r odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, mi-
sis salivanma [elen keleris
maswavlebeli] xelze damawera
sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis
am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... ar vicodi,
rom vambobdi sityvas; saerTod ar vicodi, rom
sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTa-
maSobdi.
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi,
misis salivanma aiRo Cemi Zveli Tojina, Camisva
kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da See-
cada mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo.
manamde, cota xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs
`t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdi-
lobda, mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris
talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram me
kvlav mereoda es ori...
Cven saxlis garSemo biliks mivuyvebodiT da
mcenaris surneliT vtkbebodiT, romelic saxlis
kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda.
elen keleris avtobiografiis _ `Cemi cxov-
rebis ambavi~ _ am nawyvetSi avtori aRwers
enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan deta-
lebs. erTi wlis asakSi elenma gadaitana gaur-
kveveli daavadeba, romlis Sedegadac man dakarga
mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas
Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis cxovrebaSi
gaCnda ana salivani _ misi maswavlebeli.
salivanma SeZlo SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi
da, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca
gamoecada `azris dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli
mRelvareba.~
Tqven, albaT, arasdros dagWirvebiaT ase cxa-
dad aRgeqvaT sakuTari kognituri procesebi. es
procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Cama-
yofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis nakadi
Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva
`wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me
wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT Sevig-
rZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas.
uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli
gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda;
da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin
mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili
raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma si-
tyvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle,
imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZne-
leebi amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi
ukve advilad gvardeboda.
es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT
davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda Tavisi saxeli
da TiToeuli axal azrs badebda. saxlSi dab-
runebisas yvela sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi,
sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990,
gv.15-16).
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamiani-
kognituri procesebis Seswavla
saTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad amisa,
metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars
xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc adamianuri yofis
arsebiT niSans. Tumca, roca kargad Camoya-
libebuli moxseneba ipyrobs Tqvens guls, an
rodesac deteqtiur istoriaSi gamomZiebeli
ramdenime samxilze awyobs danaSaulis gaxsnis
virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT Semec-
nebiTi aqtiobis inteleqtualur triumfs.
termini Semecneba SemecnebiTi procesebis
yvela formas aerTianebs. rogorc 9.1 suraTzea
naCvenebi, kognituri procesebis Seswavla
adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis Seswavlas gulis-
xmobs (me-5 TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze 313
 kognituri
fsiqologia

fiqri da
grZnoba ena inteleqti yuradReba mexsiereba problemebis
gadaWra

suraTi
9.1
kognituri fsiqologiis sfero
kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg sakiTxebs: _ rogor xdeba
adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.

aRwerili zogierTi sakiTxi). kognicia (Semec-

neba) aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise pro- momijnave sferoebSi erTi da imave sakiTxis
cesebs. SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven irgvliv arsebul codnaze. TiToeuli am sferos
iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi, wesebi, mogonebebi: warmomadgenlebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, erTmaneTs
`ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~; „wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs monacemebi da aRmoCenebi gauziaron. me-8 TavSi
`sdeq~; `saxlidan wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kogni- Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsie-
turi procesebis saSualebiT Tqven manipu- rebis biologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb sxvada-
lirebT im fsiqikuri SinaarsebiT, romlebic sxva kvlevebis gamoyenebiT, mexsierebis Teori-
gare samyaros interpretaciisa da cxovrebi- ebis daxvewa: kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad
seuli dilemebis dros racionaluri gadawyveti- gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis umrav-
lebis miRebis saSualebas gaZlevT.
fsiqologiaSi Semecnebas kognituri fsiqo-
logiis specialistebi Seiswavlian. bolo sami
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqolo-
giasTan erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve
axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _ kognitu-
ri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic (ix. sur. 9.2).
kognituri mecniereba fokusirebulia sxvadasxva

kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) – iseTi

umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aR-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

qma, mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta

da abstraqtuli azrovneba.
Semecneba (Cognition) – codnis SeZenis procesi,
romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxse-
nebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis
Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) –
mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsi-
suraTi
9.2
qikur procesebs – yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas,
aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas. kognituri mecnierebis sfero
kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) – in- kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis,
neiromecnierebis, lingvistikis, kognituri
formaciis gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sis-
fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis
temebis kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero.
314 (xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.
lesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi ganvixi-
lavT, sxvadasxva momijnave specialistebis
cxrili
9.1
urTierTTanamSromlobis Sedegadaa Seqmnili.
Semecnebis Seswavlas kognituri procesebis dondersis fsikuri procesebis analizi
kvlevis mokle aRweriT daviwyebT _ rogor cdi- (qarTuli varianti)
loben mkvlevrebi kognituri funqcionirebis CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli
Sinagani procesebis gazomvas; Semdeg ganvixi- dro (wamebSi). davalebebi SeasruleT mocemuli
lavT kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis ZiriTad TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad
sakiTxebs, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba swrafad.
aqvT: metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, prob-
davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos
lemis gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadawyve- daawereT Tavze „s~
tilebis miReba.
iyo arabeTs rostevan,
mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
laSqar-mravali ymiani
kognituri procesebis dro: __________
Seswavla
davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs
daawereT Tavze „v~, xolo didad daweril
rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirve- Tanxmovnebs „s~
li, rac TavSi mogivaT, isaa, rom kognituri iyo arabeTs rostevan,
procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
SegiZliaT dainaxoT masSi Sesuli informacia, maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
magaliTad, fraza `damireke~ da daakvirdeT Sedegs laSqar-mravali ymiani
dro: ___________
_ darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT
im moqmedebebis identifikacia, romlebic frazas davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos
Tqvens reaqciasTan akavSirebs? rogor SegiZliaT daawereT Tavze „v~
gaigoT, ra moxda am SualedSi _ romeli
iyo arabeTs rostevan,
kognituri procesebisa da fsiqikuri reprezen- mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
taciebis aqtivacias efuZneba Tqveni reaqcia? am maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
TavSi aRwerilia logikuri analizis is tipebi, laSqar-mravali ymiani
romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda dro:__________
kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla.

CamoTvaloT safexurebi, romlebic gaiareT

fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena
fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna 1868 wels holan-
dieli fsiqologis f. dondersis (F.C. Donders)
mier. `fsiqikuri procesebis siswrafis~ Seswav-
lis mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli
davalebebi, romelTa warmatebiT Sesrulebis
dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gonebrivi safe-
xurebis gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi
9.1 mocemulia eqsperimenti, romelSic daculia
dondersis logika. sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT,
gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis
Sesasruleblad? warmoidgineT, rom Tqven unda
davalebis Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daax- kognituri procesebis Seswavla
loebiT aseTi iqneba:
a. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara;
b. Tu didia, daawereT Tavze „s~.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis
Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos Sesasruleblad
studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti
an kidev ufro meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi
gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel safexurebs
CamovTvliT:
a. gansazRvreT niSani didia Tu patara;
b. gansazRvreT didi aso xmovania Tu
Tanxmovani;
315
 g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze „s~, Tu
xmovania, daawereT „v~.
amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze
gadasvlisas Cven davamateT ori gonebrivi
safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,
rogorc stimulTa kategorizacia (xmovani Tu
Tanxmovani) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s Tu s-s dawera).
pirveli davaleba stimulTa kategorizaciis
erT safexurs moiTxovs, meore davaleba ki _
aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da, agreTve,
or pasuxs Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. vinaidan
meore davalebaSi yvelafris gakeTeba giwevT,
rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT da kidev metis,
amitomac meore davalebis SesrulebisTvis meti
droa saWiro. es iyo dondersis mosazrebis
ZiriTadi arsi: damatebiTi gonebrivi safexuri
(operacia) yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs
SesrulebisTvis. albaT, gainteresebT, ratom
SemovitaneT mesame davaleba. es eqsperimentis
Catarebis aucilebeli proceduraa. Cven unda
davrwmundeT, rom pirveli da meore davalebis
Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba
ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT, rom v–s daweras
sWirdeba meti dro, vidre s–s daweras. mesame
davalebas ufro naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes,
vidre meores (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo, ara?)
Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom
Tavis proceduras sxvadasxva fsiqikuri proce-
sebis xangrZlivobis zusti SefasebisaTvis gamoi-
yenebda. misi meTodis gamoyenebiT Tqven SegeZ-
loT, gamogekloT pirveli davalebis Sesrule-
bisaTvis daxarjuli dro meore davalebaze
daxarjuli droisaTvis da gangesazRvraT
stumulis kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevi-
sTvis saWiro dro. Tu Tqven SeqmniT davalebas,
romelic mxolod stimulis kategorizacias
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
saWiroebs (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro,
rogorc es dondersma gaakeTa), maSin Tqven
SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ garkveuli dro
_ calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, sti-
mulis kategorizacias sWirdebodes 100 miliwami
(wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150
miliwami.
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialis-
tebi aRar iyeneben gamoklebis meTods, radganac
nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro damokide-
bulia davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevrebi
mihyvebian dondersis ZiriTad logikas. isini
316
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros _ drois xan-
grZlivobas, romelic cdis pirs sWirdeba kon-
kretuli davalebis Sesasruleblad. dondersis
ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri
procesi saWiroebs damatebiT dros, kvlav
fundamentur wanamZRvars warmoadgens kognitur
fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi.
vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es mosazreba ukanas-
kneli 130 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebi
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specia-
listebis mier iseTi umaRlesi kognituri pro-
cesebis Semadgenel komponentebad (calkeul
procesebad) daSla, rogoricaa metyveleba da
problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs.
TiToeuli kubi warmoadgens gansxvavebul
komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac
unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros
TiToeuli kubis forma da zoma da kubebi ise
moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi
ganxorcieldes. dondersis davalebebSi Tqven
naxavT, rom kubebi SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi
(ix. sur. 9.3., nawili A). erT safexurs pirdapir
mohyveba meore. kubebis metaforuli gamoyeneba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom SesaZle-
belia ramdenime procesis erTdrouli mimdina-
reoba (nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoadgens
me-5 TavSi aRweril seriul da paralelur
procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ilustracias.
Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warimarTos paralelurad
_ rigSi mocemuli yvela elementis Semowmeba
SesaZlebelia erTdroulad, xolo sxva tipis
Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli elementis seriul
gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke,
erTimeoris miyolebiT.
procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdi-
nareobis identifikaciis mizniT fsiqologebi
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros, Tumca, 9.3
suraTis me-3 nawilSi mocemuli magaliTi
dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar
amarTlebs. warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba,
romelic, savaraudod, or process moicavs. Tu
Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis
mimdinareobis dro, verasodes ganvsazRvravT
 suraTi
9.3
umaRlesi kognituri
procesebis analizi
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben, gan-
sazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis iden-
turoba da organizacia, romlebic umaR-
lesi kognituri procesebis (maRali donis
kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas
warmoadgenen;
(A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli
versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3 procesi
Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes;
(B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs se-
riulad, anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi
ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad;
(C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli
dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs
saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis para-
leluri Tu seriuli mimdinareoba.

rom megobarTan erTad midixarT saswavlebelSi.

maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zustad, anu ar
Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir
viqnebiT darwmunebulni, Tanmimdevrulad
da Tan isaubroT _ am dros gadaadgilebisa da
mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad.
metyvelebis procesi paralelurad mimdinareobs;
kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniS-
magram ra moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad trotuarze
vnelovan problemas warmoadgens davalebis
gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis gasak-
iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic saSualebas
vlevad, SesaZlebelia, Tqven SewyvitoT saubari. kognituri procesebis Seswavla
miscems eqsperimentators, gansazRvros uamravi
axla gadaadgilebis procesi moiTxovs dama-
SesaZlo konfiguraciidan blokebis swori
tebiT resursebs gegmis SesamuSaveblad; metyve-
varianti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (rome-
lebis procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba.
lic Tqven axlaxan gaakeTeT) Cven SegviZlia
am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom
darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom procesebi seriulia,
adamianebs gadamuSavebis SezRuduli resursebi
radgan erTi aqtivoba Tanmimdevrulad moiTxovs
aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes
Semdeg aqtivobas. magaliTad, Tqven ar SegiZliaT
sxvadasxva davalebaze (Kahneman, 1973; Navon &
moaxdinoT reagireba (moemzadoT s-s an v-s
dasawerad), sanam ar gansazRvravT, Tu rogori seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an
unda iyos pasuxi. meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevru-
Teoretikosebi procesebis seriuli da para- lad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
leluri mimdinareobis gansazRvras xSirad paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori
aqtivobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxov- an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erT-
317
nis xarisxis SefasebiT cdiloben. warmoidgineT, droulad mimdinareobs.
 cxrili
9.2
ricxvebis gadamuSaveba
dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli
wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es ricxvebis Tu sityvebis
wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi).
SeecadeT, gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia.
sia A.

8-8 cxra-rva 1-2 rva-rva

2-1 8-9 9-9 2-2
ori-ori erTi-ori cxra-cxra rva-cxra
erTi-erTi 1-1 ori-erTi 9-8
sia B.

1-1 cxra-ori erTi-erTi cxra-cxra

2-9 rva-ori 9-9 1-9
cxra-erTi 8-8 rva-rva cxra-erTi
2-2 1-8 2-8 ori-ori

Gopher, 1979). am resursebis gadanawilebaze Tqveni

yuradRebaa pasuxismgebeli. me-5 TavSi yuradReba
ganxilulia, rogorc procesebis erToblioba,
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs konkretul situa-
ciaSi amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli
informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini yuradReba
gulisxmobs seleqcias. Tumca, gasarkvevia,
romeli fsiqikuri procesi unda iqnes amor-
Ceuli, rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule
yvela procesi ar saWiroebs erTnair resurss.
faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,
avtomaturia procesi Tu saWiroebs kontrols
(Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi pro-
cesebi saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi pro-
cesebi ki, rogorc wesi _ ara. erTdroulad
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
paralelurad, masSi cnobieri CarTulobis
gareSe.
qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis
magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT, SeasruloT
9.2 cxrilSi mocemuli davaleba. rTuli iyo
Tu ara A sia, B siasTan SedarebiT?
saidan
viciT
Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis
`mniSvneloba~
cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9.2

erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis ganxor-
cieleba Zalian rTulia, radganac isini ufro
met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis
Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes)
_ procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas;
xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti
kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _
procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas,
maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqme-
318 debis paralelurad.
cxrilSi ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba. mi-
Rebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs
bevrad ufro uWirT, roca ricxvebi axlos
mdgomni arian (magaliTad, 1-2) vidre maSin,
roca maT Soris didi intervalia (magali-
Tad, rva-erTi), ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra
formiTaa cifrebi mocemuli _ arabuliT
Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
pirvel siaSi mocemulia gansxvavebuli
wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac mcire inter-
valebia, xolo meore siaSi mocemul wyvi-
lebs Soris intervali didia, amitom
pirveli sia ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo.
 magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis
siaxloves gavlena maTi fizikuri msgav-
sebis gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTi-
cxra fizikuri gansxvavebulobis xarisxis
mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom, rodesac xedavT 2-1 an
ori, Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis
raodenobaze, maSinac ki, rodesac es xels
uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. am dros
xdeba ricxvis mniSvnelobis avtomaturi
Sefaseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar
gvWirdeba an ar gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein,
1995).
bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor eufle-
bodiT raodenobas da ricxvis cnebebs. axla
kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad
avtomaturi gaxda, rom misgan Tavis daRweva
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili
davalebidan Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mexsierebis
efeqtur gamoyenebaze (Logan, 1988,1992). iqneba
obieqti „2~ Tu „ori~ – aRqmulis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSaveba uzrunvelyofs informacias rao-
denobis Sesaxeb.
axla es informacia kontrolirebadi da
avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb, gamoviyenoT
erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis
gansaxilvelad. swor gzaze siarulis dros
ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da
laparaki SedarebiT avtomaturi aqtivobebia;
Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia ic-
vleba, rac gaiZulebT gzis mravali varian-
tidan airCioT erT-erTi _ unda gadawyvitoT,
saiT waxvideT da ra TqvaT.
radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqme-
debis erTdroulad Sesruleba, Tqveni yurad-
Reba „CixSi eqceva~ (Pashler, 1992,4).
es magaliTi cxadyofs, ratom xdeba kontro-
lirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis xarisxis
da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra.
pirobebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac
avtomaturi iyo, ukve yuradRebis kontrols
saWiroebs. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare,
esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba met-nakleb yurad-
Rebas iTxovdes.
axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis
logikas. rTuli saazrovno amocanebis gadaWris
mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi
gvTavazoben modelebs, romlebSic kombini-
rebulia rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise
kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi.
kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa umravlesobis
mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis Seqmna,
romelic daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiTo-
euli komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac
ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis
logika fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlisas, droa
gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven
saSualeba gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli
kognituri procesebi muSaobis procesSi. davi-
wyebT metyvelebis gamoyenebiT.
Sejameba
kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnie-
rebaSi momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian
fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs adamians, gamoiyenos ena,
gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba.
dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri davalebis
calkeul Semadgenel procesebad gaanalizebis
meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri
aqtivobis komponentebis gansazRvris mizniT
Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri procesebis
komponentebs, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da
kontrolirebad procesebs.
metyveleba
SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT
da iq aravin aris; ucbad SeamCnieT, rom Zirs
konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romel-
zec weria: „kata xaliCazea~. ras geubnebaT es
Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es
Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am
metyveleba
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia, mogawodoT Sesa-
bamisi konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven sai-
dumlo agenti xarT da instruqciebs yovel-
Tvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven
gecodinebaT, rom „kata~ aris Tqveni kontaqti,
319
 nis zRvarTan axlomyofi elferis garCevas,
radganac inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityve-
bi mwvane (green) da lurji (blue); xolo
imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi
gansxvavebuli erTeulebi ar arsebobs, am
enaze molaparake cdis pirebi ver SeZle-
bdnen mosazRvre elferebis garCevas (Key
& Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi
adasturebs sepir-uorfis hipoTezas: ferTa
triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros ingli-
surenovani cdis pirebi arCeven sxvadasxva
elferebs, tarahumaras enaze molaparake
individebi ki _ vera.
msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris
uamravi saintereso gansxvavebaa, rogorc es
Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze
giCveneT. Sesabamisad, arsebobs uamravi sakiTxi
(hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs
(gerrig &Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996).
savaraudoa, rom azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba enebs
Soris arsebuli bevri iseTi leqsikuri da
gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa, gansxvaveba
sityvebsa da struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Cven kulturuli gansxvavebebi aRvwe-
reT „fsiqologia da cxovrebaSi~, mizanSe-
wonili iqneba, gaviTvaliswinoT lingvisturi
fardobiTobisa da determinizmis sakiTxebi. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gan-
sxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi er-
TmaneTisagan gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben,
SegviZlia davsvaT sakiTxi kulturul gansxva-
vebze metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb.
axla sityvebis saSualebiT azris gadacemis
sakiTxidan gadavideT im pirobebis ganxilvaze,
sadac mniSvneloba vizualur xatzec aris
damokidebuli.
Sejameba
saubrisas adamianebi cdiloben, iyvnen
gulisxmierebi da yuradRebianebi. Sesabamisi
msmenelis arseboba saerTo codnis gaTva-
liswinebas moiTxovs. spunerizmi da metyvelebis
sxva Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis swori
frazebisa da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da
Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas.
orazrovani sityvebis, struqturebisa da gamo-
naTqvamebis gasagebad, mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo
variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad
msmenelebi iyeneben konteqsts. fsiqikuri
reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalib-
deba. miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis
gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT daskvnebis
gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT
xasiaTs. sepir-uorfis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, enebi,
romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben, gansazRv-
raven adamianis mier samyaros aRqmasa da gaaz-
rebas. am hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli
faqti ferebze Catarebul eqsperimentebSi
gamovlinda. mkvlevrebis winaSe kvlav dgas enebs
Soris arsebuli uamravi gansxvavebis Seswavlis
sakiTxi, romelic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes
azrovnebaze.
vizualuri Semecneba
9.6 suraTze mocemulia winadadebis _ „kata
xaliCazea~ _ reprezentaciis ori nimuSi. ro-
melia TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? Tu winadadebas
lingvistur propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiaz-
vizualuri Semecneba
rebT, orive sworia – orive suraTze kata
xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT,
ufro misaRebi A variantia, radgan am wina-
dadebis gagebisas savaraudoa, rom zustad am
suraTis Sesabamisi scena warmogidgebaT (Searle,
1979b). ras fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb?
cota ucnauria, ara? ase ggoniaT, kata sadacaa
daecema. es SfoTva imitom Cndeba, rom Tqven
SegiZliaT situacia gaiazroT suraTebze day-
331
 es magaliTebi imisaTvis movitaneT, rom
Tqvenc vizualuri xatebiT azrovneba scadoT,
Tumca, maTiT manipulaciis unars yovelgvari
mcdelobis gareSec regularulad iyenebT.
ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac cdis
pirebs sTxovdnen, moexdinaT vizualuri xatebis
warmodgenaSi „datrialeba~.

saidan
viciT

gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis

suraTi
9.6
vizualuri reprezentaciebi
aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze?
rdnobiT da zustad warmoidginoT, ra SeiZleba
moxdes. am nawilSi Cven azrovnebaze vizualuri
xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas ganvixilavT.
vizualuri reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze
gakeTebul uamrav mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas
(Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven igi
ukve vaxseneT me-6 TavSi), romelmac benzolis
qimiuri agebuleba aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros
kekule xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina mocekvave
rotaciis unars. rogorc me-5 TavSi naxeT, xSirad
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
msgavsia
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva
kuTxiT daxrili laTinuri aso „R~-sa da
misi sarkiseburi aslis (rusuli „ß~) nimuSebi
(ix. sur 9.7). asos miwodebisTanave cdis pirs
evaleboda, ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi
„R~ iyo, Tu misi sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda,
rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze daxarjuli
dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide pirdapir-
proporciul kavSirSia – rac ufro metad
aris mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti
dro sWirdeba mis identifikacias. miRebuli
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom, cdis pirebi cdiloben,
warmoidginon figura da moatrialon is verti-
kalur mdgomareobamde garkveuli fiqsirebu-
li siCqariT, ris Semdegac iReben gadawyveti-
lebas. rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneb-
lebi miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi rotacia fizi-
kuri rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard&
Cooper, 1982).
adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi

atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT jaWvSi

sagnebis aRqma TqvenTvis ucnobi kuTxidan
erTiandebodnen. benzolis rkali man sizmarSi
gixdebaT. gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT,
aRmoaCina, roca gvelismagvarma molekulaTa
SecvaloT sagnis aRqmuli xati da moargoT
jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra.
xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba
maikl faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi
(Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994; Tarr&Rinker, 1989). magaliTad,
Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad erkveoda maTema-
9.6 suraTze mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven,
tikaSi, magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda
albaT, daatrialeT figura, raTa amogecnoT
magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc amboben,
is, rogorc kata (an iqneb Tavi moatrialeT?).
albert ainStaini mTlianad vizualuri xatebis
vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT,
terminebiT azrovnebda da mxolod maTze
agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis
dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg
gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian:
gadmoscemda maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da
„golfis saTamaSo burTi ufro didia Tu ping-
332 sityvebis saSualebiT.

pongis?~ Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT
erTdroulad warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri
xatebi. sagnis xatis aseTi gamoyenebis SemTxve-
vaSic, mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul
saganTan.
saidan
viciT
vizualuri xatebis skanireba
erT-erTi kvlevis dros cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli fi-
gura, kerZod, motoriani navi (ix. sur 9.8).
Semdeg sTxovdnen, warmoedginaT TvalsaCi-
nod da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT
detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze; Semdeg sTxov-
suraTi
9.7
sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili
`R~, romelic warmodgenis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevro-
biT miewodebodaT figurebi da
moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad
ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli _
`R~ Tu misi sarkiseburi asli. rac
ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili
vertikaluri mdgomareobidan, miT
ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro.
dnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi de-
tali, magaliTad, saqare mina an Ruza.
aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis „dasanaxad~ (warmosad-
genad) cdis pirebs ufro meti dro sWiro
axlosaa ZravasTan, vidre Ruza. reaqciis
droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom
adamianebi iseve aTvaliereben vizualur
xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn,
1980).
ganvixiloT Semdegi problema:
warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi
furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze (miiRebT
or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi
gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase, sanam 50-jer ar
suraTi
9.8
warmodgenis vizualuri
skanireba
vizualuri Semecneba
333
 gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis
iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi (Adams, 1986)?
pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili
(250 x 0.028 diumi – qaRaldis sisqe), daaxloebiT
dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven,
albaT, ufro naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena
gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT.
verbaluri da vizualuri
reprezentaciebis kombinireba
Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT
vizualuri reprezentaciebis im tipebze, ro-
melTa Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli
vizualuri stimulis mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT
gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi –
mexsierebidan amotaniT. vizualur xatebs Tqven
xSirad qmniT verbaluri informaciis safuZvel-
ze. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad
arasodes ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidgi-
noT kata, romelsac sami kudi aqvs. verbaluri
informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizua-
luri reprezentacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovania verbaluri informaciis xatovani war-
modgenis unari mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvis
dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs Seicavs.
ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan: _ „ganzra-
xvidan mkvlelobamde~:
mdelo sididiT CogburTis ori kortis
zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT
iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis qveS
ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT
mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli vardebis
ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara gora-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
ki esazRvreboda. bondi gars uvlida
goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs
Soris, magram iq araferi Canda, garda
gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959
gv. 19-20).
scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmare-
bodiT bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is mas ipovis).
kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis
mizniT, SegiZliaT sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli
SeqmnaT (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998). mkvlevrebi
araerTxel dainteresdnen, Tu rogor asaxavs
334
sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli realuri sivrciTi
gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997).
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso
nawyvets moTxrobidan:
operaSi megobrebTan erTad sxedxarT.
Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da
esaubroT maRali wris warmomadgenlebs
da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT
eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic
parters gadahyurebs. zustad Tqven ukan,
Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze Cuqur-
Tmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, rome-
lic kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad
mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, gv. 65).
seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxve-
lebi) teqstebs swavlobdnen, romlebSic
detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo
arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky,
1990). mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom go-
nebaSi warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis
sivrceSi ganlageba gansazRvravs am sivrcis
Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis sis-
wrafes. (sur. 9.9.) cdis pirebi ufro swrafad
pasuxoben kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven win~, vidre
kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven ukan~, miuxedavad imisa,
rom TiToeuli obieqti erTnairi sizustiT iyo
aRwerili.
am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia, Tu
dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros aRmocenebuli
reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlevT „moxvdeT
scenaze~; Tqven SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdi-
leba gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT gamocdi-
lebad.
zogadad, Tqven garSemo arsebul samyaroze
fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis gixdebaT in-
formaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezen-
taciebis Sejereba. Tu gindaT darwmundeT amaSi,
scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT
amis gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobi-
lia vizualuri gamocdilebiT, magaliTad, Tqven
daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazu-
loba, radganac is nanaxi gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis
zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias
eyrdnoba, anu, SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom iaponia
ramodenime kunZulisagan Sedgeba, Tumca,
SeiZleba ar icodeT, sad unda daxatoT is.
erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros, romelic 49
qveyanaSi Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000

suraTi
9.9
students sTxoves, daexataT msoflio ruka
(Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena,
Tu rogoria kulturaTa Soris sxvaoba msoflios
vizualizaciis mixedviT; is mSvidobis xelSewyo-
basac isaxavda miznad.
kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom umravles
SemTxvevaSi warmosaxuli msoflio fokusi-
rebulia evropaze – evropa mocemulia naxatis
centrSi, xolo mis garSemo ganlagebulia
sxvadasxva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia ganpiro-
bebuli iyos imiT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenil
rukebze evropa rukis centrSia. Tumca, dafiq-
sirda kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.10
da 9.11 suraTebze warmodgenilia CikagoSi da
avstraliaSi mcxovrebi studentebis mier
daxatuli rukebi. es rukebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra
xdeba, roca verbaluri perspeqtiva – Cemi saxli
unda iyos centrSi – gavlenas axdens vizualur
reprezentaciaze.
am nawilSi vnaxeT, rom Cveni vizualuri
procesebi da reprezentaciebi Seavsebs verbalur
unarebs. informaciis miRebis es ori tipi
yoveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da
amocanebis gadaWris damatebiT saSualebebs
warmoadgens. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi,
sadac xdeba vizualuri da verbaluri reprezen-
taciebis gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis
daZlevis dros. es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra
da azrovneba.
Sejameba
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezen-
taciebis gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi rotacii-
saTvis. adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvalie-
reben ise, rogorc realur sagnebs. vizualuri
da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs
SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezenta-
ciebis Seqmna.
problemebis gadaWra da
azrovneba
warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseu-
li situacia: Tqven SemTxveviT CageketaT Tqveni
saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da gareT darCiT.
rogor moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT, problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
Tu ra ,,gonebriv nabijebs~ gadadgamdiT am
problemis dasaZlevad. es ,,gonebrivi nabijebi~
aucileblad gulisxmobs kognitur procesebs,
romlebic problemis gadwyvetasa da azrovnebas
ganapirobeben. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es
problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrov-
nebis procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkre-
tuli problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi
momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs
mTeli rigi fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT.
msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi,
rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze day-
rdnobiT; mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimar-
Tuli azrovnebis procesi. 335
 suraTi
9.10

orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli axali
informaciis dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul
informaciasTan. Cven ganvixilavT problemis
gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis
or formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs.
problemis gadawyveta
,,ra arsebaa, romelic diliT oTx fexze
dadis, SuadRisas _ orze, xolo mzis Casvlis
Semdeg _ samze?~ berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad,
borotma arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am
amocanis amoxsna ubrZana, xolo sanam vinme mis
amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmar-
Tvelobis qveS icxovrebda. oidiposma gamocanis
elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe
da mwuxri adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva
periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis
dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili
adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo moxucebulobaSi
adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis,
siarulisas yavarjensac iyenebs, e.i. sam fexze
dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo _ ,,adamiani~.

suraTi
9.11

yuradReba miaqcieT _ msof-

Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

lio avstraliaze centri-

rebulad aris warmodgenili.
axla vin aris qvemoT?

336

Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar
aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT rTuli, magram
problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
ZiriTadi nawilia. Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT
problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT:
rogor movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis
Sesruleba drois gansazRvrul periodSi;
rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze;
rogor gavwyvitoT urTierToba arasasurvel
pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakav-
Sirebulia realur codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro
informacias Soris gansvlasTan. rodesac prob-
lemas wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro
informaciis mopovebiT. problemis daZlevis
arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12
suraTze mocemuli problemebi. fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT,
naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gada-
wyvetis Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda, SesaZloa,
TqvenTvis saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, rom-
lebic davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
problemuri situacia
rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur
cxovrebiseul pirobebSi? Cveulebriv, Tqven
acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgo-
mareobasa da sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad,
materialur gaWirvebas ganicdiT da fulis Sovna
gsurT; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZ-
liaT (an gindaT) gaakeToT problemis dasaZ-
levad. magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT
raime samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis
qurdobas. problemis formaluri gansazRvra
sam elements moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972).
problema ganisazRvreba:
1. Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli
informacia an aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;
2. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi Tqven-
Tvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb;
3. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is sava-
raudo safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT mocemu-
li mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaR-
wevad.
am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazR-
vreba problemuri situacia. ilustraciis mizniT
problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT
labirinTSi gzis povnas (problemuri situacia),
romelic sawyisi wertilidan (Tavdapirveli
mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgi-
lebas (mizani) gulisxmobs. am dros Tqven
gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba.
problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis
umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu am sami
elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad
gansazRvruli (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli
problema saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul problemas
hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa warmodgenili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi,
romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni
amocanaa, mixvdeT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT ope-
raciebi pasuxis misaRebad. cudad gansazRvruli
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
problema ki saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis
daweras an Sidsis mkurnalobis meTodis aRmo-
Cenas hgavs, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa problemis
arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi mdgo-
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,
romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ in-
formacia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis
adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis
mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde
misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
337
 (A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis
gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT?
(B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea
mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs
milidan?
(C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa
62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs.
scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT?
(D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu
xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT
miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs?
(E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi.
daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.
(F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3
qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?

suraTi
9.12
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)
scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.)
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

mareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miR- fexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis

wevis SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena.
rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac
ki, rodesac sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo
mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, mainc Znelia
swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis
misaRwevad. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaix-
senebT maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT,
rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma
mogcaT formula x2+x-12=0 da gTxovaT, gansazR-
vroT x-is mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis?
am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT
338 gamoiyenoT algoriTmi _ Tanmimdevruli, sa-
gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis prob-
lemebis gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs
sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is
swor mniSvnelobas (e.i. 3 da -4). algoriTmi
saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagex-
marebaT. Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxva-
dasxva variantebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4),
gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis,
SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algo-
riTmis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia kargad
gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, sadac
naTlad aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba
da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli problemis
SemTxvevaSi.
rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZle-
belia, adamianebi xSirad iyeneben evristikul
meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba
praqtikul saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas.
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs sai-
dumlo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da gsurT gaar-
kvioT, vin mokla mdidari komersanti. Tqven,
SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma
mokla, radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT,
rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis aseT
banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT,
evristika warmoadgens msjelobisa da gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.
mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situa-
ciaSi adamianebis mier algoriTmisa da evris-
tikis gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis
Sesaswavlad isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmama-
Rali fiqris meTods, romelic fiqris verba-
lizacias gulisxmobs (Ericson & Simon, 1993).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma gadawyvites, SeeswavlaT
is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
cdis pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis prob-
lemas (suraTi 9.10, nawili C) (Kaplan & Simon,
1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris
xmamaRali fiqris oqmis Canaweri, sadac igi
akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis
gadaWra SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod
vertikalurad an horizontalurad daalagebs
(dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda).
,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es mok-
lea,uhhh... vardisferi ufro metia, vidre
Savi;imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa
SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver
vizam imitom, rom isini diagonalzea... es
ixureba? .... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).
cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda,
Tu dominoebs sul horizontalurad an ver-
tikalurad daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevrebi cdis
pirTa azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris
modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben (Simon,
1979, 1989).
problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba
ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu
gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur gamocdilebas,
SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom „uamravi ram
aris erTdroulad gasaTvaliswinebeli.~ prob-
lemis gadawyvetis procesebze dakvirvebas zus-
tad imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad prob-
lemis gadaWras aZnelebs is, rom misi gadawyvetis
gonebrivi moTxovnebi aRemateba gadamuSavebis
arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky &
Simon, 1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli
rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis dagegmva. Tu
moqmedebaTa es rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli
TiToeuli moqmedeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa,
verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan sabo-
loo miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT
am SesaZlo problemis gadaWra?
problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis
didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni resursebis
Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis
SemuSavebas.
Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis
problemebis gadaWra, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba
daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul
komponentebs, rac ganapirobebs procesis avtoma-
tizacias da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al.,
1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niu-
iorkSi da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT manqanebiT
gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba.
SegiZliaT qalaqis sxvdasxva monakveTSi gan-
sxvavebuli sapasuxo reaqciebi gamoimuSavoT.
ase rom, Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi gadayvetilebis
mza komponentebi geqnebaT, Tqven mTel yurad-
Rebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi
ayvanis adgilzeve gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis
safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni
yuradReba moZraobaze gadaitanoT.
gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs. msof-
algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safe-
xureobrivi procedura, romlis saSualebiTac
vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis
problemis gadasaWrelad.
evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an
,,praqtikuli meTodi~ romelic xSirad gamoi-
yeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amo-
canis gadasaWrelad.
xmamaRali fiqris meTodi (Think-aloud protocols)
_
339
 suraTi
9.13
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili II)
aq mocemulia amocanebis amoxsnis gza. Tqven rogor amoxseniT? radgan
pasuxebi naTelia, SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ra arTulebs am
amocanebs.
lio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis
figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis
gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili
strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs
erTdroulad ramdenime oponenti daamarcxos
(Gobet & Simon, 1996).
rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis
povna problemis sruliad axal WrilSi gaaz-
rebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi
mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis
amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZe-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
lebdeT. Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad
maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, war-
matebas ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi
iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri, romelTagan erTi
mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams,
1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian er-
TmaneTs (ix. sur. 9.14)? axla ori beri SecvaleT
erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana
damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas
uzrunvelyofs swori – vizualuri da ara ver-
baluri an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamo-
yeneba. Tu 9.12 suraTze mocemul amocanebs
340 gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT prob-
lemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis
mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan
ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro
milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT
Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad
cxrili
9.6
gamocana `beri~
erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti
beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki
viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis.
spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwverva-
lisaken miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasve-
neblad, Wams gamxmar xils da taZarSi mzis
Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis
marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amos-
vlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba,
isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camos-
vlisas misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad
aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daam-
tkiceT, rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri
zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvli-
sasac da Camosvlisasac
(pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze).

ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS,
iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is,
rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasa-
magreblad ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi
gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli
unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi,
xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda
miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcio-
naluri rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix.
sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri
rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad
miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi
axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze.
rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT,
pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT
mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis
gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi
ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis
saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi
_ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZle-
beli axali kombinaciis misaRebad.
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT,
rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT.
qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas,
romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.
deduqciuri azrovneba
warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da
fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito
baraTiT _ „American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT
restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens
suraTi
9.14
gamocana `beri~-s
amoxsna
A suraTze naCvenebia ori
beri. erTi moZraobs qve-
modan zemoT, meore _
zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze
warmodgenilia maTi Sex-
vedris adgili dRis erTsa
da imave momentSi. axla
SecvaleT ori beri erTiT;
amocana damtkicebulia.
restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, „American Ex-
press~, sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpa-
suxobT: „Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs
viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT,
rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben.
ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRva-
neloT silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gake-
Tebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma
filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:
wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad
sakredito baraTs;
wanamZRvari 2. „American Express~ aris ZiriTadi
sakredito ba-raTi;
daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American
Express~.
aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimar-
Teba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic
realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri
azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi
moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs
logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac
logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma
gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven,
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) –
sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali
funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis
unaris arqona.
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) –
azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti
wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis
unars gulisxmobs.
341