329 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

6 validoba da sandooba

validobisa da sandoobis sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs. verasodes

xerxdeba validobisa da sandoobisTvis safrTxeebis srulad arideba,
SesaZlebeli mxolod maTi Semcirebaa, Tu am sakiTxs yuradReba mTeli
kvlevis manZilze mieqceva.
am TavSi validoba da sandooba ganxilulia raodenobriv da
Tvisebriv, anu bunebriv kvlevaSi. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom am
terminebis miyeneba SesaZlebelia orive tipis kvlevisaTvis, Tumca isini
gansxvavebulad gvardeba TiToeul maTganSi. bolos mocemulia
validobisa da sandoobis miRwevis gzebi monacemebis Segrovebis
sxvadasxva instrumentis gamoyenebisas. aqve gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
kvlevaSi sandooba aris validobis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi
piroba; sandooba aris validobis aucilebeli winapiroba da validoba
SeiZleba iyos sandoobis sakmarisi, magram ara _ aucilebeli piroba.
brok-utni (Brock-Utne 1996 612) amtkicebs, rom farTod gavrcelebuli
mosazreba sandoobis mxolod raodenobrivi kvlevisadmi kuTvnilebaze,
uarsayofia da es Tavi aCvenebs misi naazrevis mniSvnelovnebas.

validobis gansazRvreba
validoba efeqturi kvlevis mniSvnelovani gasaRebia. Tu kvleva
aravaliduria, maSin mas araviTari Rirebuleba ar aqvs. amgvarad,
validobas moiTxovs rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi, bunebrivi
kvleva (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780 _ Tavi 6,
faili 6. 1. ppt).
Tu validobis adrindeli variantebi efuZneboda mosazrebas, romlis
mixedviT, mniSvnelovani iyo eCvenebina, rom konkretuli instrumenti
marTlac zomavs imas, ris gazomvasac miznad isaxavs, SedarebiT
330 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

gviandelma validobam mravali forma miiRo. magaliTad, Tvisebriv

monacemebSi validobis miRweva SesaZlebelia gulwrfeli, Rrma, mdidari
da moculobiTi monacemebiT; aseve, SerCeuli monawileebiT,
triangulaciis xarisxiT, mkvlevris miukerZoeblobiTa da obieqturobiT
(Winter 2000). raodenobrivi monacemebis validoba SeiZleba gaumjobesdes
swori SerCeviT, saTanado instrumentebis gamoyenebiTa da monacemebis
damuSavebisTvis gamoyenebuli adekvaturi statistikuri meTodebiT.
SeuZlebelia, rom kvleva 100 procentiT validuri iyos, es
perfeqcionistis optimizmia. raodenobrivi kvleva moicavs standartuli
Secdomis sazoms, romelic imTaviTve Cadebulia masSi da
gasaTvaliswinebelia. Tvisebrivi monacemebis tendenciurobis xarisxSi
Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs respondentebis subieqturobas, maT mosazrebebs,
damokidebulebebsa da xedvis kuTxeebs. Sesabamisad, validoba fardobiTi
da ara absoluturi mdgomareoba, unda Sefasdes misi arsebobis xarisxi
(Gronlund 1981). aqedan gamomdinare, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,
aravalidurobis minimumamde dayvanas da validobis maqsimizacias
vcdilobT.
arsebobs validobis ramdenime ganxvavebuli saxeoba (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 2. ppt):

• Sinaarsis validoba;
• kriteriumis validoba;
• konstruqtis validoba;
• Sinagani validoba;
• garegani validoba;
• analogiis validoba;
• TvalsaCino validoba;
• msajulTa validoba;
• prognostuli validoba;
• sistemuri validoba;
331 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

• katalizis validoba;
• ekologiuri validoba;
• kulturuli validoba;
• deskriptuli validoba;
• interpretaciuli validoba;
• Teoriuli validoba;
• SefasebiTi validoba.

am TavSi Cveni mizani ar aris yvela am saxeobis validobis

siRrmiseuli ganxilva. ganvixilavT mxolod ZiriTad tipebs.
davasabuTebT, rom zogierTi maTganis miRweva ufro mosaxerxebelia
raodenobriv meTodologiebSi, magram, amis miuxedavad, es ar aris
erTaderTi xerxi. faqtobrivad, validoba ganaTlebis sferoSi yvela
tipis kvlevis qvakuTxedia. es niSnavs, rom mniSvnelovania, validoba
sxvadasxva kvleviT tradiciaSi marTlac am tradiciebis Sesatyvisi iyos.
absurdi iqneba kvlevis aravalidurad gamocxadeba, Tu araferi
gakeTebula konkretuli tipis validobis misaRwevad, magaliTad,
ganzogadeba, ganmeoreba da kontroli. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarma validobis
Sesaxeb msjeloba im paradigmaSi unda CarTos, romelsac kvlevaSi
iyenebs. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom kvleva paradigmaze unda iyos mibmuli,
rac stagnaciisa da konservatizmis pirdapiri receptia. miuxedavad amisa,
validoba unda Tanxvdebodes mis wanamZRvrebsa da pozitivisturi kvleva
pozitivisturi principebis erTguli unda iyos, magaliTad, rogoricaa:
• kontrolirebadoba;
• ganmeorebadoba;
• prognozirebadoba;
• kanonebisa da zogadi debulebebis miReba qcevis Sesaxeb;
• konteqstisgan Tavisufleba;
• kvlevis fragmentizacia da atomizacia;
• dakvirvebadoba.
332 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

amis sapirispirod, bunebriv kvlevas ramdenime principi aqvs (Lincoln and

Guba 1985; Bogdan and Biklen 1992):
• bunebrivi garemo monacemebis upirvelesi wyaroa;
• mniSvnelovania konteqstze mibmuloba da „gajerebuli aRwera“ 7;
• monacemebi socialurad situaciuria da socialurad da kulturulad
datvirTuli;
• mkvlevari sakvlevi samyaros nawilia;
• vinaidan Cven ukve interpretirebul samyaroSi vcxovrobT, ormagi
hermenevtuli Zalisxmevaa (Giddens 1979) aucilebeli imis gasagebad, Tu
rogor esmiT samyaro sxvebs. paradoqsia, rom adamianis cxovrebis
gasagebad yvelaze mniSvnelovani kompleqsuri instrumenti meore
adamiania (Lave and Kvale 1995: 220), magram misi yvela forma adamianuri
Secdomis riskis Semcvelia.
• kvleva holizmiT unda xasiaTdebodes;
• kvlevis mTavari instrumenti mkvlevaria da ara _ kvlevis meTodi;
• monacemebi aRweriTia;
• procesi ufro ainteresebT, vidre, ubralod, Sedegebi;
• monacemebis gaanalizeba induqciurad xdeba da ara aprioruli
kategoriebis gamoyenebiT;
• monacemebi respondentebis terminebiT aris warmodgenili da ara _
mkvlevrebis;
• situaciis xedva da mowodeba unda xdebodes masSi CarTuli
monawileebis TvaliT, maTive poziciidan, (Geertz 1974);
• respondentis mxridan validacia mniSvnelovania;
• arsebiTia mniSvnelobisa da ganzraxvis wvdoma.

7
anTropolog kliford gercis terminia, romelic movlenebis amomwurav aRweras
niSnavs maTi gagebis mizniT.
333 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

faqtiurad, maqsveli (1992) amtkicebs, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi

yuradRebiT unda iyvnen, rom muSaobisas pozitivizmis CarCoSi ar
aRmoCndnen im moTxovniT, rom kvlevas hqondes mimdinare, prognostuli,
konvergenciuli, kriteriumis, Sinagani da garegani validoba. qvemoT
mocemuli diskusia aCvenebs, rom ase ar unda iyos. gubasTan da
linkolTan (1989) erTad mas mohyavs argumentebi im mosazrebis
sasargeblod, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi validobis pozitivisturi cneba
auTenturobis cnebam unda Caanacvlos. maqsveli (1992) exmianeba miSlers
(1990) da ambobs, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi „gageba“ ufro Sesatyvisi
terminia, vidre „validoba“. Cven, rogorc mkvlevrebi, im samyaros nawili
varT, romelsac vikvlevT da, masTan mimarTebiT, ar SegviZlia sruliad
obieqturi viyoT; Sesabamisad, sxva adamianebis mosazrebebi iseTive
validuria, rogorc Cveni sakuTari da kvlevis amocana amis gamovlenaa.
amrigad, validoba ebmis axsnebs da ara _ monacemebs an meTodebs
(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983); es is mniSvnelobaa, romelsac cdis pirebi
aniWeben monacemebs da am monacemebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebul sagulisxmo
daskvnebs. „erTguleba“ (Blumenfeld-Jones 1995) mkvlevrisgan moiTxovs, rom
SeZlebisdagvarad patiosani iyos kvlevis monawileebis TviTaRweris
mimarT.
amtkicebdnen (Agar 1993), rom Tvisebrivi monacemebis mogrovebisas
individebis intensiuri pirovnuli CarTuloba da siRrmiseuli pasuxebi
uzrunvelyofs validobisa da sandoobis sakmaris xarisxs. es mtkiceba
uaryves hamerslim (1992: 144) da silvermenma (1993: 153), romlebic
amtkiceben, rom es arasakmarisi safuZvelia validobisa da
sandoobisTvis da dainteresebul pirovnebebs ar aqvT privilegirebuli
pozicia interpretaciisas. (cxadia, arc aqtorebi arian „kulturuli
narkomanebi“, romelTac sociologisgan an mkvlevrisgan sWirdebaT Tqma,
ra xdeba „sinamdvileSi“!) silvermeni (1993) amtkicebs, rom Tu
JurnalistikisTvis operatiuloba da auTenturobaa saintereso,
eTnografias validobisa da sandoobis ufro mkacri cneba unda hqondes.
334 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

es imaze Sors wasvlas gulisxmobs, vidre monacemebis ubralod

Segrovebaa imisTvis, rom fenomenis winaswar warmodgenil an idealur
koncefcias ergebodes, an imitom, rom isini saocrad sainteresoa (Fielding
and FIelding 1986). arCeuli monacemebi SerCevis, monacemebis sruli
erTobliobis da velis reprezentaciuli unda iyos, anu unda hqondes
Sinaarsis, konstruqtis da analogiis validoba.
hamersli (1992: 50_1) Tvlis, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi validoba
Sedegebisadmi ndobas anacvlebs. aseve, Tvlis, rom vinaidan realoba
damoukidebelia mkvlevrebis mier misTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebisgan,
Cveni axsnebi am realobis mxolod reprezentaciebi iqneba da ara misi
reproduqciebi.
maqsveli (1992) xuTi saxis validobis momxrea Tvisebriv meTodebSi,
romlebic „gagebis“ miseul cnebas ikvleven.

• deskriptuli validoba (axsnis faqtobrivi sizuste; is, rom axsna ar

aris xelovnuri, SerCeviTi an damaxinjebuli): am kuTxiT, validoba
moicavs sandoobas, rac enaTesaveba kvlevaSi ,,marTlis Tqmis“
blumenfild-jonsiseul (1995) cnebas _ imis Tqma, rac realurad moxda
(faqtobrivi obieqturi masala).
• interpretaciuli validoba (kvlevis unari, sityvebsa da terminebSi
amoicnos is mniSvnelobebi, interpretaciebi, rasac Tavad
monawileebi/cdis pirebi aniWeben situaciebs, movlenebs, anu
monacemebs da is survilebi (an zraxvebi), rac maT amoZravebT): es
enaTesaveba „erTgulebis“ blumenfild-jonsiseul (1995) cnebas, anu
imas, Tu ras niSnavs is (validoba) kvlevaSi monawile pirovnebisTvis
an jgufisTvis (subieqturad mniSvnelovani). interpretaciul
validobas ar aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli analogi
eqsperimentul/pozitivistur meTodologiebSi.
• Teoriuli validoba (Teoriuli konstruqtebi, romelic mkvlevars
Seaqvs kvlevaSi, maT Soris kvlevis monawileTa kuTvnilic): Teoria aq
axsnas niSnavs. Teoriuli validobiT irkveva, ramdenad xsnis kvleva
335 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

fenomens. am kuTxiT, is enaTesaveba konstruqtul validobas (romelic

qvemoT aris ganxiluli). Teoriul validobaSi konstruqtebi yvela
monawilisaTvis saerTo unda iyos.
• ganzogadebadoba (mosazreba, rom Seqmnili Teoria sxva msgavsi
situaciebis gasagebadac unda gamodges): gulisxmobs konkretuli
jgufebis an Temebis, situaciebis an garemoebebis SigniT (Sinagani
validoba) da sxva Temebis, situaciebis an garemoebebis mimarT
(garegani validoba) sworad ganzogadebas. am SemTxvevaSi Sinagani
validoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre _ garegani.
• SefasebiTi validoba (sakvlevi subieqtisadmi SefasebiTi, gansjiTi da
ara _ aRweriTi, axsniTi an interpretaciuli CarCos miyeneba) _
naTelia, rom es im kritikul-Teoriul pozicias exmianeba, romelSic
SesaZlebelia mkvlevris sakuTari SefasebiTi sistemis Setana.

garegani da Sinagani validobis miRweva orive tipis meTodebSi,

TvisebrivSic da raodenobrivSic aris SesaZlebeli.

Sinagani validoba
Sinagani validoba cdilobs aCvenos, rom kvleviT miRebuli
konkretuli movlenis, sakiTxisa Tu monacemebis erTobliobis axsna
realurad SeiZleba daeyrdnos monacemebs. garkveulwilad es sizustes
ukavSirdeba, rac raodenobriv da Tvisebriv kvlevas SeiZleba exebodes.
monacemebi zustad unda aRwerdes sakvlev fenomens.
eTnografiul kvlevaSi Sinagani validoba ramdenime gziT miiRweva
(LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 338):
• originalTan miaxloebuli deskriptorebis gamoyenebiT;
• ramdenime mkvlevris gamoyenebiT;
• monawile mkvlevrebis gamoyenebiT;
• monacemebis wyvilSi gadamowmebis gamoyenebiT;
• monacemebis Caweris, Senaxvisa da moZebnis meqanikuri saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT.
336 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

eTnografiul, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi Sinagani validobis ramdenime

ZiriTadi saxe gamoiyofa (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 323-4): L
• monacemebis sandoba;
• monacemebis auTenturoba (kvlevis unari, warmoadginos monawilis
TvaliT danaxuli situacia);
• monacemebis damajerebloba;
• kvlevis sqemis simyare;
• monacemebis mosalodneloba;
• monacemebis Semowmebadoba;
• monacemebis saimedooba;
• monacemebis damowmebadoba.
lekomti da preisle (1993) detalurad ganixilaven auTenturobis
sakiTxs da Tvlian, rom:
• samarTlianoba: situaciebSi arsebuli mravaljeradi realobebi da am
situaciebis axsna srulad da dabalansebulad unda warmoCndes.
• ontologiuri auTenturoba: kvlevam unda mogvces situaciis axleburi
da ufro daxvewili gageba, magaliTad, nacnobis ucnobad qceva,
mkvlevris „kulturuli sibrmavis“ Semcirebis mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebeli, problema, romelic SeiZleba wamoiWras monawilis
rolidan damkvirveblis rolSi gadasvlisas (Brock-Utne 1996: 610).
• saganmanaTleblo auTenturoba: kvlevam am gagebis axleburi xedva da
Sefaseba unda warmoqmnas.
• katalituri auTenturoba: kvleva qmedebis konkretul mimarTulebebs
warmoqmnis.
• taqtikuri auTenturoba: kvlevam sargebeli unda moutanos yvelas,
vinc CarTulia masSi _ „,kargi damokidebulebis“ eTikuri sakiTxi.

hamersli (1992: 71) Tvlis, rom Tvisebrivi monacemebis Sinagani

validobisTvis saWiroa yuradReba mieqces:
• mosalodnelobasa da damajereblobas;
337 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

• saWiro mtkicebulebebis ragvarobasa da raodenobas (imdenad,

ramdenadac, rac ufro masStaburia kvlevis daskvnebi, miT metad
damajerebeli mtkicebulebebia saWiro);
• kvlevidan gakeTebuli daskvnebis ragvarobis sicxade (magaliTad,
ganmartebiTi, aRweriTi, axsniTi, Teoriis maformirebeli);

linkolni da guba (1985: 219, 301) fiqroben, rom bunebriv kvleva-ZiebaSi

damajereblobis miRweva SeiZleba iseTi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa:
• velze xangrZlivad yofna;
• mudmivi dakvirveba: fokusSi moqceuli movlenis maxasiaTeblebis
relevanturobis dasadgenad;
• triangulacia: meTodebis, wyaroebis, mkvlevrebisa da Teoriebis;
• kvlevis Semdgomi interviu kolegasTan: mkvlevrisa da
dauinteresebeli kolegis Sexvedra, romelic jvaredin dakiTxvas
hgavs da miznad isaxavs patiosnebis da samuSao hipoTezebis
Semowmebasa da kvlevis Semdgomi etapebis identificirebas.
• negatiuri SemTxvevis analizi: iseTi Teoriis formirebis mizniT,
romelic yvela SemTxvevas ergeba; aseve, SemdgomSi hipoTezebis
gadasinjvis mizniT.
• wevrebis gadamowmeba: respondentis mier validacia, mizanmimarTulebis
Sefaseba, faqtobrivi Secdomebis gasworeba, respondentebisTvis
damatebiTi informaciis mowodebis SesaZlebelobis an informaciis
Caweris SeTavazeba; Sejameba da analizis adekvaturobis Semowmeba.

maSin, roca pozitivistur kvlevaSi istoria da ganviTareba kvlevis

validobis safrTxeebad aRiqmeba, eTnografiuli kvleva ubralod uSvebs,
rom es ase moxdeba. eTnografiuli kvleva uSvebs droSi cvlilebas _ is
misi ganuyofeli nawilia. eTnografiul kvlevaSi Sinagani validoba
damkvirveblis efeqtis SemcirebiTac miiRweva. efeqts amcirebs is, rom
damkvirveblebi bevrni arian da imdenad didxans rCebian situaciaSi, rom
maTi iq yofna ukve Cveulebrivad aRiqmeba. garda amisa, informaciis
338 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

garkveva da gasagebi formiT Senaxva eTnografs SeuZlia movlenebisa da

situaciebis sxvadasxvagvari axsnis gamoricxviT.

garegani validoba
garegani validoba exeba imas, Tu ramdenad ganzogadebadia miRebuli
monacemebi farTo populaciaze, SemTxvevebze an situaciebze.
ganzogadebadobis sakiTxi problemuria. pozitivisti mkvlevrebisTvis
ganzogadebadoba aucilebeli pirobaa, Tumca bunebriv kvlevaSi es
sakiTxi moisustebs. erTi skolisTvis konteqstis cvladebis CamoSorebis
Semdeg ganzogadebadobas fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs, maSin, roca
meoresTvis ganzogadeba, romelic bevrs arafers ambobs konteqstis
Sesaxeb, nakleb sasargebloa da arc adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb eTqmis
bevri (Schofield 1990). pozitivistebisTvis cvladebi unda gamoiyos da
gakontroldes, xolo SerCeva SemTxveviTi unda iyos, eTnografebisTvis
ki adamianis qceva usasrulod kompleqsuri, arareducirebadi,
socialurad situaciuri da unikaluria.
bunebriv kvlevaSi ganzogadeba ganimarteba, rogorc Sedareba da
gadatana (Lincoln and Guba 1985; Eisenhart and Howe 1992: 647). es avtorebi
Tvlian, rom SesaZlebelia situaciis _ monawileebisa da garemos
tipurobis Sefaseba, SesaZlo Sesadarebeli jgufebis gamoyofa da
Cveneba, Tu rogor SeiZleba gardaiqmnas monacemebi sxvadasxva
garemoebebsa da kulturebSi (aseve, ixileT LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 348).
skofildi (Schofield 1990: 200) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi mniSvnelovania mkafio, detaluri da siRrmiseuli aRweris
mocema, raTa sxvebma Seafason, Tu ramdenad ganzogaddeba erTi kvlevidan
miRebuli Sedegebi sxva situaciebze, anu, Sedarebisa da gadatanis
Sewyvilebuli sakiTxebis mogvareba. Tvisebrivi kvleva, faqtiurad,
SeiZleba ganzogaddes (Schofield 1990; 209) tipuri kvlevis SeswavliT
(imisTvis, rom sxva situaciebisTvisac gamoiyenebodes gadatanis sakiTxi:
LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 324) da kvleva sxvadasxva adgilze ganxorcieldes
(magaliTisTvis ixileT Miles and Huberman 1984), Tumca sakamaTo SeiZleba
339 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

iyos is, rom es arapozitivistur kvlevaSi garkveuli odenobis

pozitivizmis Setanaa. linkolni da guba (1985: 316) amasTan dakavSirebiT
Tvisebriv mkvlevars windaxedulobisken mouwodeben. isini amtkiceben,
rom gadatanis maCveneblis uzrunvelyofa ar aris mkvlevris amocana.
isini Tvlian, rom mkvlevrebma sakmarisad mdidari monacemebi unda
miawodon kvlevis mkiTxvelebsa da momxmareblebs, rom maT Tavad
gansazRvron, SesaZlebelia Tu ara gadatana. am mxriv, is gajerebul
aRweras saWiroebs.
bogdani da bikleni (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 45) amtkiceben, rom Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi SesaZlebelia ganzogadebadobis uzrunvelyofa, Tu is
pozitivistur meTodologiebSi gamoyenebisgan gansxvavebulad aris
agebuli. avtorebis azriT, pozitivisti mkvlevrebi zogadi socialuri
procesebis Sesaxeb universaluri debulebebis miRebiT ufro arian
dainteresebuli, vidre imiT, rom axsnan, Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba
socialuri situaciebi (magaliTad, skolebi da klasebi) erTmaneTisgan.
bogdansa da biklens (1992) is ki ar ainteresebT, maTi Sedegebi, yvelaze
farTo gagebiT, ganzogaddeba Tu ara, aramed is garemoebi, adamianebi da
situaciebi, romlebzec SesaZloa ganzogadebadi iyos es Sedegebi.
bunebriv kvlevaSi garegan validobas ramdenime safrTxe SeiZleba
daemuqros (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 189, 300):
• arCevis efeqtebi: rodesac arCeuli konstruqtebi realurad mxolod
erTi konkretuli jgufis relevanturia.
• garemos efeqtebi: rodesac Sedegebi didwilad konteqstis funqcias
warmoadgens.
• istoriis efeqtebi: rodesac situaciebi unikaluri viTarebebis
Sedegad Seiqmna da, maSasadame, araSedarebiTia.
• konstruqtis efeqtebi: rodesac gamoyenebuli konstruqtebi
konkretuli jgufisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

Sinaarsis validoba
340 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

validobis am formis saCveneblad instrumentma unda aCvenos, rom is

patiosnad da amomwuravad faravs im sferos an sakiTxebs, romelTa
dafarvasac isaxavda miznad. naklebad mosalodnelia, rom TiToeuli
sakiTxi srulad mogvardes imitom, rom dro ar aris sakmarisi, an
monawileebs, magaliTad, grZeli kiTxvaris bolomde Sesavsebad
arasakmarisi motivacia aqvT. aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari unda
darwmundes, rom ZiriTadi sakvlevi sakiTxis elementebi kvlevisTvis
saintereso ufro farTo sakiTxis samarTliani reprezentaciaa (da misi
Sewonva) da kvlevisTvis arCeuli elementebi Rrmad da vrclad aris
nakvlevi. reprezentaciulobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia
debulebebis yuradRebiT SerCeva. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevars undoda enaxa,
Tu rogor gamoTqvamda studentebis jgufi 1000 sityvas frangulad da
gamoTqmis testisTvis mxolod 50 sityvis SerCeva gadawyvita, es testi im
1000 sityvis reprezentaciuli unda yofiliyo, savaraudod, ise, rom
testSi CarTuliyo sityvebis gamoTqmis yvela SesaZlo wesi, an testiT
dafaruliyo gamoTqmis yvela SesaZlo Secdoma im TanafardobiT,
rogorc im 1000 sityvaSi Segvxvdeboda.

konstruqtis validoba
konstruqti abstraqtulia. es ganasxvavebs mas validobis aqamde
ganxiluli tipebisgan, romlebsac realobasTan, gansazRvrul
SinaarsTan, hqondaT Sexeba. am tipis validobis SemTxvevaSi Tanxmoba
unda miiRweodes konstruqtis „operacionalizebuli“ formebis Taobaze,
sadac garkveviT unda iyos naTqvami, Tu ras vgulisxmobT am konstruqtis
gamoyenebisas. aqedan gamomdinare, validobis am formaSi mniSvnelovania
konstruqtis danawevrebulad, gasagebad warmodgena, an is, Tanxvdeba Tu
ara konstruqtis mkvlevriseuli xedva mis im zogadad miRebul gagebas<,
magaliTad, vTqvaT, mkvlevars bavSvis inteleqtis Sefaseba surs
(magaliTisTvis davuSvaT, rom es erTi Tvisebaa). man unda Tqvas, rom
inteleqtSi gulisxmobs fanqris gaTlis unaris gamovlenas. inteleqtis
341 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

ramdenad misaRebi konstruqtia es? sxva araferia inteleqti (magaliTad,

is, rac inteleqtis testSi maRali quliT gamoixateba)?
konstruqtis validobis dasadgenad mkvlevarma unda uzrunvelyos,
rom konkretuli sakiTxis miseuli konstruqti Tanxvdeba iseTive
fuZiseuli sakiTxebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis, kreatulobis, SfoTvis,
motivaciis sxva konstruqtebs. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mocemuli
sakiTxis sxva sazomebTan korelaciebiT, an konstruqtis dafuZnebiT
literaturis farTo mimoxilvaze, saidanac is iRebs am konstruqtis
Sinaarss (anu Teorias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris konstruqti) da mis
mdgenelebs. konstruqtis validobis Cveneba ara marto relevantur
literaturaSi mocemul konstruqtTa Tanxvedras niSnavs, aramed
sapirispiro magaliTebis moZiebasac, ramac, SeiZleba, mkvlevris
konstruqtis falsificireba moaxdinos. rodesac damadasturebeli da
uarmyofeli mtkicebulebebi dabalansebulia, mkvlevars ukve SeuZlia
aCvenos konstruqtis validoba da wamoayenos pirobebi gamoyenebuli
konstruqtis ragvarobaze. konstruqtis urTierTswinaaRmdego
interpretaciebis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevars mouwevs konfliqturi situaciis
arsebobis aRiareba da im interpretaciaze miTiTeba, romelsac
gamoiyenebs.
Tvisebriv/eTnografiul kvlevaSi konstruqtis validoba unda
aCvenebdes, rom kategoriebs, romelsac mkvlevari iyenebs, Tavad
monawileebisTvis aqvs azri/mniSvneloba (Eisenhart and Howe 1992: 648), anu
maTSi asaxulia is, Tu monawileebi realurad rogor ganicdian da ageben
situaciebs kvlevaSi; is, rom isini situacias aqtorebis TvaliT xedaven.
kempbeli da fiske (1959), brok-utne (1996) da kuperi da Sindleri (2001)
gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom konstruqtis validoba konvergentuli da
diskriminantuli teqnikebiT miiRweva. konvergentuli teqnika gulisxmobs,
rom sxvadasxva teqnika, romelic erTsa da imave konstruqts ikvlevs,
SedarebiT maRal interkorelaciebs unda aCvenebdes, xolo
diskriminaciuli moiazrebs, rom sxvadasxva konstruqtisTvis msgavsi
342 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

meTodebis gamoyenebam SedarebiT dabali interkorelaciebi unda mogvces,

anu sakvlevi konstruqti gansxvavdeba sxva potenciurad msgavsi
konstruqtebisgan. aseTi diskriminaciuli validobis miReba faqtoruli
analiziTac SeiZleba, romelic erTad ajgufebs msgavs sakiTxebs da
gamoyofs maT sxvebisgan.

ekologiuri validoba
raodenobriv, pozitivistur kvlevaSi xSirad xdeba Seqmnil garemoSi
cvladebis izolireba, gakontroleba da manipulireba. Tvisebrivi,
bunebrivi kvlevis fundamentur daSvebas warmoadgens is, rom mkvlevari
mizanmimarTulad ar cdilobs cvladebiT an mdgomareobiT manipulirebas
da situaciebi bunebrivad warmoiqmneba. aq mizans socialuri situaciebis
realobebis maTive terminebiT, maT bunebriv an tradiciul garemoSi
zedmiwevniT aRwera warmoadgens. ganaTlebis sferoSi ekologiuri
validoba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da sasargebloa, rodesac
ikvleven, Tu realurad rogor xorcieldeba politika saklaso iTaxSi.
skolebSi (Brock-Utne 1996; 617). ekologiuri validobis saCveneblad
mniSvnelovania, rom kvlevaSi SeZlebisdagvarad bevri maxasiaTebeli da
faqtori iyos CarTuli da Seswavlili. aq sirTule isaa, rom rac ufro
meti maxasiaTebelia CarTuli da aRwerili, miT ufro rTulia kvlevis
ZiriTadi eTikuri principebis _ Tvalis miudevneblobis, anonimurobis da
araidentificirebis dacva.

kulturis validoba
validobis tips, romelic ekologiur validobas ukavSirdeba,
kulturul validobas uwodeben (Morgan 1999). es sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT,
kroskulturul, interkulturul da SedarebiT kvlevebSi dgeba, roca
kvlevaSi monawileTa kulturisTvis Sesatyvisi kvleva igegmeba da
mkvlevari da monawile sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian.
kulturuli validoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc „xarisxi, romliTac
343 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

kvleva Seesatyiseba im kulturul garemos, romelSic is unda

ganxorcieldes“ (Joy 2003: 1). morgani (1999) Tvlis, rom kulturuli
validoba kvlevis yvela stadias Seexeba da gavlenas axdens mis
dagegmvaze, ganxorcielebasa da gavrcelebaze. masSi moiazreba
monawileebis, kulturebisa da viTarebebis sensitiurobis xarisxi.
morgani (2005) wers, rom:
kulturul validobas Tan sdevs maTi kulturuli Rirebulebebis
aRiareba, visac ikvleven. es SeiZleba moicavdes: samizne kulturis SesaZlo
gansxvavebuli damokidebulebis gagebas kvlevisadmi; im gamorCeuli
terminebis identificirebasa da gagebas, romlebic samizne kulturaSi
gamoiyeneba; samizne enis Sesaxeb saTanado literaturis gadaxedvas; kvlevis
iseTi instrumentebis arCevas, romelic misaRebia samizne jgufebisTvis;
monacemebis interpretaciebisa da Targmanebis gadamowmebas maTTan, visTvisac
samizne jgufis ena mSobliuria; mkvlevris codnas, rom adamianebi sakuTari
kulturuli filtrebiT operireben.
(Morgan 2005: 1)
joi (2003: 1) warmogvidgens Tormet mniSvnelovan kiTxvas, romelic
SeiZleba gauCndeT mkvlevrebs gansxvavebul kulturul konteqstebSi,
raTa uzrunvelyon kvlevis kulturuli samarTlianoba da kulturuli
sensitiuroba:
• gasagebi da mniSvnelovania Tu ara kvlevis kiTxva samizne
jgufisTvis?
• aris Tu ara mkvlevari is pirovneba, vinc unda Caataros es kvleva,
anu Seesatyviseba Tu ara misi pirovneba gansaxorcielebel kvlevas?
• Seesatyviseba Tu ara is Teoriebi, romelsac kvleva eyrdnoba, samizne
jgufs?
• rogor ganixilaven samizne kulturis warmomadgeneli mkvlevrebi
mocemuli kvlevis kiTxvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs (maTi
meTodebisa da Sedegebis CaTvliT)?
• Sesatyvisi guSagebi da informantebi SeirCa?
344 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

• eTikuri da adekvaturia Tu ara kvlevis sqema da instrumentebi

samizne kulturis standartebis mixedviT?
• rogor gansazRvraven kvlevis ZiriTad terminebs samizne kulturis
warmomadgenlebi?
• kulturisTvis Sesatyvisad iTargmna Tu ara dokumentebi da sxva
informacia?
• miiRebs Tu ara potenciur sargebels samizne kultura kvlevis
mosalodneli SedegebiT?
• moicavs Tu ara kvlevis Sedegebis interpretacia samizne kulturis
warmomadgenlebis mosazrebebsa da Tvalsazrisebs?
• xelmisawvdomia Tu ara kvlevis Sedegebi samizne kulturis
warmomadgenlebisTvis, raTa gadaxedon da TavianTi komentarebi
daurTon?
• sworad da samarTlianad acnobs Tu ara mkvlevari Sedegebs maTive
kulturul konteqstSi im adamianebs, romlebic ar ekuTvnian samizne
kulturas?

Kkataliizis 8 validoba
katalituri validoba moicavs kritikuli Teoriis paradigmas,
romelic pirvel TavSi ganvixileT. neitralurad rom vTqvaT,
katalituri validoba mxolod imis uzrunvelyofas cdilobs, rom
kvlevas qmedebisken mivyavdeT. Tumca, es yvelaferi ar aris, radgan
katalituri validobis sakiTxi mravlismomcvelia. is, kritikuli
Teoriis msgavsad, programas gvTavazobs. lazeri (Lather 1986, 1991),
kinCelo da maklareni (Kincheloe and McLaren 1994) Tvlian, rom katalituri
validobis programaa daexmaros monawileebs sakuTari samyaros gagebaSi
8 Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: katalizis validoba SedarebiT axali terminia da
kritikuli socialuri mecnierebis sferos ganekuTvneba. is niSnavs, rom mkvlevari
ubiZgebs maT, visac is swavlobs, ukeT gaacnobieron sakuTari situacia misi Secvlis
mizniT.
345 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

maTi transformirebis mizniT. programa aSkarad politikuria, radgan

katalituri validoba saWirod xdis gamomJRavndes, situaciis viseuli
gansazRvrebebia gamoyenebuli mocemul situaciaSi. linkolni da guba
(1996) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom kvleva „samarTlianobis“ kriteriums
unda akmayofilebdes, rac niSnavs imas, rom ara marto kvlevis
monawileebis cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba unda gaZlierdes da
gaumjobesdes, aramed monawileTa uflebamosilebac. am mxriv, kvleva
SeiZleba fokusirdes imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos (inovaciebi da axali
mimarTulebebi) da ra SesaZloa, rom iyos (idealuri, SesaZlo momavali)
(Schofield 1990: 209).
katalituri validoba, feministuri kvlevis mTavari maxasiaTebeli,
aSeris (1996) TvalsazrisiT, mTel kvlevaze unda vrceldebodes. is
saWiroebs: monawileTa solidarobas; kvlevis unars, xeli Seuwyos
emansipacias, damoukideblobasa da Tavisuflebas mxolod egalitarul
da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi (Masschelein 1991); im damaxinjebebis,
ideologiuri deformaciebisa da SezRudvebis gamovlenas, romelic
arsebobs kvlevaSi, urTierTobasa da socialur struqturebSi (aseve,
ixileT LeCompte and Preissle 1993). amtkiceben (Mishler 1990; Scheurich 1996), rom
validoba aRar aris istoriul konteqsts moklebuli mocemuloba,
aramed sakamaToa da fiqroben, rom validuri kvlevis gansazRvreba
akademiuri wreebis avtoritetebTan unda veZioT. lazerisTvis (1986)
aucilebelia, rom kvleva emansipaciuri iyos da kvlevis monawileTa
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas emsaxurebodes. amasTan, mas miaCnia, rom
katalituri validoba, „konsaentizaciis 9“ freireseuli (Freire 1970) cnebis
msgavsad, monawileebs imis Zalas unda aZlevdes, rom gaacnobieron da
Secvalon TavianTi Cagruli mdgomareoba.
validoba, rogorc amboben (Scheurich 1996), sxva araferia, Tu ara
niRabi, romelic awesrigebs da awesebs kvlevis misaReb sazRvrebs

9
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: paulo freiris es termini niSnavs kritikuli
cnobierebis zrdas
346 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

avtoritetuli kvleviTi sazogadoebisTvis. saubrebi validobis Sesaxeb

sinamdvileSi Rirebuli codnis gansazRvris uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb
saubrebia.
is, Tu ramdenad gamarTlebulia mtkiceba, rom mkvlevrebs aseTi
ideologiuri miswrafebebi unda hqondeT, albaT, sakamaToa, Tumca am
sferos yuradRebis miRma datoveba, daudevrobiTa da ugulebelyofiT
uTanasworobis SenarCunebaa. katalituri validoba adasturebs, rom
kvlevis procesSi eTikas centraluri adgili uWiravs da amisTvis
saWiroa, rom mkvlevrebma gaarkvion, visi an risi erTgulni arian da ra
pasuxismgeblobebi da TviTdaintereseba aqvT (Surgess 1989).

socialuri Sedegebis validoba

katalitur validobas nawilobriv ukavSirdeba socialuri Sedegebis
validoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom monacemebis (kvlevis Sedegebis)
gamoyenebis gzebi Seesabameba kvlevis SesaZleblobebs an miznebs, anu
kvlevis Sedegebi ar scildeba kvlevis SesaZleblobebs, praqtikuli
Sedegebi ki legitimuria da Sesrulebuli. naTelia, rom vinaidan kvleva
sayovelTao kuTvnilebaa, mkvlevari mcired an saerTod ver akontrolebs
mis gamoyenebas. Tumca, da es xSirad politikuri sakiTxia, kvleva ar
unda gamoiyenon ise, rogorc ar iyo ganzraxuli misi gamoyeneba,
magaliTad, monacemebze miTiTebiT amtkicon raRac, risi mtkicebac am
kvlevis monacemebis SesaZleblobebs scildeba; ar SeiZleba kvlevis
saxeliT imgvarad moqmedeba, rasac ar uzrunvelyofs is (magaliTad,
kvlevis gamoyeneba aralegitimuri codnis mxardasaWerad); dauSvebelia
kvlevis gamoyeneba miuRebeli formebiT (magaliTad, SerCeviT,
damaxinjebiT) aralegitimuri gacxadebebis gasakeTeblad, risTvisac
iyeneben kvlevas; arc winaswar SeTanxmebuli gzebiT kvlevis
gamouyenlobaa dasaSvebi da arc umoqmedobiT gamowveuli Secdomebis
Cadena.
socialuri Sedegebis validobis naTeli magaliTia maformirebeli
Sefaseba. aq laparakia imaze, Tu ramdenad gaaumjobeses studentebma
347 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

TavianTi Sedegebi ukukavSiris miRebis Sedegad; Sesabamisad, Tu

studentebi gasaumjobeseblad arasakmaris ukukavSirs iReben, an Tu maT
ar SeuZliaT ukukavSiris Sedegad gaumjobeseba, maSin maformirebeli
Sefaseba socialuri Sedegebis mcire validobiT xasiaTdeba.

kriteriumis validoba
validobis es forma erTi konkretuli instrumentiT miRebuli
Sedegebis sxva garegan kriteriumTan dakavSirebas cdilobs. am tipis
validoba or ZiriTad formas aerTianebs: prediqtul validobas da
analogiis validobas.
prediqtuli validoba miRweulia, Tu kvlevis pirvel da Semdeg
etapze moRebuli monacemebi mWidro urTierTkavSirSia. magaliTad, Tu
16 wlis asakSi Cabarebul gamocdaze miRebuli Sedegebi zustad efardeba
18 wlis asakSi imave studentebis mier miRebul Sedegebs, maSin SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom pirvelma gamocdam Zlieri prediqtuli validoba aCvena.
am Temis variacias analogiis validobis cnebaSi vxvdebiT. validobis
am formis saCveneblad erTi instrumentiT mopovebuli monacemebi
mWidrod unda korelirebdes sxva instrumentiT miRebul monacemebTan.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, gadawyvites studentebis mier problemebis
gadaWris unaris kvleva. mkvlevari SeiZleba problemaze muSaobisas
daakvirdes students, gamoikiTxos, rogor umklavdeba problemas, an
sTxovos, daweros, rogor gadaWra problema. am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevars
monacemebis Segrovebis sami instrumenti aqvs _ dakvirveba, interviu da
dokumenti. Tu samive gziT miRebuli Sedegebi Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs da,
mocemuli kriteriumis mixedviT, studenti problemis gadaWris karg
unars avlens, maSin mkvlevari ufro meti darwmunebiT (validoba) ityvis,
rom studenti kargad arTmevs Tavs problemis gadawyvetas, vidre ityoda,
mxolod erTi instrumentis gamoyenebiT rom misuliyo imave daskvnamde.
analogiis validoba ZiriTadi koncefciiT (anu meore sazomTan
TanxvedriT) Zalian hgavs Tavis mewyviles _ prediqtul validobas. maT
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs is, rom konkurentul validobaSi ar aris
348 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

drois momenti; Tanxvedris demonstrireba sxva instrumentTan erTad,

erTdroulad aris SesaZlebeli.
analogiis validobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mewyvilea
triangulacia, romelic, rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, sandoobasac
ukavSirdeba.

triangulacia
triangulacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianis qcevis
romelime aspeqtis Seswavlisas monacemebis Segrovebis ori an meti
meTodis gamoyeneba. ramdenime meTodis gamoyeneba anu mravalmeTodiani
midgoma, rogorc mas zogjer uwodeben, upirispirdeba gavrcelebul,
magram zogadad ufro mowyvlad erTmeTodian midgomas, romelic ase
axasiaTebs kvlevis umravlesobas socialur mecnierebebSi. originalur
saTanado literaturaSi gavrcelebuli azriT, triangulacia aris
fizikuri gazomvis teqnika: magaliTad, sazRvao navigatorebi, samxedro
strategebi da topografebi iyeneben (an iyenebdnen) ramdenime lokaciur
markers erTi konkretuli wertilis, an samiznis adgilmdebareobis
zustad gansasazRvrad. analogiurad, triangulaciis teqnika socialur
mecnierebaSi cdilobs, moniSnos, an ufro srulad axsnas adamianis
qcevis mravalferovneba da kompleqsuroba misi erTze meti xedvis
kuTxidan _ mravalmxrivi SeswavliT, risTvisac iyenebs orive monacems _
raodenobrivsa da Tvisebrivs. triangulacia analogiis validobis
Cvenebis mZlavri saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi (Campbell
and Fiske 1959).
socialur kvlevaSi mravalmeTodiani midgomis gamoyenebas bevri
upiratesoba aqvs, Tumca Cven mxolod or maTgans ganvixilavT. pirveli:
rom iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa medicina, qimia da fizika, mxolod
dakvirvebiT, rogorc wesi, SesaZlebelia arCeuli fenomenis Sesaxeb
sakmarisi da araorazrovani informaciis mopoveba, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, is mxolod SezRudul xedvas gvaZlevs adamianis qcevisa da im
situaciebis kompleqsurobisas, romelSic isini urTierTqmedeben.
349 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

aRiniSna, rom vinaidan kvlevis meTodebi filtrebiviT moqmedeben, ,

romliTac garemo SerCeviTad ganicdeba, gamocdilebis samyaros
warmodgenisas isini arasodesaa abstraqtuli an neitraluri (Smith 1975).
Sesabamisad, mxolod erT meTodze dayrdnobam SeiZleba tendenciuri
gaxados an daamaxinjos realobis im konkretuli nawilis mkvlevriseuli
suraTi, romelsac ikvlevs. mkvlevari darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom
miRebuli monacemebi maTi mogrovebis erTi konkretuli meTodis ubralo
artefaqtebi ar aris (Lin 1976). aseTi Tavdajerebis miRweva SesaZlebelia,
ramdenadac vsaubrobT nomoTetur kvlevaze, rodesac monacemebis
Segrovebis sxvadasxva meTodiT arsebiTad erTsa da imave Sedegebs
viRebT. (rodesac interpretaciul kvlevaSi triangulacia sxvadasxva
aqtoris TvalTaxedvis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba, igive meTodi, magaliTad,
angariSebi, bunebrivad mogvcems gansxvavebul monacemebs).
garda amisa, rac ufro meti meTodi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs,
mkvlevars miT metad darwmunebuli SeuZlia, rom iyos. Tu, magaliTad,
kiTxvariT miRebuli Sedegebi Seesatyviseba imave fenomenis dakvirvebiT
Seswavlis Sedegebs, mkvlevari ufro darwmunebuli iqneba Tavis
SedegebSi. an, ufro eqstremaluri situacia: rodesac mkacrad gawerili
eqsperimentuli kvlevis Sedegebi meordeba, vTqvaT, roluri gaTamaSebis
savarjiSoSi, mkvlevari gacilebiT metad TviTdajerebuli iqneba. Tu
Sedegebi meTodis artefaqtebia, maSin kontrastuli meTodebis gamoyeneba
mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs albaTobas, rom nebismieri Tavsebadi Sedegi
meTodebis msgavsebas mieweros (Lin 1976).
axla meore upiratesoba: zogierTma Teoretikosma mkveTrad gaakritika
socialur mecnierebebSi kvleva-Ziebis arsebuli meTodebis SezRuduli
gamoyeneba. magaliTad, erT-erTi avtori wers:

meTodologiuri SezRudulobisa Tu eTnocentrizmis gamo mraval

kvlevaSi konkretul meTods an teqnikas iyeneben. meTodologebi xSirad
konkretuli sasurveli meTodebis win wamoweviT arian dakavebuli imitom,
350 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

rom an mxolod isini ician, an hgoniaT, rom es meTodebi yvela sxva meTodze
ukeTesia.
(Smith 1975)

amtkiceben, rom triangulaciis teqnikis gamoyeneba, „meTodze

mibmulobis“ problemis, rogorc mas uwodes, daZlevaSi dagvexmareba.
gorardma da teilorma (2004), faqtiurad, aCvenes Tvisebrivi da
raodenobrivi meTodebis kombinirebis Rirebuleba.
ramdenime meTodis arCevisas triangulaciaSi SesaZlebelia an
normatiuli, an interpetaciuli teqnikis gamoyeneba; an meTodebis orive
midgomidan aReba da maTi kombinireba.
linkolni da guba (1985: 315) ukan, bunebriv kvlevasTan gvabruneben da
gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom triangulacia Cafiqrebulia, rogorc
monacemebis gadamowmeba, Tumca wevrebis mier agebuli monacemebis
gadasamowmeblad wevrebis gadamowmeba da damajereblobis elementebi
unda gamoviyenoT.

triangulaciis tipebi da maTi maxasiaTeblebi

axlaxans vnaxeT, rom triangulacia, erTmeTodiani midgomisgan
gansxvavebiT, problemisadmi mravalmeTodiani midgomiT xasiaTdeba.
Tumca, denzinma (Denzin 1970b) gaafarTova triangulaciis cneba, man
Semoitana mravalmeTodiani kvlevis sxva ramdenime tipi da maT
„meTodologiuri triangulacia“ uwoda:

• drois triangulacia: am tipis triangulacia erTjeradi da droSi

ganmeorebadi sqemis gamoyenebiT cdilobs cvlilebis da procesis
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas. kirki da mileri (Kirk and Miller 1986)
Tvlian, rom diaqronuli sandooba cdilobs, miaRwios dakvirvebebis
stabilobas sxvadasxva dros, xolo sinqronuli sandooba _
erTdroulad mopovebuli monacemebis msgavsebas.
351 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

• sivrcis triangulacia: es tipi erTsa da imave qveyanaSi an

subkulturaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis SezRudulobis daZlevas
kroskulturuli teqnikebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs.
• triangulaciis kombinirebuli doneebi: es tipi analizis erTze met
dones iyenebs socialur mecnierebaSi gamoyenebuli sami ZiriTadi
donidan: individualuri, interaqciuli (jgufebi) da koleqtiuri
(organizaciuli, kulturuli an sazogadoebrivi).
• Teoriuli triangulacia: es tipi alternatiul an sapirispiro
Teoriebs eyrdnoba da ar iyenebs mxolod erT perspeqtivas.
• mkvlevris triangulacia: aq erTze meti damkvirvebelia CarTuli,
romlebic erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad moipoveben monacemebs.
• meTodologiuri triangulacia: am tipis triangulaciaSi an erTi da
igive meTodi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi, an _ sxvadasxva
meTodi erTi da igive obieqtis Seswavlisas.

socialur mecnierebebSi mravali kvleva mxolod erTjeradad tardeba

da amiT yuradRebis miRma tovebs socialuri cvlilebisa da procesis
gavlenebs. drois triangulacia rogorRac asworebs am Cavardnebs kros-
seqciuri da longituduri midgomebis gamoyenebiT. kros-seqciur
kvlevebSi monacemebs drois erT momentSi agroveben; longitudur
kvlevebSi drois sxvadasxva momentSi erTi da igive jgufidan iReben
monacemebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, panelis da tendenciis kvlevebic
SegviZlia vaxsenoT. panelis kvlevaSi erTmaneTs adareben erTi da imave
individebisgan erTi da imave sazomebiT sxvadasxva dros miRebul
monacemebs, xolo trendis kvlevisas arCeuli procesebis droSi
uwyvetad Seswavla xdeba. TiToeuli am meTodis sisuste SeiZleba
Semcirdes mocemuli problemisadmi kombinirebuli midgomis gamoyenebiT.
sivrcis triangulacia erT kulturaSi an subkulturaSi warmoebuli
kvlevis SezRudvebis daZlevas cdilobs. rogorc smiTi (1975) ambobs,
„qcevis Semswavleli mecnierebebi ara marto kulturiT aris SezRuduli,
aramed _ subkulturiTac. bevri samecniero naSromi jer kidev isea
352 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

dawerili, TiTqos aRmoCenilia bazisuri principebi, romlebSic

gadmocemulia WeSmariteba nebismieri sazogadoebisTvis, nebismieri
adgilisa da droisTvis“. kroskulturuli kvleva SeiZleba moicavdes
Teoriebis Semowmebas sxvadasxva kulturaSi, rogorc moxda piaJeseul da
froidiseul fsiqologiaSi; an SeiZleba sxvadasxva populacias Soris
gansxvavebebs ramdenime gansxvavebuli sazomi instrumentiT zomavdes. Cven
ukve visaubreT kulturul validobaze.
socialur mecnierebs kvlevisas ainteresebT individi, jgufi da
sazogadoeba. es aisaxeba analizis sam doneSi, romelsac mkvlevrebi
muSaobisas iyeneben. isini, vinc kritikulad uyureben dRevandeli
kvlevebis did nawils, amtkiceben, rom zogierT kvlevaSi mcdarad aris
gamoyenebuli analizis done. magaliTad, gamoyenebulia individualuri
done maSin, roca es sazogadoebrivi done unda iyos; an erTi doniT
izRudeba, rodesac ufro saintereso da mravlismTqmeli suraTis miReba
iqneboda SesaZlebeli erTze meti donis gamoyenebiT. smiTi (1975)
ganavrcobs analizs da Svid SesaZlo dones gamoyofs: agregaciul, anu
individualur dones da eqvs dones, romlebic ufro globaluria imiT,
rom „axasiaTebs koleqtivs, rogorc mTlians da is ar gamohyavs
dagrovili individualuri maxasiaTeblebidan“ (Smith 1975). es eqvsi donea:
• jgufis analizi: individebisa da jgufebis urTierTqmedebis paternebi;
• analizis organizaciuli erTeulebi: erTeulebi, romlebic iseTi
TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian, romlebic ar aqvT mis Semqmnel individebs;
• instituciuri analizi: urTierTobebi sazogadoebis samarTlebriv,
politikur, ekonomikur da ojaxur institutebSi da maT Soris;
• ekologiuri analizi: dainteresebulia sivrciTi axsniT;
• kulturuli analizi: ainteresebs kulturis normebi, Rirebulebebi,
praqtikebi, tradiciebi da ideologiebi;
• sazogadoebrivi analizi: iseT didmasStabian faqtorebs exeba,
rogoricaa urbanizacia, industrializacia, ganaTleba, keTildReoba
da a. S.
353 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

sadac SesaZlebelia, upiratesoba eniWeba kvlevebs, romlebSic

analizis ramdenime done gamoiyeneba. zogjer mkvlevrebi sakiTxis
kvlevas iwyeben erTi konkretuli Teoriisadmi an Teoriuli
orientaciisadmi erTgulebis gamo, sawinaaRmdego Teoriebis
gamosaricxad. smiTi (1975) ki gvirCevs, rom kvleva sapirispiro Teoriebis
Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenoT.
mkvlevris triangulacia kvlevis garemoSi erTze meti damkvirveblis
(an monawilis) gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. TavisTvis momuSave
damkvirveblebsa da monawileebs dakvirvebis warmoebis sakuTari stili
aqvT da es miRebul monacemebze aisaxeba. Sesabamisad, ori an meti
damkvirveblis an monawilis frTxilma gamoyenebam SeiZleba ufro
validuri da sando monacemebi mogvces (Smith 1975), mkvlevrebs Soris
gansvlis Semowmeba minimalur gansvlas, anu sandoobas iZleva.
am mxriv, triangulaciis cneba erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sandoobisa da
validobis sakiTxebs. Cven ukve ganvixileT meTodologiuri
triangulacia. denzini (1970b) Tavis tipologiaSi triangulaciis or
kategorias gamoyofs: „meTods Sida“ da „meTodebs Soris“. meTods Sida
triangulacia Seexeba kvlevis gameorebas, rogorc sandoobis Semowmebas
da Teoriis dadasturebas. meTodebs Soris triangulacia ki gulisxmobs
dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad erTze meti meTodis gamoyenebas. rogorc
validobis Semowmeba, meTodebs Soris midgoma moicavs erTi samiznis
damoukidebeli sazomebis konvergenciis cnebas (Campbell and Fiske 1959).
denzinis tipologiis eqvsi kategoriidan ganaTlebis sferoSi
kvlevisas xSirad gamoiyeneba oTxi: drois triangulacia longituduri
da erTjeradi kvlevebiT; sivrcis triangulacia, rogorc erT-erT
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ikvleven skolebs regionSi an qveyanaSi; mkvlevris
triangulacia, rodesac erTsa da imave saklaso fenomens ori
damoukidebeli damkvirvebeli afasebs; meTodologiuri triangulacia. am
oTxidan yvelaze xSirad meTodologiuri triangulacia gamoiyeneba,
romelsac, rogorc Cans, yvelaze metis SemoTavazeba SeuZlia.
354 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

triangulaciis teqnika maSin aris gamosadegi, rodesac ganaTlebis

sferoSi kvlevis Sedegebis ufro metad holisturi xedvisken iswrafian
(magaliTad, skolis efeqturobis kvleva (Mortimore et al. (1988)) an, rodesac
saWiroa rTuli fenomenebis axsna. triangulacia sasargebloa, roca
dadgenili, miRebuli midgoma SezRudul da xSirad damaxinjebul
suraTs iZleva. dabolos, triangulacia SeiZleba gamosadegi teqnika
iyos, rodesac mkvlevari SemTxvevis anu rTuli fenomenis konkretuli
magaliTis SeswavliT aris dakavebuli (Adelman et al. 1980).
triangulaciasac hyavs kritikosebi. magaliTad, silvermeni (1985)
gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom triangulaciis cneba arsiT pozitivisturia
da es yvelaze naTlad monacemebis triangulaciaSi Cans, vinaidan
miCneulia, rom monacemebis ramdenime wyaro (analogiis validoba)
ukeTesia, vidre erTi wyaro an instrumenti. daSveba, rom calkeuli
erTeuli yovelTvis SeiZleba erT jerze metad gaizomos, arRvevs
ganviTarebis, fluidurobis, unikalurobisa da specifikurobis
interpretaciis principebs (Denzin 1997: 320). garda amisa, petoni (Patton 1980)
Tvlis, rom gqondes monacemebis ramdenime wyaro, gansakuTrebiT,
Tvisebrivi monacemebisTvis, ar uzrunvelyofs konsistenturobas, an
ganmeorebadobas. fildingi da fildingi (Fielding and Fielding 1986)
amtkiceben, rom meTodologiuri triangulacia aucileblobiT ar zrdis
validobas, ar amcirebs mikerZoebulobas, an aqcevs kvlevas obieqturad.
mkvlevris triangulaciasTan dakavSirebiT, linkolnisa da gubas (1985:
307) mtkicebiT, arasworia daSveba, rom erTi mkvlevari mxars dauWers
meores da arc gamarTlebulia, gansakuTrebiT Tvisebriv, refleqsiur
kvlevaSi. avtorebi TavianTi interesis sferoSi Teoriasa da
meTodologiur triangulacias rTaven da amtkiceben, rom Teoriis Zieba
da meTodologiuri triangulacia epistemologiurad araTanmimdevrulia
da empiriulad carieli (aseve, ixileT Patton 1980). amtkiceben, rom ori
Teoria verasodes mogvcems sakvlevi fenomenis sakmarisad srul axsnas.
355 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

es basri da gesliani kritikaa, magram denzinic aseve geslianad pasuxobs

(1997).

validobis miRweva
Zalian advilia, rom kvleva aravalidurad iqces; is veragi da
mavnebelia, radgan kvlevis yovel etapze SeiZleba Semoiparos.
aravalidobis aRmofxvris mcdeloba arsebiTia, Tu mkvlevars surs, rom
darwmunebuli iyos kvlevis gegmis, monacemebis miRebis, maTi damuSavebisa
da analizis, interpretaciisa da Semdgomi Sefasebis mdgenelebSi
(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 3.
ppt).
dizainis etapze validobisadmi safrTxis Semcireba Semdegi
saSualebebiTaa SesaZlebeli:
• saTanado vadebis dawesebiT;
• Casatarebeli kvlevisTvis saWiro adekvaturi resursebis
uzrunvelyofiT;
• kvlevis kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad saTanado meTodologiis
arCeviT;
• saWiro tipis monacemebis SegrovebisTvis saTanado instrumentebis
arCeviT;
• saTanado SerCevis gamoyenebiT (magaliTad, iseTi SerCevis, romelic
reprezentaciulia, arc Zalian pataraa da arc _ Zalian didi);
• Sinagani, garegani, Sinaarsis, analogiis da konstruqtis validobis
CvenebiTa da konstruqtebis samarTlianad „operacionalizebiT“;
• sandoobis stabilobis terminebiT uzrunvelyofiT (konsistenturoba,
ekvivalenturi formebi, testis masalebis analizi Suaze gaxleCviT);
• kvlevis kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad saTanado sakiTxebis arCeviT;
• saTanado instrumentebis SeqmniTa da gamoyenebiT, romlebic,
uzrunvelyofen zusti, reprezentaciuli, relevanturi da amomwuravi
monacemebis miRebas (King et al. 1987); teqstis kiTxvadobis saTanado
356 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

donis uzrunvelyofa; instruqciebSi, terminebsa da kiTxvebSi

nebismieri orazrovnebisTvis, bundovnebisTvis Tavis arideba; iseTi
instrumenebis gamoyeneba, romlebsac sakvlevi sakiTxebis
kompleqsuroba ar gamoeparebaT; STamagonebeli da mimaniSnebeli
kiTxvebisTvis Tavis arideba; testis sirTulis saTanado donis
uzrunvelyofa, magaliTad, arc Zalian rTuli da arc Zalian martivi;
testSi diskriminaciulobis dabali maCveneblis mqone
debulebebisTvis Tavis arideba; Zalian mokle an Zalian grZeli
instrumentebis SeqmnisTvis Tavis arideba; TiToeuli sakiTxSi Zalian
bevri, an Zalian cota debulebebis CarTvisTvis Tavis arideba.
• mkvlevris an mkvlevarTa gundis mikerZoebulad arCevisTvis Tavis
aridebiT (magaliTad, mkvlevris arCeva imitom, rom Sinauria an
imitom, rom ucxoa).

aravalidoba an mikerZoebuloba kvlevaSi monacemebis Segrovebis

etapze ramdenime sferoSi SeiZleba Seiparos. amis minimumamde dayvana
SesaZlebelia:
• hoTornis efeqtis 10 SemcirebiT (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/089-415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 1. doc);
• reaqtiulobis efeqtis SemcirebiT: respondentebi gansxvavebulad
iqcevian, rodesac maT ikvleven, an axal situaciaSi xvdebian,
magaliTad, intervius situaciaSi _ Cven viWrebiT adamianebis
cxovrebaSi imiT, rom vikvlevT maT (Lave and Kvale 1995: 226);
• respondentebis mier kvlevis datovebis sixSiris Semcirebis
mcdelobiT;
• zomebis miRebiT kiTxvarebis daubruneblobis Tavidan asacileblad;
• pretestebsa da posttestebs Soris Zalian mokle an Zalian grZeli
intervalebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;

10
Hawthorne effect – radgan ician, rom akvirdebian, cdis pirebis mier naCvenebi Sedegebi
icvleba,. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
357 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

• sandoobis uzrunvelyofiT SemfasebelTa Soris;

• sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebis samarTliani
SeTanxmebulobiT;
• monacemebis Segrovebis an testebis administrirebis standartuli
procedurebis uzrunvelyofiT;
• respondentebis motivaciaze dayrdnobiT;
• respondentebis samuSao adgilTan instrumentebis morgebiT da sxva
situaciuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTad, janmrTeloba,
garemo, xmauri, safrTxe, sxva distraqtorebi);
• mkvlevarTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mogvarebiT (gansakuTrebiT,
intervius situaciaSi), magaliTad, mkvlevris damokidebuleba, sqesi,
rasa, asaki, pirovneba, Cacmuloba, komentarebi, pasuxebi, kiTxvis dasmis
teqnika, qceva, stili da araverbaluri komunikacia.
monacemebis analizis etapze ramdenime sferoa, sadac SeimCneva
aravalidoba, risi mininumamde dayvana SesaZlebelia:
• respondentebis mier validaciis gamoyenebiT;
• monacemebis subieqturi interpretaciisTvis (magaliTad, niSnebis
dawerisas zedmeti guluxvoba an siZunwe) anu Sedegebis
standartizaciisa da gasaSualoebis arqonisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
• halos efeqtis SemcirebiT, rodesac mkvlevris msjelobaze gavlenas
axdens is, rom icnobs kvlevaSi CarTul pirovnebas an am pirovnebis
Sesaxeb sxva monacemebic aqvs;
• monacemebis donis Sesabamisi statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT
(magaliTad, intervalebis skalisTvis gankuTvnili teqnikebis
gamoyeneba rigis skalis monacemebisTvis, an araswori statistikebis
gamoyeneba monacemebis tipis, zomis, sirTulis, sensitiurobis
mixedviT);
358 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

• moCvenebiTi korelaciebisa da gareSe faqtorebis amocnobiT,

romlebic SeiZleba gavlenas axdendnen monacemebze (anu gvirabuli
mxedveloba 11);
• Tvisebrivi monacemebis uxarisxo, mwiri kodirebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
• imaze meti daskvnebisa da ganzogadebebis gakeTebisTvis Tavis
aridebiT, vidre amis saSualebas monacemebi iZleva;
• korelaciebisa da mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis gaigivebisTvis Tavis
aridebiT;
• monacemebis seleqciurad gamoyenebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
• monacemebis arasamarTlianad dajgufebisTvis Tavis aridebiT
(gansakuTrebiT, sixSireTa cxrilebis);
• monacemebis arasamarTliani teleskopirebisTvis (monacemebis
gaufasureba) Tavis aridebiT;
• I da II gvaris SecdomebisTvis Tavis aridebiT (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 2. doc).

I gvaris Secdoma maSin xdeba, rodesac mkvlevari uaryofs nulovan

hipoTezas, roca is sinamdvileSi WeSmaritia (udanaSaulo adamianis
gasamarTlebis msgavsad: Mitchell and Jolley 1988: 121); aseT SecdomasTan
gamklaveba ufro mkacri mniSvnelobis donis (magaliTad, p< 0.01 da ara
p< 0.05) dawesebiT aris SesaZlebeli. II gvaris SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac nulovan hipoTezas viRebT maSin, roca is sinamdvileSi ar aris
WeSmariti (damnaSave adamianis udanaSaulod cnobis msgavsad: Mitchell and
Jolley 1988: 121). boruhi (Boruch 1997: 211) Tvlis, rom II gvaris Secdoma im
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davuSvaT, Tu: eqsperimentul Carevaze reaqciis
sazomi arasakmarisad validuria; eqsperimentuli Carevis sazomi
arasakmarisad relevanturia; eqsperimentis statistikuri simZlavre

11
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: Ggvirabuli mxedveloba viTardeba maSin, roca
periferiuli mxedvelobaa dazianebuli da Sesabamisad, adamiani SezRudulad xedavs
359 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

Zalian dabalia; eqsperimentuli CarevisTvis saTanado populacia ar

aris arCeuli.
II gvaris SecdomasTan gamklaveba SesaZlebelia mniSvnelobis donis
daweviT (magaliTad, p< 20 an p< 30 nacvlad imisa, rom p< 0.05). cxadia,
rom, rac ufro mcirdeba I gvaris Secdomis daSvebis Sansi, miT ufro
matulobs II gvaris Secdomis daSvebis albaToba da piriqiT. Tvisebriv
monacemebSi maSin xdeba I gvaris Secdoma, roca ujereben debulebas da
is sinamdvileSi ar aris marTali, xolo II gvaris SecdomasTan gvaqvs
saqme, Tu debuleba uariyofa maSin, roca is sinamdvileSi marTalia.
monacemebis warmodgenis etapze aravalidoba ramdenimenairad SeiZleba
gamovlindes. amis mininumamde dasayvanad mkvlevarma iseTi zomebi unda
miiRos, rogoricaa, magaliTad:
• Tavi aaridos monacemebis seleqciurad da arareprezentaciulad
gamoyenebas, magaliTad, dadebiTis xazgasmas da uaryofiTis uaryofas
an uyuradRebod datovebas;
• miuTiTos: kvlevis konteqstsa da parametrebze, romelSic xdeboda
monacemebis Segroveba da eqsperimentuli zemoqmedeba; ndobis doneze,
rac Sedegebis aRweraSi SeiZleba gakeTdes; monacemebis konteqstisgan
damoukideblobaze, an konteqstiT gansazRvrulobaze (anu imaze, Tu
ramdenad SesaZlebelia Sedegebis ganzogadeba);
• ise warmoadginos monacemebi, rom zustad is Tqvas, rasac monacemebi
amboben;
• mxolod is amtkicos, risi mtkicebis saSulaebasac iZleva monacemebi;
• Tavi aaridos monacemebis arazustad, mcdarad warmodgenas (anu
teqnikuri an orTografiuli SecdomebiT);
• uzrunvelyos, rom kvlevis kiTxvebi pasuxgacemulia; kvlevis Sedegebi
arc Zalian male da arc Zalian dagvianebiT gamoaqveynos.

aravalidobis gamovlenis Semdeg mkvlevars SeuZlia garkveuli

RonisZiebebis gatareba da misi SeZlebisdagvarad minimumamde dayvana
kvlevis yvela sferoSi.
360 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

sandooba raodenobriv kvlevaSi

sandoobas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobriv da Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6,
faili 6. 4. ppt). Semdeg or qveTavSi am or cnebas cal-calke ganvixilavT.
raodenobriv kvlevaSi sandooba, arsebiTad, droTa ganmavlobaSi,
sxvadasxva instumentis SemTxvevaSi da respondentTa sxvadasxva jgufTan
garantiis, Tanmimdevrulobisa da ganmeorebis sinonimia. is sizustesa da
skrupulozurobas exeba. zogierTi niSani, magaliTad, simaRle, SeiZleba
zustad gaizomos, sxvebi ki, magaliTad, musikaluri unari, vera. imisTvis,
rom kvleva sando iyos, man unda aCvenos, rom respondentebis msgavs
jgufTan msgavs konteqstSi (nebismierad gansazRvruli) Catarebis
SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT. sandoobis sami ZiriTadi tipi
arsebobs: stabiloba, ekvivalentoba da Sinagani SeTanxmeba (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 5. ppt).

sandooba stabilobis saxiT

sandooba am formiT droSi da msgavs SerCevebSi SeTanxmebas
gulisxmobs. kvlevaSi sando instrumenti sxvadasxva dros msgavsi
respondentebisgan msgavs monacemebs iZleva. Tu sacobidan yovel
dRe erTi litri wyali Jonavs, SegiZlia vTqvaT, rom wyali sandod
iJoneba, magram Tu sacobidan zogjer erTi litri wyali iJoneba
da zogjer _ ori, maSin es ar iqneba sandod gaJonva. kvlevis
eqsperimentul da gamokiTxvis modelebSi es niSnavs, rom Tu testi
da retesti saTando drois SualedSi Catarda, maSin msgavsi
Sedegebi unda miviRoT. mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos, drois ra
Sualedia adekvaturi. Zalian mcire drois SualedSi monawileebs
SeiZleba axsovdeT, ra Tqves, an ra gaakeTes pirveli testis dros;
drois did SualedSi ki gareSe faqtorebis zemoqmedebam SeiZleba
daamaxinjos monacemebi (magaliTad, momwifeba studentebSi, maTze
moqmedi garegani gavlenebi). am tipis sandoobis saCveneblad
mkvlevarma sworad unda SearCios testisa da retestis vada, anu
361 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

drois ra Sualedi iqneba or testirebas Soris. Semdeg

gamoiTvleba korelaciis koeficientebi pretestsa da posttests
Soris, romelTa gamosaTvleli formulebi pirdapir aris
mocemuli statistikis saxelmZRvaneloebsa da testis aRmwer
wignebSi.
droSi stabilobis garda, sandooba, rogorc stabiloba, SeiZleba,
msgavs SerCevebs Soris stabilobac iyos. magaliTad, Tu tests an
kiTxvars erTdroulad vawodebT studentebis or jgufs, romlebic
Zalian hgvanan erTmaneTs mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebiT (magaliTad,
asakiT, sqesiT, unarebiTa da a. S. _ ra maxasiaTeblebsac unda hqondes
mniSvnelovani gavlena Sedegebze), maSin Sedegebi (testebSi) an pasuxebi
(kiTxvarebSi) urTierTmsgavsi unda miviRoT. test-retestis meTodis am
formis korelaciis koeficientis gamoTvla an mTliani testisTvisaa
(magaliTad, pirsonis korelaciis koeficientis an t kriteriumis
gamoyenebiT) SesaZlebeli, an _ kiTxvaris nawilebisTvis (magaliTad,
spirmenis an pirsonis korficienti, Sesatyvisobis mixedviT, an t
kriteriumi). Semdeg dadgindeba korelaciis koeficientis statistikuri
mniSvnelovneba, romelic 0.05-is toli an meti unda iyos, rom sandooba
garantirebulad CavTvaloT. SerCevebs Soris sandoobis es forma
gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia testebisa da kiTxvarebis pilotirebisas.
test-retestis meTodis gamoyenebisas safiqralia da mosagvarebelia
(Cooper and Schindler 2001: 216) Semdegi:

• testsa da retests Soris drois Sualedi ar unda iyos imdenad didi,

rom situaciuri faqtorebi Seicvalos.
• monawileebi SeiZleba, dainteresdnen sakvlevi sferoTi da Tavad
miadevnon mas Tvali testsa da retests Soris drois SualedSi.

sandooba ekvivalentobis saxiT

am tipis sandooba or ZiriTad saxeobas aerTianebs. pirvel rigSi,
sandooba SeiZleba miiRweodes testis, an monacemebis Segrovebis sxva
instrumentis ekvivalenturi formebis (cnobilia, aseve, rogorc
362 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

alternatiuli formebi) gamoyenebiT. Tu arsebobs testis, an

instrumentis ekvivalenturi formebi da isini msgavs Sedegebs iZlevian,
maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom instrumenti aCvenebs am formis sandoobas.
magaliTad, am tipis sandoobis mqoned miCneuli pretesti da post-testi
eqsperimentSi erTi da imave sakiTxebis gazomvis alternatiul formebad
gamoiyeneba. aseTi sandoobis Cveneba maSinac aris SesaZlebeli, Tu
testis an sxva instrumentis ekvivalenturi formebi Tavsebadi
SerCevebisTvis (magaliTad, eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo jgufebi, an
ori SemTxveviTi stratificirebuli SerCeva gamokiTxvaSi) erTdroulad
miwodebisas msgavs Sedegebs iZlevian. aq sandooba SeiZleba gaizomos t
kriteriumiT, korelaciis maRali koeficientis CvenebiT da ori
jgufisTvis msgavsi saSualoebisa da standartuli gadaxrebis CvenebiT.
meore, ekvivalentobis saxiT sandoobis miRweva SeiZleba SemfasebelTa
Soris TanxmobiT. Tu kvlevaSi erTze meti mkvlevari monawileobs, maSin,
vinaidan adamianis mier gakeTebuli Sefaseba ar aris Secdomisgan
dazRveuli, SeTanxmebis miRweva yvela mkvlevars Soris unda moxdes
monacemebis analizis etapze, TiToeuli maTganis mier monacemebis
erTnairad dafiqsirebis uzrunvelyofiT. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
mkvlevarTa gunds, romelic struqturirebuli dakvirvebis, an naxevrad
struqturirebuli intervius meSveobiT krefs monacemebs; gundis
TiToeuli wevri unda daeTanxmos imas, Tu romeli monacemi romel
kategoriaSi Sevides. dakvirvebis monacemebis sandoobis sakiTxi
gvardeba treningiT, rodesac mkvlevrebi videomasalaze muSaoben, raTa
naxon, Tu ramdenad erTnairad SeaqvT monacemebi.
martiv doneze damkvirvebelTa SeTanxmebulobis gamoTvla procentis
saxiT aris SesaZlebeli:

რეალური თანხვედრების რაოდენობა

×100.
შესაძლებელი თანხვედრების რაოდენობა

robsoni (2002: 341) SemfasebelTa SeTanxmebulobis donis gazomvis

ufro daxvewil gzas gvTavazobs, rodesac saqme dakvirvebis kodirebul
363 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

monacemebs exeba da am meTodis gamoyeneba sxva tipis monacemebis

SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia.

sandooba Sinagani SeTanxmebis saxiT

maSin, roca sandoobis demonstrirebis test-retestis meTodi da
ekvivalenturi formebis meTodi testebis an instrumentebis orjer
gamoyenebas moiTxovs, Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis saCveneblad testebis an
instrumentebis miwodeba mxolod erTxel aris saWiro Suaze gaxleCvis
meTodis gamoyenebiT.
vTqvaT, testi studentebis jgufs unda CavutaroT. am SemTxvevaSi
testis debulebebi iyofa Suaze ise, rom TiToeul naxevarSi Tanabari
sirTulisa da Sinaarsis mqone debulebebi moxvdes. TiToeuli naxevari
damoukideblad fasdeba. Tu testma Suaze gaxleCvis sandooba unda
aCvenos, maSin TiToeul naxevarSi miRebuli Sefasebebi erTmaneTTan
mWidrod unda korelirebdes. nebismieri studentis mier erT naxevarSi
miRebuli Sefaseba unda Seesatyvisebodes mis mier meore naxevarSi
miRebul Sefasebas. amis gamoTvla spirmen-braunis formuliT aris
SesaZlebeli:

sadac r instrumentis naxevrebs Soris realurad arsebuli

korelaciaa (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/tetbooks/9780315368780 _ Tavi 6,
faili 6. 6. ppt).
am formulisTvis saWiroa korelaciis koeficientis gamoTvla,
magaliTad, spirmenis ranguli korelacia, an pirsonis Sereuli momentis
korelacia.
vTqvaT, viyenebT spirmen-braunis formulas da gvaqvs korelaciis
koeficienti 0.85. am SemTxvevaSi sandoobis formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
364 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom koeficientis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba 1.00-

ia, SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom am instrumentis sandooba, gamoTvlili Suaze
gaxleCvis sandoobisTvis, Zalian maRalia.
sandoobis es tipi uSvebs, rom SesaZlebelia Casatarebeli testis or,
Tanabari Zalis mqone, naxevrad gaxleCva. bevr tests aqvs sirTulis
gradienti, an gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis debulebebi TiToeul naxevarSi.
Tu es asea, maSin mkvlevars, testis Suaze gaxleCvis nacvlad SeuZlia,
pirveli aTi debuleba erT naxevarSi gaaerTianos da meore aTi (11-dan 20-
is CaTvliT) _ meore naxevarSi; luwi rigiTi nomris mqone debulebebi
erT jgufs misces da kentebi _ meores. es mogvcems saSualebas, rom ori
naxevari erTmaneTs Tanxvdebodes Sinaarsisa da sirTulis kumulaciis
xarisxiT.
sandoobis, rogorc Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis alternatiul sazoms
kronbaxis alfa koeficienti warmoadgens, romelsac xSirad sandoobis
alfa koeficients, an ubralod alfas uwodeben. kronbaxis alfa iZleva
debulebebs Soris korelaciis koeficients, anu TiToeuli debulebis
korelacias sxva relevanturi debulebebis jamTan da gamosadegia
mravaldebulebiani skalebisTvis. es aris debulebebis (da ara,
magaliTad, adamianebis) Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis sazomi. alfa
koeficientze da mis gamoTvlaze mexuTe nawilSi visaubrebT. amgvarad
axsnili sandooba ramdenime daSvebas akeTebs, magaliTad, imas, rom
instrumentebi, monacemebi da Sedegebi unda kontroldebodes,
prognozdebodes da meordebodes. es garkveuli stilis kvlevas
gulisxmobs, rogorc wesi, pozitivisturi paradigmis farglebSi. kumeri
da Sindleri (2001: 218) Tvlian, rom am paradigmaSi sandoobis miRweva
variaciis nebismieri garegani wyaros SemcirebiT aris SesaZlebeli: im
pirobebis standartizebiTa da gakontrolebiT, romelSic Segrovda da
gaizoma monacemebi; SeTanxmebulobis (damkvirvebelTa Soris sandoobis)
uzrunvelsayofad mkvlevrebisTvis treningis CatarebiT; konkretuli
Temis Sesaxeb debulebebis raodenobis gazrdiT; monacemebis analizidan