект уголовно-прававой охраны и его значение для квалификации преступлений,
уголовно-правовые исследования, Тб., 1987, 95.
27
winamorbedi sabWouri sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, aucilebel mogeriebasTan dakav-
SirebiT, „samarTlebrivi sikeTis“ nacvlad, iyenebda terminebs: „saxelmwifos intere-
si“, „sazogadoebrivi interesi“.
361
ar moqmedebs is, vinc sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo miznis misaRwevad gamarTlebuli

riskis pirobebSi daazianebs samarTlebriv sikeTes“.
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva qmedebis kriminalizaciis safuZvelia. am SemTxve-
vaSi mxedvelobaSi miiReba samarTlebrivi sikeTe materialuri gagebiT, samarTleb-
rivi sikeTe, romelic samarTlis normamde arsebobs da normis Seqmnas ganapirobebs.
garda samarTlebrivi sikeTis materialuri gagebisa, arsebobs formaluri gagebac,
romlis mixedviT samarTlebrivi sikeTea is, rac normis Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs.
samarTlebrivi sikeTe, formaluri gagebiT, samarTlis normis gareSe ar arsebobs.28
qmedebis kriminalizaciis legitimuroba SeiZleba gansazRvros samarTlebrivma sike-
Tem materialuri da ara formaluri gagebiT. Tuki samarTlebrivi sikeTis formalur
gagebas daveyrdnobiT, nebismieri norma legitimurad unda CavTvaloT da normis le-
gitimuroba verasdros ver dadgeba eWvqveS.
samarTlebrivi sikeTis Rirebuleba sasjelis zomaze axdens zegavlenas. kanon-
mdebeli sasjelis zomas imis gaTvaliswinebiT gansazRvravs, Tu ra saxis sikeTes xel-
yofs igi. ufro metic, rac ufro mniSvnelovania dasacavi sikeTe, miT ufro adrindel
stadiazea danaSaulis damTavrebis momenti gadmotanili. magaliTad, is, rom dasjadia
sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, saxelmwifo interesebis ara mxolod xelmyofi, aramed am
sikeTeebisTvis safrTxis Semqmneli deliqtebic, ganpirobebulia swored dasacav si-
keTeTa mniSvnelobiT. m. lekveiSvili marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom socialuri normis
darRvevis aRiareba danaSaulad ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Rirebu-
lebiT. rac ufro metia sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Rirebuleba, miT ufro metia sa-
fuZveli imisa, rom am urTierTobis xelyofa danaSaulad iqnes miCneuli.29
3. samarTlebrivi sikeTe, rogorc normiT daculi

realuri mdgomareoba
samarTlebrivi sikeTe bindingis da velcelis mier iqna ganxiluli rogorc nor-

miT daculi realuri mdgomareoba. bindingis TvalsazrisiT, damnaSave ar arRvevs sis-
xlis samarTlis kanons. sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT isjeba damnaSave, magram is arRvevs
normas, romelic sisxlis samarTlis kanons miRmaa.30 bindingis SexedulebiT, sisxlis
samarTlis kanons miRma myofi normebis mizania samarTlebrivi sikeTeebis dacva dazi-
anebisgan. aRniSnuli normebi prevenciuli xasiaTisaa. im normebiT daculi sikeTeebi,
romlebic sisxlis samarTlis kanons udevs safuZvlad, warmoadgenen realur obieqts,
romelTa xelyofa, Secvla danaSaulis meSveobiT kauzalurad SesaZlebelia.31
rogorc aRniSnuli msjelobidan irkveva, bindingis SexedulebiT, samarTlebri-
vi sikeTis dacva im kanonebis funqcias warmoadgens,32 romlebic sisxlis samarTlis ka-
28
mWedliSvili-hedrixi q., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili I, danaSauli, Tb., 2014, 8.
29
Леквеишвили М., Объект уголовно-прававой охраны и его значение для квалификации преступлений,
уголовно-правовые исследования, Тб., 1987, 95.
30
bindingis aRniSnul Sexedulebaze ix. Graul E., Abstrakte Gefährdungsdelikte und Präsumtionen im
Strafrecht, Berlin, 1991, 41-42.
31
iqve, 42.
32
aRniSnul sakiTxze, aseve, ix. gamyreliZe o., sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, I tomi, Tb.,
2011.
362
nons safuZvlad udevs. xolo, sisxlis samarTlis kanonis funqcia damnaSavis dasjaa.
Tumca, es ar gamoricxavs sisxlis samarTlis dacviT funqcias.
bindingis TvalsazrisiT, samarTlebrivi sikeTe, rogorc normiT daculi realu-
ri mdgomareoba, aris rogorc sxeulebrivi, ise arasxeulebrivi (magaliTad, Tavisuf-
leba), romlebic realurad SeiZleba daziandes an dairRves. amgvarad, samarTlebrivi
sikeTis xelyofa aris realur samarTlebriv sikeTeze asaxuli xelyofis Sedegi, rome-
lic Sedegis umarTlobad iwodeba.33
rodesac vsaubrobT samarTlebriv sikeTeze, rogorc normiT dacul realur
mdgomareobaze, unda ganimartos, ra igulisxmeba realobis cnebaSi. realobis cneba
moiazrebs realuri arsis cnebas, romelic arsis cnebaze SedarebiT SezRuduli mo-
culobisaa. realuri arsi arsis erT-erTi sferoa, magram „igi meti konkretulobiT
xasiaTdeba da moicavs mxolod imas, rac droSi imyofeba, rac moZraobs, icvleba. arsis
cneba ki masTan SedarebiT ufro farTocaa da abstraqtulic“.34 realuri arsis aseTi
gansazRvreba saSualebas gvaZlevs, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvaoT idealuri da realuri.
arsis ori ZiriTadi sfero arsebobs. esenia – realuri da idealuri arsi.35
S. nucubiZe erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs arss da amgvarad-yofnas. Tumca, misi
TvalsazrisiT, araviTari arsi ar arsebobs amgvarad-yofnis gareSe.36 misi Sexedule-
biT, amgvarad-yofnaSi ganamdvildeba arsis romelime mxare. amgvarad-yofnaSi vlinde-
ba is, rac arsiT aris moculi. arsi amgvarad-yofnis Sefasebaa.37 amgvarad, arsi aris
„arsze meti“. yoveli arsebuli Seicavs „arsze mets“.38 amgvarad-yofna arss konkretu-
lobiT aRemateba.
n. hartmani realuri arsis kriteriumad droSi arsebobas Tvlis. misi Tvalsaz-
risiT, realuria is, rac garkveuli drois monakveTSi arsebobs, icvleba, moZraobs da
warmavalia. realuri moicavs yovelives, rac individualurobisa da droulobis Zi-
riTad momentebs amJRavneben. yoveli realuri droSia moqceuli.39 xolo, idealuri
droSi ar arsebobs. igi sayovelTao da aucilebeli bunebisaa.40 idealuri, ise rogorc
realuri, yofierebis saxea. magram, realuri grZnobadi aRqmis, xolo idealuri gone-
biT moazrebis obieqtia.41
imis gaTvaliswinebT, rom idealuri arsic icvleba, SeiZleba daiSvas, rom is dro-
Si arsebobs. magram, idealuri arsis cvalebadoba ar niSnavs imas, rom is droSi arse-
33
Graul E., Abstrakte Gefährdungsdelikte und Präsumtionen im Strafrecht, Berlin, 1991, 43.
34
avaliani s., mecnieruli ontologia da filosofiuri Teologia, Tb., 2012, 42.
35
avaliani s., mecnieruli ontologia, Tb., 1994, 41.
36
nucubiZe S., WeSmariteba da Semecnebis struqtura, Sromebi, II, Tb., 1979, 91.
37
iqve, 92.
38
iqve, 96.
39
Hartmann N., Der Aufbau der realen Welt, Grundriss einer allgemeinen kategorologie, II Auflage, Meisen-
heim am Glan, 1949, 64. miTiTebulia: TevzaZe g., nikolai hartmanis ontologiis kritika,
Tb., 1967, 90; hartmani n., ontologiis axali gzebi, g. TevzaZis Targmani, Tb., 1997, 34;
40
Hartmann N., Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie, I Auflage, Berlin und Leipzig, 1935, 244, 268, cit.: Tevza-
Ze g., nikolai hartmanis ontologiis kritika, Tb., 1967, 98.
41
erqomaiSvili v., filosofia, Tb., 1998, 75-77.
363
bobs. Tu realuri moZraoba da cvalebadoba droSi sruldeba, idealuri moZraoba da

cvalebadoba droSi ar sruldeba, anu zedroulia.42
hartmani fiqrobs, rom vinaidan idealuri mxolod cnebis sferoSi moZraobs, iq-
mneba iluzia, TiTqos cneba TviT iyos sagani. cneba ki saganTan identuri maSinac ki
araa, roca zustad asaxavs mas.43
idealurSi hartmani uSvebs Rirebulebis sferoebs. rac Seexeba realobasTan Ri-
rebulebis mimarTebas, realoba SeiZleba Seesabamebodes mas da SeiZleba ara. realoba
SeiZleba iyos Rirebuli an, piriqiT, Rirebulebis sawinaaRmdego („Wertwidrig“).44 unda
aRiniSnos, rom Rirebuleba yovelTvis idealuria da sazomis („Rirebulis~ ganmsazR-
vreli) funqcias asrulebs. magaliTad, arsebuli realobis Sefaseba SeiZleba moxdes
iseTi RirebulebiT, rogoricaa zneoba, ris safuZvelsac zneobis normatiuli xasiaTi
iZleva.
sisxlis samarTliT dacul iseT sikeTes, romelic realur mdgomareobas gamo-
xatavs da realur arss ekuTvnis, miekuTvneba, magaliTad, sicocxle, janmrTeloba.
rodesac saubaria sicocxlesa da janmrTelobaze, rogorc realuri arsis gamoxatu-
lebaze, mxedvelobaSia konkretuli adamianis sicocxle, romlis arseboba garkveuli
droiT aris gansazRvruli da, romelmac garkveuli zemoqmedeba SeiZleba ganicados,
rac garesamyaroSi cvlilebis saxiT vlindeba.
realurad arsebuli movlenebia is movlenebi, romlebic realuri yofierebis
sferos miekuTvneba da aucilebeli saxiT emorCileba kauzaluri sferos kanonebs.45
rodesac saqme exeba iseTi samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofas, rogoric sicocxlea, Se-
saZlebelia mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena xelyofas da xelyofis gamomwvev qmedebas
Soris, vinaidan sicocxlis mospoba warmoadgens cvlilebas garesamyaroSi. garesamya-
roSi momxdari cvlileba ki mizezSedegobriobis kanonzomierebas emorCileba.
velcelic im daskvnamde mivida, rom samarTlebrivi sikeTe danaSaulebrivi qme-
debisgan damoukidebeli, normiT daculi obieqturi mdgomareoba anu dacvis obieq-
tia, romlis winaaRmdegac danaSaulebrivi qmedebaa mimarTuli. man yuradReba qmede-
baze gadaitana da erTmaneTisgan gamijna qmedebis da Sedegis umarTloba, normis da
samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa.46 misi TvalsazrisiT, Sedegis umarTloba samarTleb-
rivi sikeTis xelyofaSi an misTvis safrTxis SeqmnaSi, xolo qmedebis umarTloba mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego, socialurad araeTikur qmedebaSi mdgomareobs. qmedebis umarTlo-
ba Sedgeba samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofisken an misTvis safrTxis Seqmnisken mimar-
Tuli marTlsawinaaRmdego an windaxedulebis (obieqturad) damrRvevi qmedebisgan.
qmedebis umarTloba ar aris damokidebuli imaze, dadgeba Tu ara Sedegi samarTlebri-
vi sikeTis xelyofis an misTvis safrTxis Seqmnis saxiT.
velcelis SexedulebiT, qmedebis umarTlobis winapirobas ar warmoadgens da
qmedebis umarTlobisTvis saWiro ar aris samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa an misTvis
42
43
TevzaZe g., nikolai hartmanis ontologiis kritika, Tb., 1967, 101.
44
iqve, 106-108.
45
surgulaZe ir., xelisufleba da samarTali, o. gamyreliZis Targmani, Tb., 2002, 71.
46
Welzel H., Studien zum System des Strafrechts, ZStW 1939, 491.
364
safrTxis Seqmna, ramdenadac, misi mosazrebiT, arsebobs deliqtebi samarTlebrivi si-

keTis gareSec (rechtsgutslose Delikte). aseTi deliqtis magaliTad velcels mohyavs ger-
manuli ssk-is 173-e paragrafiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli. dasaxelebuli paragra-
fiT isjeba seqsualuri urTierToba naTesavebs Soris.47
germanul iuridiul literaturaSi aRniSnul sakiTxze gansxvavebuli mosazre-
bac gamoiTqva. germaneli mecnieris, rudolfis, SexedulebiT, naTesavebs Soris seq-
sualuri urTierTobis dros samarTlebrivi sikeTe konkretul ojaxTa urTierTobis
siwmindea.48 ar SeiZleba ar daeTanxmo rudolfis mosazrebas im TvalsazrisiT, rom,
marTlac, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes danaSauli, romelic samarTlebriv sikeTes abstraq-
tul safrTxes mainc ar uqmnides. samarTlebrivi sikeTis gareSe deliqtis arseboba
SeuZlebelia.
velcelis TvalsazrisiT, sisxlis samarTlis pirveladi, ZiriTadi amocana ar
aris samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva, maSasadame, arc individualur pirTa dacva.49 vel-
celis mosazrebis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba imis daskvna, rom is norma, romelic
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqts krZalavs, SeiZleba samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis mi-
zans ar emsaxurebodes. akrZalva samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacviTi miznis gareSe war-
moudgenelia. konkretuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebis akrZalva swored gansazRvruli
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvas unda emsaxurebodes.
velceli mizanSewonilad Tvlis sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciiT daculi mdgo-
mareobis da normiT daculi obieqtis gamijvnas. igi swored am ukanasknels miiCnevs
samarTlebriv sikeTed.50 unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu bindingi sisxlis samarTlis dacviT
funqcias uaryofs, velceli mas ar gamoricxavs. velcelis TvalsazrisiT, sisxlis sa-
marTali icavs ara calkeul samarTlebriv sikeTes, aramed principul Rirebulebebs.
misi mosazrebiT, sisxlis samarTals gaaCnia gaormagebuli, zesafexurovani dacvis
funqcia. sisxlis samarTlis kanons miRma myofi normebi icaven calkeul konkretul
samarTlebriv sikeTeebs, xolo sasjelis muqaras da sasjels ekisreba ufro Rrma amo-
cana (vidre calkeul samarTlebriv sikeTeTa dacva): isini emsaxurebian socialur-
eTikur RirebulebaTa uzrunvelyofas. aqedan SeiZleba Semdegi daskvnis gakeTeba:
sisxlis samarTlis kanons miRma arsebuli normebi uSualod icaven konkretul samar-
Tlebriv sikeTes, xolo sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciebiT socialur-eTikuri Rire-
bulebebis uzrunvelyofiT, am sikeTeTa dacva gaSualebuli gziT xdeba. velcelis Se-
xeduleba ewinaaRmdegeba im avtorTa Tvalsazriss, romlebic samarTlebriv sikeTes
47
saqarTvelos moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs msgavs Semadgenlo-
bas. jer kidev 1960 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis miRebisas daisva sakiTxi imis Sesa-
xeb, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi SeetanaT Tu ara aRniSnuli Semadgenloba, magram maSin
axlo naTesavebs Soris seqsualuri urTierTobis kanonmdeblobiT dasjadad gamocxa-
debaze uari iTqva. argumenti iyo is, rom aRniSnul sakiTxs zneobrivi qcevis wesi uke-
Tesad aregulirebs, vidre pozitiuri samarTali.
48
Rudolphi H. J., Inhalt und Funktion des Handlungsunwertes im Rahmen der personalen Unrechtslehre, Mau-
rach-FS, Karlsruhe, 1972, 56, cit.: Graul E., Abstrakte Gefährdungsdelikte und Präsumtionen im Strafrecht,
Berlin, 1991, 47.
49
Welzel H., Das Deutsche Strafrecht, 11. Aufl., Berlin, 1969, 3.
50
iqve, 491.
365
ganmartaven ara rogorc realobas, aramed rogorc abstraqcias, idealur Rirebu-

lebas.
Tu velcelis Sexedulebas gaviziarebT, romlis mixedviTac arseboben deliqte-
bi samarTlebrivi sikeTis gareSe, maSin uaryofil unda iqnes debuleba, romlis Tanax-
madac yvela danaSauli msxverpls iwvevs da ar arsebobs danaSauli msxverplis, daza-
ralebulis gareSe.51 iq, sadac ar arsebobs samarTlebrivi sikeTe, bunebrivia, ar aris
misi matarebelic.
samarTlebrivi sikeTis ukan yovelTvis dgas misi matarebeli. es SeiZleba iyos
individi, sazogadoeba an saxelmwifo. aqedan gamomdinareobs samarTlebriv sikeTeTa
dayofa individualur da araindividualur samarTlebriv sikeTed. magram, ramdenad
SeiZleba erTmaneTs gauTanabrdes msxverpli da samarTlebrivi sikeTis matarebeli?
emTxveva ki es ori cneba yovelTvis erTmaneTs?
mecnierTa nawilis azriT, samarTlebrivi sikeTis matarebeli da msxverpli er-
Ti da imave mniSvnelobis sityvebi ar aris. miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSauli ar arse-
bobs samarTlebrivi sikeTis gareSe, igi SeiZleba arsebobdes msxverplis gareSe.52 am
SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba iseTi danaSaulebi, romlebic individis winaaRmdeg ar aris
mimarTuli. magaliTad, dokumentebis gayalbeba.53warmodgenili debulebis Tanaxmad,
msxverpli aris maSin, roca individualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa xdeba.
msxverpli ufro metad individs, konkretul adresats unda niSnavdes, romelic
dazaralda an romelsac safrTxe Seeqmna danaSaulis Sedegad. Tumca, SeiZleba msxver-
plis cneba ori – farTo da viwro – mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT. viwro gagebiT, msxver-
pli unda gulisxmobdes mxolod individs, maSin, roca msxverplSi, farTo gagebiT, Se-
iZleba sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos moazreba.
iseT danaSaulad, roca qmedeba mimarTulia gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi sike-
Tis winaaRmdeg, magram saxeze ar aris msxverpli am sityvis viwro gagebiT, SeiZleba da-
saxeldes ssk-is 254-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli, romelic prostituciis-
Tvis adgilis an sacxovreblis gadacemaSi gamoixateba. Tu yvela danaSauli msxverpls
gulisxmobs, Cndeba kiTxva, vin SeiZleba iyos dasaxelebuli danaSaulis msxverpli? is,
vinc adgilis daTmobis sanacvlod fuls ixdis (farTis damqiravebeli), is, vinc pros-
titucias nebayoflobiT eweva da seqsualuri momsaxurebisTvis fuls iRebs, Tu is
klienti, romelic seqsualuri momsaxurebisTvis garkveul Tanxas ixdis? oponentis
mxridan pasuxi SeiZleba aseTic gaices: danaSaulis msxverpli am SemTxvevaSi aris sa-
zogadoeba. magram, Tu es Sexeduleba iqneba gaziarebuli, msxverpli metad farTod
ganimarteba. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom arsebobs arauflebrivi da uflebrivi si-
keTe,54 iseve rogorc arauflebrivi (zneobrivi) da uflebrivi Rirebuleba.55 arauf-
lebriv sikeTed SeiZleba sazogadoebrivi zneobis miCneva da, Sesabamisad, am sikeTis
51
SalikaSvili m., viqtimologia – mecniereba danaSaulis msxverplis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2011, 15.
52
Kiefl/Lamnek, Soziologie des Opfers, München, 1986, 32; Röhl K., Röhl H., Allgemeine Rechtslehre, Ein
Lehrbuch, 3. Auflage, Köln. München, 2008, 269.
53
iqve.
54
wereTeli T., realuri SesaZleblobis kategoriis gamoyeneba danaSaulis mcdelobis
cnebis agebisaTvis, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XXIV, Tb., 1942, 23.
55
naneiSvili g., samarTlis fsiqologiuri Teoriis apriorul-emociuri safuZvlebi, mi-
sive wignSi: samarTlis filosofiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1992, 210.
366
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba ar arRvevs uflebas (aramed movaleobas) da ar iwvevs

msxverpls, rac gamomdinareobs moralis wminda imperatiuli bunebidan, maSin roca sa-
marTali ìmperatiul-atributuli~ bunebisaa (petraJicki).56 maSasadame, SeiZleba ar-
sebobdes valdebuleba uflebis gareSe.57 SeuZlebelia qmedebam gamoiwvios msxverpli
(viwro gagebiT) mxolod movaleobis darRvevis gamo uflebis xelyofis gareSe. msxver-
pli maSinaa, roca uflebaa darRveuli.
h. Snaideris SexedulebiT, msxverpli ar unda iqnes gagebuli personificire-
bulad da msxverplis cnebaSi ar unda moiazrebodes mxolod individi, adamiani. misi
azriT, SesaZlebelia koleqtiuri, abstraqtuli msxverplis arseboba. magaliTad, so-
cialuri jgufebi, sazogadoeba da misi wesrigi, saxelmwifo, marTlmsajuleba.58 aR-
niSnuli mosazreba ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes marTebulad. msxverpli yovelTvis kon-
kretulia da ar SeiZleba msxverplis abstraqtulad gageba. iseve rogorc ar arsebobs
danaSaulis Cadena zogadad da danaSauli yovelTvis konkretul viTarebaSi, konkre-
tul garemoebaSi xorcieldeba, aseve ar SeiZleba arsebobdes àbstraqtuli msxver-
plic”. danaSauls SeiZleba hyavdes ara erTi da ori, aramed bevri msxverpli, danaSau-
lis msxverpli SeiZleba iyos Tundac garkveuli jgufi, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom
SeiZleba arsebobdes àbstraqtuli msxverpli~. àbstraqtuli msxverplis~ arseboba
winaaRmdegobaSi modis msxverplis bunebasTan da gagebasTan. garda amisa, msxverplad
ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes marTlmsajuleba da sazogadoebis wesrigi. msxverplis ase-
Ti gagebiT erTmaneTSi aireva samarTlebrivi sikeTe da misi matarebeli. msxverpli Se-
iZleba iyos ara samarTlebrivi sikeTe, aramed misi matarebeli. marTlmsajuleba da
sazogadoebis wesrigi ki samarTlebrivi sikeTeebia.
h. ieSekis TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoebrivi zneobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseT
deliqtebSi, rogoricaa cxovelisadmi sastiki mopyroba, micvalebulisadmi upativ-
cemuloba, samarTlebrivi sikeTea sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli RirebulebiTi da-
mokidebuleba. ieSeki aRniSnavs, rom es ukanaskneli, marTalia, miiCneva samarTlebriv
sikeTed, magram dasjadobis safuZvelia ara qmedebiT gamowveuli ziani, aramed dacva
socialuri moralisadmi gansazRvruli damokidebulebisa, romelic sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi sanqciiT unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili.59
4. samarTlebrivi sikeTe, rogorc

idealuri Rirebuleba
farTo gavrceleba pova Tvalsazrisma, romlis Tanaxmadac, samarTlebrivi si-

keTe ara realuri, pozitiurad Sefasebadi sikeTea, aramed idealuri Rirebuleba. h.
ieSeki samarTlebriv sikeTes idealur, socialuri wesrigis samarTlebrivad dacul,
abstraqtul Rirebulebad miiCnevda, romlis dacvis interesi sazogadoebas gaaCnia da
56
Radbruch G., Rechtsphilosophie, 2. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2003, 43; naneiSvili g., samarTlis fsiqolo-
giuri Teoriis apriorul-emociuri safuZvlebi, misive wignSi: samarTlis filosofiis
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1992, 208; vaCeiSvili al., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tb., 2010, 98.
57
fxalaZe b., samarTalsubieqtoba da moqalaqeTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba, „sabWoTa sa-
marTali“, №6, 1966, 16.
58
Schneider H. J., Viktimologie, Wissenschaft vom Verbrechensopfer, Tübingen, 1975, 10-11.
59
Jescheck H. H., Weigend T., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, AT, 5. Aufl., Berlin, 1996, 258-259.
367
romlis matarebeli calkeuli pirovneba an pirTa erToba SeiZleba iyos.60 misi moZR-
vrebis mixedviT, samarTlebrivi sikeTe ar aris qmedebis SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswi-
nebuli Sedegis identuri. Sedegis umarTloba gulisxmobs qmedebis realuri obieqtis
xelyofas an misTvis safrTxis Seqmnas.61 ieSeki samarTlebriv sikeTes da qmedebis obi-
eqts mijnavs erTmaneTisgan. Tu samarTlebrivi sikeTe idealuri Rirebulebaa, qmede-
bis obieqti realuri arsis sferos ganekuTvneba.
ieSekis Tvalsazriss samarTlebriv sikeTeze safuZvlad daedo platonis moZR-
vreba idealebze.62 aRniSnuli debulebis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi sikeTe aris mara-
diuli, maSasadame, ucvleli idea. idea aragrZnobadia, romelsac adamiani TvaliT ver
xedavs.63 platonis TvalsazrisiT, Tu grZnobadi sagnebi cvalebadia, ideebi, rogorc
aragrZnobadi, ucvleli.64
ieSekis msgavsad, samarTlebriv sikeTes idealur Rirebulebad miiCneven sxva av-
torebic, romlebic aRniSnaven, rom samarTlebrivi sikeTe idealuri sagania, romel-
Ta xelyofa an gadafaseba calkeul danaSaulebriv qmedebaTa meSveobiT SeuZlebelia.
SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofa da, aqedan gamomdinare, saf-
rTxis Seqmna.65 warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi ar SeiZleba marTebulad CaiTvalos. rode-
sac saubaria samarTlebrivi sikeTis ara xelyofis, aramed misTvis mxolod safrTxis
Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze, bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: ramdenad SesaZlebelia safrTxe
Seeqmnas im samarTlebriv sikeTes, romlis xelyofac SeuZlebelia? safrTxis Seqmna
xom xelyofis SesaZleblobis Seqmnas gulisxmobs da, Tu sikeTis xelyofa SeuZlebe-
lia, aqedan SeiZleba daskvna, rom misTvis safrTxis Seqmnac SeuZlebeli iqneba. saf-
rTxe SeiZleba imas Seeqmnas, risi xelyofac SeiZleba.
ieSekis debulebis sawinaaRmdegod gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom, sisxlis samarTlis
amocana ar aris cnebebis dacva. kanoni gamoicema ara cnebis, aramed realobis dasaca-
vad.66 aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, Tu samarTlebrivi sikeTe ganimarteba rogorc idea-
luri, ararealuri Rirebuleba, maSin igi sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvas ar saWiroebs,
ramdenadac misi, rogorc maradiulis da waruvalis, kauzaluri xelyofa SeuZlebe-
lia.67 SeiZleba kauzaluri xelyofa imis, rac realuria. magaliTad, Tu samarTlebriv
sikeTes – sicocxles gavigebT rogorc idealur Rirebulebas, misi xelyofa an mis-
Tvis safrTxis Seqmna SeuZlebeli iqneba. SeuZlebelia cnebis kauzaluri xelyofa an
misTvis safrTxis Seqmna. SeuZlebelia sicocxle, rogorc cneba, mokvdes an janmrTe-
loba, rogorc cneba, daziandes. yvelaferi, rac aramaterialurad anu idealurad ar-
60
Jescheck H. H., Weigend T., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, AT, 5. Aufl., Berlin, 1996, 257.
61
iqve, 257.
62
platonis ideebze ix. baqraZe k., wereTeli s., gujabiZe p., kilaZe v., WeliZe m., nemsaZe m.,
filosofiis istoria, Tb., 1962, 49-56.
63
wereTeli s., narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi, pirveli tomi, antikuri filosofia,
Tb., 1973, 315.
64
iqve, 318.
65
Sax W., „Tatbestand“ und Rechtsgustverletzung, JZ 1976, 432.
66
Kargl W., Friedenssicherung durch Strafrecht, Teleologische Strafrechtfertigung am Beispiel der Tötungsde-
likte, Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophi, 1996, 492.
67
Hefendel R., Kollektive Rechtsgüter im Strafrecht, Köln, Berlin, Bonn, München, 2002, 29.
368
sebobs, ar warmoadgens fizikur mdgomareobas, isini idealur sferos miekuTvnebian.

mizezobrioba kidev ar miekuTvneba metafizikur-idealur samyaros.68 mizezobrioba
realur cxovrebaSi mimdinare process asaxavs. „sicocxles idealuri sawyisebi aqvs
da mWidrod dakavSirebulia idealur arsTan, magram igi mainc biologiuri fenomenia
da realobis sferos miekuTvneba“.69
marTalia, sicocxle, rogorc sisxlis samarTliT daculi samarTlebrivi sike-
Te, gansxeulebuli saxiT arsebobs da realur mdgomareobas gamoxatavs, magram sis-
xlis samarTliT daculi yvela sikeTe rodia aseTi. sisxlis samarTali icavs iseT sike-
Teebsac, romlebic idealur Rirebulebas Seadgenen. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsSi mocemulia Tavi – „danaSauli mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da sazogadoeb-
rivi zneobis winaaRmdeg“. am TavSi gaTvaliswinebulia sasjeli iseTi qmedebebisTvis,
rogoricaa: prostituciisaTvis adgilis daTmoba, cxovelisadmi upativcemuloba. aR-
niSnuli qmedebebi mimarTulia sazogadoebrivi zneobis winaaRmdeg. sazogadoebrivi
zneoba ki aris is samarTlebrivi sikeTe, romelic gansxeulebuli saxiT ar arsebobs. aq
saqme exeba idealur Rirebulebas.
„idealuris“ alternativa aris ara „materialuri“, aramed „realuri“. mecniere-
baSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis mixedviT, realoba Sedgeba ara mxolod sxeulebrivi sag-
nebisgan, aramed sulieri fenomenebisganac. es fenomenebi ar aris idealuri azrobrivi
warmonaqmni, romelzec kauzaluri zemoqmedeba SeuZlebelia. es fenomenebi aris sag-
nebi, romelTa xelyofa SesaZlebelia.70
kants idealizmi da idealuri gagebuli hqonda subieqturi idealizmis Tvalsaz-
risiT, mxolod imis arsebobis daSvebis azriT, rac Cveni warmodgenebi da ideebia. igi
obieqtursa da realurs upirispirebs subieqturs da idealurs, rogorc Cveni Semec-
nebis bunebidan gamomdinares.71 maSasadame, idealuri, kantis mixedviT, aris ara obieq-
turi, aramed subieqturi.
samarTlebriv sikeTeze, rogorc idealur Rirebulebaze, saubrisas saWiroa imis
gaTvaliswineba, rom idealuri da realuri orive arsis sferos ekuTvnis, magram Tu
realuri droSi arsebobs, moZraobs da icvleba, idealuri, piriqiT, ucvlelia. Sesaba-
misad, roca saubaria idealuri Rirebulebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebriv qme-
debaze, SeuZlebelia igulisxmebodes iseTi qmedeba, romelic realur samyaroSi cvli-
lebebs iwvevs. magaliTad, Tu mkvleloba iwvevs cvlilebas garesamyaroSi sicocxlis
mospobis saxiT, prostituciisTvis adgilis daTmobiT an sxva msgavsi qmedebiT, gare-
samyaroSi cvlilebis gamowveva SeuZlebelia. roca xorcieldeba qmedeba sazogadoeb-
rivi zneobis winaaRmdeg, amiT sazogadoebrivi zneoba ki ar icvleba, is ucvleli saxiT
rCeba.
xSirad icvleba ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba. rac adre amoralurad
iTvleboda da gakicxvas imsaxurebda, axla SeiZleba gasakicxi ar iyos, magram „Rirebu-
lebis idealuri arsi misi istoriuli gagebisagan gansxvavebuli unda iqnes. is, rac is-
68
Graul E., Abstrakte Gefährdungsdelikte und Präsumtionen im Strafrecht, Berlin, 1991, 56-57.
69
70
Hefendel R., Kollektive Rechtsgüter im Strafrecht, Köln, Berlin, Bonn, München, 2002, 28.
71
TevzaZe g., imanuel kanti, Tb., 1974, 227-228.
369
toriulad Rirebulebad iTvleboda, araa aucilebeli Rirebuleba iyos. es cvlileba

Rirebulebaze ar moqmedebs“.72
k. roqsinis SexedulebiT, imisaTvis, rom samarTlebrivi sikeTe xelyofil iqnes an
safrTxe Seeqmnas, aucilebeli ar aris igi sxeulebrivi subtraqti iyos, aramed SeiZle-
ba iseT sinamdviles warmoadgendes, rom misi dazianeba SesaZlebeli iyos. misi TqmiT,
pativi da Rirseba aris aramaterialuri, Tumca socialuri realoba da Seuracxyofisa
da ciliswamebis gziT misi efeqturi xelyofa SesaZlebelia.73 roqsinis Tvalsazrisi
marTebulia imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom pativisa da Rirsebis xelyofaze saubari sru-
liad SesaZlebelia, magram am SemTxvevaSi sityva „xelyofa“ ar atarebs im mniSvnelobas,
rogorc Sedegiani deliqtebis – mkvlelobis, janmrTelobis dazianebis - ganxorcie-
lebisas. Sedegian deliqtebSi „xelyofa“ gulisxmobs garesamyaroSi cvlilebis gamow-
vevas. magaliTad, mkvlelobis dros sicocxlis xelyofa. termini „xelyofa“ ori gage-
biT (materialuri da formaluri) gamoiyeneba. materialuri gagebiT, samarTlebrivi
sikeTis „xelyofa“ iwvevs cvlilebas garesamyaroSi da mas SeiZleba mxolod Sedegian
anu e.w. materialur deliqtebSi hqondes adgili. xolo, samarTlebrivi sikeTis „xel-
yofa“, formaluri mniSvnelobiT, uSedego, e.w. formalur deliqtebSic SesaZlebelia.
5. samarTlebriv sikeTeTa klasifikacia
5.1. individualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTe
samarTlebrivi sikeTe iyofa individualur da zeindividualur anu universa-

lur sikeTeebad. individualur samarTlebriv sikeTes miekuTvneba sicocxle, jan-
mrTeloba, adamianTa pirovnuli Tavisufleba, pativi, sakuTreba. maT imitom ewodeba
individualuri sikeTe, rom SeiZleba misi matarebeli konkretuli pirovneba, individi
iyos. individualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTec iyofa or jgufad. pirvels miekuTvneba
iseTi sikeTe, romelic gansxeulebulia da sxeulTan aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad,
sicocxle, janmrTeloba. amasTan erTad, arsebobs im individualur sikeTeTa meore
jgufi, romlebic ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli sxeulebriv mdgomareobasTan da ab-
straqtul xasiaTs atareben. aseTia, pativi, Rirseba, nebis Tavisufleba. maTi xelyo-
fis dadgena sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis monacemebiT ar xdeba. maSin, roca sicocx-
lis, janmrTelobis da msgavsi individualuri sikeTis xelyofa sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebis monacemebiT SeiZleba dadgindes.74
individualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTeebi maTi materialuri aRwerilobis mixed-
viT iyofa konkretul-individualur da abstraqtul-individualur samarTlebriv
sikeTeebad. konkretul-individualuria materializebuli (sicocxle, janmrTelo-
ba), xolo abstraqtul-konkretulia aramaterializebuli sikeTe (pativi, Rirseba).75
72
TevzaZe g., nikolai hartmanis ontologiis kritika, Tb., 1967, 110.
73
Roxin C., Strafrecht, AT, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 34, § 2, 66.
74
Martin J., Strafbarkeit grenzüberschreitender Umweltbeeinträchtigungen, Freiburg, 1989, 30.
75
iqve, 30.
370
iseTi individualuri sikeTe, rogoricaa sicocxle, sxeulis xelSeuxebloba, ma-

terialuri qoneba, SeiZleba Cven mier aRqmuli iqnes grZnobis organoTi. aseTi sikeTe,
maSinac, roca igi zogadad aris formulirebuli (rogoricaa „sicocxle“, „Tavisuf-
leba“ da ara à”-s sicocxle an Tavisufleba), miuTiTebs konkretul samarTlebriv po-
ziciaze, interesze, romlis danaxvac SesaZlebelia. misi xelyofa empiriulad SeiZle-
ba gadamowmdes: adamiani mkvdaria, mas ar SeuZlia gadaadgileba da wasvla iq, sadac mas
surs da a.S.76
5.2. zeindividualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTe
individualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTisgan ganasxvaveben zeindividualur anu

universalur samarTlebriv sikeTes, romelic individs, konkretul pirovnebas ar
ekuTvnis, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebas, saxelmwifos. aseTi sikeTeebia: mosaxleobis
janmrTeloba, saxelmwifo wyobileba da usafrTxoeba, marTlmsajuleba.
zeindividualuri sikeTisTvis damaxiasiaTebelia SualobiTi kavSiri calkeul
pirTa sikeTesTan. universaluri samarTlebrivi sikeTe saWiroa sazogadoebis norma-
luri funqcionirebisTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare, isini emsaxurebian individebsac,77
rogorc sazogadoebis wevrebs. Tumca, isini mainc ar iwodebian individualur sikeTe-
ebad, vinaidan maTi matarebeli calkeuli pirovneba ver iqneba.
universalur samarTlebriv sikeTes sxvagvarad abstraqtul-zeindividualur
sikeTes uwodeben, ramdenadac igi arc gansxeulebuli saxiT arsebobs da arc calke-
ul pirebs SeiZleba ekuTvnodes. mas ormagad abstraqtuli xasiaTi gaaCnia.78 garda ab-
straqtul-zeindividualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTisa, gamohyofen konkretul-zein-
dividualur samarTlebriv sikeTesac.
i. martini aRniSnavs, rom universalur samarTlebriv sikeTeTa katagorias mie-
kuTvneba ekologiuri sikeTeebi: wyali, haeri, miwa, mcenare da cxovelebi, magram aseTi
universaluri samarTlebrivi sikeTeebi sxva saxis (magaliTad, saxelmwifo wyobileba,
sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, marTlsajuleba) universaluri sikeTisgan imiT gansxvavde-
bian, rom gansxeulebuli (Verkörpert) arian da fizikuri, materialuri saxiT arseboben. i.
martini ekologiur sikeTes adarebs iseT individualur sikeTes, rogoricaa sicocx-
le da janmrTeloba. misi TvalsazrisiT, ekologiur samarTlebriv sikeTes (Umwel-
trechtsgüter), misi Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba konkretul-zeindividualuri
samarTlebrivi sikeTe vuwodoT.79 maSasadame, martinis TvalsazrisiT, zeindividua-
luri samarTlebrivi sikeTe, Tavis mxriv, iyofa or jgufad: abstraqtul da konkre-
tul zeindividualur sikeTed. Tumca, amgvari dayofa mainc pirobiT xasiaTs SeiZleba
atarebdes imis gamo, rom zeindividualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTe konkretul indi-
vids ar ekuTvnis, rac am sikeTis konkretulobas seriozuli kiTxvis niSnis qveS aye-
nebs. garda amisa, cxoveli da mcenare ki ar aris sikeTe, aramed janmrTeli garemo. cxo-
76
Hassemer W., Theorie und Soziologie des Verbrechens, Athenäum Verlag, Frankfurt/M, 973, 232.
77
Martin J., Strafbarkeit grenzüberschreitender Umweltbeeinträchtigungen, Freiburg, 1989, 31.
78
iqve, 31.
79
iqve, 33.
371
veli, frinveli Tu mcenare am garemos, rogorc samarTliT daculi zeindividualuri

sikeTis, komponentebia. sisxlis samarTali cxovels, gareul frinvels Tu mcenares
imdenad icavs, ramdenadac isini aucilebelia jansaRi garemos arsebobisTvis. jansaRi
garemo adamianTa janmrTeli cxovrebisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa. sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis erT-erT Tavs swored amis gamo hqvia „danaSauli garemos dacvis wesis winaaR-
mdeg“ (da ara cxovelTa, frinvelTa da mcenareTa winaaRmdeg).
6. zeindividualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis

dacva da safrTxis Semqmneli deliqtebi
universaluri samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva gulisxmobs gansazRvruli saxel-

mwifo an sazogadoebrivi instituciebis, Sesabamisad, gansazRvruli funqciebis dac-
vas. universalur samarTlebriv sikeTes sxvagvarad koleqtiur samarTlebriv sikeTe-
sac uwodeben.
individualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTisgan gansxvavebiT, universaluri samar-
Tlebrivi sikeTis dazianebis dadgena SeuZlebelia, vinaidan misi matarebeli konkre-
tuli pirovneba ar aris da gansxeulebuli saxiT ar arsebobs. zeindividualuri samar-
Tlebrivi sikeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg SeuZlebe-
lia imis Tqma, ramdenad da rogor dazianda samarTlebrivi sikeTe. amgvar samarTleb-
riv sikeTeTa dazianeba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.80
zeindividualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTe SeuZlebelia normiT ise iyos gansazR-
vruli, rogorc qmedebis obieqti, romelmac sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis gagebiT
cvlileba SeiZleba ganicados. isini substanciur monacemebad ar SeiZleba gagebul iq-
nen.81
rodesac saubaria konkretul safrTxeze, igulisxmeba gansxeulebuli obieqti
(magaliTad, adamiani), romelic safrTxis wyaros zemoqmedebis zonaSi moxvda. konkre-
tuli safrTxis Semqmneli deliqti imiT xasiaTdeba, rom qmedebis obieqts, faqtobri-
vad, safrTxe eqmneba. magram, qmedebis aseTi obieqti ar arsebobs zeindividualuri sa-
marTlebrivi sikeTis SemTxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu
rodis daiwyo konkretuli safrTxis Seqmna zeindividualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis-
Tvis. Sesabamisad, zeindividualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad Sesatyvisi ar
aris is norma, romelic konkretuli safrTxis Semqmneli deliqtis dasjadobas iTva-
liswinebs.82
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi gvxvdeba deliqtebi, rom-
lebic, erTi mxriv, miznad isaxaven zeindividualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvas,
xolo meore mxriv, moiTxoven daculi sikeTisTvis safrTxis arsebobas (saqarTvelos
ssk-is 309-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli Semadgenloba, sadac saubaria sa-
qarTvelos mSvidobiani TanaarsebobisTvis safrTxis Seqmnaze). Cndeba kiTxva, SeiZ-
80
Anastasopoulou I., Deliktstypen zum Schutz kollektiver Rechtsgüter, München, 2005, 59.
81
iqve, 57.
82
Otto H., Konzeption und Grundsätze des Wirtschaftsstrafrechts (einschließlich Verbraucherschutz), ZStW
1984, 362-363.
372
leba Tu ara am deliqtebis gaigiveba konkretuli safrTxis Semqmnel deliqtebTan?

berci aRniSnul deliqtebs konkretuli safrTxis deliqtebs miakuTvnebs.83 Tumca, sa-
kamaTo SeiZleba iyos sakiTxi imis Taobaze, ramdenad SeiZleba mxardaWeras imsaxureb-
des bercis Sexeduleba, vinaidan, konkretuli safrTxe maSin arsebobs, roca qmedebis
obieqti safrTxis zemoqmedebis zonaSia Sesuli, magram aseTi ram zeindividualur sa-
marTlebriv sikeTesTan mimarTebiT SeuZlebelia qmedebis Sesabamisi obieqtis ararse-
bobis gamo.
qindhoizeric miuTiTebs, rom SeuZlebelia konkretuli safrTxis Seqmna qveynis
mSvidobisa da sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisTvis safrTxis im gagebiT, rac konkre-
tuli safrTxis SeqmnaSia Cadebuli. maSasadame, qveynis mSvidobisTvis da sajaro usaf-
rTxoebisTvis safrTxis Seqmna aris abstraqtuli safrTxis Seqmna,84 miuxedavad imisa,
Tu rogor aris qmedebis Semadgenloba kanonmdeblis mier aRwerili.
zemoT ganviTarebuli msjelobidan ar SeiZleba im daskvnis gamotana, rom ab-
straqtuli safrTxis deliqti mxolod zeindividualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis wi-
naaRmdeg iyos mimarTuli. igi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes individualuri samarTleb-
rivi sikeTis winaaRmdegac. amis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes saqarTvelos ssk-is
128-e (gansacdelSi mitoveba) da 129-e (dauxmarebloba) muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
deliqtebi. magram, aq ar SeiZleba imis daviwyeba, rom gansacdelSi mitovebis da daux-
mareblobis dros msxverpli konkretuli safrTxis mdgomareobaSia, miuxedavad imisa,
rom aRniSnuli deliqtebi abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebia.
7. samarTlebrivi sikeTisa da qmedebis obieqtis

urTierTgamijvna safrTxis deliqtebSi
mecnierebaSi gamoTqmuli TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTisagan mkacrad unda gaimij-

nos qmedebis obieqti da samarTlebrivi sikeTe. qmedebis obieqtia is sagani romelzec
xorcieldeba qmedebis Semadgenloba, xolo samarTlebrivi sikeTea is, rac samarTli-
Taa daculi.85 magaliTad, maSin, roca qmedebis obieqtia Senoba, adamiani, nivTi, samar-
Tlebriv sikeTes warmoadgens sicocxle, sakuTreba.86
qindhoizeris mixedviT, samarTlebrivi sikeTe aris pirTa, nivTebis, instituci-
ebis iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic samarTlebriv, socialur-demokratiul sazogadoeba-
Si TiToeulis ganviTarebas xels uwyobs. samarTlebrivi sikeTe aris samarTlebrivad
pozitiurad Sefasebuli Tviseba, mdgomareoba, magaliTad, adamianis cocxali da jan-
mrTeli arseboba, administraciis funqcionirebis unari.87
83
Berz U., Formelle Tatbestandsverwirklichung und materialer Rechtsgueterschutz, Muenchen, 1986, 84.
84
Kindhäuser U., Gefährdung als Straftat, Rechtstheoretische Untersuchungen zur Dogmatik der abstrakten und
konkreten Gefährdungsdelikte, Frankfurt/M, 1989, 214.
85
Radtke H., Die Dogmatik der Brandstiftungsdelikte, Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Lehre von den gemeingefährli-
chen Delikten, Berlin, 1998, 68.
86
Haft F., Strafrecht, AT, 8. Aufl., München, 1998, 75.
87
Kindhäuser U., Strafrecht, AT, 5. Aufl., Baden-Baden, 2011, 36, § 2, 6-7.
373
qmedebis obieqtisa da samarTlebrivi sikeTis urTierTgamijvnis mravali fun-

qciidan gansakuTrebiT ori gamoiyofa: deliqtebis klasifikacia da sisxlis samar-
Tlis kerZo nawilSi mocemuli qmedebis SemadgenlobaTa ganmarteba. abstraqtuli
safrTxis deliqtebis gansazRvreba da maTi gamijvna xelyofis da konkretuli saf-
rTxis deliqtebisgan gamomdinareobs samarTlebrivi sikeTidan da ara qmedebis obi-
eqtidan, maSin roca xelyofis da konkretuli safrTxis deliqtebis gamijvna qmedebis
obieqts ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, germanuli ssk-is 306-e paragrafis I nawilis I pun-
qtiT isjeba cecxlis wakideba, rogorc abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqti. aRniSnuli
deliqti ganxorcielebulia qmedebis SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis dad-
gomisas, kerZod, qmedebis obieqtis xelyofisas – adamianTa sacxovrebel SenobaSi bi-
nisTvis cecxlis wakidebisas. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi mxolod xelyofis da konkretuli
safrTxis Seqmnis Sedegi ar aris damokidebuli dacul samarTlebriv sikeTeze. aqedan
gamomdinare, qmedebis obieqtTan mimarTebiT abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebi SesaZ-
loa Sedegian deliqtebs warmoadgendnen. marTalia, arsebobs iseTi abstraqtuli saf-
rTxis deliqtebi, romlebic araviTari Sedegis dadgomas ar ukavSirdeba (gansacdelSi
mitoveba, dauxmarebloba), magram arsebobs iseTi tipis abstraqtuli safrTxis deliq-
tebic, romlebic garkveuli Sedegis gamowvevas gulisxmoben. kerZod, cecxlis waki-
deba germanuli ssk-is mixedviT dasjadia rogorc abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqti,
magram SenobisTvis, sadac mravali adamiani cxovrobs, cecxlis wakideba TavisTavad
gulisxmobs sxvisi qonebis xelyofas, rac ukve Sedegs warmoadgens. aseve gasaTvalis-
winebelia isic, rom cecxlis wakidebisas unda dadgindes, gamoiwvia Tu ara xanZris ga-
Cena konkretuli piris qmedebam, rac mizezobriobis dadgenis procesia, Tumca am Sem-
TxvevaSi mizezobriobis dadgena gvWirdeba konkretul qmedebasa da xanZris gamowve-
vas Soris da ara konkretul qmedebasa da abstraqtul safrTxes Soris. im SenobisTvis
cecxlis wakideba, sadac aTasobiT adamiani cxovrobs, ukve abstraqtuli safrTxis
deliqtis ganxorcielebisTvis sakmarisi pirobaa. e. i. saqme Seexeba xanZris gamomwvevi
mizezebis dadgenas da ara imis garkvevas, cecxlis wakidebiT Seiqmna Tu ara abstraq-
tuli safrTxe.
iuridiul literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom samarTlebrivi sikeTe da
qmedebis obieqti zogierT SemTxvevaSi emTxveva erTmaneTs, xolo zogierT SemTxve-
vaSi, piriqiT, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba da es gansxvaveba TvalsaCinod vlindeba ab-
straqtul safrTxis deliqtebSi.88 Tumca, es mosazreba metad sakamaTod SeiZleba Ca-
iTvalos. magaliTad, rodesac xdeba Senobis afeTqeba da, Senobis adgilmdebareobidan
da daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, iqmneba abstraqtuli safrTxe sxva adamianTa sicocx-
lisa da janmrTelobis xelyofisa. mocemul situaciaSi qmedebis obieqti (Senoba) da
daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTe (sxva adamianTa sicocxle da janmrTeloba) erTmaneTs
ar emTxveva.89
k. roqsini aRniSnavs, rom qmedebis obieqtis da samarTlebrivi sikeTis urTier-
Tdamokidebuleba gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos. igi am TvalsazrisiT sam SesaZleblo-
bas uSvebs: pirveli, roca qmedebis obieqti da samarTlebrivi sikeTe emTxveva erTma-
neTs. amis magaliTad asaxelebs TaRliTobas. misi TvalsazrisiT, TaRliTobis dros
88
turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tb., 2011, 23.
89
Graul E., Abstrakte Gefährdungsdelikte und Präsumtionen im Strafrecht, Berlin, 1991, 108.
374
qmedebis obieqti da samarTlebrivi sikeTe formalurad da Sinaarsobrivadac emTxve-

va erTmaneTs.meore, roca qmedebis obieqti da samarTlebrivi sikeTe Sinaarsobrivad
emTxveva erTmaneTs, magram ara formalurad, magaliTad, mkvlelobis dros (ssk-is 108-
e muxli). qmedebis obieqtia àdamiani~, xolo samarTlebrivi sikeTe `sicocxle~. mesame
SesaZleblobad igi ganixilavs iseT SemTxvevas, roca qmedebis obieqti da samarTleb-
rivi sikeTe mkveTrad SeiZleba gaimijnos erTmaneTisgan. magaliTad, qurdobis dros
qmedebis obieqtia `sxvisi moZravi nivTi~, xolo daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTea sakuT-
reba.90
8. samarTlebrivi sikeTis da Rirebulebis urTierTmimarTeba
germanul iuridiul literaturaSi sworad aRniSnaven, rom Rirebuleba miza-

nia. Rirebuleba umaRlesi mizania, idealia,92 romelic teleologiur kanonzomiere-
91
bas eqvemdebareba.93 Rirebuleba aris is, rac unda iyos, rogorc ideali, romelic rea-
lurSi yofnis Rirsia.94 maSasadame, jerarsi Rirebulebis, idealis arsebobis formaa.95
marTalia, Rirebuleba mizania, magram sxva RirebulebebTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba saSu-
alebad mogvevlinos.96 Rirebulebani qmnian RirebulebaTa wesrigs, sadac erTi Rire-
buleba `maRalia~, xolo meore `dabali~.97
Rirebuleba samarTlis normis mizania. Tu samarTlis normis mizania sicocxlis,
janmrTelobis, garemos dacva, Rirebulebac maT (sicocxle, janmrTeloba, garemo) em-
Txveva.98 sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma gansazRvravs qcevis wess, romelic Sesabamisi
miznis miRwevas emsaxureba. amdenad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma RirebulebiT msje-
lobas gulisxmobs.99
samarTlis normis mizania rogorc Rirebuleba, ise samarTlebrivi sikeTis dac-
va, magram, garkveuli sxvaoba arsebobs samarTlebriv sikeTesa da Rirebulebas Soris.
sityvaTxmarebaSi samarTlebriv sikeTesa da Rirebulebas Soris mkafio zRvaris gav-
leba ar xdeba da cnebebis doneze xSirad xdeba maTi gamoyeneba identuri mniSvnelo-
biT. Tu samarTlebrivi sikeTe konkretulia, Rirebuleba ufro abstraqtuli xasia-
Tisaa.100 Rirebulebis idea konkretulobas mTlianad moklebulia.101 Tumca, sikeTeze
filosofiur literaturaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebac arsebobs.
90
91
92
SuSanaSvili g., Rirebulebis idealisturi gagebis kritika, Tb., 1987, 50.
93
SuSanaSvili g., zneobrivi Rirebulebis specifika, Tb., 1980, 9.
94
naWyebia g., sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis meTodologiuri anbani, Tb., 2006, 67.
95
Джиоев О.И., Природа исторической необходимости, Тб., 1967, 121.
96
97
xubua g. samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004, 92; SuSanaSvili g., Rirebulebis idealisturi ga-
gebis kritika, Tb., 1987, 41.
98
99
tyeSeliaZe g., Rirebulebis problema da samarTali, `sabWoTa samarTali~, 1981, №2, 19.
100
101
avaliani s., ontologia da aqsiologia, krebulSi: filosofiuri Ziebani, krebuli meo-
re, Tb., 1998, 21.
375
sikeTe hegelis „gonis filosofiaSi~ daxasiaTebulia rogorc „abstraqtulad

zogadi“.102 hegeli aRniSnavs, rom „sikeTis gansazRvra TviTon ganusazRvrelia“.103
magram, Tu samarTlebrivi sikeTis gansazRvrebisas sikeTis hegeliseul gagebas dave-
sesxebiT, konkretuli adamianis sicocxle, rogorc samarTlebrivi sikeTe, unda mi-
viCnioT àbstraqtulad zogadad”, magram es ar iqneba swori maSin, roca saubaria ara
zogadad sicocxlis ideaze, aramed konkretuli adamianis sicocxleze. filosofiaSi
RmerTic sikeTea. garda amisa, sikeTe filosofiuri gagebiT qmedebac SeiZleba iyos da
amitom SesaZlebelia saubari `sikeTis keTebaze”, magram sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeiZleba
iyos qmedeba `samarTlebrivi sikeTe”.
Rirebuleba ar aris droiT da sivrciT Semofargluli,104 rasac samarTlebriv si-
keTeze ver vityviT. samarTlis normis (ssk-is 108-e mux.) mizania, magaliTad, sicocx-
lis dacva da, aqedan gamomdinare, igi sikeTe aris. magram rodesac saubaria Rirebule-
baze, romelic aseve samarTlis normis mizania, igulisxmeba sicocxlis idea, romelic
abstraqtulia. sicocxleSi, rogorc samarTlebriv sikeTeSi, igulisxmeba konkretul
adamianTa sicocxle, romlis danaSaulebrivi xelyofac aris SesaZlebeli.
Rirebuleba, rogorc idea, ar aris xiluli. Rirebulebaze rom vsaubrobT, igu-
lisxmeba ara is qmedeba, romelsac vxedavT, aramed is principi, romelic CvenTvis uxi-
lavia.105 Rirebuleba zefsiqikuria, maSasadame, zeindividualuria, zeadamianuria. Ri-
rebuleba araa Cven winaSe arsebuli raime obieqti. obieqti aris sikeTe106 anu Rirebu-
li sinamdvile.107 Rirebulebis cneba moicavs yvelafers rac ar arsebobs, magram mainc
araa arara.108
rikerti erTmaneTisgan ganarCevs Rirebulebas da RirebulebasTan dakavSire-
bul realobas, romelsac sikeTes (“Gut”) uwodebs. magaliTad, sikeTe realuria, xolo
Rirebuleba realuri obieqtebis sferoSi ar moinaxeba. igi sinamdvilis sferos iqiTa
mxridan moqmedebs.109 Rirebuleba sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs, xolo sikeTe, rogorc Ri-
rebuli sagani, sinamdvileSi arsebobs.110 rikertis TvalsazrisiT, Rirebuleba sinam-
dvileSi ar arsebobs, aramed `mniSvnelobs~, mniSvneloba aqvs.111
102
hegeli, gonis filosofia, n. naTaZis Targmani, Tb., 1984, 296.
103
iqve, 294.
104
105
kanti, zneobis metafizikis dafuZneba, l. ramiSvilis Targmani, Tb., 2013, 97.
106
g. TevzaZes „sikeTe“ (“Gut”) naTargmni aqvs rogorc „qoneba“, rac ar aris swori, TevzaZe
g., germanuli neokantianelobis Semecnebis Teoria, Tb., 1963, 209, 220. germanuli “Gut”
qarTulad unda Targmniliyo rogorc `sikeTe~.
107
TevzaZe g., germanuli neokantianelobis Semecnebis Teoria, Tb., 1963, 220; burjaliani
a., samarTlis filosofia, Tb., 2012, 136.
108
TevzaZe g., iqve, 217.
109
Rickert H., Der Gegenstand der Erkenntnis, Tübingen, 1915, cit.: TevzaZe g., germanuli neokantia-
nelobis Semecnebis Teoria, Tb., 1963, 209.
110
TevzaZe g., germanuli neokantianelobis Semecnebis Teoria, Tb., 1963, 242.
111
tyeSeliaZe g., Rirebulebis problema da samarTali, `sabWoTa samarTali~, 1981, №2, 17.
376
9. samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva, rogorc safrTxis

deliqtebis dasjadobis legitimaciis safuZveli
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, h. velcelma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom arsebobs deliq-

tebi, romlebic samarTlebriv sikeTes ar gulisxmoben (rechtsgutslose Delikte)112 da, Sesaba-
misad, am mosazrebis mixedviT, is normac, romelic konkretul qmedebas krZalavs, ver
iqneba samarTlebrivi sikeTis damcveli. zogierTi mecnieris SexedulebiT, swored ab-
straqtuli safrTxis deliqtebi SeiZleba miekuTvnos im deliqtTa wres, romlis das-
ja ar emsaxureba samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvas, vinaidan aRniSnuli deliqtebi samar-
Tlebriv sikeTes ar xelyofen.113
g. iakobsis moZRvrebis mixedviT, umarTlobis ganxorcieleba ganisazRvreba ara
rogorc sikeTis xelyofa, aramed rogorc normis darRveva, vinaidan adgili aqvs arane-
badarTuli riskis Semcveli qmedebis ganxorcielebas.114
aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi samarTlianad iqna gakritikebuli, vinaidan norma, rome-
lic samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvas ar emsaxureba da mxolod sasjels iTvaliswinebs,
ar SeiZleba legitimurad CaiTvalos, rac sisxlis samarTlis legitimurobasac kiTx-
vis niSnis qveS ayenebs.
germanul sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebaSi gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,
sisxlis samarTlis normebi samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvas emsaxureba.115 sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi dasjis mizans generaluri prevencia warmoadgens, rac samarTlebrivi sike-
Tis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT sisxlis samarTlis amocanaze miuTiTebs.116
o. gamyreliZe aRniSnavs, rom maSin roca administraciuli samarTlis funqcia sa-
zogadoebrivi urTierTobis mowesrigebaa,117 sisxlis samarTlis funqcia am urTierTo-
baTa dacvaa.118 sisxlis samarTlis dacviT funqciaze miuTiTebs aseve g. tyeSeliaZec.119
b. Sunemani aRniSnavs, rom `sisxlis samarTlis amocanaa samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dacva da amitom, samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa an misTvis safrTxis Seqmna sisxlis-
samarTlebrivi umarTlobis pirvel svets, rogorc pirvel sistemur safexurs, Sead-
gens~.120
samarTlebrivi sikeTis damcvelad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos is sisxlis samarTlis
kanoni, romelic ideologiuradaa motivirebuli da arRvevs adamianis iseT ZiriTad
uflebebs, rogoricaa Tanasworoba, azris da rwmenis Tavisufleba da a. S.121
112
Welzel H., Studien zum System des Strafrechts, ZStW 1939, 491.
113
Frister H., Strafrecht, AT, 5. Aufl., München, 2011, 36, §3 25.
114
Jakobs G., Rücktritt als Tatänderung versus allgemeines Nachtatverhalten, ZStW 1992, 83.
115
Kindhäuser U., Strafrecht, AT, 5. Aufl., Baden-Baden, 2011, S. 36, § 2 R. 6.
116
Schünemann B., Aufgabe und Grenzen der Strafrechtswissenschaft im 21. Jahrhundert, Herzberg-FS, 2008,
41-42.
117
gamyreliZe o., sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, I tomi, Tb., 2011, 124.
118
iqve, 117.
119
tyeSeliaZe g., wignSi: naWyebia g., dvaliZe i. (red.), sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili,
saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2007, 77.
120
Schünemann B., Strafrechtswissenschaft in einem zusammenwachsenden Europa, krebulSi: sisxlis sa-
marTlis mecniereba erTiani evropuli ganviTarebis procesSi, Tb., 2013, 438.
121
377
k. roqsinis TvalsazrisiT, sisxlis samarTlis dakavSireba samarTlebrivi si-

keTis dacvasTan ar moiTxovs, rom mxolod samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa iyos das-
jadi. samarTlebrivi sikeTisTvis safrTxis Seqmnac sakmarisia, romelic konkretuli
safrTxis deliqtebis qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi dasjadobis winapirobadaa gaTvaliswi-
nebuli, maSin roca abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebSi daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTe
qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi ki ar aris dasaxelebuli, aramed mxolod sisxlis samarTlis
normis Seqmnis motivia.122 xelyofis da konkretuli safrTxis deliqtTa Semadgenlo-
bebSi gvxvdeba miTiTeba im samarTlebriv sikeTeze, romlis dacvasac Sesabamisi norma
emsaxureba. magaliTad, ssk-is 117-e muxli icavs janmrTelobas da aRniSnuli normis
saTaurSi da dispoziciaSic es asaxulia. 117-e muxls hqvia „janmrTelobis ganzrax mZi-
me dazianeba“. ssk-is 127-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulia konkretuli safrTxis deliqti
da dasaxelebuli norma icavs sicocxles, rac aseve muxlis saTauridanac Cans – „si-
cocxlisaTvis saSiS mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba“. magram, abstraqtuli safrTxis deliq-
tebis SemadgenlobaSi aseTi miTiTeba ar aris. amis magaliTia ssk-is 133-e muxliT gaT-
valiswinebuli abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqti – „ukanono aborti“, aseve 223-e, 224-e
da sxva muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebi. zogjer, ab-
straqtuli safrTxis deliqtis SemadgenlobaSi gamonaklisis saxiT samarTlebriv si-
keTeze miTiTebas vxvdebiT, magram es ar aris zogadi wesi. magaliTad, ssk-is 128-e mux-
liT gaTvaliswinebulia iseTi abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqti, rogoricaa „gansac-
delSi mitoveba“, romlis dispozicia Semdegnairadaa Camoyalibebuli: „dauxmareblad
imis mitoveba, vinc sicocxlisaTvis saSiS mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda da SesaZleblo-
ba ar hqonda mieRo zomebi Tavis dasacavad, Tu mimtovebels evaleboda masze zrun-
va da SeeZlo misi daxmareba“. xelyofis da konkretuli safrTxis deliqtebSi ki ara
mxolod zogjer, aramed umetes SemTxvevaSi miTiTebulia, Tu romeli samarTlebrivi
sikeTis xelyofaSi an misTvis safrTxis SeqmnaSi vlindeba Sesabamisi danaSaulebri-
vi qmedeba. xelyofis deliqtebSi qmedebis mniSvnelovani elementia Sedegi, romelic
konkretuli samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofas gulisxmobs. amitom, rodesac kanon-
mdebeli xelyofis/Sedegiani deliqtis Semadgenlobas ayalibebs, unda miuTiTos, Tu
romeli samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofaSi gamoixateba danaSaulebrivi Sedegi. Tumca,
kanonmdebelma qmedebis Semadgenloba isec SeiZleba Camoayalibos, rom aseT Sedegze,
Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofaze ar miuTiTos. magram, aseT dros Sede-
gi garkveuli saxiT aucileblad igulisxmeba. kanonmdebeli samarTlebrivi sikeTis
miTiTebaze uars ambobs maSin, roca ayalibebs qmedebis martiv Semadgenlobas, sadac
mxolod danaSaulebrivi qmedebaa dasaxelebuli, magram ar aris igi aRwerili. amis ma-
galiTad gamogvadgeba mkvlelobis Semadgenloba (ssk-is 108-e muxli). mkvlelobis Se-
madgenlobaSi ar aris mocemuli miTiTeba sicocxleze, rogorc qmedebis Semadgenlo-
biT dacul sikeTeze.
b. Sunemani aRniSnavs, rom samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad sa-
Wiroa sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma im pirze an pirebze iyos mimarTuli, visac samar-
Tlebrivi sikeTis xelyofis Taobaze mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba SeuZlia.
xolo sxva pirebs mkafiod unda aekrZaloT maTTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena.123
122
Roxin C., Strafrecht, AT, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 34, §2, 68.
123
Schünemann B., Aufgabe und Grenzen der Strafrechtswissenschaft im 21. Jahrhundert, Herzberg-FS, 2008,
42.
378
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samarTlebrivi sikeTis

dacvis sisxlissamarTlebriv funqcias mWidrod ukavSirdeba kanonierebis princi-
pis moTxovna kanonis mkafiod CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT. samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dacvis mizani rom miiRwes, saWiroa, sisxlis samarTlis normis adresatma SeZlos mis-
Tvis wayenebuli moTxovnis gageba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sisxlis samarTlis normis
amocanis efeqturad ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis pirveli muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanax-
mad, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mizania danaSaulebrivi xelyofis Tavidan acileba
da marTlwesrigis dacva. danaSaulebrivi xelyofis Tavidan acileba sxva araferia Tu
ara samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva. swored danaSaulebrivi xelyofis Tavidan acile-
biT miiRweva samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva.
Tu sisxlis samarTals CamovarTmevT mis mniSvnelovan funqcias samarTlebri-
vi sikeTis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT da vityviT, rom sisxlis samarTali mxolod dam-
naSavis dasjas emsaxureba da ara samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvas, mas CamovarTmevT im
safuZvels, romlis mixedviTac, savsebiT samarTlianad, sisxlis samarTali adamianis
uflebaTa qartiad iwodeba.
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebi ara mxolod mimarTulia samarTlebrivi sike-
Tis dacvisken, aramed isini emsaxurebian samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis amaRlebasac
ki.124abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebis meSveobiT samarTlebrivi sikeTis sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi dacvis wina planze gadmowevis materialur safuZvels damnaSavisTvis
safrTxis potencialze batonobis SesaZleblobis warTmeva warmoadgens.125 abstraq-
tuli safrTxis deliqtebi Seicaven konkretuli safrTxis Seqmnis unars, potenci-
as da aRniSnuli qmedebis dasjadobiT kanonmdebeli damnaSaves swored konkretuli
safrTxis gamowvevis potenciaze batonobis SesaZleblobas arTmevs. kanonmdebeli ab-
straqtuli safrTxis deliqtebis dasjadobas maSin mimarTavs, roca safrTxis Seqmnis
potencia da movlenaTa sxvadasxvagvarad ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba imdenad didia,
rom, maTi urTierTqmedebidan gamomdinare, misi calkeul SemTxvevebSi winaswar gan-
Wvreta rTulia. amis magaliTad germanel mecnierebs mohyavT sacxovrebeli saxlis-
Tvis cecxlis wakidebis da simTvraleSi manqaniT moZraobis SemTxveva, ramdenadac da-
saxelebul viTarebaSi SeuZlebelia imis ganWvreta, Tu ra Sedegi mohyveba qmedebas.
kanonmdebeli aseT dros SemTxvevaze batonobis saSualebiT samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dacvas gvTavazobs, rac aRniSnul qmedebaTa dasjadobis legitimaciis sakmaris safuZ-
vels Seadgens.126
rodesac damnaSavis mier ganxorcielebul saSiS qmedebaze TviTon damnaSave
rTulad batonobs da matulobs mesame piris mier am qmedebis borotad gamoyenebis Se-
saZlebloba, qmedebis penalizacia legitimuria. is, rom mesame pirs gaaCnia Seqmnili
viTarebis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, qmedebis gazrdil saSiSroebaze miuTi-
Tebs.127
124
125
iqve.
126
iqve, 64; Wohlers W., Deliktstypen des Präventionsstrafrechts-zur Dogmatik „moderner Gefährdungsdelik-
te“, Berlin, 2000, 315.
127
ix. Anastasopoulou I., Deliktstypen zum Schutz kollektiver Rechtsgüter, München, 2005, 65.
379
kanonmdebeli araerTi Semadgenlobis Camoyalibebisas, praqtikuli miznebidan

gamomdinare, ambobs uars xelyofis an safrTxis Seqmnis dadgenaze, ramdenadac igi xSi-
rad sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. aRniSnuli Seexeba seqsualur deliqtebs, romle-
bic mimarTulia mcirewlovanis xelSeuxebeli seqsualuri ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, mcirewlovanis gaupatiureba an mcirewlovanisTvis pornog-
rafiuli nawarmoebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa. calkeul SemTxvevebSi rTu-
lia imis dadgena, aRniSnulma qmedebebma Tu rogor da ramdenad moaxdines uaryofiTi
zegavlena mcirewlovanis seqsualur ganviTarebaze.128
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebi iseT qmedebebs moicaven, romlebic xSirad
samarTlebriv sikeTes xelyofen, an konkretul safrTxesac qmnian, magram isini kon-
struqciulad ise arian Camoyalibebuli, rom kanonmdebeli mosamarTles am xelyofis
Tu konkretuli safrTxis dadgenas ki ar sTxovs, aramed mxolod akrZaluli qmedebis
ganxorcielebis dadgenas. magaliTad, gaupatiurebis dros mosamarTles evaleba ak-
rZaluli qmedebis ganxorcielebis dadgena da ara imis, rom akrZaluli qmedebis gan-
xorcielebiT moxda samarTlebrivi sikeTis –sqesobrivi Tavisuflebis (srulwlova-
nis gaupatiurebisas) an sqesobrivi xelSeuxeblobis (16 wlis asaks miuRwevelis gaupa-
tiurebisas) - xelyofa. gaupatiureba129 TavisTavad gulisxmobs sqesobrivi Tavisuf-
lebis an sqesobrivi xelSeuxeblobis xelyofas. warmoudgenelia gaupatiurebis gan-
xorcieleba am samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofis gareSe, magram gaupatiureba, miuxe-
davad amisa, mainc ar miekuTvneba xelyofis an konkretuli safrTxis deliqts. mizezi,
Tu ratomac miekuTvneba gaupatiureba abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqts, aris ara is,
rom igi samarTlebriv sikeTes ar xelyofs, aramed is, rom kanonmdebelma mosamarTle
gaaTavisufla samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofis dadgenis movaleobisgan.
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebs kanonmdebeli qmnis aseve maSin, roca xelyo-
fa ganxorcieldeba da Sedegi saxezea, magram misi Seracxva SeuZlebelia, vinaidan gan-
saxilveli deliqtis obieqturi an subieqturi niSani ver dgindeba.130 amis magaliTad
germaneli mecnierebi germanuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 231-e paragrafiT gaT-
valiswinebul danaSauls ganixilaven.131 aRniSnuli paragrafiT isjeba cemaSi monawi-
leoba, Tu mas adamianis sikvdili an sxeulis mZime dazianeba mohyva. germanuli ssk-is
231-e paragrafiT qmedeba maSin kvalificirdeba, roca damdgari Sedegis Seracxva ver
128
129
gaupatiurebas e. w. materialur SemadgenlobaTa ricxvs miakuTvnebs n. Todua. ix. wignSi:
lekveiSvili m., Todua n., mamulaSvili g., sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, me-5
gamocema, Tb., 2014, 196. marTebulad uTiTebs zogierTi mecnieri, rom gaupatiureba e. w.
formalur Semadgenlobas miekuTvneba. ix. wulaia z., sisxlis samarTali, kerZo nawili,
pirveli tomi, Tb., 2000, 179; goTua z., pasuxismgebloba gaupatiurebisaTvis, Tb., 1994,
7; Уголовное право, Общая и особенная части, 2-е издание, Под общей редакцией Журавлева М. П.
и Никулина С.И., М., 2008, 382. seqsualur deliqtebs abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebis
nairsaxeobad miiCneven germanul sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi. ix. Arzt/Weber/Hein-
rich/Hilgendorf, Strafrecht, BT, Lehrbuch, 2. Aufl., Bielefeld, 2009, 297, §10 4.
130
131
Rengier R., Strafrecht, BT II, Delikte gegen die Person und die Allgemeinheit, 13. Aufl., München, 2012, §
18, 1; Anastasopoulou I., Deliktstypen zum Schutz kollektiver Rechtsgüter, München, 2005, 65.
380
xerxdeba. damdgari Sedegi, adamianis sikvdilis an janmrTelobis dazianebis saxiT,

qmedebis dasjadobis obieqturi pirobaa. damnaSavis dasja aseT dros xdeba ara dam-
dgari SedegisTvis, aramed mxolod qmedebisTvis, romelmac adamianis sikvdili an jan-
mrTelobis dazianeba gamoiwvia. qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, aseT
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtad unda CaiTvalos 225-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSauli. aRniSnuli muxliT isjeba `jgufuri moqmedebis organizeba, xelmZRvane-
loba an masSi monawileoba, rasac Tan axlavs Zaladoba, rbeva, sxvisi nivTis dazianeba
an ganadgureba, iaraRis gamoyeneba, iaraRis gamoyenebiT xelisuflebis warmomadgen-
lisadmi winaaRmdegoba anda maTze Tavdasxma~. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvisi nivTis da-
zianeba 225-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul danaSauls SeiZleba mohyves, danaSauli mainc
ar iTvleba Sedegian danaSaulad. mosamarTles aRar moeTxoveba imis dadgena, konkre-
tulad romeli damnaSavis qmedebas mohyva sxvisi nivTis dazianeba da rogori subieq-
turi damokidebuleba hqonda damnaSaves Sedegis mimarT. danaSaulis bunebidan, masSi
monawile pirTa simravlidan gamomdinare, marTlac SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu vis
SeiZleba Seeracxos damdgari Sedegi. marTalia, Sedegi saxezea da igi qmedebis dasja-
dobis obieqturi winapirobac aris, magram misi Seracxva konkretuli damnaSavisTvis,
obieqtur da subieqtur niSanTa dadgenis sirTulis gamo, ar xdeba.
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtia aseve saqarTvelos ssk-is 407-e muxliT gaTva-
liswinebuli danaSauli (genocidi). genocidi mimarTulia erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasob-
rivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis nawilobriv an mTlianad ganad-
gurebisken, magram aRniSnuli miznis miRweva ar aris aucilebeli genocidis dasru-
lebuli formiT gansaxorcieleblad. genocidi SeiZleba gamoixatos jgufis wevrTa
mkvlelobiT, janmrTelobis dazianebiT da a. S. mkvleloba calke aRebuli, Sedegiani
Semadgenlobaa. igi gulisxmobs danaSaulebrivi Sedegis dadgomas sicocxlis mospo-
bis saxiT, Tumca, genocidTan mimarTebiT jgufis wevris mkvleloba genocidis gan-
xorcielebis xerxad ganixileba da ara calke aRebul Semadgenlobad. jgufis wevris
sicocxlis mospoba qmedebis dasjadobis obieqturi pirobaa da ara genocidis obieq-
turi Semadgenlobis niSani. Cven erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT Sedegi, rogorc qme-
debis obieqturi Semadgenlobis niSani da Sedegi, rogorc qmedebis dasjadobis obi-
eqturi piroba. roca Sedegi qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis niSania, mizezobrivi
kavSiris dadgena da obieqturi Seracxva aucilebelia. xolo, roca amas kanonmdebeli
aucileblad ar miiCnevs, qmedebiT gamowveuli Sedegi, romelic qmedebis Semadgenlo-
baSia miTiTebuli, mxolod qmedebis dasjadobis obieqtur pirobas warmoadgens.
danaSaulebrivi qmedebiT gamowveuli da qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi miTiTebuli
Sedegis damnaSavisTvis obieqturi Seracxvis SeuZleblobis miuxedavad, damnaSavis
dasja xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips? dasmul SekiTxva-
ze SeiZleba Semdegi pasuxi gaeces: maSin, roca marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebiT gamowve-
uli, qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi miTiTebuli Sedegis obieqturi Seracxva amsruleblis-
Tvis ver xerxdeba, amsruleblis dasja ara damdgari SedegisTvis, aramed abstraqtu-
li safrTxis deliqtis ganxorcielebisTvis araTu ar arRvevs, piriqiT, ganamtkicebs
kidec braleuli pasuxismgeblobis konstituciursamarTlebriv princips. aRniSnul
381
SemTxvevaSi damnaSavis dasja imitom xdeba abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtis ganxorci-

elebisTvis, rom dasaxelebuli principi ar dairRves.
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebis Seqmnas kanonmdebeli maSinac mimarTavs, ro-
desac qmedebis ganxorcieleba xdeba individualuri adamianTaSorisi kontaqtis arar-
sebobis an SezRudulobis pirobebSi, ris gamoc qmedeba anonimur saxes atarebs.132 amis
magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes saqarTvelos ssk-is 198-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSauli, romelic gulisxmobs adamianis sicocxlisTvis an janmrTelobisTvis saSi-
Si produqciis damzadebas, Semotanas an realizacias. rodesac sicocxlisTvis saSiSi
produqciis mwarmoebeli (damnaSave) da momxmarebeli (dazaralebuli) mezoblur, axlo
urTierTobaSi arian erTmaneTTan, SeiZleba mwarmoeblis qmedeba gaufrTxileblobiT
sicocxlis mospobis an janmrTelobis dazianebis muxliT dakvalificirdes damdgari
Sedegis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram roca mwarmoebeli ucnobia, romelic mis mier war-
moebul produqcias mravalricxovani distributorebis meSveobiT anonimur momxma-
reblebze yidis, mdgomareobac icvleba. mravalricxovani sazogadoebis anonimuroba-
Si ganWvretadi mizezobriobis jaWvi qreba. msgavs viTarebaSi samarTlebrivi sikeTis
efeqturi dacva konkretuli safrTxis an xelyofis deliqtebis meSveobiT SeuZlebe-
lia da amitomac qmnis kanonmdebeli abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebis Semadgenlo-
bebs.133
10. daskvna
safrTxis Semqmneli deliqtebis dasjadobis da sisxlis samarTlis legitimaciis

safuZvelia samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva. safrTxis Semqmnel qmedebaTa kriminaliza-
cia imdenadaa mizanSewonili da aucilebeli, ramdenadac igi xels uwyobs samarTlebri-
vi sikeTis dacvas. ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma, romlis mizani
iqneba mxolod adamianis dasja samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis miznis gareSe. aseTi nor-
mis arseboba ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos suliskve-
Tebas.
samarTlebrivi sikeTe aris samarTlis normiT daculi realuri mdgomareoba an
idealuri Rirebuleba. samarTlebrivi sikeTe, Tavis mxriv, iyofa individualur da
zeindividualur samarTlebriv sikeTed. Tu konkretuli safrTxis deliqtebi indivi-
dualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, abstraqtuli safrTxis de-
liqtebi safrTxes uqmnian rogorc individualur, ise zeindividualur samarTlebriv
sikeTes.
samarTlebrivi sikeTe unda gaimijnos danaSaulebrivi qmedebis obieqtisgan. saf-
rTxis Semqmneli deliqti safrTxes uqmnis samarTlebriv sikeTes, rac ar gamoricxavs
qmedebis obieqtis xelyofas. magram, zog SemTxvevaSi safrTxis Semqmneli deliqtebi sa-
marTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofasac gulisxmoben. Tumca, xelyofili sikeTe aris sxva da
ara is sikeTe, romlis dacvasac isaxavs miznad Sesabamisi sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma.
132
133
iqve, 66.
382
veronik Sampei despla*
saerooba da religiuri Tavisufleba safrangeTSi:

im kanonidan gamomdinare, romlis Tanaxmadac ikrZaleba
mTliani saxis dafarva sajaro sivrceSi1
saeroobis principi safrangeTSi momdinareobs me-3 respublikidan, kerZod ki,

1905 wlis 9 dekembris kanonis Tanaxmad gamocxadebuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ga-
mijvnis principidan, romelic dResac moqmedebs. kanonis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad,
„saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas. igi religiuri kultebis
Tavisuflebis garantias iZleva mxolod sajaro wesrigis interesebis dacviT gamow-
veuli SezRudvebis garflebSi“. me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, „saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs, ar ux-
dis xelfass da arc exmareba arcerT religiur mimdinareobas.“ mocemuli muxlebis in-
terpretaciis Sedegad SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT: safrangeTis mTavroba valdebulia,
rom SeinarCunos neitraluroba nebismieri religiuri mimdinareobis mimarT da ofi-
cialurad ar gamoacxados arc erTi maTgani.
es principebi kidev erTxel iqna ganmtkicebuli safrangeTis me-5 respublikis
konstituciiT 1958 wlis 4 oqtombers. safrangeTis konstituciis pirveli muxlis Ta-
naxmad: „safrangeTi aris suverenuli, saero, demokratiuli da socialuri saxelmwi-
fo. igi uzrunvelyofs yoveli moqalaqis Tanasworuflebianobas kanonis winaSe, ga-
nurCevlad misi warmomavlobis, rasisa Tu rwmenisa. igi pativs scems yvela sarwmuno-
ebas“. 1946 wlis 27 oqtombris konstituciis preambulisa da 1958 wlis konstituciis
preambulis me-13 abzacis Tanaxmad: „ (...) ufaso saero da sajaro ganaTlebis uzrunvel-
yofa saxelmwifos valdebulebaa“. am iuridiul CarCosTan mimarTebiT, kanonmdebleb-
ma da mosamarTleebma garkveuli komentarebi SeimuSaves, romlebic franguli samar-
Tlis skolis klasikuri maxasiaTeblebia.
upirveles yovlisa, sajaro SenobebSi (meriebi, saavadmyofoebi, skolebi) akrZa-
lulia religiuri simboloebis2 demonstrireba rogorc Senobis gareT, ise mis Sig-
niT. amasTanave, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs kerZo skolebis dafinanseba mxolod
sakuTari biujetiT SeuZliaT – dadgenili limitis farglebSi (limiti gansazRvru-
lia 1850 wlis 15 martis falus kanonidan moyolebuli, romelic dResac moqmedebs3).
garda amisa, aralegalurad miiCneva religiuri ceremonialebisaTvis gaRebuli nebis-
mieri daxmareba Tu subsidireba. magaliTad, religiebis mimarT neitralitetisa da
saeroobis principebs ewinaaRmdegeba papis vizitis dafinanseba klovisis naTlobis
* samarTlis profesori, Université Paris OUEST Nanterre la Defense CREDOF-is direqtori.

1
gamoqveynebulia saTauriT: „Laïcité et liberté religieuse en France: aux sources de la loi interdisant la
dissimulation intégrale du visage dans l’espace public“ – Revista Derecho del Estado, No. 29, 2012.
2
saxelmwifo sabWo, 2005 wlis 27 ivlisi, sent anas komuna, moTxovna №259806.
3
am kanonis gadaxedvis mcdelobam didi debatebi gamoiwvia, romlebsac bolo mouRo sa-
frangeTis sakonstitucio sabWos gadawyvetilebam, romliTac kanoni arakonstituciu-
rad iqna miCneuli. gadawyvetileba 93-329, 1993 wlis 13 ianvari, moTx. №9.
383
1500 wlis iubilis aRniSvnisas4 an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mier saabatoebis

dafinanseba ait-el-qebiris dResaswaulis aRsaniSnavad,5 aseve sakulto ritualebis
subsidireba,6 mocemul SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTle uars acxadebs gaaigivos sakulto da
kulturuli wesrigi. dabolos, meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, arsebobs Zalze
mkacri kanonmdebloba sajaro moxeleTa neitralitetisa da TavSekavebulobis valde-
bulebebTan dakavSirebiT politikuri, ideologiuri Tu religiuri kuTvnilebis miu-
xedavad. kerZod, imisaTvis, rom skolebSi uzrunvelyofili iyos moswavleTaTvis re-
ligiis Tavisuflebis ufleba, sajaro skola valdebulia, SeinarCunos neitraliteti
nebismieri religiis mimarT. rac Seexeba moswavleebs, safrangeTis me-3 respublikidan
moyolebuli, sajaro skolis simbolod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo nacrisferi maisu-
ri, rac TiToeuli moswavlis Tanasworuflebianobis simbolos warmoadgenda.7
1980-iani wlebis bolodan moyolebuli mkveTrad Seicvala damokidebuleba reli-
giur gaerTianebebsa da skolas Soris. Tavdapirvelad, sajaro xelisufleba cdilob-
da, upiratesoba mieniWebina pragmatizmisTvis saxelmwifo servisebis momxmarebelTa
mimarT da piriqiT, meti simtkice gamoeCina sajaro moxeleTa mimarT (I). meore mxriv,
mogvianebiT, 2000 wlidan moyolebuli, SeimCneva religiuri niSnebis demonstrirebis
zrda, ramac aiZula xelisufleba, mieRo Sesabamisi zomebi respublikis principebis
upiratesobis gansamtkiceblad da warmosaCenad, rogoricaa, pirvel rigSi, saeroobis
principi. am evoluciis Sedegia sakanonmdeblo diskursebis gamZafreba, romlebic sas-
kolo dawesebulebebSi moswavleTa religiuri niSnebis demonstrirebis gakontrole-
bidan sajaro dawesebulebebSi TiToeuli adamianis Cacmulobis gakontrolebis auci-
leblobisaken inacvlebs (II).
I. 1990-iani wlebi: pragmatizmsa da simtkices Soris
franguli samarTlebrivi CarCo, romelic klasikurad religiuri niSnebis de-

monstrirebasa da sajaro samsaxurs Soris arsebul urTierTobebs exeboda, 1980-iani
wlebis bolodan da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mniSvnelovan peripetiebs ganicdis. ase
vTqvaT, „TavSalis“ saqme iyo am iuridiuli vnebaTaRelvis erT-erTi gamomwvevi. am pe-
4
TA Salon an Sampani, 1996 wlis 18 ivnisi, batoni Tieriqomi, asociacia `moqmedeba~, q. re-
imsi.
5
nanti, 2006 wlis 31 maisi, b-ni mismiti. unda aRiniSnos, rom Sesabamis ganCinebaSi saxelmwi-
fo sabWo daeTanxma, mensis urbanul sazogadoebas ufleba hqonda moewyo `droebiTi
saabato~ `sajaro wesrigis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod ki janmrTelobisa da
keTildReobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram saxelmwifo sabWom moiTxova, rom
uzrunvelyofili yofiliyo `satarifo pirobebis dacva, sarwmunoebis mimarT konsti-
tuciiT dadgenili neitralitetis principis pativiscemis moTxovnidan gamomdinare~.
saxelmwifo sabWo, 2011 wlis 19 ivlisi, urbanuli sazogadoeba, moTx. №313518.
6
limoJi, 2009 wlis 24 dekemberi, b-niJernari, 2010, 738.
7
Tumca, xazi unda gaesvas, rom 1905 wlis kanoni dakonkretda 1960 wlis kanoniT, romelic
skolebSi religiuri dResaswaulebis Catarebis nebarTvas iZleoda, mxolod skolis
Senobis gareT. dResac moqmedebs wesi, rom kviraSi erTi dRe (oTxSabaTi) gamoyofilia
imisTvis, rom moswavleebi gaTavisufldnen skolebidan da ojaxebs saSualeba hqondeT,
aRasrulon sakuTari religiuri kultebi.
384
veronik Sampei displa, saerooba da religiuri Tavisufleba safrangeTSi: im kanonidan
gamomdinare, romlis Tanaxmadac ikrZaleba mTliani saxis dafarva sajaro sivrceSi
riodSi gaizarda axalgazrda gogonaTa raodenoba, romlebic liceumebsa da kolejeb-

Si islamur TavSals atarebdnen. saqmis arsSi ukeT gasarkvevad, upriani iqneba epoqis
socialuri konteqstis sami maxasiaTebeli elementis mimoxilva.
pirveli elementi: axalgazrda musulmani gogonebis mier TavSalis tareba aso-
cirdeba sisustesa da imigrirebuli adamianebis, ZiriTadad ki afrikidan Camosulebis,
ekonomikur da socialur gariyulobasTan. ojaxebi stigmatizebul, urbanul sacxov-
reblebSi cxovroben („gareubnebi“) da mZafrad ganicdian umuSevrobasa da yidvisuuna-
robas. ideologiuri imedgacruebis zogad fonze (politikuri partiebisa da kavSire-
bis mier integrirebis funqciebis dakargva), religia da misi kulturuli wes-Cveule-
bani identurobis mimzidveli TavSesafaria.
meore elementi: sajaro skolebis frangi pedagogebi saero suliskveTebiT ari-
an ganmsWvalulni. amasTanave, bevri miiCnevs, rom islamuri TavSalis tareba qalis da-
morCilebis niSania. Tumca, frangi pedagogebi TavianTi profesiis farglebSi dilemis
winaSe dganan. isini aRmoCndnen moswavleebis transformaciisa da skolis mimarT maTi
damokidebulebis pirispir.
mesame elementi: didi xnis ganmavlobaSi franguli skola miiCneoda rogorc wmin-
da adgili Tavisi wesebiTa da discipliniT. liceumis bolo wlamde moswavleebs ar
hqondaT ufleba, rom SeeqmnaT asociaciebi, gamoexataT politikuri azrebi Senobebis
SigniT. im socialuri evoluciebisa da sxvadasxva moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom-
lebic kolejebsa da liceumebSi dainerga 1970 wlidan moyolebuli, 1989 wlis ivlisSi
kanonmdebeli moswavleebs uflebas aZlevs, Tavisuflad gamoxaton sakuTari azri sas-
kolo dawesebulebebSi. 1989 wlis 19 ivlisis ganaTlebis orientaciis Sesaxeb kanonis
me-10 muxlis mixedviT: „kolejebsa da liceumebSi moswavleebs aqvT informaciisa da
sakuTari azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, neitralitetis principisa da pluralizmis
pativiscemis gaTvaliwinebiT“.
swored am konteqstSi, 1980-iani wlebis bolos, mravali axalgazrda gogo gakve-
Tilebidan da liceumebidan gaagdes, radgan isini uars ambobdnen islamuri TavSalis
moxsnaze. incidentebi im gakveTilebze moxda, romelTa specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT
TavSalis tareba Semawuxebeli da xSir SemTxvevaSi riskis matarebeli iyo moswavleTa
usafrTxoebisaTvis (mag. qimiisa da sportis gakveTilebi). xSirad, moswavleTa gagdebe-
bi ganpirobebuli iyo ara Tavad TavSalis tarebis faqtiT, aramed moswavleTa uariT,
moexsnaT TavSali, rodesac es ukanaskneli aSkara safrTxes uqmnida maT janmrTeloba-
sa da sicocxles. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtebi ukavSirdeba ara mxolod
musulmanur TavSals, aramed sxva religiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs (mag. ebra-
uli sixa) da Sesabamisad, skolis garda konfliqtebis adgili SesaZlebelia yofiliyo
sxva sajaro dawesebulebebic (mag., saavadmyofo).
sadReisod problemis gadawyvetis realuri saSualebaa sasamarTlo da mosamar-
Tle, romelic uflebamosilia TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT im-
sjelos da miiRos individualuri gadawyvetileba. Sesabamisad, arsebuli praqtikis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mosamarTle SedarebiT loialuria pragmatizmis (relogiuri niSnis
matareblis) mimarT (A) da gacilebiT mkacri sajaro moxeleTa mimarT (B).
385
A. pragmatizmi religiuri niSnis matareblis mimarT

1990-ian wlebSi religiuri niSnis demonstrirebis sxvadasxva faqti sxvadasxvana-
irad iqna Sefasebuli sxvadasxva mosamarTlis mier imis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqme exebo-
da saskolo dawesebulebebis moswavleTa individualur SemTxvevas (1), Tu, zogadad,
sajaro dawesebulebaSi religiuri niSnis matarebels (2).
1. moswavleTa individualuri SemTxvevebi

islamuri TavSalis tarebasTan dakavSirebulma samarTlebrivma sakiTxma mosa-
marTle dilemis winaSe daayena. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organos arCevani unda ga-
ekeTebina saeroobis konstituciur principsa da ganaTlebis Tanabar pirobebSi miRe-
bis, saSualo ganaTlebis miRebaze Tanabari wvdomis princips Soris.
Tavdapirvelad, saxelmwifo sabWo iZulebuli gaxda emsjela mocemul sakiTxze
premier ministris mimarTvis safuZvelze. saxelmwifo sabWom sakuTari azri Camoaya-
liba 1989 wlis 27 noembers. saxelmwifo sabWos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba
miviCnioT pragmatulad im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi dawesebulebis, skolis direqtors
aRWuravs uflebamosilebiT, Tavad Seafasos TiToeuli individualuri SemTxveva Sem-
degi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT:
a) azris gamoxatvisa da religiis Tavisuflebis uflebebis WrilSi TiToeuli
adamiani Tavad udgens sakuTar Tavs Sesabamis dogmas, magaliTad, ataros Tu ara TavSa-
li. saxelmwifo sabWom miiCnia, rom dawesebulebebis Sida ganawesi SesaZlebelia miviC-
nioT ukanonod, Tu igi mTlianad da gamonaklisebis gareSe krZalavs TavSalis an sxva
relogiuri niSnis demonstrirebas.
b) religiuri niSnis, magaliTad, TavSalis droebiT moxsnis moTxovna ganpirobe-
buli unda iyos da unda efuZnebodes moswavleTa usafrTxoebis, sajaro wesrigis dac-
vis dasabuTebul varauds. arsebiTia, rom kanonis Sesabamisad, akrZalulia ara Tavad
religiuri niSnis sajarod tareba, aramed sworad tarebis forma. saeroobis principi-
dan gamomdinare, moswavlem Tavi unda Seikavos religiuri niSnis demonstrirebisagan.
g) Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi swored sajaro skolis direqtors ekisreba mtkicebisa
da Sefasebis tvirTi administraciuli mosamarTlis winaSe, Tu ramdenad provokaciu-
li iyo religiuri niSnis demonstrireba da emuqreboda Tu ara konkretul moswavles
safrTxe konkretul SemTxvevaSi.
moswavleTa mimarT pragmatizmis mocemuli CarCo exeba aseve religiuri kulte-
bisa da dResaswaulebis mowyobebTan dakavSirebul nebarTvebs. am konteqstSi saxel-
mwifo sabWom xazi gausva, rom kanonmdeblobiT SeuZlebelia „aukrZalo moswavles sa-
kuTari religiuri dResaswaulis aRniSvna sajaro wesrigis uzrunvelyofis fargleb-
Si“.8
2. sajaro samsaxuris sxva moxeleebi

rac Seexeba sajaro moxeleebs, 1990-ian wlebSi religiur niSnebTan dakavSirebu-
li davebi praqtikulad ar yofila, Tu ar CavTvliT iseT faqtebs, rodesac zogierTi
pacienti uars ambobda mamrobiTi sqesis eqimis momsaxurebaze sajaro saavdmyofoebSi
(magaliTad, pacienti uars ambobda, rom kac means mieRo mSobiaroba).
8
saxelmwifo sabWo, 1995 wlis 14 aprili, koeni, moTx. №157653.
386
zogierTma samedicino dawesebulebam, problemebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, mi-

iRo da gamoaqveyna Sida ganawesi. Tumca, 2007 wlis 13 aprils premier ministrma miiRo
cirkulari, romelic sajaro samsaxurSi saeroobis principis ganmtkicebis garants
warmoadgenda. premier ministris qartia Seexeboda konstituciiT ganmtkicebuli re-
ligiis Tavisuflebisa da saeroobis principebis deklarirebas, atarebda sakonsul-
tacio xasiaTs da gansazRvravda sajaro samsaxuris servisebis momxmarebelTa ufle-
ba-movaleobebs. Tumca qartia sajaro moxeelbisaTvisac iTvaliswinebda konkretuli
ufleba-movaleobebis standarts.
amrigad,
- „sajaro samsaxuris momxmareblebs ufleba aqvT, gamoxaton TavianTi religiu-
ri Sexedulebani sajaro samsaxuris neitralitetis, misi keTilsindisieri funqcioni-
rebis, sajaro wesrigis, usafrTxoebis, janmrTelobis da higienis moTxovnebis pati-
viscemis farglebSi;
- sajaro samsaxuris momxmarebelma Tavi unda Seikavos prozelitarizmis nebismi-
eri formisagan;
- sajaro samsaxuris momxmarebels ufleba ar aqvs, moiTxovos sajaro moxelis
acileba an sajaro dawesebulebis infrastruqturis adaptireba. amis miuxedavad, sa-
jaro samsaxuri yovelmxriv unda Seecados, pativi sces momxmarebelTa religiis Tavi-
suflebas da keTilsindisierad Seasrulos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmianoba;
- identurobis gadamowmebis moTxovnisTanave momxmarebeli valdebulia, dae-
morCilos Sesabamis miTiTebas.
- sajaro samsaxurSi, kerZod, saavadmyofoSi, sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebuleba-
Si sruli ganakveTiT miRebul moxeleebs ufleba aqvT, religiur dResaswaulebSi mo-
nawileobis mizniT, gaacdinon samsauri im pirobiT, rom xeli ar SeuSalon Sesabamisi
sajaro samsaxuris normalur funqcionirebas“.
B. meti simtkice sajaro moxeleTa mimarT

TavSekavebulobis da neitralitetis valdebuleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-
nia sajaro moxeleebTan mimarTebaSi. Sesabamisad, kanonmdebeli xazs usvams sajaro mo-
xelis mier religiuri niSnebis demonstrirebis akrZalvas (1), Tumca, qartia garkveul
loialurobas inarCunebs sajaro moxelis religiur dResaswaulebsa da religiur ri-
tualebSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT (2).
1. religiuri niSnebis demonstrirebis absoluturi da zogadi akrZalva

sajaro moxelTaTvis religiuri niSnebis demonstrirebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb sa-
kuTari azris gamoTqma eTxova saxelmwifo sabWos. administraciul sasamarTlos unda
emsjela maswavlebelTan dakavSirebul faqtze,9 romelic kaTolikur jvars atarebda.
saxelmwifo sabWos mier miRebuli dadgenilebiT, saxelmwifo sabWo miiCnevs, rom
1. rwmenis Tavisuflebis, saxelmwifos saeroobisa da sajaro samsaxuris neitra-
litetis principebi safuZvels iRebs sakanonmdeblo da konstituciuri teqstebidan,
Sesabamisad, religiuri niSnis demonstrirebisgan Tavis Sekavebis moTxovna ZalaSia da
9
saxelmwifo sabWo, 2000 wlis 3 maisi.
387
moqmedebs imis miuxedavad, sajaro moxele izolirebulad muSaobs sakuTar kabinetSi

Tu mudmivad uwevs moqalaqeebTan (sajaro servisebis momxmarebelTan) urTierToba.
2. TiToeul sajaro moxeles aqvs rwmenis Tavisuflebis ufleba, romelic krZa-
lavs yovelgvar diskriminacias samuSao procesSi, Sesabamisad, sajaro moxeleSi igu-
lisxmeba sajaro skolis maswavlebelic.
3. ganaTlebis sajro sistemis muSakis – maswavleblis mier uflebamosilebebis
ganxorcilebisas sakuTari religiuri kuTvnilebis demonstrireba miCneul unda iq-
nes sajaro samsaxurisTvis dadgenil wesebTan Seusabamod.
sasamarTlos araerTi gadawyvetileba da ganCineba imeorebs saxelmwifo sabWos
xsenebul mosazrebas. magaliTad, parizis administraciulma sasamarTlom sajaro sa-
medicino dawesebulebis TanamSromlis mier TavSalis tarebasTan dakavSirebiT mi-
iCnia, rom „erTi mxriv, sajaro moxele iseve sargeblobs religiisa da rwmenis Tavi-
suflebis uflebiT, (...) romelic krZalavs da gamoricxavs nebismieri saxis diskrimi-
nacias, maT Soris samsaxurSi ayvanis da karieris ganviTarebis procesSi, meore mxriv,
saxelmwifos saeroobis principi uzrunvelyofs sajaro moxeleTa neitralitets da
gulisxmobs daicvas sajaro moxele sakuTari rwmenis Tavisuflebis nebismieri gav-
lenisa da xelyofis yvelanairi riskisagan, Sesabamisad, mocemuli postulati Seexeba
yvela sajaro samsaxurs da ara mxolod saswavlo dawesebulebebs; neitralitetis dac-
vis valdebuleba gansakuTrebul simtkices iZens sajaro samsaxurebSi, sadac sajaro
servisebis momxmareblebi SedarebiT daucvel da, garkveulwilad, sajaro moxeleze
damokidebul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian“.10 amrigad, damsaqmebels safuZveli aqvs, rom
aRar gaugrZelos kontraqti dasaqmebuls, romelic uars acxadebs islamuri TavSalis
moxsnaze, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu damsaqmebelma gamoiCina tolerantoba Tavdapirveli
kontraqtis dadebisas da Tu dasaqmebulis saqcieli ar iyo prozelitaruli. rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, sxva ganCinebebic azusteben, rom religiuri niSnebis moxsnaze uari Se-
saZlebelia CaiTvalos profesiuli valdebulebebis arajerovan Sesrulebad da Sesa-
bamisad – Secdomad.11
SedarebiT rTuladaa sakiTxi, rodesac saqme exeba e.w. kreSebis Temas. igi warmo-
adgens kerZo sabavSvo baRis nairsaxeobas. dava exeba kerZo dawesebulebas da ixileba
versalis saapelacio sasamarTlos mier. saqmeze saboloo gadawyvetileba jer ar dam-
dgara.
TumcaRa, aqamde arsebobda gamonaklisi sajaro samsaxuris „droebiTi da moxali-
se TanamSromelTa“ mimarT, magaliTad, dedaze, romelic nebayoflobiT, anazRaurebis
gareSe, rogorc moxalise, exmareba maswavleblebs dRis bolos moswavleTa skolidan
gayvanisas, unda gavrceldes Tu ara religiuri niSnis demonstrirebis sakanonmdeb-
lo akrZalva. diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis umaRlesi xelisufleba am SemTxve-
vaSi miiCnevs, rom Tavdaburuli dedebis moxalise TanamSromlad samsaxurSi ayvanaze
skolis direqtoris uari SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos diskriminaciad.12 magram, 2011 wlis
31 maiss miRebul rezoluciaSi religiuri Tavisuflebisa da respublikuri paqtis
farglebSi, saeroobis principis pativiscemis moTxovnidan gamomdinare13 – dokumen-
10
TA parizin 2002 wlis 17 oqtomberi, sarCeli №0101740 /5.
11
CAA lioni, 2003 wlis 27 noemberi, sarCeli №0301392.
12
HALDE, TaTbiri №. 2007-117, 2007 wlis 14 maisi.
13
rezolucia N. 672, 2011 wlis 31 maisi.
388
ti, romelic yvelafris miuxedavad, rCeba normatiuli Zalis gareSe – erovnulma asam-
bleam miiCnia, rom „aucilebelia saeroobis principi mTlianad gavrceldes im pirebze,
romlebic TanamSromloben sajaro samsaxurTan, iseve rogorc socialuri, samedici-
no-socialuri seqtoris kerZo struqturebTan da romlebsac akisriaT sajaro misia,
garda `wminda sakuTriv~ religiuri dawesebulebebisa“.
imavdroulad, akrZalva mocemuli momentisTvis ar unda exebodes politikuri
arCevnebis kandidatebs, romlebic jer ar aurCeviaT da sajaro moxelis statusi ar Se-
uZeniaT. amrigad, saxelmwifo sabWom CaTvala, rom regionaluri arCevnebis siis gada-
cemisas, prefeqtis mier kanonis darRveva ar momxdara imis gamo, rom erT-erTi kandi-
dati islamur TavSals atarebda.14
2. religiur dResaswaulebsa da kultebSi monawileobasTan

dakavSirebuli davebi
sajaro interesis dacvis farglebSi ismeba kiTxva, CaiTvleba Tu ara religiur

dResaswaulebsa da kultebSi monawileobis mizniT samsaxuris gacdena sapatiod? saf-
rangeTs, rogorc saero saxelmwifos, kanonmdeblobiT aqvs dadgenili kalendari, ro-
melic gansazRvravs samuSao da dasvenebis dReebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom kalendarSi kaTo-
likuri dResaswaulebi gamocxadebulia dasvenebis dReebad.
am konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifo sabWo da sasamarTlo gacile-
biT loialuria. saxelmwifo sabWo miiCnevs, rom sajaro samsaxuris Sesabamis ufleba-
mosil pirs ufleba aqvs, religiur ritualSi monawileobis mizniT, droebiT gaaTavi-
suflos moxele da gacdenili dReebi CauTvalos sapatiod.15
zemoxsenebul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi saeroobis qartia sajaro moxeleebisaT-
vis Zalze naTel principebs ayalibebs: a) „yovel sajaro moxeles aqvs mkacri neitrali-
tetis dacvis valdebuleba. igi yvela adamians Tanasworuflebianad unda moeqces da
daicvas maTi rwmenis Tavisufleba. b) sajaro moxele valdebulia, ar moaxdinos saku-
Tari rwmenis, religiuri kuTvnilebis demonstrireba. g) sajaro moxele valdebulia
daicvas saeroobis principi sajaro samsaxurSi. d) saxelmwifo icavs sajaro moxelis
rwmenis Tavisuflebas, sajaro moxeles Sesabamisi nebarTvis safuZvelze, religiur
dResaswaulebSi monawileobis mizniT, samsaxuris gacdena CaeTvleba sapatiod.
II. poziciebis radikalizacia: skolaSi religiuri kuTvnilebis

demonstrirebidan sajaro sivrceSi Cacmulobis kontrolamde
2000 wlidan moyolebuli, safrangeTSi mZafrdeba debatebi memarjvene da memar-

cxene partiebs Soris. memarjvene partia iTxovs sakanonmdeblo gziT TavSalis tare-
bis akrZalvas, eyrdnoba ra imgvar argumentebs, rogorebicaa „respublika-saerooba“
14
saxelmwifo sabWo, 2010 wlis 1 marti, sarCeli №337079.
15
CE, 2004 wlis 16 Tebervali, Ahmed B, AJDA avril 2004 wlis 19aprili, gv. 822, SeniSvna G. Koubi
et G. Guglielmi naxeT aseve C. Viard, `kongresi… ‘locvisaTvis~, samarTali da kultura, 2006,
n° 51,. 49-65, <http://droitcultures.revues.org/792>.
389
an kidev Tanasworuflebianobis dacva kacebsa da qalebs Soris. memarcxeneTa partia,

axdens ra religiis Tavisuflebis uflebis demonstrirebas, qveteqstebiT ewinaaRmde-
geba integraluri TavSalis tarebas. sabolood aucilebeli xdeba calsaxa da konkre-
tuli sakanonmdeblo CarCos SemuSaveba, erTi mxriv, skolis SigniT konkretuli wese-
bis dasadgenad (a), xolo meore mxriv, kanonis farglebSi sajaro sivrcis gasakontro-
leblad (b).
a) sakanonmdeblo intervencia saskolo dawesebulebebSi

2004 wels, mwvave sajaro debatebis fonze, respublikis prezidentma, Jak Sirakma,
gaiTvaliswina sakanonmdeblo intervenciis aucilebloba da 2004 wlis 15 marts miRe-
bul iqna kanoni, romelmac saeroobis konstituciuri principis legalizacia moaxdina.
kanonis Tanaxmad „skolebSi, kolejebsa da sajaro liceumebSi aikrZala im niS-
nebisa Tu tanisamosis tareba, romlebiTac moswavleebi cxadad amJRavneben sakuTar
religiur kuTvnilebas“. kanoniT, romelic dResac ZalaSia, nebadarTulia mxolod
„faruli“ niSnebis tareba (patara jvrebi, fatimas xeli Tu daviTis jvari), romelTa
CamonaTvali dazustebulia 2004 wlis 18 maisis kanonis danarT werilSi. amrigad, saqme
ar exeba absolutur da zogad akrZalvas, aramed mxolod tanisamosisa da niSnebis „aS-
kara“ demonstrirebas. zedsarTavi saxelis – aSkaras zusti gansazRvreba kanonSi moce-
muli ar aris, es ukanaskneli moqmedebs rogorc standarti, Sefasebis uflebamosile-
bas aniWebs dawesebulebis ufross an mosamarTles.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavle ar emorCileba kanons, skolis direqtori eTaTbireba
misi ojaxis wevrebs da, uSedego dialogis Semdeg, mSobeli iZulebulia moswavle sxva,
kerZo skolaSi gadaiyvanos swavlis gasagrZeleblad. kanonis xarvezad SesaZlebelia
miviCnioT is garemoeba, rom amgvar situaciaSi moswavles ufleba erTmeva, swavla gaag-
rZelos sajaro, saero da ufaso saSualo skolaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebuli kanoni ukve eqvsi welia ZalaSia da am xnis ganmav-
lobaSi araerT sasamarTlo davas hqonda da aqvs adgili. garda amisa, mSobeli Tavidan-
ve amjobinebs sakuTari religiuri niSnis Sesabamis skolaSi Caweros Svili, an gvxvdeba
iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac mSobeli Cacmulobas an religiuri aqsesuars sxva tipiT
anacvlebs (magaliTad, musulmanuri TavSalis nacvlad – bendena).
dRemde nebismieri sasamarTlo Tu sakonsultacio organos mier miiCneva, rom
ganxiluli kanoni SesabamisobaSia adamianis uflebebis evropuli konvenciis me-9 mux-
lis moTxovnebTan. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom mxolod or saqmeSi
imsjela religiur niSnebTan dakavSirebiT frangul kanonmdeblobaze. pirveli saq-
me16 Seexeboda 2004 wlis kanonamde arsebul samarTlebriv CarCos, xolo meore saqmeSi17
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saeroobisa da religiis Ta-
visuflebis principebs Soris kanonzomierebis Sefasebis uflebamosileba aqvs saxel-
mwifos. religiuri gamoxatulobis TavisuflebaSi Careva, romelic franguli kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisia, proporciulia sajaro mizanTan – davicvaT sajaro
saswavlo dawesebulebebis neitraliteti da saerooba.
16
2008 wlis 4 dekembris ganaCenSi Dogru c. France, n. 27058/05.
17
2009 wlis 30 ivnisis ganaCenSi X c. France, n. 53563/08.
390
b) sajaro sivrceze kontrolis gazrda

religiuri kuTvnilebis demonstrirebasTan mimarTebaSi Tavs iCens, erTi mxriv,
rwmenis Tavisuflebis uflebis dacvis aucilebloba da meore mxriv, safrangeTis
mTavrobis respublikuri principebi da sajaro wesrigis dacvis valdebuleba.
2007 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis win, 2007 wlis 25 marts, b-n vilepinis mTav-
robam Seqmna saeroobis observatoria, romelic cnobilia 2007 wlis 28 aprilis saero-
obis qartiis saxeliT. prezidentad arCevis Semdeg respublikis prezidentma, nikola
sarkozim, moiTxova sajaro sivrceSi religiuri niSnebis demonstrirebis Sesaxeb saka-
nonmdeblo regulireba (1), raTa daesabuTebina sakanonmdeblo intervenciis aucileb-
loba, romelic Tavdapirvelad mxolod religiuri TavSalis tarebas ukavSirdeboda,
magram mogvianebiT akrZalva Seexo sajaro sivrceSi saxis dafarvis nebismier formas.
religiuri (musulmanuri) TavSalis tarebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb kanonis

proeqtidan sajaro adgilebSi saxis damalvis akrZalvis kanonamde
2009 wlis zamTarSi sajaro gaxda musulmanuri TavSalis tarebis winaaRmdeg ka-
nonis proeqti, romelic sazogadoebis, politikosebisa da iuristebis farTo ganxil-
vis sagnad iqca. eqspertebi gamoqvamdnen dasabuTebul SiSs, rom arsebuli saxiT kanon-
proeqtis miReba gaxdeboda adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier safrange-
Tis dasjis sababi. eqsperTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom kanonproeqti winaaRmdegobaSi
modioda adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropul konvenciasTan diskriminaciuli bunebi-
sa da religiis Tavisuflebis uflebis aSkara xelyofis safuZvliT.
2010 wlis 26 ianvars kanonproeqtis Sesaxeb moxseneba gadaegzavna erovnuli asam-
bleis prezidents, romelmac 2010 wlis 11 maiss miiRo rezolucia radikaluri qmede-
bebis Sesaxeb respublikuri Rirebulebebis pativsacemad. erovnuli asamblea:18
1. miiCnevs, rom qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris Tanasworuflebianobisa da TiToeu-
li adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis ufleba avaldebulebs safrangeTis respub-
likas, ganaxorcielos radikaluri qmedebebi, romelTa Sorisac aris TavSalis tare-
bis akrZalvis aucilebloba, raTa daculi iyos respublikis Rirseba.
2. amtkicebs, rom rwmenis, azris gamoxatulebis Tavisuflebis uflebis dacva ar
unda ewinaaRmdegebodes sajaro interesebs.
3. sajarod aRiarebs Rirsebis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Zmobis principe-
bis mimarT erTgulebas.
4. acxadebs mzadyofnas, rom iqneba garanti qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris Tanaswo-
robis uzrunvelsayofad da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg.
5. aucileblad miiCnevs, rom yvela saWiro saSualeba iqnes gamoyenebuli im qale-
bis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic zewolasa da Zaladobas ganicdian, kerZod ki,
iZulebulni arian ataron musulmanuri TavSali“.19
yvela zemoxsenebuli deklarirebuli valdebulebidan gamomdinare, respublikis
prezidenti da mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, mieRo imgvari kanoni, romelic ar iqneboda
aSkarad diskriminaciuli. amgvarad, evropuli sasamarTlos mxridan safrangeTis da-
danaSaulebis safrTxis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, gamosavali SeTavazebuli iqna pro-
18
<www.assamblee.nationale.fr/13/ta/ta0459.asp>.
19
391
fesor gi karkasonis mier kanonproeqtis saparlamento ganxilvisas, romelic profe-

sorma saxelmwifo sabWos mier 2010 wlis aprilSi20 gamoTqmuli azris farglebSi Camo-
ayaliba.
2010 wlis 11 oqtombers miRebuli kanoni n° 2010-1192 ewinaaRmdegeba ara mxolod
musulmanuri TavSalis tarebas, aramed sajaro adgilebSi nebismieri saSualebiT krZa-
lavs saxis damalvas. marTlac, kanonis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, „aravis aqvs ufle-
ba, sajaro adgilebSi iaros dafaruli saxiT“. meore muxli azustebs: „sajaro sivrcea
xalxisaTvis Ria sajaro gzebi da adgilebi da sajaro samsaxurebis teritoriebi” da
rom gamonaklisia „SemTxvevebi, rodesac saxis dafarva nebadarTulia sakanonmdeblo
Tu reglamentis Sesabamisi gankargulebiT, Tu igi gamarTlebulia janmrTelobisa Tu
profesiuli miznebiT da /an Tu igi Tavsdeba sportuli, tradiciuli Tu artistuli
RonisZiebebisa da dResaswaulebis CarCoSi“. kanonis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, winamdeba-
re kanonis darRveva „isjeba jarimiT“, romelsac SeiZleba Tan sdevdes, an SeiZleba Se-
icvalos sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobiT. kanonis me-4 muxli kidev ufro Soris
midis, da danaSaulad gansazRvravs meore adamianis mier iZulebas, rom saxe iyos dama-
luli sajaro sivrceSi. qmedeba dasjadia erTwliani patimrobiT da 30 000 evromde fu-
ladi jarimiT. kanoni kidev ufro mkacria, rodesac iZuleba xorcieldeba arasrul-
wlovanis mimarT – sasjeli izrdeba orwliani patimrobiT da 60 000-evroiani jarimiT.
kanonis gardamavali debulebis Tanaxmad, mTavrobas eZleva 18-Tviani monitoringis
valdebuleba kanonis Sesrulebaze da kanonis SesaZlo xarvezebis Seswavlaze, ris Sem-
degac daskvna unda warudginos parlaments.21
zemoT ganxiluli kanoni konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis dasadgenad gadaeca
safrangeTis sakonstitucio sabWos, romelmac miiCnia, rom kanoni Sesabamisia konsti-
tuciiT garantirebul uflebebsa da TavisuflebebTan da proporciulia kanonier mi-
zanTan.
dRes rTulia saubari kanonis efeqturobaze, vinaidan igi ZalaSi Sevida mxolod
2011 wlis 11 aprils. amave dRes qals oqmi Seudgines integraluri TavSalis tarebi-
saTvis parizis gareubnis erT-erT savaWro centrSi; mas gamouweres jarima 150 evros
odenobiT. magram sasamarTlo dava am momentisaTvis ar arsebobs.
daskvnis saxiT SesaZlebelia gamoiTqvas oTxi mosazreba:

1. safrangeTis samarTalSi ukve arsebobs iseTi dadgenilebani, romelTa meSveo-
biTac SesaZlebelia saxis damalvis zogierTi SemTxvevis CarCoSi moqceva an akrZalva,
romlebic gamarTlebulia sajaro wesrigisa da identurobis kontrolis moTxovne-
biT. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom gamarTlebulad miiCnia moTxovnebi,
romlebic iTxoven saxis gamoCenas usafrTxoebisa da identurobis kontrolisaTvis.
2. mocemuli saxiT zemoT ganxiluli kanoni safrangeTis sazogadoebaSi arsebul
socialuri problemebisa da religiuri gaerTianebebis ignorirebas axdens. ufro me-
tic, zogierTi religiuri niSnis tarebis akrZalvidan moyolebuli sajaro adgilebSi
saxis damalvis akrZalvamde, kanonmdebelma miaRwia imas, rom safrangeTma Tavidan ai-
cila religiis Tavisuflebis uflebis Selaxvlis gamo pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis
20
Pastor M., AJDA, 2010, 124.
21
392
riski, magram gaizarda xelisuflebis mier sajaro sivrceSi individualuri qmedebebis

kontrolis SesaZleblobebi.
3. ra SeiZleba Tqvas adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropulma sasamarTlom am ka-
nonis aucileblobisa da proporciulobis Sesaxeb? erTi mxriv, rac Seexeba safran-
geTs, zemoT aRiniSna, rom sasamarTlo yovelTvis gamarTlebulad miiCnevs im zomebs,
romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba religiuri samosis tarebas saeroobisa da sajaro wesrigis
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram, meore mxriv, sasamarTlom 2010 wlis 26 Teber-
vals TurqeTi22 gakicxa imis gamo, rom man daSala manifestacia, romelSic morwmuneebi
tradiciul samosSi gamowyobilebi gamodiodnen, romelTa Sorisac zogierTi saxes ma-
lavda. evropuli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom, „saqmis masalebidan irkveva, rom morwmu-
ne, gansxvavebuli CacmulobiT, aranairad ar emuqreba sajaro wesrigs“. Tumca, „isla-
mis, islamizmisa da islamofobiis“ Sesaxeb 2010 wlis 23 ivnisis rekomendaciiT, evropis
sabWos saparlamento asambleam evropis saxelmwifoebs mouwoda, SemoeRoT „integra-
luri TavSalisa Tu sxva religiuri tanisamosis tarebis zogadi akrZalva“. adamianis
uflebaTa evropulma komisarma aseve Seafasa es akrZalva 2010 wels gamoTqmul „mo-
sazrebebSi“,23 erTi mxriv, igi aRiarebs, rom qalebisaTvis integraluri TavSalebis ta-
rebis iZuleba aris „sruliad miuRebeli da represiuli zoma“, Tumca, meore mxriv, is
darwmunebulia, rom integraluri TavSalebis tareba ver moispoba iuridiuli akrZal-
vebiT, romelic kidev metad ayenebs riskis qveS qalebis yvelanairi socialuri cxovre-
bidan gariyvas da islamuri poziciebis radikalizacias. is askvnis, rom „politikuri
TvalsazrisiT esaa sxvebis sarwmunoebebis pativiscema sakuTari azris gamoxatulebis
Tavisuflebis dacviT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu integraluri TavSalebis tareba miCneulia,
rogorc gansakuTrebuli azris gamoxatuleba“.
iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-
Tlo gaiziarebs Tu ara safrangeTis sakonstitucio sabWos pozicias.
4. dabolos, sajaro sivrceSi religiuri niSnebis demonstrireba did xania poli-
tikur aqtad iqca. es politizireba ueWvelia amJRavnebs politikuri klasis rezisten-
tobas, win aRudges im transformaciebs, romlebic 1980-iani wlebidan xdeba safran-
geTSi da romlebic kargad warmoaCenen kavSirs universalizmsa da pluralizms Soris
da aseve franguli tradiciuli azrovnebis erTob Tavisebur maneras.
frangulidan Targmna maka nucubiZem*
22
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo, 2010 wlis 23 Tebervali, Ahmet Arslan et autres c.
Turquie, n. 41135/98.
23
www.assembly.coe.int; www. coe.int/commissionner/Viewpoints/100308_fr.asp
* Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori, samarTlis doqtori (Paris OUEST
Nanterre la Defense-is universiteti), Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne-is universitetis sajaro
samarTlis magistri.
393
niklas lumani
operaciuli daxuruloba da struqturuli kavSiri:

samarTlis sistemis diferencireba*
sistemaTa gavrcelebuli Teoria sistemebs miiCnevs „Ria sistemebad“, romlebic

maT garesamyarosTan gacvliTi operaciebiT ikvebebian. SesaZlebelia am gacvliTi ope-
raciebis struqturireba da limitireba sistemis saWiroebis mixedviT, misi „zemoqme-
debamde“ da „Sedegamde“ dayvaniT. aRniSnuli cneba Ria sistemebisa jer biologebis,
Semdeg ki sociologebis pasuxia Termodinamikis kanonebsa da CamoSlis albaTobaze
– qrobadi gansxvavebebis mniSvnelobiT. problema iyo mocemuli albaTobis aridebis
xerxi – anu, Tu rogor Setrialebuliyo es tendencia entropiis mimarTulebiT – da
upiratesad, Tu rogor momxdariyo im samyaros axsna, romelsac uTuod SeuZlia wesri-
gis Camoyalibeba da negentropiis mxardaWera. ramdenadac Termodinamikis kanoni gu-
lisxmobs daxurul sistemebs, Ria sistemebi gamosavali unda yofiliyo. Tumca, pasuxs
moiTxovs gamaRizianebeli kiTxva: ra aris sistema? an, ufro zustad: rogor axerxebs
sistema operirebas imgvarad, rom mas SeiZleba „Ria sistema“ ewodos? an, Tu sistema mis
garesamyarozea damokidebuli, risi meSveobiT xerxdeba sistemasa da garesamyaros So-
ris mzardi aRrevisa da, kvlav Termodinamikuri CamoSlis arideba?
yvelaze adreuli pasuxi, popularuli 1950-ian wlebSi da gaziarebuli, magali-
Tad, tolkot parsonsis mier, es iyo problemis formulireba sistemis an sazRvris
mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiT.1 pasuxis Tanaxmad, sistema, romelsac ar SeuZlia sistemis
mxardaWeris aucileblobis aRsruleba, TavisTavad daiSleba da aRar iqneba gamokvle-
visTvis xelmisawvdomi. aman teleologiis aRorZineba gamoiwvia (axali moduri saxe-
liT – funqcionalizmi) da kvlav, rogorc gvsmenia molieriseuli opiumis damamSvide-
beli Zalis Sesaxeb, migviyvana problemis tavtologiur reformulirebamde. amdenad,
Cvens kiTxvas gverds ver avuvliT: ra saxis operaciebi ayalibeben sistemis mTliano-
bas imgvarad, rom mas SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis mxardaWera, anu moqmedeba da Tavis gare-
samyarosTan urTierTobis gagrZeleba? rogor unda gaviazroT, rom arsebobs raRac,
rasac SeuZlia zemoqmedebaTa da SedegTa seleqcia da iritaciuli informaciis Senax-
va misi garesamyaros Sesaxeb, Sinagani saWiroebis Sesabamisad?
entropiis xvedris asarideblad yvela am mcdelobis ukugdebiT, autopoie-
tur, TviTreproducirebad sistemaTa Teoria ar axdens empiriul izolirebaSi sru-
* winamdebare Targmani Sesrulebulia Semdegi gamocemidan: Niklas Luhmann, Operational Clo-

sure and Structural Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System. In: Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 13,
1992: 1419-1441. mTargmnelis mier Secvlilia dedanSi gamoyenebuli citirebis wesi da
misadagebulia „samarTlis Jurnalis“ moTxovnisadmi.
1
ix.: Talcott Parsons & Edward. A. Shils (eds.), Toward a General Theory of Action, 1951, 108-09.
394
niklas lumani, operaciuli daxuruloba da struqturuli kavSiri:
samarTlis sistemis diferencireba
li TviTkauzalobis ideis xelaxal aRmoCenas.2 es imTaviTve cxadi unda iyos. sistemis

asaxva autopoieturad, avtonomiurad, operaciuli TvalsazrisiT daxurulad, gu-
lisxmobs misi operaciebis qsels da ara yvela empiriuli mdgomareobis erTobliobas,
anu samyaros. kiTxva is ki ar aris, Tu rogor axerxebs sistema TviTuzrunvelyofas ga-
resamyarosgan nebismieri mxardaWeris gareSe. aramed, sakiTxavia, Tu ra saxis operaci-
ebi aZleven sistemas imis saSualebas, rom Camoayalibos TviTreproducirebadi qseli,
romelic eqskluziurad efuZneba TviTgenerirebad informacias da SeuZlia ganasxva-
os Sinagani moTxovnilebani imisagan, rac mas garesamyaros problemebad miaCnia.
pasuxi ukve ara faruli tavtologia, aramed aSkara tavtologiaa. sistemis mTli-
anoba iwarmoeba uSualod sistemis mier.3 meTodologiur amocanad gvevlineba am tav-
tologiaTa „amoxsna“ (rogorc logikosebi ityodnen) da es unda ganxorcieldes im
operaciaTa empiriuli identificirebiT, romlebic axdenen sistemis mTlianobis war-
moebasa da kvlavwarmoebas (magaliTad, bioqimiuri procesebi cocxal ujredSi).
advili iqneboda aqedan gagvegrZelebina subieqtebisa da obieqtebis, samecniero
perspeqtivebisa da realobebis gansxvavebebiT. magram, jer kidev erTxel mivubrundeT
kiTxvas, Tu rogor awarmoebs sistema sakuTar mTlianobas. kiTxva „rogor“ iwvevs axal
kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin svams kiTxvas; an raSi mdgomareobs am kiTxvis dasmis siste-
muri pirobebi; an, ubralod, vin aris damkvirvebeli? es Tavad sistemaa Tu sxva gareSe
erTeuli? iqneb es cnobili subieqtia an ubralod sxva sistema?
refleqsuri SekiTxvis es teqnika abaTilebs – an xom ar meTqva, dekonstruirebas
axdens? – subieqtsa da obieqts Soris gansxvavebas da gvtovebs „dakvirvebadi / dam-
kvirvebeli sistemebis“ mosazrebasTan, romelsac inglisur enaSi ormagi mniSvneloba
aqvs, gamomdinare inglisuri -ing formidan, rasac gulisxmobs „observing systems“ (sis-
temebze dakvirveba / sistemebi, romlebic Tavad akvirdebian).4 piradad Cven SesaZloa
viyoT damkvirvebeli sistemebi, romlebic akvirdebian Tavad damkvirvebel sistemebs.
arian ki TviTuzrunvelmyofi, TviTwarmoebadi sistemebi aucileblad damkvirvebeli
sistemebi, romelTac SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis gansxvaveba garesamyarosagan? rogor
SeuZliaT maT Tavisi Tavis mxardaWera, Tu amave dros ar ZaluZT Tavisi Tavis gansxva-
veba da ra aris maTi TviTdakvirvebis operaciuli safuZveli? aris Tu ara referirebis
klasikuri problema (rogorc azrisa da WeSmaritebis piroba) Tavad gonivruli kiTx-
va, Tu aucilebelia misi transformireba im kiTxvad, romelsac ainteresebs, Tu ro-
gor unda moxdes gansxvaveba TviTreferirebasa da garereferirebas Soris? Tu asea,
ra saxis sistemebs SeuZliaT amgvari gansxvaveba da ra saxis operaciebis gamoyenebiT?
2
pretenziebi, romlebic aRniSnul mosazrebas Seexeba, uaryofs im Teorias, romelsac
arc aravin gvTavazobs. magaliTad, ix.: Michel van Kerchove & Francois Ost, Le système juridique
entre ordre et désordre, 1988, 154-59.
3
igive tavtologia Cans evoluciur TeoriaSic. sistemebi ibrZvian gadarCenisTvis
garesamyarosTan adaptirebiT da adaptireba mtkicdeba gadarCeniT. problema aris
gadawyveta, rameTu gadawyveta aris problema. da aq, aseve, aucilebelia tavtologiis
daZleva sistemaTa Semcvlel Sinagan operaciebsa da Sedegad momyol gadarCenas Soris
empiriuli gansxvavebis gziT. Sesabamisad, unda vaRiaroT is SesaZleblobac, rom sus-
tad adaptirebuli sistemebi gadarCebian.
4
ix.: Heinz von Foerster, Observing Systems, 1981.
395
gansxvaveba TviTreferirebasa da garereferirebas Soris upirobod Sinagani gansxva-

vebaa. magram, logikurad, rogor SeiZleba gansxvaveba Sinagansa da garegans Soris iyos
Sinagani gansxvaveba? da empiriulad, ra saxis operacia axdens sistemaSi am gansxvavebis
warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas da amgvarad axerxebs logikuri gamocanis amoxsnas (ma-
Sin, roca logikosebs dasWirdebodaT ufro maRali logikuri tipebisa Tu doneebis
ganxilva am problemis amosaxsnelad)?
es yovelive SesaZloa tovebdes araaucilebeli sirTulisa da mxolod epistemo-
logiuri interesis qonis STabeWdilebas. magram Cemi ganzraxvaa niadagis momzadeba
operaciuli (Tu sistemuri) daxurulobis cnebis gasagebad da me, upirveles yovlisa,
unda movaxdino yvela saxis epistemologiuri winaaRmdegobis dekonstruqcia, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes arsis wvdoma. SegviZlia mivyveT ferdinand de sosiurs5 da Jak de-
ridas6 an jorj spenser brauns7 da, Tanaxmad miTiTebisa, yovelTvis daviwyoT sxvaobiT
da ara identobiT, gansxvavebiT da ara mTlianobiT. magram, aseve, SegviZlia gavizia-
roT empiriul mecnierebaTa Sedegebi, metadre kognitiur mecnierebaTa da sistemaTa
Teoriisa, romlebic aqarwyleben ontologiisa da epistemologiis klasikur privile-
giebs kiTxvebisa da pasuxebis organizebiT.
Cveni pirveli kiTxva yovelTvis iqneba: vin aris damkvirvebeli; an ra aris is sis-
tema, romelic Tavis Tavs ganasxvavebs misi garesamyarosagan? am kiTxvaze pasuxs mog-
vcems operaciuli daxurulobis cneba. rasakvirvelia, rogorc calke aRebuli cneba,
igi verafers ver „axsnis“, verc sistemis mdgomareobas da verc mis struqturul mi-
marTulebas. igive iTqmis autopoiezisis cnebis Sesaxebac.8 magram Teoriam, romlis mi-
zanicaa axsna, unda scados da aRweros, Tu rogor axerxeben sistemebi, gaumklavdnen
daxurulobisa da Riaobis problemebs, risi miRwevac SeuZlebelia kauzalur piro-
bebSi. Tu gaagrZelebT kauzaluri daxurulobis sakiTxis aRrevas operaciuli daxu-
rulobis sakiTxTan – an, ufro zogadad, kauzalobisa da TviTreferirebis sakiTxTan
– mogiwevT sxva sagnebze gansxvavebuli instrumentebiT dakvirveba da veRar miyvebiT
am naSroms.
II
axla ki mzad varT daviwyoT Cveni gza samarTlis sistemiT, anu, mzad varT Sev-
xvdeT pirvel winaaRmdegobas. pirveli moulodneloba isaa, rom zogadi sistemebis
doneze operaciuli daxurulobis cnobili protagonistebi mkacrad uaryofen mis
gamoyenebas socialur sistemebTan mimarTebiT. hainc fon foersters es idea Sokis-
5
ix. zogadad: Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics (Charles Bally & Albert Sechehaye
eds., Roy Harris trans.), 1983.
6
Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference (Alan Bass trans.), 1978, 154-68.
7
George S. Brown, Laws of Form, 1979.
8
gansakuTrebulad es STambeWdavi neologizmi unda uwyobdes xels gadaWarbebuli
molodinebis Seqmnas, rac Semdgom advilad baTildeba. polemikisaTvis, magaliTad, ix.:
Bernd Marin, Contracting without Contracts – Economic Policy Concentration by Autopoietic Regimes be-
yond Law? (European University Institute, Working Paper No. 87/287), 1987.
396
momgvrelad miaCnia;9 arc humberto maturana da francisko varela daTanxmdebodnen

socialur sistemaTa moxseniebas autopoietur sistemebad.10
ratomac ara? pasuxi advilia. ar arian ra sociologebi, es avtorebi socialur
sistemebs miiCneven konkretuli adamianebisagan, sxeulisa da gonebis mqone individe-
bisagan Sedgenilad. rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia im socialur sistemaTa daxurulo-
bis aRiareba, romlebic moicaven ujredebSi molekulaTa an sxeulebSi ujredebis, anda
gonebaSi fiqrebis kvlavwarmoebas, rogorc socialur operaciebs socialur sistema-
Si.11 magram es Secdoma mxolod miuTiTebs ganmartebis gamoukvlevel SesaZleblobeb-
ze. Cven unda viyoT zedmiwevniT zustni im operaciis tipis ganmartebisas, romelic,
Tavisi warmoebis daxurul qselSi, axdens socialuri sistemis mTlianobis kvlavwar-
moebas. es operacia verasodes ver ganimarteba, rogorc sicocxlis bioqimiuri warmo-
eba, igi verc cnobieri sistemis Sinagan sibneleSi fiqrebis mier fiqrTa kvlavwarmoe-
bad iqneba miCneuli.12 operacia, romelsac veZebT, SeiZleba iyos mxolod komunikacia.
faqtobrivad, autopoietur socialur sistemaTa Teorias SeiZleba ewodos in-
dividTa seriozuli aRiareba, metadre ufro seriozuli, vidre amas Cveni humanistu-
ri tradicia axerxebs. rogorc individi, verc erTi adamiani ver iqneba romelime sxva
sistemis nawili. kritikosebi xSirad ver xvdebian ZiriTad arss. Tumca, mxolod arTur
jekobsoni amtkicebs, rom saerTo samarTali (Tu ara kontinenturi samarTali) moi-
cavs „individis rolsa da saWiroebebs“.13 magram individis mdgomareoba, orive versiis
Tanaxmad, faqtobrivad, srulebiTac ar gansxvavdeba. jekobsoni agrZelebs da midis
mtkicebamde, rom:
saerTo samarTalSi individebi warmodgenilni arian mxolod im xasiaTiT, rasac
isini aCveneben urTierTqmedebebiT, romlebic mimarTulia normaTa winare gamoyene-
baSi gamoxatuli faseulobebisaken. individebs, romlebic iyeneben normebs, SesaZloa
hqondeT mravalgvari damokidebuleba (pirovnuloba, emocia) normis gamoyenebisadmi.
damokidebulebas ar aqvs mniSvneloba: mxolod urTierTqmedebaSi xasiaTis Cvenebas aqvs
mniSvneloba.14
9
hainc fon foersterma es Sexeduleba interviuSi gamoxata: Généalogies de l’auto-organisa-
tion, in: Cahiers du centre de recherches et d’études appliques, Vol. 8, 1985, 263.
10
ix.: Humberto R. Maturana, Biologie der Sozialität, in: Delfin, Band 5, 1985, 6.
11
aSkaraa is politikuri mizezebic, romelTa Tanaxmadac aRniSnuli idea miuRebelia.
maturana erTxel SeewinaaRmdega ideas, romlis mixedviTac socialuri sistema, maga-
liTad, Cile pinoCetis mmarTvelobis dros, axdens individebis warmoebasa da kvlav-
warmoebas Tavisi struqturisa da procesebis meSveobiT.
12
TiTqmis hegelis citataa. hegeli mas uwodebs „die finstere Innerlichkeit des Gedankes“. Georg W.
F. Hegel, Vorlesungen über die Ästhetik, in: Werke, Band 13, 1970, 18.
13
ix.: Arthur J. Jacobson, Autopoietic Law: The New Science of Niklas Luhmann, in: Michigan Law Review,
Vol. 87, 1989, 1647, 1683. Sdr.: Christophe Grzegorczyk, Système juridique et réalité: Discussion de la
théorie autopoiétique du droit, in: Paul Amselek & Christophe Grzegorczyk (eds.), Controverses autour de
l’ontologie du droit, 1989, 179, Semdegi komentariT: Gunther Teubner, How the Law Thinks: Toward a
Constructivist Epistemology of Law, in: Law & Society Review, Vol. 23, 1989, 727, 739-41.
14
Arthur J. Jacobson, Autopoietic Law: The New Science of Niklas Luhmann, in: Michigan Law Review, Vol.
87, 1989, 1647, 1684.
397
es yovelive SesaZloa iTargmnos Semdegnairad: mxolod komunikacias aqvs mniS-

vneloba, ramdenadac samarTlebrivi sistemebi socialuri sistemebia!
magram, ratom komunikacia? komunikacia erT-erTia im iSviaT operaciaTagan,
romlebsac TviTtranscendenturobis gamocanis amoxsnis unari aqvT.15 aris ra opera-
cia, igi uZluria miatovos sazogadoeba, rogorc sistema, romelic axdens yvela komu-
nikaciis gaerTianebas, rameTu arc erT sistemas ar SeuZlia Tavisi sazRvrebis miRma
imoqmedos da komunikacia ar SeiZleba iyos arakomunikacia. magram, akvirdeba ra Tavis
Tavs da miyveba ra komunikaciis sistemas, dakvirvebis mawarmoebel operacias esaWi-
roeba, msgavsad fixtes egosi16, gansxvaveba komunikaciasa da arakomunikacias, an sis-
temasa da garesamyaros Soris. komunikaciuri sistema aris, an ar aris TviTtranscen-
denturi, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu Tqven (an uSualod sistema) akvirdebiT mas, rogorc
operaciul an damkvirvebel sistemas. komunikaciur sistemaTa evoluciuri warmateba
damokidebulia sistemasa da garesamyaros Soris gansxvavebis uSualod sistemaSive Se-
moRebaze – „formis kvlavSeRweva formaSi“, rom gamoviyenoT jorj spenser braunis
sityvebi.17
rasakvirvelia, komunikaciis cneba unda mivusadagoT am amocanas, rameTu, ro-
gorc cnobilia, sxva cnebebi sxva gansxvavebebs awarmoeben, sxva gansxvavebebi ki sxva
damkvirveblebs. komunikacia ar SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc komunikaciuri moqme-
deba, rameTu es moiTxovda warmoudgenels: subieqti sxeulisa da gonis gareSe.18 da is
aseve ar SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc Setyobinebis an informaciis gadacema, rameTu
aq aseve igulisxmeba gadaucemeli kodebi da saerTo CarCoebi, saidanac xdeba informa-
ciis arCeva.19 nebismier SemTxvevaSi, komunikacia ar unda iqnes miCneuli iseTi raRacis
Semcvelad – im SesaZleblobaTa repertuari, romlidanac xdeba informaciis seleqcia
– rac ar komunicirdeba. nacvlad amisa, komunikacia unda iyos TavisTavad aRmocene-
badi realoba, operaciaTa erTgvari autopoieturi qseli, romelic TanmimdevrobiT
axdens imis organizebas, rasac veZebT, Tanxvedra TviTreferirebisa (Setyobineba) da
garereferirebis (informacia). komunikacia warmoiSoba Setyobinebasa da informacias
Soris arsebuli srulebiT xelovnuri gansxvavebis meSveobiT realobis danawevrebis
Sedegad, orive miiCneva ra SemTxveviT movlenad im mimdinare procesSi, romelic gan-
meorebiTad iyenebs winare safexurebis Sedegebs da elodeba Semdgoms.
15
ix.: Jean-Pierre Dupuy, On the Supposed Closure of Normative Systems, in: Gunther Teubner (ed.), Autopoi-
etic Law: A New Approach to Law and Society, 1988, 51, am problemisaTvis samarTlis sistemas-
Tan dakavSirebiT.
16
Johann G. Fichte, Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre, in: Ausgewählte Werke, Band 1, 1964, 1-3.
17
ix.: George S. Brown, Laws of Form, 1979, 56-57, 69-76.
18
renate maincs, gamonaklisis saxiT, uyvars Semaxsenos, rom ar arsebobs subieqti sxeu-
lisa da gonis gareSe. namdvilad ara, magram ramdenadac SeuZlebelia yvela bioqimiuri,
neirofsiqologiuri, fizikuri da sxva saxis aqtivobis CaTvla komunikaciuri proce-
sebis nawilad (kavSirad? safexurad?), aucilebelia subieqtTa gamoricxva. sakiTxavia,
Tu ratom da rogor moxerxdes individTa seriozuli aRiareba.
19
ix.: Benny Shanon, Metaphors for Language and Communication, in: Revue international de systémique, Vol.
3, 1989, 43. ix. aseve: Terry Winograd & Fernando Flores, Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New
Foundation for Design, 1986.
398
komunikaciis am cnebis gamoyenebisTanave axal problemas vamCnevT. rodesac da-

iwyeba da CaerTveba Tavisi Tavis reproducirebaSi, komunikaciis operacia awarmoebs
socialur sistemas, sazogadoebis yovlismomcvel sistemas da dResdReobiT msof-
lio sazogadoebis globalur sistemas – arc meti, arc naklebi. Cveni konceptualuri
TvalTaxedva ayalibebs sazogadoebis, rogorc dakavSirebad komunikaciaTa daxuruli
sistemis naTel cnebas, romelic komunikaciis kvlavwarmoebas komunikaciiTve axdens.
sociologiis amJamindeli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, es SesaZloa mniSvnelovani
nabiji iyos sazogadoebis Teoriisaken. magram, rogor ganvagrZoT aqedan? Tu sazoga-
doeba aris operaciulad daxuruli autopoieturi sistema, SesaZloa Tu ara sazoga-
doebrivi sistemis SigniT arsebuli sistemebic aseve daxurul sistemebad miviCnioT?
biologebi unda daupirispirdnen kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, rom Tu ujredebi autopoietu-
ri sistemebia, SesaZlebelia Tu ara organizmebis miCnevac autopoietur sistemebad.
sociologebs SeuZliaT globalurad daiwyon da gamoTqvan eWvi, rom Tu sazogadoe-
bebi autopoieturi sistemebia, maTi qvesistemebic SesaZloa aseve autopoieturi sis-
temebi iyvnen. magram, SesaZloa arsebobdes autopoiezisi autopoiezisis SigniT, daxu-
ruloba daxuruli sistemis SigniT? da ras niSnavs zustad es „SigniT“ am SemTxvevaSi?
miviCnioT Cveni ganxilvis Tema, samarTlis sistema, socialur sistemad sazoga-
doebrivi sistemis SigniT, rogorc sazogadoebis qvesistema. samarTlis sistemis miC-
neva autopoietur sistemad gvaiZulebs vaRiaroT, rom sistemis mdgomareoba eqsklu-
ziurad ganpirobebulia misi piradi operaciebiT. garesamyaros savaraudod SeuZlia
sistemis ganadgureba, magram igi arc operaciebSi da arc struqturebSi ar ereva. sis-
temis struqturebi gardaiqmnebian da yalibdebian sistemis sakuTari operaciis Se-
degad da operaciebic, Tavis mxriv, rekursiulad reproducirdebian struqturuli
mediaciis meSveobiT. am mniSvnelobiT, sistema aris struqturiT determinirebuli
sistema. magram, rogor SeuZlia sazogadoebas aitanos, an xelic Seuwyos Tavis TavSi
avtonomiurobis am dones? bunebrivia, rom samarTlis sistema iyenebs komunikacias,
rogorc Tavis bazisur operacias da mimarTavs enas, Tumca specifikuri terminologi-
is gamoyenebiT. isic cxadia, rom Cven aRmovaCenT komunikaciis dinebas, romelic gadak-
veTs samarTlis sistemis sazRvrebs (rac, rasakvirvelia, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom sa-
marTlis sistemas SeuZlia komunicireba damoukidebeli koleqtiuri subieqtis msgav-
sad). meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT samarTlis imgvari sistema, romelsac
ar SeeZleba icnos sakuTari sazRvrebi, rogorc TviTneburad Seqmnili analitikuri
obieqti gareSe damkvirveblebisa. amgvari sistema uZluri iqneboda ganesxvavebina iu-
ridiuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi da garegani Sedegebi, cnobili da winaaRmde-
gobrivi sakiTxi rom vaxsenoT.20 igi uZluri iqneboda epovna mizezebi precedentebTan,
precedentad gamouyeneblobisa da precedentis daZlevis principebTan darCenisaT-
vis. igi verc imas SeZlebda, rogorc davinaxavT, rom erTmaneTisgan ganecalkevebina
konceptualuri (Sinagani) sakiTxebi da interesis (garegani) sakiTxebi. rogorc socia-
luri sistema socialur sistemaSi, igi axdens sazogadoebis reproducirebas komuni-
20
ix.: Bernard Rudden, Consequences, in: Juridical Review, Vol. 24, 1979, 193; Neil MacCormick, On Legal
Decisions and Their Consequences: From Dewey to Dworkin, in: New York University Law Review, Vol. 58,
1983, 239.
399
kaciis meSveobiT. azri ar aqvs samarTlisa da sazogadoebis gancalkevebas, TiTqos es

ori gansxvavebuli sagani iyos da arc mTlad kargi azria sazogadoebis miCneva samar-
Tlis garesamyarod. samarTlis sistema, Tavis mxriv, aris ganuyofeli nawili sazoga-
doebrivi sistemisa – igi ubralod ki ar aris damokidebuli socialuri mxardaWerisa
da legitimaciis garegan wyaroebze, aramed ganucalkevebeli nawilia im qselisa, ro-
melic axdens sazogadoebis reproducirebas komunikaciasTan komunikaciis rekursi-
uli SekavSirebiT. miuxedavad amisa, samarTlis sistema daxuruli sistemaa, romelic
awarmoebs Tavis operaciebs, Tavis struqturebs da Tavis sazRvrebs Tavisive opera-
ciebis meSveobiT; da amas axdens nebismieri garegani ganmapirobeblis, Tu raime saxis
garegani zRvaris gareSe. ufro xasgasmiT rom aRiniSnos, swored imitomac, rom samar-
Tlis sistema moqmedebs, rogorc sazogadoebriv operaciaTa socialuri qselis nawi-
li, azri ar aqvs ganpirobebulobisa da sazRvrebSi moqcevis garegani wyaroebis Ziebas.
rogorc sazogadoebrivi sistemis nawili, samarTlis sistema aris TviTorganizebadi,
TviTdeterminirebadi sistema. sxva veraferi da verc erTi garegani sistema ver Seas-
rulebs am samuSaos.
III
sistemaTa Teoriis mimomxilvelebi da kritikosebi, romlebic sxva konceptua-

lur CarCos – an, umetes SemTxvevaSi, arc erTs – efuZnebian, aSkarad uZlurni arian
mZime kiTxvebis SemuSavebaSi. rogorc wesi, isini moqmedeben zedapirul damajereblo-
baTa an aradamajereblobaTa doneze da „daxuruloba“, rasakvirvelia, srulebiT ara-
sarwmuno evoluciuri monapovaria. isini miuTiTeben aSkara kauzalur kavSirebze da
mniSvnelovan istoriul Tu semantikur Sesabamisobebze sazogadoebriv sistemasa da
samarTlis sistemas Soris. warsuli drois ierarqiuli sazogadoebani, rasakvirvelia,
xasiaTdebodnen gansxvavebuli samarTliT, vidre Tanamedrove sazogadoeba da, kon-
stituciuri realobac SeerTebul StatebSi gansxvavdeba konstituciuri realobisa-
gan braziliaSi. es eWvgareSea, magram amas arc aravin ewinaaRmdegeba.
SesaZlebeli unda iyos Teoriis ganxilva misive problemebis doneze – TiTqmis
vgrZnob cdunebas, gavixseno kritikis romantikuli cneba21 – da es problemebi ufro
seriozuli da rTulia, vidre amas uaryofisken mimarTuli kritika odesme warmoid-
genda. rogorc operaciuli daxurulobis yvela SemTxvevaSi, problemaa, Tu rogor ga-
nimartos is operacia, romelic ganasxvavebs sistemas da axdens sistemasa da garesam-
yaros Soris gansxvavebis organizebas da imavdroulad xels uwyobs damokidebulebisa
da damoukideblobis urTierTmimarTebas. marTlacda, es yvelaze rTuli kiTxvaa; da
miCneulia kidec samarTlis sistemis Teoriis ZiriTad problemad.
funqcionalizmisa da Sromis danawilebis tradiciuli perspeqtividan, sasur-
veli iqneboda specifikur funqciaze miTiTeba da es kvlav simarTlis nawilia. samar-
21
kritikisTvis saWiroa Reflexionsmedium an warmosaxviTi sivrce, romelSic identoba da
gansxvaveba, mTlianoba da dualizmi erTiandeba, rom gaumjobesdes xelovnebis naSromi
– an Teoriuli naSromi. ix.: Walter Benjamin, Der Begriff der Kunstkritik in der deutschen Romantik,
in: Gesammelte Schriften, Band 1 (Hermann Schweppenhäuser ed.), 1974, 7.
400
Tlis sistemis funqcia SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc imedgacruebaTa sapirispiro

kontrfaqtobrivi molodinebis warmoeba da gamyareba.22 am ganzraxvis komunicireba
molodinTa gamyarebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom es SeiZleba arc iqnes miRweuli (anu
faqtebisgan daskvnebis gamotanaze uaris Tqma), gamoiyenebs normatiulobis simbolo-
ebs, magaliTad, sityvas „unda“. magram es ar aris sakmarisi sistemis daxurvisaTvis, ra-
meTu arsebobs mravali araiuridiuli norma da Tavad cneba funqciisa, Tavis mxriv,
gulisxmobs funqcionaluri ekvivalentebis Ziebas da kiTxvis dasmas – iqneboda Tu ara
gamocdilebiT swavla ukeTesi (an, sul mcire, funqcionalurad ekvivalenturi) saSu-
aleba stabiluri molodinebiT sistemis aRWurvisaTvis. rogorc viciT, am kiTxvaze
pasuxi iqna gacemuli bunebisa da aristoteles eTikis daxmarebiT, rac mxolod imas
gvaswavlis, Tu rogor aviciloT Secdomebi karg da obieqtur moqmedebebTan dakavSi-
rebiT. dResdReobiT eZeben moralur wesebsa da faseulobebs imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCi-
non samarTlis sistema araiuridiul normebSi – ielinekis, veberisa da habermasis xazi
„legitimaciisa“,23 an amerikuli diskusia moraluri miswrafebebis sawyis ganzraxvas-
Tan dapirispirebis Sesaxeb, rogorc konstituciis ganmartebis saxelmZRvanelo prin-
cipi. Cemi rCeva iqneboda msgavsi kiTxvebis ardasma – an maTi „dekonstruireba“ – da Ca-
nacvleba im kiTxviT, Tu rogor axdens sistema Tavisi daxurulobis, Tavisi socialu-
ri avtonomiis da misive funqciis ganxorcielebisas Tavisi imunitetis organizebas.
iuridiuli argumentacia iyenebs gansxvavebas normebsa da faqtebs, normatiul
da kognitiur molodinebs Soris. mas ainteresebs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi unda iswavlos
(namdvilad mokla viRacam qali?) da ra SemTxvevaSi ara (unda moeklaT Tu ara es qali?).
iuridiul argumentacias saqme mTlad kargad ar wauvidoda am kiTxvaTa aRrevis Sem-
TxvevaSi. am mniSvnelobiT, sistema normatiulad daxurulia da imavdroulad kogni-
tiurad Ria.24 magram samarTlis sistemas unda SeeZlos imisi winaswargansazRvra (anu,
yoveli specifikuri operaciis winaswar codna), Tu romeli normebia samarTlis nor-
mebi da romeli normebia ubralod arCevani mis garesamyaroSi, magaliTad, ekonomikuri
da ekologiuri racionalobis mSvenieri gamoxatulebani. sxva sityvebiT, samarTlis
sistemam unda moaxdinos normaTa samarTlebrivi moqmedebis organizeba, moqmedebi-
sa, romelic warmodgenilia, rogorc cirkulirebadi simbolo, moZraobaSi moyvanili
kanonmdeblobisa da xelSekrulebis meSveobiT da gamudmebiT cvladi Sinaarsis mqone.
normatiuli molodinebis meSveobiT normatiul molodinTa kvlavwarmoebis rekur-
22
sakiTxis Semdgomi damuSavebis Sesaxeb, ix.: Niklas Luhmann, A Sociological Theory of Law, 1985,
22-49.
23
magaliTad, ix.: Jürgen Habermas, Legitimation Crisis (Thomas McCarthy trans., 1977), 1973.
24
viziareb arTur jekobsonis garkveul pretenziebs, Arthur J. Jacobson, Autopoietic Law: The
New Science of Niklas Luhmann, in: Michigan Law Review, Vol. 87, 1989, 1647, am Zalze SezRudu-
li formulis winaaRmdeg da es naSromi mcdelobaa, Cemi TvalTaxedviT, am problemis
gadamuSavebisa. magram, mxars davuWerdi mosazrebas, rom es ar aris kiTxva, romelic
cdilobs dinamizmis axsnas an organizebas. daxuruli sistemebi Tandayolilad tempo-
ralizebuli, dinamikuri sistemebia. isini eZeben mizezebs, iritaciebs, SesaZleblobebs
maT garesamyaroSi. magram Tavad mizezad, iritaciad Tu SesaZleblobad klasifikacia
(magaliTad, rogorc sarCeli) Sinagani klasifikaciaa da ara raRac, rac sistemisgan da-
moukideblad arsebobs mis garesamyaroSi.
401
siuli autopoieturi qseli gamoiyenebs samarTlis moqmedebis ganmasxvavebel niSans.

misaRebma iuridiulma argumentaciam unda mimarTos samarTlis normebiT TviTSezR-
udvas (rac moicavs moraluri standartis normebs, romlebsac samarTlis normebic
mimarTaven, aseve damkvidrebul profesiul praqtikas, da a.S.).25 swored amgvarad xde-
ba daxurulobis aRiareba – an masze „dakvirveba“ – sistemaSi (yoveli samarTlis Te-
oretikosi umalve amoicnobs h.l.a. hartiseul aRiarebis meorad normebs).26 mainc, es
mTlad damakmayofileblad ver xsnis, Tu rogor iwarmoeba daxuruloba pirvel rigSi.
struqtura, romelic faqtobrivad axdens sistemis autopoiezisis, rogorc misi
operaciebis aucilebeli Sedegis, organizebas, aris sistemis ormagi kodi; anu, mud-
mivi aucilebloba samarTlebrivad marTalsa da mcdars Soris gadawyvetisa. es kodi
aris mkacrad Sinagani struqtura. raimes arasamarTlebrivad gamocxadeba ar gulis-
xmobs mis kuTvnilebas sistemis garesamyarosadmi. Cven unda movaxdinoT, erTi mxriv,
TviTreferirebasa da garereferirebas, meore mxriv ki samarTlebrivsa da arasamar-
Tlebrivs Soris gansxvavebis diferencireba.27 ufro metic, sistemis kodi ar aris nor-
ma; es mosazreba aucileblad migviyvans im paradoqsul kiTxvamde, romelsac ainte-
resebs, Tavad es gansxvaveba samarTlebrivsa da arasamarTlebrivs Soris ramdenadaa
Tavis mxriv samarTlebrivi an arasamarTlebrivi. kodi aris ubralod mimarTebisa da
kavSiris wesi. rodesac ibadeba kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad samarTlebrivia an
arasamarTlebrivi raime, maSin es komunikacia ekuTvnis samarTlis sistemas da Tu ara,
maSin ara. ar arsebobs sxvagvari sanqcia Tu bunebrivi an sazogadoebrivi daxarisxeba
Temebisa da komunikaciebisa imis mixedviT, miekuTvnebian Tu ara isini samarTlis sis-
temas; es wminda faqtobrivi sakiTxia. legalurobis sakiTxi aris, an ar aris asaxuli
komunikaciaSi,28 da swored am faqtis safuZvelze komunikacia monawileobas Rebulobs
samarTlebrivi komunikaciis rekursiul qselSi.29 aravis, arc Tavad samarTlis siste-
mas, ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas kiTxvis dasmaze. rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia kiTxis dasmis
arideba komunikaciis daxSobiT. samarTlis sistema SeiZleba gafarTovdes an Semcir-
des sazogadoebrivi Zaladobis Sesabamisad; magram es ar cvlis mimarTebisa da kavSi-
ris wess, icvleba mxolod misi gamoyenebis farglebi.
axdens ra TviTidentificirebas ormagi kodis meSveobiT da ganasxvavebs ra Tavis
Tavs garesamyarosagan am kodis specifikurobiT, samarTlis sistema ar cnobs aranair
25
ix.: Neil MacCormick, Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory, 1978 (romelic am daxvewili pozitiv-
isturi midgomisaTvis axal saxels gvTavazobs – „samarTlis institucionaluri Teo-
ria“).
26
ix.: H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law, 1961.
27
Tavad epistemologiamac unda aRiaros, rom dauSvebelia referirebis problemis aR-
reva WeSmaritebis problemasTan da rom ar arsebobs definiciuri kavSirebi realobis,
azris da WeSmaritebis cnebebs Soris, rogorc amas venis wre miiCnevda.
28
es, rasakvirvelia, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom yovelive, ubralod, SemTxveviTobis sakiTx-
ia. SegviZlia aseve gavixsenoT, rom zogierT sazogadoebaSi, maRali donis politikur
sakiTxTa konteqstSic, miRebulia quaesetio iuris. am mxriv cnobili iyo romis respublika.
29
ix.: Niklas Luhmann, Communication about Law in Interaction Systems, in: K. Knorr-Cetina & V. Cicourel
(eds.), Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies,
1981, 234.
402
ZiriTad normas (Grundnorm), romelic sazogadoebriv sistemaSi mis mTlianobas warmo-

adgenda. sistemis SigniT sistemis mTlianobis SemoReba SeuZlebelia. sistema daus-
rulebeli, mimdinare problemaa, romelic struqturulad moiTxovs Tavisi Tavisagan
imis gadawyvetas, Tu rogor gankargos pozitiuri da negatiuri faseuloba. gaoreba
ganapirobebs gadawyvetilebebs da amdenad, Semdgom operaciebs da gadawyvetilebani
moiTxoven normatiuli wesebis (programebis) formirebas, rom moxerxdes maTi dakav-
Sireba gadawyvetilebaTa mawarmoebel qselSi. normebi ki, Sedegad, wminda wylis Sina-
gani qmnilebebia, romlebic gadawyvetilebaTa kriteriumebisTvis sistemis TviTgene-
rirebad saWiroebebs emsaxurebian da garesamyaroSi aranairi Sesabamisi „msgavsi“ er-
Teulebi ar moepovebaT. „autopoiezisi“ sxvas arafers ar gulisxmobs. istoriulad,
ar arsebobs dasawyisi, garda warsulis mudmivad ganaxlebadi rekonstruqciisa.30 lo-
gikurad, nacvlad apriorulobisa, saxezea ubralod kodisa da programebis cirkula-
ruli, ormxrivi pirobiToba. mxolod programebs aqvT normatiuli statusi da SeuZ-
liaT konkretul molodinebs gadascen normatiuli xarisxi. isini sistemis funqcias
emsaxurebian. sistemis daxuruloba warmoebs kodsa da programebs Soris struqturu-
li gansxvavebis realizebiT da mxolod es gansxvaveba aZlevs samarTlis normas Tavi-
sebur surnels.
normatiuli daxuruloba, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs, rom morals, rogorc
aseTs, ar aqvs samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba – arc kodis (kargi / cudi, keTili / boroti)
da arc specifikuri Sefasebis saxiT. samarTali sakmaris sivrces qmnis amoraluri qce-
visTvis. Non omne qued licet honestum est.31 es ubralod samarTlis moraluri sisuste ki ar
aris, aramed moraluri komunikaciis ganviTarebis Tavisufali da SeuzRudavi piro-
baa. amgvari iyo saerTo mosazreba meTvramete da mecxramete saukuneebSi, rac beWduri
presis meSveobiT gaCenili religiuri da moraluri pluralizmis aucilebeli Sedegia.
rasakvirvelia, amiT xeli ar eSleba samarTlis sistemas, gadaaqcios moraluri SezR-
udvebi samarTlebriv SezRudvebad; magram es unda ganxorcieldes sistemis SigniT da
unda Semowmdes im Cveuli miTiTebebiT samarTlebriv teqstebze, precedentebze an ga-
dawyvetilebebze, riTac SezRudulia iuridiuli argumentaciis sfero.32 is Teorie-
bic ki, romlebic bedaven amtkicon, rom yvela samarTlebrivi gadawyvetileba egreT
wodebul „rTul“ da, aseve, „advil“ saqmeebSi saWiroebs moralur gamarTlebas, miiCne-
30
amasTan dakavSirebiT vawydebiT „istoriul skolas“ da, kerZod, fridrix karl fon sav-
inis, romlisTvisac samarTlis normis gonivruli formulireba SesaZlebelia mxolod
maSin, Tu amgvari norma praqtikaSi moiZebneba. Friedrich C. von Savigny, System des heutigen
römischen Rechts, 1840, 14. unda aRvniSnoT, rom samarTlis sistemis autopoieturi dax-
uruloba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, Tu saxezea sakmarisi preadaptaciuri winsvla,
gamocdileba davis mogvarebaSi, sanimuSo saqmeebi da a.S. saerTo samarTalTan dakav-
SirebiT ix: Sir Matthew Hale, A History of the Common Law of England (photo. reprint 1987), 1713 (sa-
dac erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia samarTlis moqmedebis sakiTxi da normanuli dapyrobis
legitimuroba, rogorc misi saTave).
31
Dig. 50.17.144 (Paulus, Ad Edictum 62) („ara yvelaferi, rac kanonieria, aris Rirseuli“).
32
ix.: Neil MacCormick, Why Cases Have Rations and What These Are, in: Laurence Goldstein (ed.), Precedent
in Law, 1987, 155, 166-182.
403
ven, rom Zieba „samarTlis gareT arsebuli mizezebisa“ aris „marTlacda ... aucilebeli
samarTlisaTvis“.33 ra saxis importic ar unda igulisxmon gare mimarTebebidan, es mi-
marTebani Sinagani operaciebis aspeqtebia. sistemam unda izrunos Tavis Tavze.
IV
daxuruli socialuri sistemis mudmivi problemaa Sinagani da garegani mimar-

Tebebis dakavSireba Sinagani operaciebis meSveobiT. operaciul doneze am problemis
gadaWra xorcieldeba faqtebisagan normebis gansxvavebiT; anu, Sinagani struqture-
bis TvalsazrisiT, normatiul molodinTa gansxvavebiT kognitiuri molodinebisagan.
gansxvaveba normatiul da kognitiur molodinebs Soris da, igive exeba yvela saxis gan-
sxvavebas, aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes; Cvens SemTxvevaSi es unda moxdes samar-
Tlis sistemis mier. SeuZlebelia misi povna bunebis Tu xelovnur samyaroSi. is ar aris
samyaros „kategoriuli“ sakuTreba. amiT igulisxmeba, rom is „faqtebic“ ki, romlebic
mniSvnelovania samarTlis sistemisaTvis, ar aris faqtebi yvelasaTvis.34 faqtebi sam-
yaros Sesaxeb konstruqciebi, mtkicebebia da frTxili sociologiuri gamokvlevebiT
dasturdeba, rom samecniero faqtebi da faqtebi, romlebic samarTlebrivi an poli-
tikur-administraciuli gadawyvetilebebis Semadgeneli nawilebia, mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.35 sxva sityvebiT, codnas aqvs gansxvavebuli „albaTobis
profili“36 samarTlis sistemis SigniT da gareT. samarTlebrivi faqtebi iqmneba imgva-
rad, rom moergos samarTlebriv CarCos; ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, maT xeli unda
Seuwyon samarTlis normaTa deduqciur gamoyenebas. maT mxari unda dauWiron samar-
Tlis moqmedebis ganxorcielebas im STabeWdilebis gamoxatviT, rom, wesebis Tanax-
mad, gadawyvetileba momdinareobs saqmis faqtebidan. es dadasturebuli faqtebi unda
iyos.37
iuridiuli doqtrinis doneze, imave problemis formulireba SesaZlebelia cne-
bebisa da interesebis mniSvnelobiT. miCveulni varT, analitikuri iurisprudencia da
interesze orientireba miviCnioT samarTlebrivi azrovnebis or gansxvavebul, sapi-
rispiro skolad. interesTa iurisprudencia daibada, yovel SemTxvevaSi, germaniaSi,
misi mowinaaRmdegis gamogonebis meSveobiT, saxelad – Begriffsjurisprudenz (cnebaTa iu-
33
David Lyons, Justification and Judicial Responsibility, in: California Law Review, Vol. 72, 1984, 178, 186,
188 (sadac moyvanilia Semdgomi gansxvavebani „am daskvnis naklebi paradoqsulobisT-
vis“).
34
da SegviZlia davamatoT, rom amgvari suraTi SesaZloa Candes pirveli rigis damkvirve-
belTa doneze, magram ara CvenTvis – ara damkvirveblebisTvis, romlebic am damkvirve-
blebs akvirdebian.
35
ix.: Roger Smith & Brian Wynne (eds.), Expert Evidence: Interpreting Science in the Law, 1989.
36
es braian vinis terminia. Brian Wynne, Establishing the Rules of Laws: Constructing Expert Authority,
in: Roger Smith & Brian Wynne (eds.), Expert Evidence: Interpreting Science in the Law, 1989, 52.
37
mecnierebis sistemaSi gansazRvruloba/ganusazRvrelobis sakiTxis gansxvavebuli da-
muSavebis Sesaxeb, ix.: Brian L. Campbell, Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts,
in: Smith & Brian Wynne (eds.), Expert Evidence: Interpreting Science in the Law, 1989, 429; Susan L. Star,
Scientific Work and Uncertainty, in: Social Study of Science, Vol. 15, 1985, 391.
404
risprudencia).38 rosko paundma mibaZa am polemikur stils.39 akademiuri sistemis to-

mobrivi wesebiT skolebs Soris amgvari gansxvavebani da winaaRmdegobani dafasebulia.
samarTlis sistema autopoieturi kvlavwarmoebis sxva pirobebiT moqmedebs. man unda
moaxdinos Sinagan da garegan mimarTebaTa kombinireba da im doziT, ra doziTac gan-
zogadeba sasargebloa, SeuZlia mimarTos cnobil cnebebsa da cnobil interesebs. ara-
nairi winaaRmdegoba ar iqmneba orive mimarTebis erTdroulad gamoyenebisas. cnebe-
bi axdenen samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebis TviTreferenciuli aspeqtebis artiku-
lacias; interesebi, Tavis mxriv, is garesamyaroseuli faqtebia, romlebic unda iqnes
miRebuli mocemuli saxiT. sistemis mierve formulirebuli sistemis amocana is aris,
rom moxerxdes samarTlis mier daculi interesebis gansxvaveba dasagmobi da uarsayo-
fi interesebisagan.40
SeuZlebelia am gansxvavebis miReba sistemis garesamyarosagan, iseve rogorc misi
„danaxva“ sistemis Tandayolil Tvisebad. gansxvavebis konstruireba unda moxerxdes
sistemis Sinagani operaciebis meSveobiT. aRniSnuli ar gulisxmobs imas, TiTqos gam-
yofi xazi, rac dacul da dagmobil interesebs ganasxvavebs, SeiZleba TviTneburad ga-
ivlos. „samarTlianobis“ garantia aris ara garegan Tvisebebsa Tu interesebTan Sesa-
bamisi, aramed maTi aRmqmeli da ganmasxvavebeli Sinagani operaciebis Tanmimdevrulo-
ba. swored Tanmimdevrulobis es aucileblobaa, romelic, saTanado kompleqsurobis
pirobebSi, ganapirobebs cnebebis Camoyalibebas.
cnebebi aseve Sinagani operaciebia, romlebic Sinagani gansxvavebebiskenaa mimar-
Tuli, an, sul mcire, amgvarad unda moiazrebodes. Tundac cneba – magaliTad, romis
samarTlis bona fides – yoveldRiur enaSi moralur konotacias Seicavdes, is ver gax-
deba samarTlis nawili, garda eqsplicituri mimarTebisa. sxva sityvebiT, bona fides ar
aris „samarTlis wyaro“.41 igive SeiZleba iTqvas im terminebze, romlebic gamoiyeneba
samarTlebriv teqstebSi, magram aseve xasiaTdeba mecnieruli mniSvnelobiT (xSirad
38
dRes ukve kargad viciT, rom es didwilad fiqciuri istoria iyo. magaliTad, ix.: Ulrich
Falk, Ein Gelehrter wie Windscheid: Erkundungen auf den Feldern der sogenannten Begriffsjurisprudenz,
1989.
39
ix.: Roscoe Pound, Mechanical Jurisprudence, in: Columbia Law Review, Vol. 8, 1908, 605.
40
ix.: Roscoe Pound, Jurisprucence, 3, 1959. igi wers: „samarTlis sistema marTlwesrigis miznebs
aRwevs (1) calkeuli individualuri, sajaro da socialuri interesebis aRiarebiT; (2)
im farglebis dadgeniT, romlebSiac es interesebi unda iqnes aRiarebuli da amoqmede-
buli Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi gankargulebebiT...“ iqve, gv. 16. Sesabamisad, zogierTi
(Tu yvela?) interesi rCeba dacvis gareSe, an sulac CaxSobilia. mocemuli pozitiuri /
negatiuri gansxvaveba SesaZloa, rasakvirvelia, arc iyos deducirebuli interesebi-
dan, rogorc aseTi, rameTu cudi interesebic interesebia. Teoria, romelic interesebs
eqskluziurad akvirdeba, ver gamoimuSavebs am gansxvavebisTvis karg mizezebs, garda
imisa, rom Tqvas – samarTlis sistemas aqvs interesi ganasxvaos daculi da daucveli
interesebi. ix.: Philipp Heck, Gesetzesauslegung und Interessenjurisprudenz, 1914, reprinted in: Philipp
Heck, Das Problem der Rechtsgewinnung, 1968, 102; Benjamin Cardozo, The Nature of the Juridical Process,
1921, 112 („erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi interesi isaa, rom samarTali iyos erTiani
da miukerZoebeli“).
41
ix.: Antonio Carcaterra, Intorno ai bonae fidei iudicia, 1964; Yan Thomas, La langue du droit romain: Pro-
blèmes et méthodes, in: Archives de philosophie du droit, Vol. 19, 1974, 103 (sadac am sakiTxis ufro
daxvewili semiotikuri analizia moTxovnili).
405
erTze metiT) samarTlis miRma. Tu cneba eqspliciturad gamoiyeneba, rogorc citata,

is aRniSnavs garesamyaros normebs, wesebs Tu Cveulebebs im faqtebis saxiT, romelTa
damtkicebac unda moxdes.
calkeuli SemTxvevis doneze, SesaZloa arsebobdes upiratesobis miniWebis ar-
Cevani interesTa aucileblobis an iuridiuli cnebebis sizustisaTvis, magram uSua-
lod sistemas ar SeuZlia amgvari arCevanis gakeTeba. Tu misi arCevani warmodgenilia
interesTa Sefasebis saxiT, es utoldeba konceptualuri sakiTxebis gaazrebas da Tan-
mimdevrulobis kontrolis uaryofas. Tu mocemuli mizezebi konceptualuria, es iq-
neba Sefaruli mcdeloba konkretuli interesis mxardaWeris an ugulebelyofisa sxva
interesebTan SedarebiT. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, saboloo problema yovelTvis ga-
regani da Sinagani mimarTebebis kombinirebaa da namdvili operaciebi, romlebic axde-
nen amgvari kombinaciebis warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas, swored Sinagani operaciebia.
sxvas arafers gulisxmobs daxuruloba.
trivialuri mtkiceba kidev erTxel rom gavimeoroT, daxuruloba ar gulismobs

empiriul izolirebas. daxuruloba aris Zalze SerCeviTi, arasarwmuno, xelovnuri
monapovari – ara winaswarganzraxuli konstruqciis mniSvnelobiT, aramed rogorc
evoluciis Sedegi.
daxurul sistemaTa warmoSoba saWiroebs sistemasa da garesamyaros Soris urTi-
erTobis specifikur formas; is gulisxmobs amgvar formebs da amasTanave Tavadve aris
maTi SesaZleblobis piroba. „Ria sistemaTa“ Teoria am formebs asaxavs zemoqmedebi-
sa da Sedegis kategoriebiT. aRniSnuli modeli moiTxovs kauzalur jaWvs, romelSic
Tavad sistema damakavSireblis rols asrulebs da erTmenaTTan akavSirebs zemoqme-
debebsa da Sedegebs. autopoietur socialur sistemaTa Teoria axerxebs zemoqmede-
ba/Sedegis modelis Canacvlebas sruqturuli kavSiris cnebiT.42 is uaryofs yovlis-
momcveli kauzalobis ideas (Tumca, aRiarebs mas, rogorc kauzalur gansazRvrebebSi
dainteresebuli damkvirveblis konstruqts), magram ganamtkicebs sistemasa da gare-
samyaros Soris maRali donis seleqciuri kavSirebis ideas.
sistemisa da garesamyaros struqturuli kavSiri ar uwyobs xels operaciebs (Tu
sxva saxis komponentebs) sistemis kvlavwarmoebisTvis. es ubralod specifikuri for-
maa, romelSiac sistema varaudobs mis garesamyaroSi specifikur mdgomareobebsa da
cvlilebebs da miendoba maT. siaruli mxolod viwro mniSvnelbiT gulisxmobs dedami-
wis gravitaciis Zalas, magram gravitacias arc erT nabijSi ar Seaqvs wvlili sxeulis
moZraobis dros. komunikacia gulisxmobs cnobier sistemaTa aRqmis mdgomareobas,
magram cnobieri mdgomareoba ver gaxdeba socialuri da ver SeaRwevs komunikaciuri
operaciebis TanmimdevrobaSi, rogorc misi nawili; isini socialuri sistemebisTvis
42
ix.: Humberto R. Maturana, Erkennen: Die Organisation und Verkörperung von Wirklichkeit: Ausgewählte
Arbeiten zur biologischen Epistemologie, 1982, 143-45, 243-44, 251-52; Humberto R. Maturana & Francis-
co Varela, El arbol del conocimiento, 1984, 49-53, 64, 154-55.
406
garesamyaroseul mdgomareobad rCebian.43 struqturuli kavSiri erTdrouli (da am-

denad, ara kauzaluri) urTierTobebis formaa. is analogiuri da ara digitaluri ko-
ordinaciaa.
sistema, normaluri moqmedebisas, ar akvirdeba mis struqturul kavSirebs, mag-
ram mas uwevs brZola perturbaciebTan, iritaciebTan, moulodnelobebTan da imed-
gacruebebTan, rac misi struqturuli kavSirebidan momdinareobs. man unda SeZlos
amgvari ganusazRvrelobis asimilireba da akomodacia (piaJes terminebi!). magram per-
turbaciebi wminda Sinagani warmonaqmnebia, rameTu isini mxolod molodinTagan gadax-
vevis saxiT warmoCndebian; anu, sistemis struqturasTan urTierTobaSi. garesamyaro
ar Seicavs perturbaciebs da arc raimes, rac semantikuri TvalsazrisiT maTi msgavsia.
arc perturbaciaTa raime saxiT gadacema xorcieldeba garedan sistemaSi. daxurulo-
bisa da struqturuli kavSiris tyupi cnebebi gamoricxavs sistemaSi informaciis ga-
redan „SeRwevis“ ideas. kognitiuri molodinebis SemTxvevaSic es SeuZlebelia, rameTu
informaciis seleqcia yovelTvis Sinaganad yalibdeba da kognitiuri molodinebi sxva
araferia, Tu ara iritaciebisTvis (moulodnelobani, winaswar ganuWvretelobani) mo-
samzadebeli specifikuri formebi.44 magram struqturuli kavSiris gareSe perturba-
cia warmoudgenelia da sistemas ar eqneboda aranairi Sansi swavlisa da struqturebis
cvlilebisa. amdenad, struqturuli kavSiri, sakmaris Sinagan kompleqsurobasTan er-
Tad, aucilebeli winapirobaa wesis CamoyalibebisaTvis,45 rac miznad isaxavs xmauri-
sagan wesrigis an mravalgvarobisagan erTgvarovnebis miRebas. komunikacia verasodes
gadaiqceva fiqrad, magram komunikaciisagan ganuwyveteli iritaciis gareSe, individi
ver gadaiqceoda socializebul individad; igi46 damokidebuli iqneboda aRqmis saku-
Tar nakadze, anu sxva tipis struqturul kavSirebsa da Sinaganad Camoyalibebul we-
sebze.
amgvarad, struqturuli kavSirebi qmnian uwesrigobis ganuwyvetel Senakads,
romlis winaaRmdegac sistema ganamtkicebs an icvlis Tavis struqturas. mexsiereba
efuZneba entropiisken mimarTul am tendencias. mexsiereba warsuli faqtebis sacavi
ki ar aris (warsuli verasodes iqneba awmyo), aramed wesrigsa da uwesrigobas Soris Sua-
mavlobis formaa – xSirad daviwyebis, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki sivrcobrivi Tu droebiTi
43
ix.: Niklas Luhmann, Wie ist Bewusstsein an Kommunikation beteiligt?, in: Hans Gumbrecht & Ludwig Pfeif-
fer (eds.), Materialität der Kommunikation 1988, 844; Niklas Luhmann, Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft,
1990.
44
es aris pasuxi uiliam evanis SeniSvnaze, romlis Tanaxmadac autopoietur socialur
sistemaTa Teoria ver axerxebs axsnas, Tu rogor gadaecema informacia (molodinebi,
moTxovnebi) samarTlis sistemas. William M. Evan, Social Structure and Law: Theoretical and Empi-
rical Perspectives, 1990, 42. rasakvirvelia, saxezea normaluri komunikacia, rogorc sazo-
gadoebrivi sistemis operacia, magram gamoricxulia garegani wyaroebis mxridan daxma-
reba, rasac daxuruli sistema informaciad miiRebda.
45
Francisco J. Varela, On the Conceptual Skeleton of Current Cognitive Science, in: Niklas Luhmann (et al.),
Beobachter: Konvergenz der Erkenntnistheorien? 1990, 13, ayalibebs informaciis damuSavebis mo-
dularul (araierarqiul) wesrigs, rogorc damatebiT wanamZRvars. ix. aseve: Joseph A.
Goguen & Francisco J. Varela, Systems and Distinctions: Duality and Complementarity, in: International
Journal of General Systems, Vol. 5, 1979, 31.
46
igi = sistema, rogorc kaci, aseve qali.
407
wesrigis formirebis gziT SeusabamobaTa gaqrobisaTvis. Tumca, es SeuZlebeli iqne-

boda, Tu struqturuli kavSirebi uSualo saWiroebisagan ar gamoricxavdnen garesam-
yaroseuli faqtebis umetesobas. struqturuli kavSiri gulisxmobs da axorcielebs
gankavSirebas. komunikacia (romelic, Tavad sazogadoebaa) SekavSirebulia cnobiere-
basTan, magram ara fizikuri, qimiuri Tu biologuri faqtebis uzarmazar masasTan. am
faqtebs SeuZliaT komunikaciis Tavidan arideba da ganadgureba, magram ar SeuZliaT
misi iritacia. mocemuli mniSvnelobiT, kavSiri gagebul unda iqnes, rogorc gansxva-
veba, ori mxaris mqone forma: Sinagani mxare, romelic aRiarebs iritacias da garegani
mxare, romlis mimarTac sistema indiferentulia. struqturuli kavSiri warmoiSoba
sistemebTan; is ar aris fizikuri, qimiuri, biologiuri faqti, romelic arsebobs, vid-
re sistema aRmocendeba (Tumca es faqtebi manamdec arseboben sistemis Camoyalibebi-
saTvis preadaptaciuri ganviTarebis saxiT).
sazogadoebrivi diferencirebis doneze am rTuli konceptualuri aparatis
gamoyenebisas, metadre samarTlis sistemis diferencirebasTan mimarTebiT, umalve
Tvalwin warmogvidgeba struqturuli kavSiri, erTi mxriv, socialuri komunikaciis
mier sazogadoebis kvlavwarmoebasa da, meore mxriv, specifikur samarTlebriv cne-
bebs, rogorc samarTlebrivi moqmedebis mqone normatiul gamosaxulebebs, Soris – sa-
marTlebrivi kodi da sagangebo programebi (kanonebi, regulaciebi, xelSekrulebani).
komunikacia is „sferoa“,47 romelSiac SesaZlebeli xdeba samarTlis sistemis diferen-
cireba. es ar (da verc) moiTxovs samarTlis sistemis komunikacias sazogadoebasTan,
rogorc urTierTobas gamgzavnsa da mimRebs Soris. samarTlis sistemas ar SeuZlia
komunicireba, rogorc mTlianobas da sazogadoebas ar aqvs misamarTi. Tumca, misive
farglebSi operirebisas, samarTlis sistema axdens Tavisi Tavisa da sazogadoebrivi
sistemis kvlavwarmoebas, am erTdroulobis komunikaciis Temad gadaqcevis gareSe, am
argumentis sarCelad gamoyenebis gareSe da, rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebrivi sistemi-
sagan nebismieri „legitimaciis“ gareSe. es xdeba, rogorc aucilebeli faqti, rameTu
(da ara Tumca!) samarTlis sistema operaciuli daxurulobis pirobebSi axdens Tavis
kvlavwarmoebas.
VI
sazogadoebrivi sistemisa da samarTlis sistemis struqturuli kavSiris faqtis

gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia Semdgomi struqturuli kavSirebi aRmocendes samar-
Tlis sistemasa da sxva funqcionalur qvesistemas Soris. yvela qvesistema imave sfe-
ros – „komunikacias“ iyenebs.48 isini ver iqnebodnen sazogadoebrivi sistemis qvesis-
47
Humberto R. Maturana, Erkennen: Die Organisation und Verkörperung von Wirklichkeit: Ausgewählte Arbei-
ten zur biologischen Epistemologie, 1982, 154.
48
es mtkiceba gamoricxavs Teoriebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian komunikaciis semanti-
kur dones da makroekonomikur struqturebs. avtorebma, romlebic autopoiezisis
idiomis uarsayofad am an msgavs gansxvavebebs iyeneben, unda moaxerxon maTeuli gansx-
vavebis adekvatur konceptualur doneze axsna. magaliTad, ix.: Peter Nahamowitz, Au-
topoiesis oder ökonomischer Staatsinterventionismus?, in: Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie, Band 9, 1988,
36. rasakvirvelia, miuRebelia ieriSi „empiriul“ argumentebze sakiTxis Teoriuli
408
temebi sxva tipis operaciaTa safuZvelze – vTqvaT, biologiuri an cnobieri – magram,

es ver gadawyvets kavSirisa da gankavSirebis yvela im problemas, rac qvesistemaTa ur-
TierTobebSi warmoiSoba. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi vxvdebiT socialuri wesrigis,
rogorc qvesistemaTa Soris urTierTobis ganxorcielebis imgvar gamogonebebs, ro-
goricaa urTierTobani centrsa da periferias, qalaqsa da sofels Soris; an rangob-
riv urTierTobebs kastebsa Tu wodebebs Soris. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze gadas-
vlam gaaqro es wesrigi misi Canacvlebis gareSe – fuko ixseniebs meTvramete saukune-
Si aRmocenebul „reprezentaciulobis dakargvas“.49 funqcionaluri diferencirebis
reJimis pirobebSi, sazogadoebrivi sistema kargavs integraciul Tvisebas. daiyvaneba
ra misi struqturuli kavSiris meqanizmamde, igi agrZelebs komunikaciis meSveobiT
Tavis autopoietur kvlavwarmoebas. magram ena, rogorc aseTi, Seicavs da avrcelebs
yvela saxis SemoTavazebis uaryofis SesaZleblobas. am pirobebSi, socialuri wesrigi
moiTxovs yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqcionaluri sistemebis autopoietur daxuru-
lobas, TviTorganizebas da avtonomias, aseve struqturuli kavSiris axali formebis
ganviTarebas am sistemaTa Soris urTierTobebisaTvis.
ekonomikis sistema damokidebulia sakuTrebisa da fulis kodebze. sakuTrebis
uflebis qonasa Tu arqonas Soris mkafio gansxvavebis gareSe veranairi garigeba ver
ganxorcieldeboda. miuxedavad amisa, garigebis ekonomikuri da iuridiuli Sedegebi
srulebiT gansxvavebulia, rameTu isini gansxvavebul sistemebSi, gansxvavebul re-
kursiul qselebSi da gansxvavebul kriteriumebsa da konkretul pirobebSi yalibde-
ba. ekonomikis da samarTlis sistemebi aris da rCeba gansxvavebul sistemebad da orive
maTgani muSaobs operaciuli daxurulobis pirobebSi; magram es saWiroebs struqtu-
ruli kavSiris specifikur meqanizms, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTrebisa da xelSekru-
lebis formiT.50
mravali istoriuli mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad, moyolebuli meToTxmete saukuni-
dan, samarTlis sistema Seewyo am moTxovnilebebs da gazarda – nela da didi yoymaniT
– sakuTrebisa da xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis nebadarTuli zRvari. sakuTrebis Zi-
riTadma cnebam, bartolusis51 periodidan, dacvis, gamoyenebisa da sargeblobis (usus,
aRwerilobis saTanado ganmartebis gareSe, rameTu es mxolod gansxvavebul sagnebze

laparaks gamoiwvevs. kritikosebma aseve unda upasuxon kiTxvebs, Tu SeuZliaT maT fi-
qri socialur sistemebze TviTtranscendentulobis an kvlavSeRwevis unaris gareSe,
TviTdakvirvebisa da TviTaRwerilobis gareSe da im saxis operaciaze, romelsac amgva-
ri sistemebi daefuZnebodnen.
49
Michel Foucault, Les mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines, 1966, 229-61.
50
sxva mniSvnelovani rekvizitebi moicavs sakorporacio samarTals – romelic, meT-
vramete da mecxramete saukuneebis manZilze, gaTavisuflda politikuri privile-
giebisa da monopoliebisagan – da sapatento samarTals, aseve unda aRiniSnos sabanko
sistemac. am ukanasknelma uzrunvelyo fulisa da sxva (uZravi) qonebis saTanado gan-
calkeveba da xelaxali SekavSireba sakredito meqanizmisaTvis, rac esaWiroeboda eko-
nomikas: gadaxdis unari, miuxedavad arasakmarisi simdidrisa.
51
ix.: Dietmar Willoweit, Dominium und Propertas: Zur Entwicklung des Eigentumsbegriffs in der mittelalterli-
chen und neuzeitlichen Rechtswissenschaft, in: Historisches Jahrbuch der Görresgesellschaft, Band 94, 1974,
131. bartolusi iyo italieli iuristi da romis samarTlis komentatori meTormete
saukuneSi. zogadad, ix.: Joseph H. Beale, Bartolus on the Conflict of Laws, 1914.
409
fruitio) gverdiT, moicva aseve gankargvis uflebac (dispositio). igive daujereblobebma mo-
axdina xelSekrulebis institutis saxecvlileba da ganzogadeba; xelSekruleba ro-
mis samoqalaqo samarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi gamogoneba iyo, rac
uzrunvelyofda iuridiul instruments ara marto mimdinare davebis gadasawyvetad,
aramed maT dasaregulireblad da asarideblad. stratifikaciidan, romelic uZrav qo-
nebas efuZneba, funqcionaluri diferencirebisken gardamaval periodSi sazogadoe-
bam ganaviTara saWiroebani, motivebi da legitimacia sakuTrebis gamoyenebis fargle-
bisa da samarTlebrivad damcavi SesaZlo xelSekrulebebis farglebis gazrdisaTvis.
sasamarTloTa xelmisawvdomobis SezRudva, rac uzrunvelyofili iyo kontinenturi
evropisa da saerTo samarTlis tradiciebis mier da risTvisac Sesabamisad gamoiye-
neboda cnebebi actio da writ, gaqra da bolos – inglisSi mxolod mecxramete saukuneSi
– xelSekrulebani iuridiuli Zalis mqoned CaiTvala maTi „ganxilvis“ gareSec, kerZo
nebis safuZvelze.52
sakuTrebisa da xelSekrulebis Tanamedrove cnebebi ar axdens samarTlisa da
ekonomikis sistemebis integrirebasa Tu dediferencirebas. rogorc struqturuli
kavSiris meqanizmebi, isini uzrunvelyofen am sistemaTa ormxriv iritacias da zegav-
lenas axdenen, xangrZlivi perspeqtiviT, orive sistemaSi struqturul ganviTarebaTa
bunebriv dinebaze. kerZod, regulaciuri mdgomareoba gulisxmobs am kavSirs da iye-
nebs mas, rogorc orive sistemaSi politikuri intervenciis mediums da amas axorci-
elebs sakuTrebisa da xelSekrulebis gamoyenebis Tavisuflebis donis kidev erTxel
SezRudviT.
Tu samarTlisa da politikis sistemaTa kavSiris paralelur meqanizms moviZi-
ebT, mas konstituciis formiT aRmovaCenT – Tanamedrove gagebiT – romelic revo-
luciuri moZraobebidan iwyebs aRmocenebas meTvramete saukunis meore naxevris gan-
mavlobaSi.53 istoriuli inovacia, samarTlebrivi formebis mutacia, ganpirobebuli
iyo konkretuli politikuri garemoebebiT da im SesaZleblobebiT, romlebsac isini
iZlevian konceptualur variaciaTa instrumentuli gamoyenebisaTvis.54 amas xeli Se-
uwyo „saxelmwifos“ Tanamedrove cnebam, romelic gulisxmobs politikuri da samar-
Tlebrivi „suverenitetis“ mTlianobas. aRniSnuli mTlianoba arTulebs gansxvavebis
danaxvas, magram politikuri da samarTlebrivi sistemebi gancalkevebuli, operaciu-
52
saerTo samarTlis sistemisaTvis, ix.: Patrick S. Atiyah, The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract,
1979; Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860, 1977; Max Rheinstein, Die
Struktur des vertraglichen Schuldverhältnisses im anglo-amerikanischen Recht, 1932; Alfred W. B. Simpson, A
History of Common Law of Contract: The Rise of the Action of Assumpsit, 1975; Eike von Hippel, Die Kon-
trolle der Vertragsfreiheit nach anglo-amerikanischem Recht: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Considerationslehre,
1963. kontinentze, nudum pactum aRiarebul iqna ufro adre da problema mdgomareobda
xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifo intervenciis dozis SemcirebaSi „merkan-
tilisturi“ politikis konteqstSi. ix.: Dieter Grimm, Soziale, wirtschaftliche und politische Vor-
aussetzungen der Vertragsfreiheit, in: Recht und Staat der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft, 1987, 165.
53
ufro dawvrilebiTi ganxilvisaTvis, ix.: Niklas Luhmann, Verfassung als evolutionäre Errungen-
schaft, in: Rechtshistorisches Journal, Band 9, 1990, 176.
54
magaliTad, ix.: Terence Ball & John G. A. Pocock (eds.), Conceptual Change and the Constitution, 1988;
Terence Ball et al. (eds.), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, 1989.
410
lad daxuruli, autopoieturi sistemebia. politikur operacias, rogorc aseTs, ara-

sodes ar aqvs samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba, Tu mas amiT ar uzrunvelyofs samarTlis
sistema da, piriqiT. sxvanairad, veranairi politikuri diskursi, veranairi politi-
kuri molaparakeba da veranairi politikuri dagegmva ver iqneboda SesaZlebeli sas-
wrafo samarTlebrivi zemoqmedebebis gareSe. konstitucia ganacalkevebs sitemebs da
uzrunvelyofs maT struqturul kavSirs. samarTlis sistemis ZiriTadi paradoqsebi
da tavtologiebi (samarTali aris is, rasac samarTali gansazRvravs samarTlebrivad
Tu arasamarTlebrivad) SeiZleba amoixsnas politikis sistemaze miTiTebiT (magali-
Tad, politikuri neba xalxisa, romelic Tavis Tavs konstitucias aZlevs), da poli-
tikis sistemis paradoqsebi da tavtologiebi (TviTinkluziuri, mboWavi, suverenuli
Zalaufleba) SesaZloa amoixsnas pozitiur samarTalze miTiTebiT da samarTlis sis-
temis superkodirebiT – konstituciuri da arakonstituciuri legalurobis gansxva-
vebiT.55
konstituciaTa instituciuri gamarTleba ar SeiZleba dayvanil iqnes arc poli-
tikur da arc samarTlebriv funqciamde, is arc faseulobebiT datvirTul konstitu-
ciis enaSi mdgomareobs da arc mis faseulobaTa faseulobaSi. konstitucia emsaxureba
politikuri da samarTlebrivi operaciebis ormag funqcias ormxrivi perturbaciebis
inkludirebisa da eqskludirebis Sesaxeb. misi gavlenis inkludirebisa da eqskludi-
rebis ormxrivi forma uzrunvelyofs sistemaTa gancalkevebas da iZleva calke auto-
poieturi reproducirebis SesaZleblobas nebismeri uwesrigo gadafarvis gareSe. is
aseve gansazRvravs im gzebs, romelTa meSveobiTac samarTlis sistema (da, meore mxriv,
politikis sistema) Tavs aridebs izolacias (rac entropias niSnavs) da qmnis mis Sina-
gan ekrans, rac sistemis SigniT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes informaciis saxiT. ramde-
nadac ukve ganvixileT, sistema moqmedebs, rogorc araTviTtranscendentuli sistema
misi operaciebis doneze da, rogorc TviTtranscendentuli sistema misi dakvirvebe-
bis doneze; da miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom dakvirveba aris operacia.
am aSkarad winaaRmdegobrivi da paradoqsuli mtkicebis savsebiT gasaazreblad,
aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi miviRoT dro. operaciebi xangrZlivobis gareSe arsebuli
movlenebia; isini gamoCenisTanave gaqrebian. rogorc calkeul movlenebs, maT sxva-
dasxva sistemaSi SeuZliaT monawileoba. gadasaxadi SesaZloa imavdroulad iyos (mag-
ram mxolod imavdroulad) saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesruleba samarTlis sis-
temaSi da, aseve, ekonomikuri urTierTobis nawili, romliTac xorcieldeba Semdgo-
mi gadasaxadebis SesaZleblobis gadacema ekonomikis sistemaSi. igive iTqmis sakanon-
mdeblo aqtze, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes rogorc politikuri, aseve samarTlebrivi
mniSvneloba. damkvirvebels SeuZlia am aspeqtebis identificireba erT movlenad da
SesaZloa aseve verc moaxerxos ori gansxvavebuli operaciis amocnoba. Tumca siste-
mebi, romlebic axdenen TavianTi operaciebis generirebas, aseve saWiroeben Tavis re-
55
meTvramete saukuneSi termin „arakonstituciuris“ damajerebeli Camoyalibebis Ses-
axeb, ix.: Gerald Stourzh, Constitution: Changing Meanings of the Term from the Early Seventeenth to the
Late Eighteenth Century, in: Terence Ball & John G. A. Pocock (eds.), Conceptual Change and the Constitu-
tion, 1988, 35. Sdr.: Gerald Stourzh, Wege zur Grundrechtsdemokratie: Studien zur Begrifs- und Institutio-
nengeschichte des liberalen Verfassungsstaates, 1989, 50-74.
411
kursiul qsels da kavSirebs adrindel da gviandel operaciebs Soris imave sistemaSi,

imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibon azrobrivi identobani. isini axdenen identobaTa konden-
sirebasa da damtkicebas ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebisaTvis imave sistemaSi56 da maTTvis,
sistemiseuli mimarTebis Sesabamisad, movlenaTa winapirobebi da Sedegebi srulebiT
gansxvavebulia. ramdenadac autopoieturi sistemebi temporalizebuli sistemebia,
romlebic damokidebulia stabilurobis TviTgenerirebad dinamikur formebze,57 isi-
ni aucileblad axdenen maTi operaciebis diferencirebasa da amocnobas temporaluri
orientaciis meSveobiT. amdenad, nebismier damkvirvebels, romelsac uSualod siste-
mis perspeqtiva anaRvlebs – rasakvirvelia, SesaZloa sxva damkvirveblebs sxva xedva
da interesi hqondeT – ar unda aerios movlenebi sazRvrebSi.
VII
erT-erTi yvelaze xSiri pretenziis Tanaxmad, romelsac gamoTqvamen zogadad au-

topoietur sistemaTa TeoriasTan da, kerZod, samarTlis sistemisaTvis mis gamoyene-
basTan dakavSirebiT, am Teorias – Tuki es saerTod Teoriaa58 – ar anaRvlebs empiriuli
verifikacia.59 es kritika or komentars saWiroebs. pirveli, Tanamedrove sociologi-
aSi empiriul meTodTa erToblioba Zlier SezRudulia da srulebiT araadekvaturia
imgvari sagnisaTvis, rogoricaa samarTlis sistema, anu, TviTdakvirvebadi obieqtebi
maRali donis kompleqsurobiT. mxolod arsebuli empiriuli meTodebiT obieqtebis
wvdomis SezRudva – da am aRniSvnas Cveuli mniSvnelobiT vakeTeb – ubralod gamoiw-
vevda sazogadoebisa da misi samarTlis sistemis ardanaxvas im saxiT, ra saxiTac isini
Tavis Tavs waradgenen. es moiTxovs bazridan gasvlas da saqmis datovebas sxvebisTvis
– masobrivi mediisa da sociolog avtorebisaTvis. es ar unda iyos bolo sityva. da me-
ore, SesaZloa davakvirdeT axal kombinaciebs (1) kargad cnobili da arawinaaRmdegob-
rivi (albaT cxadi an sulac trivialuri) faqtebisa; da (2) Teoriuli aRwerilobebisa,
romlebic cxads uCveulo SeferilobiT warmoadgenen. gansxvaveba operaciul daxu-
rulobasa da struqturul kavSirs Soris erT-erTi am Teoriul instrumentTagania.
56
sakiTxis Semdgomi damuSavebisaTvis, ix.: Niklas Luhmann, Identität – was oder wie?, in: Soziologi-
sche Aufklärung, Band 5, 1990, 14-30.
57
xSiri, magram sakmaod uxeSi da gauTviTcnobierebeli Secdomaa, rodesac amtkiceben,
TiTqos autopoietur sistemaTa Teoria uZluria dinamizmis (operaciebis doneze) da
cvlilebis (struqturebis doneze) mxedvelobaSi misaRebad. piriqiT, TeoriaSi ar moi-
Zebneba adgili nebismieri saxis ara-dinamizmisTvis, ucvlelobisTvis, „aucilebeli“
da „arsebiTi“ komponentebisaTvis.
58
amerikuli sociologiis konteqstSi, Teorizebis am dones zogjer „metaTeoriuladac“
moixsenieben – rogorc es mocemulia im samecniero krebulis ganyofilebis saTaurSi,
romelSic winamdebare naSromis avtoris teqsti gamoqveynda: Jeffrey C. Alexander & Paul
Colomy (eds.), Differentiation Theory and Social Change: Comparative and Historical Perspectives, 1990.
evropuli perspeqtividan danaxuli, es aireklavs Teoriuli miswrafebebis ufro Tav-
daWeril dones Tanamedrove amerikul sociologiaSi. Sdr.: Dag Osterberg, Metasociology:
An Inquiry into the Origins and Validity of Social Thought, 1988.
59
magaliTad, ix.: William M. Evan, Social Structure and Law: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, 1990,
46.
412
sxva sityvebiT, misi sferos struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, sociologias ar SeuZlia

daiyvanos socialuri realobis cneba TviTnawarmoeb monacemebamde. SegviZlia aseve
eWvic SevitanoT, arsebobs Tu ara raime saxis Sesabamisoba empiriul kvlevasa da soci-
alur realobas Soris, garda Sedegebis meTodologiurad gaumarTavi „aqtiuri inter-
pretaciisa“.
Tu aRniSnuli mosazrebani amtkiceben (rom gavimeoroT, mimdinare situaciisaT-
vis) srulyofili Teoriuli kvlevis upiratesobas, isini ar gamoricxaven empiriul
kvlevas. Cven CamovayalibeT hipoTeza, romelic asaxavs stratifikaciidan funqcio-
nalur diferencirebaze gadasvlas Soris arsebul urTierTobebs da struqturuli
kavSiris axali meqanizmebis gamogonebas an Zveli meqanizmebis reformulirebas am gar-
damaval periodSi. SesaZloa arsebobdes mravali msgavsi mosazreba, dakavSirebuli,
magaliTad, samarTlis sistemis TviTaRwerilobis60 deparadoqsirebis formebTan, an
iurisdictio-s erTiani cnebis CanacvlebasTan kanonmdeblobisa da iurisdiqciis gancal-
kevebiTa da cirkularuli rekombinirebiT, rogorc bunebiTi samarTlidan pozitiur
samarTalze gadasvlis pirobisa, samarTlis sistemis TviTvalidirebis dominanturi
formis saxiT. SeiZleba arsebobdes mravali empiriuli proeqti, romelic gamoikvlevs
samarTlis sistemis autopoiezisis sensitiurobas (an missave sazRvrebs) socialuri
da politikuri cvlilebebisadmi.61 ar arsebobs aranairi fundamenturi Seusabamoba
TviTreferenciuli sistemebis Teoriasa da empiriul kvlevas Soris, magram saxezea
arakomfortuli daZabuloba Teoriul cnebebsa da empiriuli kvlevis axlandel Se-
saZleblobebs Soris. Teoriis verifikaciis SeuZleblobis gamo misi uaryofis nac-
vlad, kritikosebma unda dainaxon naklovanebani orive mxares.
VIII
bolos, davubrundebi operaciuli daxurulobis cnebas. im operaciaze fokusi-

reba, romelic axdens sistemis, rogorc qselis, autopoietur kvlavwarmoebas, rome-
lic, Tavis mxriv, axdens Tavis operaciaTa kvlavwarmoebas, gvTavazobs struqturisa
da procesis urTerTmimarTebasTan dakavSirebul axal xedvebs. autopoieturi siste-
ma ar Sedgeba ori gansxvavebuli saxis movlenisagan, kerZod struqturisa da proce-
sisagan. is ar yalibdeba ori gansxvavebuli saxis materiisa Tu arsisagan. cocxali uj-
redis fermenti, amave dros, warmoebis, sawarmoo faqtorebis da programuli faqto-
rebis Sedegia, romlebic ujredis kvlavwarmoebas axdenen. adamianis goneba ar Sedgeba
ori gansxvavebuli saxis nawilisagan, romelTac – port roialis logikisa62 da lokis,63
aseve maT mimdevarTa Tanaxmad – ideebsa da warmodgenebs uwodeben. ar arsebobs komu-
nikaciuri sistemis ori gansxvavebuli saxeoba, langue da parole, rogorc amas sosiuris
60
ix.: Niklas Luhmann, The Third Question: The Creative Use of Paradoxes in Law and Legal History, in: Jour-
nal of Law and Society, Vol. 15, 1988, 153.
61
magaliTad, ix.: Michael Hutter, Die Produktion von Recht: Eine selbstreferentielle Theorie der Wirtschaft,
angewandt auf den Fall des Arzneimittelpatentrechts, 1989.
62
Antonine Arnauld & Pierre Nicole, La logique ou l’art de penser, 1972, (1662).
63
ix.: John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Peter H. Niddich ed.), 1975.
413
lingvisturi Teoria amtkicebs.64 bolos, sakiTxavia, Tu ras gulisxmobs mtkiceba, rom-

lis mixedviTac samarTali Sedgeba „normebisa da moqmedebebisagan“.65 nacvlad amisa,
sistema gamoiyenebs imave tipis operacias – iqneba es bioqimiuri replikacia, azrovne-
ba Tu komunikacia – ormagi funqciiT: (1) Semdgomi operaciebis warmoebisaTvis; da (2)
Semdgomi operaciis SesarCevad struqturis damtkicebisa da cvlilebisaTvis. hainc
fon foersteris gagebiT, es aris aratrivialuri – TviTreferenciuli manqana – manqa-
na, romelic yovel operacias Tavisi xelaxali warmoebisaTvis gamoiyenebs.66 rogorc
damkvirveblebs da, aseve analitikuri miznebisaTvis, Cven SegviZlia ganvasxvaoT ope-
raciebis warmoebisa da struqturaTa gamoyenebis, damtkicebis da Secvlis aRniSnuli
ori funqcia. sinamdvileSi, es mxolod ori aspeqtia, romelTac aucileblad esaWiroe-
baT erTmaneTi. kompleqsur sistemaSi SeuZlebelia Semdgomi operaciis fiqsireba misi
SerCevis gareSe, SeuZlebelia SerCeva upirveles yovlisa arCevanis Semcirebis gareSe
da SeuZlebelia xelT arsebul SesaZleblobaTa SezRudva CarCoebis an, rogorc sxvebi
amboben, struqturebis an, socialuri da samarTlis sistemebis SemTxvevaSi – molodi-
nebis aRiarebis gareSe.
operaciuli daxuruloba, Sesabamisad, gulisxmobs, rom sistema unda miendos
specifikuri tipis (da, rasakvirvelia, yvelaferi ver imuSavebs!) mravalmiznobriv
operaciebs. man unda gamoiyenos imave tipis operaciebi struqturaTa damtkicebisa
da SecvlisaTvis (an ubralod daviwyebisaTvis) da TiToeuli operacia yovelTvis gan-
sazRvravs Semdgom operacias. ubralod, umniSvnelovanesi faqtia, rom autopoiezisi
grZeldeba da grZeldeba. ar arsebobs operacia, romelsac SeeZleboda misi SeCereba,
rameTu yvela operacia Tavis mTlianobas Rebulobs Semdgomi operaciebis warmoebiT.
sistemas SeuZlia struqturebis SerCeva, kondensireba, damtkiceba, Secvla Tu daviwy-
eba – magram es yovelive aris misi autopoiezisis gangrZobis saSualeba. rasakvirve-
lia, ar gamoiricxeba destruqcia, magram es grZeldeba, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia gag-
rZeldes. Tu sistemas SeuZlia struqturuli cvlilebebis organizeba, mas SeuZlia
misi adaptaciis unaris, magram, aseve, susti adaptaciis gazrdac. sakmarisi kompleqsu-
robis pirobebSi, sistemas SeuZlia struqturebis Sesacvleli procedurebis da, ase-
ve im struqturebis, romlebic Tavis mxriv uzrunvelyofen struqturaTa Sesacvlel
procedurebs, diferencireba. es yovelive moiTxovs da gamoiyenebs im tipis operaci-
as, romelic axdens sistemis mTlianobis warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas.
Sevajameb trivialuri SeniSvniT: amgvar TeoriaSi ar aris konservatiuli Sego-
neba. sistemas ar aqvs aranairi upiratesobis miniWebis saSualeba sakuTari Tavis sxva-
dasxvagvari mxardaWerisaTvis, ubralod ar arsebobs aranairi arCevani. mas SeuZlia
64
ix.: Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics (Charles Bally & Albert Sechehaye eds., Roy Har-
ris trans.), 1983.
65
ix.: Torsten Eckhoff & Nils K. Sundby, Rechtssysteme: Eine systemtheoretische Einführung in die Rechtsthe-
orie, 1988, 41. mimaCnia, rom samarTlis TeoretikosTa umravlesoba gaiziarebda am Sexed-
ulebas imis gaucnobiereblad, Tu ras gulisxmobs mocemul SemTxvevaSi kavSiri „da“
– normebi da moqmedebebi.
66
ix.: Heinz von Foerster, Principles of Self-Organization – In a Socio-Managerial Context, in: Hans Ulrich &
Gilbert J.B. Probst (eds.), Self-Organization and Management of Social Systems: Insights, Problems, Doubts
and Questions, 1984, 2, 8-10.
414
misi struqturis damtkicebis an Secvlis gagrZeleba, Tu amgvar Sedegze fokusire-

bisaTvis saWiro operaciebi xelmisawvdomia; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es ubralod mox-
deba. damkvirvebelma (romelic SeiZleba iyos Tavad sistema) SesaZloa aRmoaCinos, an
verc aRmoaCinos, rom drois msvlelobaSi struqturebic Seicvalnen. mas SeuZlia da-
inaxos, rom ganzraxuli cvlilebebi konservatiulia im CarCoebTan, faseulobebTan,
procedurebTan da SemadgenlobebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic saWiroa da damtkice-
bulia uSualod ganzraxuli cvlilebebis mier. damkvirvebels SeuZlia TavisTvis ga-
moiyenos statikur da dinamikur sistemebs Soris gansxvaveba. Tumca, sistemaTa Teo-
ria mas miscems rCevas, rom amgvari sqema uxeSi gamartivebaa. autopoieturi sistemebi
dinamikuri stabilurobis mawarmoebeli sistemebia. Tu damkvirvebeli ar gaiziarebs
am rCevas da verc misi piradi autopoiezisi ver aiZulebs mas amas, upriani iqneba inte-
resis Temis Secvla da dakvirveba damkvirvebelze.
inglisuridan Targmna laSa bregvaZem*
* TinaTin wereTlis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis institutis direqtori
415
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis
moTxovnebi statiis avtorTa mimarT
1. avtorTa wre
iuridiuli fakultetis Jurnali aqveynebs statiebs iurisprudenciis yvela mi-

marTulebiT. gamosaqveyneblad statiisa Tu sxva masalis wardgenis uflebiT sargeb-
loben Semdegi pirebi:
 Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis profesor-maswavleblebi (maT Soris, mowveuli
pedagogebi);
 iuridiuli fakultetis doqtorantebi;
 samarTlis sferoSi moRvawe mecnierebi da praqtikosi iuristebi, iuridiuli
fakultetis profesorTan TanaavtorobiT;
 sxva avtorebi, romlebic saredaqcio kolegiis davalebiT moamzadeben publi-
kaciebs calkeul sakiTxebze.
2. statiis moculoba
statiis saorientacio moculoba ar unda aRematebodes 70 000 nabeWd simbolos

sityvebs Soris arsebuli manZilisa da sqolioebSi miTiTebuli wyaroebis CauTvlelad.
3. Sinaarsobrivi moTxovnebi
 gamosaqveynebel statiaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWeba akade-

miuri personalis mier warmodgenil im statiebs, romlebSic iqneba warmoCeni-
li samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi da SemoTavazebuli maTi gadaWris gzebi;
 praqtikul saqmianobaSi Cabmuli specialistebis mier warmodgenili im stati-
ebis mecnierul Rirebulebas, romlebic exeba samarTalgamoyenebis praqtikis
analizs, gansazRvravs avtoris mier praqtikuli samarTlebrivi problemebis
identificireba, dasma da dasabuTebuli gadawyveta.
4. gamosaqveyneblad warmodgenis procedura da formati
avtorma statia unda warmoadginos eleqtronuli formatiT, Microsoft Word-is do-

kumentis saxiT, da asaxavdes:
a. avtoris vinaobas;
b. statiis saxelwodebas;
g. avtoris sakontaqto monacemebsa da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTs;
d. statiis gamogzavnis TariRs.
statiis qarTuli teqsti Sesrulebuli unda iyos Sylfaen–12 fontiT, ucxoenovani
teqsti – Times New Roman–12 fontiT, sqolio – imave fontebis `10~ zomiT; striqonebi
unda daSordes erTi intervaliT, abzaci gamoiyos erTi Enter-iT da ara Tab-klaviSiT,
stilebi unda iyos maqsimalurad erTgvarovani da teqstSi ar Caisvas gadatanis niSne-
416
saxelmZRvanelo princi pebi avtorTaTvis
bi; marjvena mxares unda darCes 4 sm siganis mindori. TiToeuli gverdi unda dainom-
ros gverdis bolos, marjvena mxares.
naSromis struqturulad Camoyalibeba unda moxdes ara marto Sesabamisi Tavebi-
saTvis numeraciis miniWebiT, aramed gansaxilveli sakiTxebis dasaTaurebiT. stati-
is Tavebad, qveTavebad da qveqveTavebad dayofisas gamoyenebul unda iqnes arabuli
ricxvebi. mag.: 1.; 1.1.; 1.1.1. da a.S., calke unda gamoiyos Sesavali da daskvna.
teqsti, ZiriTadad, unda gadmoices III pirSi, avtori sakuTari poziciis dasafiqsi-
reblad maqsimalurad unda moeridos I pirSi Txrobas.
statias ar daerTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia (wyaroebi ganTavsebulia
sqolioebSi).
5. citirebis teqnika da sqolios gaformebis wesi
avtorma sqolioSi unda miuTiTos Tavis mier moyvanili citatebisa da faqtobri-

vi garemoebebis wyaro.
sityvis, saxelwodebis, saTauris Semokleba teqstsa da sqolioSi ar daiSveba, gar-
da sayovelTaod miRebuli Semoklebebisa (mag.: paragrafi – §, weli – w., magaliTad –
mag., ixile – ix., Seadare –Sead. da a.S.).
Tu statiaSi aris abreviatura, misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is unda iyos
gaSifruli, ris Semdegac frCxilebSi mieTiTeba abreviatura, romelic Semdgom iqneba
gamoyenebuli (mag., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (SemdgomSi – gks); amave principiT,
xSirad gamoyenebul konvenciaTa, kanonTa Tu sxvaTa saxelwodebebi Semokldeba sak-
vanZo sityvis mixedviT, anu misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is moxseniebuli unda
iyos srulad da frCxilebSi mieTiTos sakvanZo sityva (mag., adamianis uflebaTa evro-
puli konvencia (SemdgomSi – konvencia).
 samarTlebrivi aqtis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia sqolioSi mieTiTos misi sru-
li dasaxeleba da wyaro, romelSic is gamoqveynda, agreTve TariRi da gverdi.
 literaturuli wyaroebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia mieTiTos:
1. wignisTvis – avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis iniciali, wignis saTauri
(ubrWyalebod), nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamocemis adgili, weli,
gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
2. krebulis statiisTvis – statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis inici-
ali, statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), krebulis saxelwodeba (ubrWyalebod), miTiTe-
biT, Tu visi redaqciiT gamodis, nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamoce-
mis adgili, weli, gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
3. Jurnalis (gazeTis) statiisTvis – statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, sa-
xelis iniciali, statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), periodikis saxe SemoklebiT (Jurn.,
gaz.,) saxelwodeba (brWyalebSi), nomeri, weli (Tve, ricxvi), gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
ucxouri wyaroebis yvela bibliografiuli elementi unda mieTiTos originalis
enaze, an im enaze, romelzec mas ecnoba avtori (Sesabamisi oficialuri Targmanis mi-
TiTebiT).
naSromSi miTiTebul samecniero wyaroTa saerTo raodenobis aranakleb 4/5 unda
Seadgendes dasavleTevropul enebze Sesrulebul literaturas, garda Temis speci-
fikidan gamomdinare gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa.
sqolioSi aucilebelia erTiani sistemis dacva: avtori da naSromis saTauri ga-
moikveTos sityvaTa sxvadasxva daxrilobiT (mag., avtori – italikiT, danarCeni in-
417
formacia – gamarTulad, aseve italikiT xdeba yvela gamoyenebuli gvaris miTiTeba,

mag., redaqtoris), amave dros, yvela erTeuli (garda gvarisa da saxelis inicialisa)
erTmaneTisagan gamoiyofa mZimiT da sqolios bolos iwereba wertili.
masala, romelic mopovebulia internetis saSualebiT, saWiroebs Sesabamisi in-
ternetgverdisa da bolo ganaxlebis TariRis miTiTebas; statiis SemTxvevaSi unda mi-
eTiTos avtoris gvari, statiis saTauri, internetgverdi, TariRi. samkuTxed frCxi-
lebSi (<....>) mieTiTeba eleqtronuli misamarTi, kvadratul frCxilebSi ([....]) ki bolo
ganaxlebis TariRi.
4. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosa da sxva qveynebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis:
Court of Justice
mag: Case 16/62, Van Gend en Loos, [1963] ECR 95.
European Court of Human Rights
mag:. Kostovski v. The Netherlands, [1990] ECHR (Ser. A.), 221.
International Court of Justice
mag.: Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain, [1995] ICJ Reports, 6.
saqmeebisa da maTi gadawyvetilebebis saxelwodebebi teqstSi gamoiyeneba qarTu-
lad (italikiT), srulad ki originalis enaze SeiZleba iqve mieweros, an sqolioSi mie-
TiTos Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: mxare mxaris winaaRmdeg, weli, gamomqveynebeli orga-
no, gverdi, sasamarTlo.
mag.: didi britaneTis sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme argili argilis winaaRmdeg (Argyll
v. Argyll, [1967] 1Ch 302,324, .332));
aSS-is sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg (Brown v. Bo-
ard of Education, 347 US 483 (1954)).
5. erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis
aucilebelia oficialuri erovnuli stilis SenarCuneba. erTgvarovani erovnu-
li midgomis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi avtorma unda ixelmZRvanelos Semdegi ZiriTadi
wesiT:
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamoyenebisas unda gamoiyos Sem-
Txvevebi – 1. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia; 2. SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba oficia-
lur eleqtronul wyaroSi; 3. xelmisawvdomia mxolod sasamarTlo arqivSi – da Camo-
yalibdes erTiani midgomebi.
6. saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa dokumentebi
gamoiyeneba im stiliT, romelic gamoyenebulia oficialurad saerTaSoriso or-

ganizaciis mier (ix. oficialuri saitebi).
7. konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi
konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi mieTiTeba, mag.: 1985 Vienna Conventi-

on for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, International Legal Materials, 1985, 1520
saTanadoa miTiTeba, Tu citata Casmulia brWyalebSi da sqolio gaformebulia
zemoT aRniSnuli wesebis mixedviT. perifrazis an calkeuli azris formirebis wyaros
miTiTebisas gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi sityva: ìxile~ an `Seadare~. `Seadare~ gamoiyeneba
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac avtors sWirdeba gansxvavebul azrze miTiTeba.
418
saxelmZRvanelo princi pebi avtorTaTvis
ZiriTad teqstSi dasaSvebia mxolod naSromis saTaurTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi

an dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli informaciisa Tu analizis miTiTeba. dama-
tebiTi informacia SesaZlebelia mieTiTos sqolioSi.
ucxouri terminebi da gamoTqmebi unda gadmoices sqolioSi, Tu naSromis uSualo
mizani ar aris terminis warmoSobis dadgena.
qarTuli teqstisTvis unda gamoviyenoT `qveda~ da `zeda~ (`.~..) brWyalebi, ucxoe-
novani teqstisTvis – `zeda~ (~.~..) brWyalebi;
citirebuli teqstis bolos sasveni niSnebi – wertili, wertil-mZime, orwerti-
li an tire mxolod daxuruli brWyalebis Semdeg daismis; kiTxvisa da Zaxilis niSnebi
an mravalwertili daismis brWyalis win, Tu igi ganekuTvneba im sityvas an sityvebs,
romlebic brWyalebSia moqceuli, xolo brWyalis Semdeg, Tu igi brWyalebSi Casmul
sityvebTan erTad mTel winadadebas ganekuTvneba.
rodesac sityvasTan erTdroulad Tavs iyris brWyali, sasveni niSani da sqolios
niSani, unda davicvaT Semdegi Tanmimdevroba: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani, 3. sqolios
niSani; citirebuli teqstis (anu winadadebis) bolos ki: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani, 3.
sqolios niSani. erTad ar iwereba ori brWyali. frCxilebis SemTxvevaSi ki SeiZleba ma-
Ti gansxvavebuli formebis gamoyeneba;
teqstSi unda gairCes tiresa da defisis daweriloba. defisi aris mokle xazi, rom-
lis win da Semdeg ar aris intervali, tire ki ufro grZeli xazia da mis win da Semdeg
aucilebelia intervalis dacva;
sqolioSi imave wyaroze miTiTebisas, romelic ukve gamoyenebuli iyo, saWiroa ga-
moiyos Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
a. zustad wina sqolioSi miTiTebuli wyaros nacvlad mieTiTeba ìqve~. ìqves~ Sem-
deg ki (Tu saWiroa) mieTiTeba gansxvavebuli monacemebi (tomi, weli, gverdi);
b. manamde miTiTebuli, magram ara winamdebare, wyaros gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia
mieTiTos am wyaros sruli dasaxeleba Sesabamisi gverdiT, an im sqolios nomeri, rom-
liTac moxda am wyaros bolo miTiTeba Sesabamisi gverdiT (mag. ix. sqolio 15, 20).
419
pasuxismgebeli gamocemaze naTia CitaSvili
gamomcemlobis redaqtori cira jiSkariani
garekanis dizaineri mariam ebraliZe
koreqtori lela wiklauri
damkabadonebeli naTia dvali
0179 Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 14

14 Ilia Tchavtchavadze Avenue, Tbilisi 0179
Tel 995 (32) 225 14 32
www.press.tsu.edu.ge

Samartlis Jurnali: Ivane Javaxisvilis Saxelobis Tbilisis Saxelmwifo Universiteti Iuridiuli Fakulteti

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Samartlis Jurnali: Ivane Javaxisvilis Saxelobis Tbilisis Saxelmwifo Universiteti Iuridiuli Fakulteti

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

irakli burduli (prof., Tsu)

levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)

gamocemulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

veronik Sampei despla

saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis ..............................................................................416

pasuxismgebloba Tavisa da saxis areSi miyenebuli

Tavisa da saxis areSi miyenebuli WrilobebisaTvis dawesebul pasuxismgeblobas

2. pasuxismgebloba TavSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis

2.1. TavSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis

TavSi miyenebuli Wrilobis Sesaxeb yvelaze srulyofili monacemebi xevsureT-

* iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis profesori.

Wrilobis siRrmis gazomvisaTvis, Tu sadamdea dayvanili Wriloba, adgilobrivi

2. 2. msubuqi, `safaTvle~ Wriloba

yvelaze mcire gadasaxadi dadgenili iyo TavSi miyenebuli msubuqi, e. w. safaTvle

rogorc am cnobebidan Cans, yvela avtori da xevsuri informatori Tanxmdeba,

2. 3. zeda Zvlis dazianeba. zeda Zvlis `amosvla~

2. 4. Cximis dazianeba. Cximis Zvalis `amosvla~

xelT arsebuli monacemebis absoluturi umravlesobis mixedviT, Cximis daziane-

2. 5. qveda Zvlis dazianeba. qveda Zvlis `amosvla~

qveda Zvlis dazianebisaTvis gadasaxadis odenoba ganpirobebuli iyo dazianebis

anebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb xevsuruli da inguSuri monacemebis urTierTSe-

3. pasuxismgebloba saxis areSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis

saxis Wriloba, TavSi miyenebul WrilobasTan SedarebiT, ufro mZimed iTvleboda

3.1. pasuxismgebloba saxis WrilobisaTvis svaneTSi

svanuri CveulebiTi samarTali saxis areSi miyenebul Wrilobas mZime danaSaulad

didi gadasaxadia dawesebuli, Tumca konkretul sazRaurs ar uTiTebs,54 mxolod zo-

giuri WrilobisaTvis qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebiT gaTvaliwinebul gadasaxadebTan.

3.2. pasuxismgebloba saxis areSi miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis

xevsurul, TuSur da fSaur CveulebiT samarTalSi fiqsirdeba saxis Wrilobis

g. TedoraZesTan ori kidura marcvlis gamoklebis r. xaraZisagan gansxvavebul mi-

Wriloba, maSin kidura marcvlebs gadayridnen da ase iangariSebdnen gadasaxads, mag-

SedarebiT mZime pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba damnaSavisaTvis, aseve saxis wveriT da-

m. kovalevski Wrilobis marcvlebiT gazomvis wesis siZveles asabuTebs imiT, rom

xevsuruli rjulis mixedviT, TavSi miyenebuli Wrilobis SefasebisaTvis winas-

deben, qeris marcvlebs – siganeze, rigrigobiT; 7. gansazRvraven Wrilobis sigrZeze

termin `ganCinebis~ mniSvnelobisaTvis Zvel qarTul samarTalSi

2. `ganCineba~ qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi

Zvel qarTul samarTalSi termini `ganCineba~ viwro gagebiT sasamarTlo gadawy-

* samarTlis doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori.

winaSe erTbamad gaCenili gangebiTa RmrTisa¡Ta. vinca sabWod sjdebodeT da marTsa

kerZod, `ganCineba~ mxolod raRac ararsebulis `gaCenas~ da Seqmnas rodi aRniSnavs.

3. ori sawyisis Teoriis uaryofa qristianul moZRvrebaSi

qristianulma moZRvrebam monoTeisturi mrwamsis CamoyalibebiT samyaros ori

mbrwyinav da naTel angelozad. amasTan, igi, rogorc moazrovne, TviTuflebrivad da

4. ori sawyisis uaryofis kavSiri iuridiul terminebTan

Zneli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom samarTlisa da samarTaldarRvevis aRmniSvneli

amrigad, termini `ganCineba~ sakuTar Tavze piruTvnelad mowmobs: masSi asaxulia

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze arsebuli

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali aramaterialuri qonebrivi obieqtebis

* samarTlis doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori.

2. Sesatanis zogadi daxasiaTeba

kapitaluri sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas ar aris sakmarisi partniorTa SeTanxme-

mniSvnelovania imis dadgena, Tu ra iTvleba Setanaunarianad obieqtad.

inteleqtualur sakuTrebaze arsebuli qonebrivi anu gansakuTrebuli uflebebi

4. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebis zogadi daxasiaTeba

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze arsebuli qonebrivi uflebebis Senata-

inteleqtualuri samarTali or Stod iyofa: saavtoro samarTali da samrewvelo

sasaqonlo niSani, rogorc nebismieri sxva komerciuli aRniSvna, samewarmeo (ko-

5. moTxovnebi, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes Senatani

saerTod, qonebrivi Sesanati garkveul moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. upir-