Teimuraz kuxalaSvili

qalis tvinis
Taviseburebani

Tbilisi
2009
1
 wignSi Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva droisa da sxvadasxva period-
uli gamocemebis rCeuli publikaciebi. zogi maTgani ucxouri
literaturis damuSavebis Sedegadaa Seqmnili, zogi saistorio
arqivSi mikvleul pirvelwyaros efuZneba, ramdenime aqtualur
sakiTxebze ki Tanamedroe gamoxmaurebaa.
naSromi gamiznulia, rogorc samedicino sazogadoebis, ise
mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

medicinis doqtori T. kuxalaSvili

recenzentebi:

irakli mWedliSvili _ medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

sruli profesori

sergo rigvava _ biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, saqarTvelos mediko-biologiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi

amiran meifariani _ medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, saqarTvelos medicinis mecnierebaTa akademiis
vice-prezidenti, akademikosi

ISBN 978-9941-0-1374-4

2
 sarCevi

qalis tvinis Taviseburebani ............................................................. 5

simsuqne da misi genetika .................................................................. 11
janmrTelobis saTaveebi ................................................................... 16
dayovneba sikvdilis tolfasia ...................................................... 23
Wama yovelTvis rodia `didad Sesargi~ ....................................... 27
agresia kacobriobis winaaRmdeg .................................................... 33
brucelozi saSiSi infeqciaa ........................................................... 37
jilexis `afeTqeba~ .............................................................................. 40
Savi Wiri _ wyevlis sinonimi .......................................................... 42
epidemiam arc mSveniereba daindo ................................................. 51
ilia WavWavaZe _ sanitaruli meurve ........................................... 54
sisxliani warsulis mogoneba ........................................................ 62
istoriis foliantebi ........................................................................ 65
WavWavaZiaanT ojaxuri saidumlo ................................................. 69
Sesavali wignidan `jilexis kerebi saqarTveloSi~ ............... 71
avtobiografiis magivrad ................................................................. 87

3
 vuZRvni SviliSvils
Tornike kuxalaSvils

4
 qalis tvinis Taviseburebani

rusTaveli brZanebs `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos Tun-

da xvadia~-o, magram didi msgavsebis miuxedavad, qalis tvi-
ni mainc gansxvavdeba mamakacis tvinisagan zomiT (qalis tvi-
ni 9 kv.sm-iT mcirea da 10-15%-iT naklebi mamakacis tvinze),
struqturiTa da mgrZnobelobiT. mecnierebs uWirT am mo-
nacemebis ganzogadeba, magram erTi ram cxadia, mamakacis
tvini da qalis tvini orive erTnair samuSaos asrulebs, oR-
ond gansxvavebuli xerxebiTa da meTodebiT. qalisa da mama-
kacis gansxvavebuli azrovneba, emociebi da sxva uamravi
amoucnobi movlena, didi xania ipyrobs neirobiologiaSi
momuSave mecnierebis yuradRebas.
fiqris (azrovnebis) dros qalis tvini ufro meti mocu-
lobiT itvirTeba. Carstonis universitetis (samxreT ka-
rolinis) fsiqiatrma da nevrologma mark jorjma rTuli
neirowarmosaxviTi teqnikis (MRI) gamoyenebiT naxa: roca
mamakaci iwyebda raime saganze fiqrs, neironebi ganimuxte-
boda Zalze specifikur ubnebSi. qalis SemTxvevaSi ki imde-
ni neironi iwyebda ganmuxtvas, rom MRI-is ekranze miRebu-
li gamosaxuleba mecniers Ramis gaCaxCaxebul las-vegass
agonebda.mkvlevarebi fiqroben, rom am gansxvavebis erT-
erTi SesaZlo mizezTagania is, rom tvinis ori naxevarsf-
eros damakavSirebeli nervuli boWkoebisagan agebuli xidi
ufro msxvilia qalebSi, vidre mamakacebSi, es ki zrdis in-
formaciis urTierTgacvlis unars marjvena `emociur~ da
marcxena `gonier~ hemisferoebs Soris.
mamakacis tvini ufro datixrulia, amitom misTvis iolia
erT garkveul sakiTxze yuradRebis koncentrireba. amiT
aixsneba is garemoeba, Tu ratom SeuZlia qmars guldasmiT
ikiTxos sportuli gazeTi maSin, roca bavSvi tiris, tele-
foni gauTaveblad rekavs an ZaRli yefs. tradiciulad, ma-
makacis ZiriTadi funqcia iyo teritoriis dacva, sakvebis
mopoveba, mdedris `monadireba~. mas yuradReba gamaxvile-
buli hqonda TviTgadarCenaze. qali ki, rogorc deda, yve-
la SemTxvevaSi mobilizebuli iyo bavSvis dasacavad. qalis
5
tvinis aseTi modusi mSvenivrad esadageba dRevandeli cxo-
vrebis nirsa da wess. mxolod naxevari tviniT SeuZlebeli
iqneboda im uamravi saqmis keTeba, rac Tanamedrove qalebs
uwevT.
qalis tvini meti intensivobiT pasuxobs emociebs. am
aTiode wlis winaT mark jorjma emociuri gancdebis
Sesafaseblad skanirebis meTodiT Seiswavla qalisa da ma-
makacis tvini. gansxvaveba imdenad didi iyo, rom mecnieri
didxans yoymanobda _ gamoeqveynebina Tu ara miRebuli
Sedegebi? mowyenilobis an melanqoliis dros tvinis Sesa-
bamis ubnebSi neironuli aqtivoba qalebSi 8-jer didi iyo,
vidre mamakacebSi. neirobiologiaSi momuSave mecnierebi
iziareben fsiqologTa Sexedulebas: qali ufro metad gan-
icdis urTierTkavSirs, xolo am kavSirebis gawyveta 2-jer
ufro xSirad iwvevs maTSi depresias. garda amisa, qalebi
ufro ukeTesad afaseben sxva adamianis emociur mdgomare-
obas. erT-erT eqsperimentSi sakvlev pirebs unda Seefasebi-
naT fotoebze aRbeWdil msaxiobTa saxeebis emociuri mdgo-
mareoba. orive sqesis warmomadgeneli iolad gansazRvra-
vda bednier gamometyvelebas. mowyenili da dardiani saxe-
ebis Sefaseba ki mamakacebs sakmaod gauWirdaT, gansakuT-
rebiT, qalebis fotoebze.
qalis tvini organi-
zebulia warmosaxvisa-
Tvis da ara agresiisa-
Tvis.
adamianis emociur
mdgomareobas marTavs
(ganagebs) tvinis lim-
buri sistema. mSvid md-
gomareobaSi orive sqe-
sis adamianTa kvlevam
gamoavlina gansxvaveba
am sistemaSi. mamakacebis limbur sistemaSi `mudmiv saqmi-
anobaSia~ uZvelesi ubani _ struqturebis jaWvi, saidanac
aRmocendeba emociebis aqtiuri formebi _ agresia da Zal-
6
adoba. qalis tvinSi ki aqtiurad funqcionirebs limburi
sistemis gvian ganviTarebuli nawili _ sartyliseburi xve-
ulebi, romlebic gamoxatvis simboluri formebis (Jesti-
kulacia, sityva) meqanizmebs emsaxureba. am gansxvavebiT
SeiZleba aixsnas mamakacebis midrekileba emociis fizikuri
gamoxatvisadmi, maSin, rodesac qali upiratesobas sity-
vier taqtikas aniWebs. evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT qalebi
erTi nabijiT win dganan mamakacebTan SedarebiT, radgan emo-
ciebis gamosaxatavad tvinis axal struqturebs iyeneben.
qalis tvini da metyveleba. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom
gogonebi laparaks adreul asakSi iwyeben, kiTxvasac swra-
fad swavloben da swavlaSi darRvevebic ufro iSviaTad
aqvT gamoxatuli. neirobiologebis sali Saivitas da benet-
tis azriT, amis mizezia tvinis orive hemisferos gamoyene-
ba kiTxvisa da verbaluri savarjiSoebis Sesrulebis dros.
mamakacebi mxolod marcxena hemisferos Sesabamis ubnebs
iyeneben. bilateraluri midgoma upiratesobas aZlevs qa-
lebs, rom gamoiyenon `emociebisa da gancdebis mareguli-
rebeli~ marjvena hemisfero iseve kargad, rogorc `goni-
eri~ marcxena hemisfero. verbaluri amocanebis Sesruleba-
Si asakovan qalebs ukeTesi maCvenebeli aqvT, vidre igive asa-
kis mamakacebs. drois erTsa da imave monakveTSi isini erTi
da imave asoTi dawyebul met sityvas ixseneben, weren met
sinonims, ufro swrafad sazRvraven fersa da formebs. qa-
lis am dualur-hemisferul SesaZleblobebs Zalian didi
mniSvneloba aqvs insultis Sedegad verbaluri ubnis dazia-
nebis mqone pacientebSi. isini ufro swrafad aRidgenen met-
yvelebas, radgan cnobilia, rom qalebSi kiTxvisa da lapar-
akis dros neironebis didi raodenobaa gaaqtiurebuli da
maTi reabilitacia ufro swrafad xdeba.
qalis seqsualur gancdebSi monawileobas iRebs tvinis
sxvadasxva ubani. bolodroindeli samedicino xasiaTis is-
toriebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs Sot-
landieli qalis mier SemCneuli ucnauri movlena: ukont-
rolo (uneblie) orgazmi, romelic mas emarTeboda manqanis
marTvis an saubris drosac. es `seqsualuri Seteva~ ewyebo-
7
da Tavis tkivilTan erTad, amitom misma eqimma ivarauda,
rom problema dakavSirebuli iyo tvinis muSaobasTan. gamo-
kvlevebiT dadginda, rom mas aReniSneboda hemodinamikis
darRveva marjvena hemisferos safeTqlis wilSi. mamakace-
bSi msgavsi simptomebis gamovlena dakavSirebulia mxolod
da mxolod hipoTalamusis funqcionirebasTan. amgvarad,
qalis tvinSi seqsualur qcevasTan dakavSirebuli nervu-
li aqtivoba SeiZleba aRmocendes tvinis sxvadasxva ubanSi.
qalebi garemoSi saorientaciod irCeven moqmedebis gan-
sxvavebul strategias. quCaSi moZraobis dros an ama Tu im
adgilis gaxsenebisaTvis qalebi yuradRebas aqceven da imax-
sovreben garkveul orientirebs, kerZod, kuTxeSi aris
yavis maRazia, eklesia aris saTamaSo moednis sapirispiro
mxares da sxva. mamakacebi am gzas imaxsovreben mimarTuleb-
isa da distanciis gamoyenebiT. mecnierTa azriT sivrcisa
da distanciis aRqma aris mamakacebis biologiuri memkvi-
dreoba. marTlac, samganzomilebiani mentaluri rotaci-
is testebSi mamakacebi sagrZnoblad met qulebs agroveben.
qalebisaTvis qulebi izrdeba asakisa da gamocdilebis zr-
dis Sesabamisad. Suaxnis qalebi mamakacebis msgavsad pasux-
oben sivrciT amocanebs da garkveul asakSi zogjer ukeTe-
si maCveneblebiTac gamoirCevian.
qalebi gamoirCevian ukeTesi mxedvelobiT da ufro
mgrZnobiare smenis aparatiT. qalisa da mamakacis tvini si-
naTlesa da bgerebs gansxvavebulad aRiqvams. qals esmis
iseTi CurCulic ki, romelic mamakacis yurisaTvis miuwv-
domelia, xolo misi mxedveloba imdenadaa ganviTarebuli,
rom Tavisuflad dadis rTul da Cabnelebul gzaze, maSin,
roca mamakacs aseT gzaze erTi nabijis gadadgmac ki gau-
Wirdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, mamakaci sibereSi ufro xangr-
Zlivad inarCunebs karg mxedvelobas, maSin roca qalis mxe-
dveloba ufro adre (35-45 w.) qveiTdeba. meore mxriv, qals
esmis ufro farTo speqtris bgerebi da darRvevebic 50
wlamde ar SeimCneva, mamakacebs ki smena uqveiTdebaT 40 wlis
asakidan.
qals ufro maxvili mexsiereba aqvs. fsiqologma tomas
8
krukma 50 000 qalisa da mamakacis mexsierebis Semowmebis
Semdeg gamoaqveyna naSromi `yvela asakSi qalis mexsiereba
ukeTesia mamakacTan SedarebiT~, qalebs aqvT gansakuTre-
buli unari saxelebis dakavSirebisa saxeebTan, aseve kargad
ixseneben sagnebis sias, personaluri gamocdilebis deta-
lebsa da sxva. orive sqesis adamianebSi mexsiereba qveiTde-
ba asakis matebasTan dakavSirebiT. 55-65 wlisTvis 50%-iT
iklebs saxelebisa da sityvebis gaxsenebis albaToba. miuxe-
davad amisa, kruki Tvlis, rom `movlenebi, romlebsac Cven
vixsenebT, dakavSirebulia Cvens emociebTan. radganac qali
emociis gasakontroleblad marjvena hemosferos ukeTe-
sad iyenebs, amitom faqtebisa da emociebis dakavSireba av-
tomaturad xdeba~.
qalis tvini ufro nela berdeba, vidre mamakacis. nevro-
logebma daadgines, rom mamakacis tvinis qsovilis gadag-
vareba samjer ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre qalisa. amitom
mamakacis tvini, romelic ufro didi da mZimea, axalgazr-
dobaSive imdenad `iWmuxneba~, rom qerqis wilebidan yve-
laze mniSvnelovani _ Sublis wili _ 40 wlis asakSi orive
sqesSi erTnair zomas aRwevs. aseve, ufro swrafad xdeba
mamakacebSi tvinis sxva nawilebis atrofia. es faqtori ga-
napirobebs mexsierebis daqveiTebas, yuradRebis koncen-
traciis unaris Semcirebas da siberis sxva movlenebs. yove-
live amas safuZvlad udevs organizmis mier glukozis ara-
efeqtiani gamoyeneba. qalis tvins aqvs unari Seamciros me-
tabolizmis siCqare maSin, roca mamakacis tvini asakTan er-
Tad glukozis moxmarebis siCqares zrdis. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, qalebSi glukozis moxmarebis margi qmedebis
koeficienti mcirdeba, mamakacebSi ki izrdeba. amis mizezi
SesaZloa iyos organizmSi testosteronis odenobis sxvao-
ba. zemoT TqmuliT SeiZleba aixsnas gavrcelebuli azri,
rom qalebi ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre mamakacebi.
qalis tvini ufro metad intuiciuria. marjvena _ `emo-
ciur~ da marcxena _ `gonier~ tvins Soris mudmivi urT-
ierTgacvliTi `saubris~ gamo, qalis tvinSi SeiZleba dam-
yardes iseTi kontaqtebi, romlebic mamakacis tvinSi ar
9
ganviTardeba. erTni intuicias uwodeben `emociis in-
teligentur formas~, sxvani ki `qalis intuicias~. `intui-
cia moicavs qalis tvinsa da sxeuls~, _ ambobs fsiqiatri
monaliza Sulci. qalis tvini naklebad lateralizebulia,
amitom orive naxevarsfero informacias ukeT moixmars, ris
gamoc is arasodes anawevrebs sagnebsa da movlenebs,
rogorc mamakaci da erT mTlianobaSi aRiqvams maT.
zemoT ganxiluli gansxvavebebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos pa-
suxad im kiTxvaze, Tu rogor axerxebs qali swrafad
gaerkves situaciaSi da imoqmedos Sesabamisad.

10
 simsuqne da misi genetika

mTel msoflioSi (rogorc ganviTarebul, ise ganviTare-

bad qveynebSi) simsuqne adamianis janmrTelobis farTod
gavrcelebul problemas warmoadgens. igi rTuli, mraval
faqtorze damokidebuli davadebaa, romlisadmi interesi
sul ufro da ufro izrdeba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi sim-
suqne yvelaze gavrcelebuli kvebiTi darRvevaa da dakav-
Sirebulia iseT mniSvnelovan qronikul daavadebebTan,
rogoricaa: hipertenzia, arainsulindamokidebuli Saqria-
ni diabeti, hiperqolesterinemia, sisxlCaqcevebi, zogier-
Ti saxis simsivneebi. simsuqnis mkurnaloba (dieta, varjiSi,
wamlebi) Tumca sakmaod efeqtiania da mravali adamiani ikl-
ebs wonaSi (5-10%), magram amgvarad daklebuli wonis xangrZ-
livad SenarCuneba, samwuxarod, iSviaTia. amrigad, simsuqne
Znelad marTvadi samedicino problemaa, romelic xSir avad-
myofobasa da sikvdilianobas iwvevs.
simsuqnis gansazRvra: sxeulis wona Tu misi idealuri
wonis 120%-s aRemateba _ laparakoben simsuqneze. igi gan-
pirobebulia cximovani qsovilis Warbi dagrovebiT. simsu-
qne anu sxeulis masis indeqsi gamoiangariSeba sxeulis wo-
nis (kilogramebSi) SefardebiT, metrebSi gamosaxul gaor-
magebul simaRlesTan. Tu indeqsi 27 da 30 Soris meryeobs
_ laparakoben msubuq simsuqneze. Tu indeqsi 30-35-is far-
glebSia, maSin zomier
simsuqnesTan gvaqvs
saqme, xolo Tu indeqs-
ma 35-s gadaaWarba, maSin
udavoa mkacri simsu-
qne. aRwerili meTodi
aris yvelaze metad
gavrcelebuli simsuq-
nis gansasazRvrav sxva
anTropomorful inde-
qsTa Soris. msoflios
mraval kuTxeSi warmoe-
11
buli mecnieruli kvleva miuTiTebs imaze, rom cximis mo-
mateba janmrTelobisTvis araxelsayreli movlenaa. qron-
ikuli daavadebebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, sxeulis
zemo nawilebis simsuqne (`visceraluri~ anu `mamakacuri~
anu `sartylis zemo~ nawilebis simsuqne anu cximis gavrce-
lebis `vaSliseburi paterni~) ufro saSiSia, vidre sxeulis
qveda nawilebis simsuqne (`kanqveSa~ anu `qaluri~ anu `sar-
tylis qvemo~ anu `msxliseburi paterni~). cximis gavrcele-
bas afaseben welis da TeZoebis garSemowerilobis mixedviT.
`visceralurs~ _ welis garSemowerilobiT, xolo `kanqve-
Sas~ – TeZoebis garSemowerilobiT. fiziologiuri Tval-
sazrisiT simsuqne xasiaTdeba ramdenime paTofiziologiu-
ri alternativiT: 1. cximovan qsovilSi lipoidebis dagro-
vebis maRali sixSire; 2. sakvebisadmi insulinis gazrdili
mgrZnobeloba; 3. hiperinsulinemiaa; 4. OB proteinis (anu
leptinis) koncentraciis momateba.
genetikis mniSvneloba adamianis simsuqneSi: didi xania
dadgenilia, rom mosaxleobaSi simsuqne vrceldeba ojax-
urad (msuqani ojaxebi). aseve cnobilia, rom energetikuli
substratis (sakvebis) didi raodenobiT miReba da Semcire-
buli fizikuri aqtivoba, genetikisagan damoukideblad
iwvevs gasuqebas. simsuqnis genetikuri komponentebis kla-
sikur gamokvlevebSi Seiswavles monozigoturi (erTi gana-
yofierebuli kvercxujredidan) da dizigoturi (ori gana-
yofierebuli kvercxujredidan) tyupebi, ris gamoc erT-
maneTis gverdiT gadaiRes mravali wyvilis suraTi. gansa-
kuTrebiT saintereso aRmoCnda monozigoturi tyupebis
suraTebi, radgan aSkara iyo didi msgavseba sxeulis forma-
sa da zomaSi. tyupiscali iseTive msuqani iyo, rogorc meo-
re. dizigotur tyupebSi ki piriqiT sxeulis zomisa da for-
mis msgavseba gamonaklisis saxiT iyo warmodgnili.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi adamianis simsuqnis genetikis
SeswavlisaTvis yvelaze miRebuli modeli aris genetikuri
ganwyobisa da garemo faqtorebis urTierTmoqmedebis ana-
lizi. mkvlevarTa Soris gabatonebulia azri, rom adamianis
simsuqne xasiaTdeba adipozuri qsovilis masis zrdiT, rac
12
ganpirobebulia ori faqtoris urTierTmoqmedebiT: 1. ge-
netikuri ganwyoba, romlis gamovlinebaa cximovan qsovil-
Si trigliceridebis saxiT energiis dagroveba. am faqto-
rze modis 35-50%. 2. garemo an cxovrebis wesis faqtori,
romelzec modis 50-65%. sadReisod miiCneven, rom sxeulis
cximis 35% modis memkvidreobiT faqtorze, Tu genetikuri
memkvidreobis wils mivumatebT darCenil 15%-s, roca wona
imatebs imis gamo, rom individi Rebulobs gemriel, maRali
kaloriulobis sakvebs (rogorc es xdeba ganviTarebul qve-
ynebSi), maSin, genetikuri memkvidreoba SeiZleba SevafasoT
58%-iT (Baumhardi-is da Peims-is mixedviT). zemoT Tqmuli
adasturebs genetikuri faqtoris did mniSvnelobas da ase-
ve ar uaryofs imas, rom simsuqnis etiologiasa da ganviTa-
rebaSi garemo da qceviTi faqtorebi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs.
simsuqne biologiuri disregulaciis daavadebaa. bolo-
droindeli gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom simsuqne aris bio-
logiuri disregulaciis daavadeba. organizmi sxeulis mu-
dmiv wonas inarCunebs mravali biologiuri faqtoris er-
TobliobiT, romlebic nawilobriv mainc genetikiTaa gan-
pirobebuli. orive mimarTulebiT (momateba da dakleba)
sxeulis wonis mouwesrigeblobas organizmi ewinaaRmdege-
ba da awesrigebs Zlieri fiziologiuri meqanizmebiT. es
meqanizmebi ewinaaRmdegeba sxeulSi cximis raodenobis cv-
lilebebs da ganapirobebs sxeulis wonis im arasasurvel
kvlavmomatebas, romelic daklebas axlavs Tan. cximovan
qsovilSi simsuqnis genis produqti OB proteini, romelic
mocirkulire sisxlSi gadadis da moqmedebs Tavis tvinze,
SesaZloa mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes im `rezistentul
pasuxSi~, romelic gamoixateba sxeulis wonis momatebiT _
wonis daklebis Semdeg.
organizmis energiis balansis regulireba. energiis bal-
ansi aris energiis miRebis (Wamis), energiis xarjvisa da cxi-
movan qsovilSi energiis dagrovebis (momaragebis) kontro-
lis Sedegi. mozrdilTa umravlesobaSi, rogorc sxeulis
wona, aseve sxeulis cximebis raodenoba mudmivi rCeba mrava-
13
li wlis ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad energiis miRebasa da mis
xarjvas Soris didi sxvaobisa. energiis miReba aris diskre-
tuli (wyvetili) procesi (individualuri kveba iyofa Wa-
mebs Soris intervalebiT), maSin, roca amavdroulad ganu-
wyvetlad mimdinareobs energiis xarjva da misi dagroveba
cximovan qsovilSi. jerjerobiT gamoucnobi rCeba is rTu-
li molekuluri meqanizmebi, romliTac xdeba zemoT CamoT-
vlili procesebis (Wama, energiis xarjva da misi dagrove-
ba) gaerTianeba _ integracia, magram sadReisod mkvle-
varTaTvis erTi ram cxadia _ am movlenebSi gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs 2 nivTierebas _ insulinsa da OB pro-
teins.
OB proteini sekretirdeba cximovani qsovilidan. cirku-
lirebs sisxlSi, moqmedebs garkveul nervul badeze, rome-
lic aregulirebs ylapviT funqcias (kvebas) da energiis
balanss. igi aris mocirkulire cilovani signali. OB pro-
teini miCneulia simsuqnis genis produqtad. misi eqsperi-
mentuli miReba moxerxda 1994 wels rokfeleris univer-
sitetSi fridmanisa da misi kolegebis mier.
adamianis organizmSi OB proteinis sasignalo mniSvne-
lobis aRmoCenasa da daxasiaTebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs
ramdenime TvalsazrisiT: 1. igi iZleva imis damatebiT samx-
ils, rom simsuqne aris biologiur safuZvelze ganviTare-
buli daavadeba; 2. molekuluri biologiis mecnierebam aiT-
visa simsuqnisa da kvebis gamokvlevis meTodika da es saki-
Txi radikalurad Secvala; 3. OB proteinis gamovlena aCve-
nebs, rom gamokvlevebis TvalsazrisiT monelebis proce-
sis da energiis balansis neirobiologia swrafi nabijebiT
wavida win.
daskvna: simsuqnisa da misi genetikis safuZvlebis gageb-
is saqmeSi Cven vdgavarT axali eris dasawyisTan. sxeulis
wonis daklebis Semdeg misi kvlavmomatebis meqanizmebis
Seswavlis saqmeSi aqtiuradaa CarTuli mecnieruli mona-
povrebi genebis identifikaciisa da misi Sesabamisi genuri
produqtebis Sesaxeb monacemebi. es axali informacia iZl-
eva im axali algoriTmebis amoxsnis saSualebas, romliTac
14
tvini `sargeblobs~ sxeulis cximis Semcvelobis regula-
ciaSi. molekuluri biologia ukeT xsnis am amocanebs da ex-
mareba farmakologiur industrias Tavisi gamocdilebis,
teqnologiisa da eqspertizis daxmarebiT miiRos ufro sai-
medo da efeqtiani preparatebi. identificirebuli geneb-
is genetikuri testireba gamoyenebuli iqneba simsuqnis ma-
Rali riskis dasadgenad, rac saSualebas mogvcems qceviTa
da farmakologiuri saSualebebiT Tavidan aviciloT wonis
momateba an piriqiT. adamianis simsuqnis genetikaze dafuZ-
nebuli axali kombinirebuli moqmedeba (qceva) da farmako-
logiuri mkurnalobis strategia daexmareba msuqan adami-
anebs ufro advilad SeinarCunon sxeulis daklebuli wona
da gaiumjobeson janmrTeloba.

15
 janmrTelobis saTaveebi

80 wlis winaT, roca londonis CrdiloeTiT mdebare

qalaq uelsSi daibada jon karteri, samSobiaros eqimi-meani
namdvilad ar moeloda axalSobilis gadarCenas, is xom mx-
olod erT kilogramsa da 190 grams iwonida, magram is ga-
darCa, gaizarda, davaJkacda da muSaobac daiwyo. janmrTe-
lobis deficits saerTod ar ganicdida, vidre 50 wels ar
miaRwia. maSin eqimebma daadgines, rom karters sisxlis wne-
va Zalian maRali hqon-
da, sxva testebma ki
insulindamoukidebe-
li diabeti daudastu-
ra. karters araviTari
Civilebi ar hqonia, rom
Tavi avadmyofad CaeTv-
ala. amasTanave, paTo-
logiuri gadaxrebi saS-
vilosnoSi gatarebul
periods ukavSirdebo-
da. mecnierebi fiqro-
ben, rom mucladyofni-
sas, rodesac dedis ho-
rmonebi aregulirebs placentaSi sakvebi nivTierebebis
ganvladobis intensivobas, yalibdeba nayofis momavali zr-
dasrulobis periodis janmrTeloba.
am sakiTxs eZRvneba kornelis universitetis doqtoris
piter naTanielsis axali wigni _ `cxovreba saSvilosnoSi~.
avtori wers: `Zalze STambeWdavia bolodroindeli gamokv-
levebis Sedegebi, romlis Tanaxmadac Cveni janmrTeloba
(romelsac ase veloliavebiT) yalibdeba im pirobebis zegav-
leniT, romelSic embrioni viTardeba da romelic RviZlis,
gulis, Tirkmelebisa da Tavis tvinis funqciebis Camoyali-
bebas ganapirobebs. aseT aRmoCenas `revoluciuri~ rom vu-
wodoT, gazviadebuli ar iqneba. zrdasrulobis periodis
daavadebebze saSvilosnos pirobebis zegavlena, upirispir-
16
deba sneulebaTa ganviTarebis genur moZRvrebas (radgan,
rasac adre mecnierebi genetikur gavlenas uwodebdnen,
SesaZloa mucladyofnis periodis gamoxatuleba iyos) da
miuTiTebs, rom zrdasrulobis daavadebani, romelTac cxo-
vrebis mankier pirobebs ukavSirebdnen (magaliTad Warbi
kveba) sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara `nayofis programirebis”, moz-
rdilobaSi gamovlineba, rac harvardis samedicino skolis
doqtoris meTiu jilmenis sityvebiT, 4 wlis winaT es azra-
dac ar mouvidoda vinmes.
es aRmoCena mxolod imas rodi amtkicebs, rom muclady-
ofnis periodi did zegavlenas axdens bavSvis momavalze,
metsac gvidasturebs. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom alkoho-
li uaryofiTad moqmedebs nayofze, iwvevs gonebriv Camor-
Cenasa da gulis daavadebebs, Tambaqos toqsini zeda sasunT-
qi gzebisa da sasmeni aparatis paTologiuri gadaxrebis
saTavea. axali aRmoCenebiT, mucladyofnis periodSi Tavi-
danve xdeba nayofis programireba _ Camoyalibeba (feter-
is programireba). dasaxelebuli toqsinebis (alkoholi, ni-
kotini) zegavlenisagan gansxvavebiT feteris programi-
rebis Sedegebis gamovlinebas SedarebiT naklebi dro sWi-
rdeba.
nayofis fiziologia isea mowyobili, rom dedis organiz-
midan miRebul sakvebs cximebad gardaqmnis da, Tu gogona Ta-
vidan janmrTeli daibada, 4 kilogrami woniT, igive `zrdis
faqtori~ (romelmac mas cximebi daugrova) miaRwevs misi
sarZeve jirkvlebis qsovils, xolo mowifulobis periodSi,
estrogenebis zemoqmedeba mamilarul qsovilze, iseT cv-
lilebebs gamoiwvevs, rom es individi 46 wlis asakSi Sesa-
Zlebelia mkerdis kiboTi daavadebis kandidati gaxdes.
zemoT Tqmuli ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos bedisweris
morCilebas vqadagebdeT. raki mucladyofnis periodi gan-
sazRvravs janmrTelobas zrdasrulobisas, am periodis
gamokvleva (maT Soris, axalSobilis sigrZis, wonis, welis
garSemowerilobisa da Tavis zomebi) winaswar gvamcnobs, ra
riskis matareblad viTvlebiT. magaliTad Tu axalSobil-
is muceli uCveulod pataraa, maSin RviZlic, Sesabamisad,
17
metismetad mcire iqneba da ver SeZlebs sisxlis srulyofi-
lad gawmendas qolesterinisagan, ris gamoc 50 wlis asakSi
misi done sagrZnoblad iqneba momatebuli.
nayofis programireba SesaZloa kidev didxans yofiliyo
saidumloebiT moculi, rom ara doqtori devid barkeri,
romelmac 1984 wels yuradReba miaqcia inglisisa da uel-
sis mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis nusxebs. man
SeniSna, rom 1900-ani wlebis dasawyisSi axalSobilTa sikv-
dilianoba im regionebSi iyo maRali, sadac maRali iyo gu-
lis daavadebebiT gamowveuli letaloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
bavSvTa sikvdilianoba siRaribis bralia, gulis daavadeba
ki simdidrisa da fufunebis (magaliTad, karaqis, xorcis da
sxva amgvari produqtebis didi raodenobiT miReba iwvevs
gulis daavadebas). ra saerTo unda hqondes am or garemoe-
bas? maSin barkerma ieWva rom gulis daavadebis saTave mu-
cladyofnis periodSi iwyeboda, ris dasadgenadac mas sam-
Sobiaros arqivebi sWirdeboda, raTa erTmaneTisaTvis dae-
kavSirebina sicocxlis Tavdapirveli pirobebi da im zrdas-
rulTa janmrTeloba, romelTac ikvlevda. britaneTis
samedicino kvlevis sakonsulos daxmarebiT mravali aseTi
Canaweri Seugrovda. saukeTeso aRmoCnda hertfordSirel
axalSobilTa arqivebi, romlebic bebiaqalebs CauweriaT
1911 wlidan 1945 wlamde. maT Soris iyo jon karteric. bark-
eris jgufma Seiswavla 13249 kaci da daadgina, rom, Tu bav-
Svi dabadebisas 2,5 kilogramze naklebs iwonida, zrdasru-
lobaSi maTgan 50%-Si iyo riski imisa, rom gulis daavadeb-
iT gardacvliliyo.
1996 wels igive jgufma Seiswavla indoeTidan miRebuli
monacemebi. iqac, zemoT Tqmulis msgavsad, axalSobilis da-
bali wona, Suaxnis asakSi gulis daavadebiT sikvdils winas-
warmetyvelebda. 1997 wels doqtor Janet riCedvardsma
gamoikvlia 70257 amerikeli qali da daadgina, rom maT Soris
2,5 kilogramze naklebi woniT dabadebulebis 23%-s aReniS-
nebodaT kardiovaskuluri sistemis paTologia. saintere-
soa, ra meqanizmi udevs safuZvlad zrdasrulobis period-
Si daavadebis gamovlenas. naTanielsis azriT, es mcire zo-
18
mis Tirkmelebis bralia. dasaxelebuli organo areguli-
rebs organizmis sisxlis wnevas, Tu maTi funqcia mwyobri-
dan gamova, ganviTardeba hipertonia, rac Tavis mxriv gu-
lis daavadebas gamoiwvevs, cxovelebze gamokvlevebma aCve-
na, rom, Tu nayofi cilebis sakmao raodenobas ar Rebulobs,
maSin placentis fermentebi kargavs moqmedebis Zalas da
ver uvnebelyofs damazianebel hormonebs, romlebic nayo-
fisken miiltvis. erT-erTi aseTi hormonia kortizoli _
stresis hormoni, romelic zrdis wnevas da aganierebs ven-
ebs.amrigad, Tu deda orsulobisas normalurad ar ikvebe-
ba, placentis fermentebis moqmedebis Zala mcirdeba da
kortizoli aRwevs nayofis tvins, rac ganapirobebs zrdas-
rulobaSi individis stresebisadmi daucvelobas.
mecnierebi daavadebaTa saTaves mucladyofnis periods
ukavSireben. 1999 wlis ianvarSi janmrTelobis nacionalu-
rma institutma mucladyofnis pirobebsa da kibos ganviTa-
rebis urTierTkavSirs miuZRvna konferencia, xolo imave
wlis seqtemberSi ganixiles kardiovaskuluri sistemisa da
Tirkmlis daavadebis kavSiri xsenebul pirobebTan.
did interess iwvevs mkerdis kibos SemTxvevebi. es daava-
deba iseT qalebsac emarTebaT, romelTac ara aqvT riskis
faqtori (aq igulisxmeba asaki an fexmZimobisaTvis Tavis
arideba 30 wlis asakamde) harvardis janmrTelobis skolis
warmomadgenelma karin miSelsma moaxdina erTi, aqamde
mxedvelobidan gamorCenili faqtis identificireba. man
daadgina, rom axalSobilis didi wona mianiSnebs saSvilos-
nos pirobebis im gavlenaze, romelic `amzadebs~ zrdasru-
lobaSi, nayofis mamilaruli qsovilis kibos qsovilad gar-
daqmnis riskis faqtors. zrdis faqtori, rogorc saxel-
wodeba mianiSnebs, nayofis zrdas ganapirobebs. aseTi faq-
torebia: insulini, leptini da estrogeni. Tu dedis orga-
nizmSi am nivTierebebis done maRalia (magaliTad, simsuq-
nis dros estrogenis done momatebulia), is miaRwevs nayofs
da Taviseburad Secvlis Camoyalibebis procesSi myof sar-
Zeve qsovils, rasac zrdasrulobaSi avTvisebian qsovilad
gardaqmna mohyveba.
19
 axalSobilis fizikurma monacemebma SesaZloa Seadginos
Taviseburi ruka, sadac individis personalur daavadeba-
Ta riskis sabado iqneba CaniSnuli. es monacemebia: sxeulis
wona, sigrZe, welis garSemoweriloba, Tavis zoma da pla-
centis wona.
qolesteroli: rac ufro pataraa axalSobilis muceli,
zrdasrulobaSi mis organizmSi miT meti iqneba qolester-
olis done. Tu orsulobis periodSi deda cudad ikvebeba
an placenturi xarvezebi xels uSlis nayofs Sesabamisi
sakvebis miRebaSi, maSin nayofi gadairTveba sagangebo mdgo-
mareobaSi _ sisxls ZiriTadad Tavis tvinisaken gadagzav-
nis, ris gamoc muclis organoebs sisxli daakldeba da Sew-
yveten zrdas. patara RviZli ki qolesterolisagan sisxls
ver gaasufTavebs. janmrTel adamians, romelic uxvad Reb-
ulobs cximiTa da qolesteroliT mdidar sakvebs, aravi-
Tari safrTxe ar emuqreba, radgan misi RviZli efeqturad
amuSavebs am nivTierebebs. barkeris azriT, saSvilosnoSi
momxdari adaptacia individs mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
mihyveba permanentulad.
simsuqne: es is fenomenia, romelmac warmoSva mosazreba,
rom mucladyofnis periodi did gavlenas axdens cxovreb-
is Semdgom wlebze. meore msoflio omis periodSi, 1944 wlis
seqtembridan momdevno wlis maisamde, germaneli naciste-
bi aiZulebdnen dasavleT holandiis mosaxleobas eSimSi-
la. didi interesi gamoiwvia im mamakacebis janmrTelobis
monacemebma, romlebmac dedis mucelSi gaatares es perio-
di an misi nawili mainc. Tu maTi dedebi SimSiliT itanje-
bodnen orsulobis pirvel sam Tves, e. i. 1945 wlis martidan
maisamde, xolo mogvianebiT daiwyes normaluri kveba, axal-
Sobili biWebi normasTan SedarebiT mets iwonidnen, zomi-
Tac didebi iyvnen da Tavic ufro didi hqondaT, zrdasru-
lobaSi ki ufro gasuqdnen. xolo Tu mSoblebi SimSilobd-
nen bolo sam Tves, e. i. 1944 wlis noemberSi, dabadebuli
biWebi kafandara agebulebis kacebad Camoyalibdnen. ai,
rogor aixsneba es garemoeba: Tu nayofi sakvebis naklebobas
ganicdis mucladyofnis pirvel sam Tves, maSin igi yalib-
20
deba xelmomWirne fenotipad anu misi metabolizmi isea
mowyobili, rom yoveli SesaZlo kaloria organizms emate-
ba. sakvebis arseboba Tu ararseboba moqmedebs nayofis tvi-
nSi arsebul madis centrze. im nayofs, romelic sakvebis
naklebobas gvian ganicdida, cximovani qsovili ar uviTar-
deba, radgan cximovani ujredebis momateba orsulobis
bolo TveebSi xdeba. amitomacaa, rom dabadebis Semdeg maT
uWirT gasuqeba.
diabeti: bavSvi Tu Zalze gamxdari daibada, Suaxnis asak-
Si mas diabetis maRali riski eqneba. am debulebis erT-erTi
axsna aseTia: arasakmarisi sakvebi nayofis metabolur pro-
cesebs aiZulebs iyos xelmomWirne, e. i. insulin-rezisten-
tuli, ris gamoc organizmSi grovdeba glukoza (pur-fun-
TuSeuli da Semwvari kartofili, romelic asuqebs dedis
organizms, energias ki naklebad aZlevs, rwyavs nayofis sx-
euls glukoziT, ris gamoc is diabetiani xdeba). diabeti
kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba SevcvaloT mu-
cladyofnis periodSi momxdari programireba. marTalia,
axalSobilis sigamxdre zrdasrulobaSi diabetis riskis
mauwyebelia, magram es riski mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba, Tu
individi gasuqebas Tavs aaridebs.
tvini: nayofis tvinze orsulobis periodis zegavlena
jerac kvlevis procesSia. Tumca gairkva rom fexis terfe-
bis, xelis TiTebis, yurebisa da idayvebis asimetriuloba
_ dabali inteleqtualuri koeficientis mauwyebelia. mu-
cladyofnis periodSi momxdari zogierTi saxis stresi
SesaZloa iwvevdes asimetriulobas, zogi ki – nervuli sis-
temis ganviTarebis anomaliebs. asimetriuloba imis niSania,
rom raRac arasworad mimdinareobda mucladyofnis peri-
odSi.
naTanielsis azriT, nayofis programireba iseTive mniS-
vnelovani momentia (Tu meti ara), rogorc genebis zegav-
lena. mxolod genebis arseboba sakmarisi ar aris masTan aso-
cirebuli niSan-Tvisebebis gamosavlenad. genma SesaZloa
gamoavlinos efeqti, an miCumebul mdgomareobaSi darCes.
magaliTad, stresis hormonis siWarbem SeiZleba gamoTiSos
21
is geni, romelic streszea pasuxismgebeli, aseT SemTxveva-
Si reagireba naklebefeqtiani iqneba da Sedegad bavSvi ise
Camoyalibdeba, rom zrdasrulobaSi stresebs Tavs ver gaa-
rTmevs. `genebis did mniSvnelobas dRes muclad yofnis pe-
riodis didi mniSvneloba daupirispirda,~ _ ambobs naTani-
elsi.
roca nayofis programirebis arss ufro ukeT gaarkveven,
SesaZloa kvlav aRdges didi xnis win diskreditebuli lama-
rkizmis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac sicocxlis manZilze
SeZenili niSan-Tvisebebi SeiZleba Svils gadaeces. magali-
Tad, Tu qali orsulobamde 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi intensi-
urad varjiSobda, misi vaJiSvili did kunTebs memkvidreo-
biT miiRebs. Tanamedrove genetika aseT memkvidreobas ar
cnobs, nayofis programirebis Teoria ki piriqiT, amtkic-
ebs, rom magaliTad, Tu momavali deda diabetiT daavadda,
nayofi ganicdis glukoziT gadajerebas, rac xels uSlis
pankreasis ganviTarebas. Sedegad bavSvi diabetianad Camoy-
alibdeba. Tu igi mdedrobiTi sqesisaa, momavalSi orsulo-
bis dros nayofs aseve `moamaragebs~ glukoziT da `diabe-
tiT~ daasaCuqrebs. es qali (SviliSvili) wina or TaobaSi
momxdari darRvevebis msxverpli iqneba. aseTi SemTxveva
mecnierebaSi `bebiis efeqtis~ saxelwodebiT moixsenieba.
daskvna: unda gvaxsovdes, rom Cveni janmrTelobis marc-
vali manam daiTesa, sanam pirvelad CavisunTqavT haers da
swored saSvilosnoSi gatarebuli 9 Tve _ sicocxlis es
mokle periodi gansazRvravs Cvens janmrTelobas mTeli ar-
sebobis manZilze.

22
 dayovneba sikvdilis tolfasia

dRes kacobrioba ar icnobs sxva daavadebas, gavrceleb-

is iseTi farTo speqtriT, rogoric cofia. cofiT avadde-
ba yvela cocxali, Tbilsisxliani arseba (adamiani, frin-
veli, cxoveli). igi mwvave infeqciuri sneulebaa, romelic
aucileblad sikvdiliT mTavrdeba. cofi mTel msoflio-
Sia gavrcelebuli, garda im qveynebisa, romlebic kunZule-
bzea ganlagebuli (didi britaneTi, iaponia, kviprosi da
sxva).
cofis gamomwvevi virusi gansakuTrebiT paTogenuria
ZuZumwovarTaTvis. igi azianebs tvinis sisxlZarRvebs, ri-
Tac gapirobebulia specifikuri CanarTebis warmoqmna. am
CanarTebs pouloben cofiT daRupuli adamianisa da cxove-
lis Tavis tvinis calkeul nawilSi. maT, aRmomCenTa pativ-
sacemad, babeS-negris sxeulakebi ewoda da aqvs sadiagnos-
tiko mniSvneloba. dReisaTvis cofis laboratoriuli dia-
gnostika emyareba virusis antigenis aRmoCenas fluores-
ciuli meTodiT, cofis virusis gamoyofas ujredovan kul-
turaze an biocdaSi da cofis sawinaaRmdego antisxeulebis
titris gansazRvras.
cofis virusi organiz-
midan gamoiyofa nerwyvis
saSualebiT. misi gamZleo-
ba mcirea, 60 gradusze
ixoceba 5-10 wuTSi, adu-
Rebisas – 2 wuTSi. swrafad
ixoceba iseTi sadezinfeq-
cio saSualebebis moqme-
debiT, rogoricaa 3%-iani
lizoli, 3%-iani qlora-
mini, 5%-iani karbolis
mJava.
bunebaSi cofis virusis
ZiriTadi rezervuari da
infeqciis wyaroa ZaRlis-
23
ebrTa ojaxi mtacebelTa gvaridan (mgeli, tura, mela).
evropis qveynebSi amJamad cofis virusis ZiriTad rezer-
vuars warmoadgens wiTeli mela, aRmosavleTis qveynebSi _
mgeli, afrikaSi _ tura. amierkavkasiaSi ukanasknel wleb-
Si gamovlinda meliebis bunebrivi kerebi.
gareul cxovelebSi cofis gavrceleba da am epizotiur
procesSi Sinauri cxovelebis (ZaRlebi, katebi) aqtiuri
CarTva zrdis adamianTa daavadebis SesaZleblobas.
cofiani cxovelisagan dakbenili yvela adamiani ar xde-
ba avad. es nawilobriv damokidebulia kbenis lokaliza-
ciaze. ase magaliTad, saxeze kbenisas avaddebian 90% SemTx-
vevaSi, xelis mtevanze kbenisas _ 63% SemTxvevaSi, xolo
xelisa da fexis proqsimalur nawilebSi (tansacmliT dafa-
rul) kbenisas – 23% SemTxvevaSi.
adamianTa daavadeba umetesad dakavSirebulia antirabi-
uli daxmarebisaTvis dagvianebul mimarTvasTan, acrebis
dros reJimis darRvevasTan da imunizaciis ciklis daum-
TavreblobasTan.
cofis virusi organizmSi SeiWreba kbeniT dazianebuli
kanidan, raime naWdevidan an nakawridan, maTze cofiani cxo-
velis nerwyvis moxvedris SemTxvevaSi. avadmyofobis gamov-
lena xdeba maSin, roca virusi miaRwevs Tavis tvins da iq
gamravldeba garkveul odenobamde. manamde virusma unda
ganvlos sakmaod grZeli gza nervuli gamtarebis gaswvriv
perinevraluri sivrceebiT, romlis sigrZem organizmSi
(adamiani, cxeni, ZaRli) SesaZloa 1-2 metrs miaRwios. amito-
maa inkubaciuri periodis xangrZlivobis aseTi sxvadasxva-
oba (12 dRidan ramdenime Tvemde). ufro xSirad adamianebSi
daavadeba kbenidan pirveli sami Tvis farglebSi gamovlin-
deba.
erTi da igive organizmSi virusis Tavis tvinamde miRwe-
vis dro ganpirobebulia misi SeWris adgiliT. ase magali-
Tad, cofiani cxovelis mier fexze nakben adamians eqneba
gacilebiT xangrZlivi inkubaciuri periodi, vidre Tavze
an saxeze nakbens.
miaRwevs ra Tavis tvins, virusi nawilobriv kvlav ganagr-
24
Zobs gavrcelebas, amjerad centridanuli mimarTulebiT,
aRwevs sanerwyve jirkvlebamde da didi raodenobiT gamoiy-
ofa nerwyvTan erTad. am procesma SesaZloa gauswros kidec
virusis gamravlebisa da dagrovebis process Tavis tvinSi.
amitom inficirebuli cxovelis nerwyvSi cofis virusi
SesaZloa daavadebis pirveli niSnebis gamovlinebamde 12-
15 dRiT adre aRmoCndes. es niSnebia: mousvenroba, aradamax-
asiaTebeli qceva, sakvebis miuRebloba, arasaWmeli sagnebis
(nafotebi, Cvrebi, qvebi da sxva) ylapva, Zlieri, ymuilSi
gardamavali yefa, wyals ar svams, gaZlierebulad mosdis
nerwyvi, am dros cxoveli (ZaRli) Zalze saSiSia, radgan aRg-
znebulia, garbis saxlidan da umizezod ikbineba. adamianis
cofiT daavadebis erT-erTi adreuli niSania yru tkivilis
SegrZneba, kbenis adgilas (Tundac Wriloba didi xnis Sex-
orcebuli iyos) tkivils male emateba `wvis~ SegrZneba Wri-
lobis irgvliv da `TrTolva~. tkivili vrceldeba cen-
triskenulad. irRveva avadmyofis nervul-fsiqikuri sfe-
ro, guneba-ganwyoba daTrgunulia, Zili mSfoTvare, xSir-
ia muqaris xasiaTis halucinaciebi. SemdgomSi yalibdeba
avadmyofobis ZiriTadi klinikuri niSnebi: agresiuloba,
saylapavi muskulaturis krunCxvebi, wylis SiSi, ofliano-
ba, gaZlierebuli nerwyvis dena. avadmyofoba grZeldeba 5-
7 dRe da yovelTvis sikvdiliT mTavrdeba.
cofis profilaqtika ori gziT SeiZleba. ar davuSvaT
adamianis inficireba da Tu moxda inficireba, CavataroT
cofis sawinaaRmdego samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri imuni-
zacia (rac SeiZleba adre).
pirvelis Sesasruleblad saWiroa cofis virusis Ziri-
Tadi populaciis kontrolireba da epizootiis aRkveTa
ZaRlebsa da katebSi. amisTvis aucilebelia mudmivi veter-
inaluri meTvalyureoba da mkacri administracia, vaqcina-
cia da upatrono, mawanwala cxovelTa TareSis aRkveTa.
cofiani cxovelis mier dakbenil an danerwyvil yvela
adamians aucilebelia Cautardes cofis sawinaaRmdego
acrebis mTliani kursi. amiT xerxdeba inficirebul orga-
nizmSi imunitetis warmoqmna manamde, sanam daiwyeba paTo-
25
logiuri movlenebis ganviTareba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT
saWiroa adamians dakbenidan rac SeiZleba male davuwyoT
acrebi. cofis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina mTel msoflioSi aRi-
arebulia, rogorc profilaqtikis saimedo saSualeba. ac-
rilTa imunitetis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb zusti monaceme-
bi ar arsebobs.
cxovelisagan dakbenilTa antirabiuli daxmareba Sedge-
ba ori komponentisagan: 1. adgilobrivi Wrilobis damuSave-
ba; 2. vaqcinis Seyvana an erTdroulad antirabiuli imuno-
globulinisa da vaqcinis gamoyeneba.
Wrilobis damuSaveba unda xdebodes dauyovnebliv da
rac SeiZleba male, kbenis an dazianebis Semdeg. Wriloba
kargad unda Cairecxos sapniani wyliT da Semdeg damuSavdes
70%-iani spirtiT an iodis xsnariT. imunoglobulinis Sey-
vanis saWiroebisas, rekomendebuli doziT unda gakeTdes
infiltracia Wrilobis irgvliv. agreTve, imunoglobuli-
ni unda SeviyvanoT Wrilobis siRrmeSi, Tu ukiduresma
saWiroebam ar moiTxova, nakerebis dadebas unda veridoT.
Wrilobis damuSavebis Semdeg, iwyeba samkurnalo-profi-
laqtikuri imunizacia (Cvenebebi: cofiani, cofze saeWvo,
an ucnobi cxovelis (ZaRlis) kbena an masTan kontaqti).
samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri imunizaciis ukuCveneba ar
arsebobs.

26
 Wama yovelTvis rodia `didad Sesargi~

gasuli saukunis miwurulisaTvis amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis daavadebaTa kontrolisa da prevenciis centre-
bis (CDC) monacemebiT botulizmiT daavadebis mxriv (100
000 sul mosaxleze) msoflioSi saqarTvelos pirveli adg-
ili ekava. TvalsaCinoebisTvis movitan erT konkretul ma-
galiTs: 1998 wels saqarTveloSi dafiqsirda botulizmiT
daavadebis 53 SemTxveva, maSin, roca iseT did qveyanaSi
rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, saSualod yovel-
wliurad botulizmiT avaddeba 110 adamiani. mainc ratom
gamovirCeviT ase, am mxriv da ra aris amis mizezi? xSirad
`mimtvrevia Tavi~ am sakiTxze da garkveuli cxovrebiseu-
li daskvnac gamovitane.
2003 wlis Semodgomaze, amerikelTa xelSewyobiT (sa-
transporto da samivlinebo xarjebi), TiTqmis mTeli sa-
qarTvlos qalaqebi da soflebi Semoviare kardakar (eqs-
pediciis sxva monawileebTan erTad) da davrwmundi _
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesoba, ganurCevlad
erovnebisa da qonebrivi cenzis, sakvebad intensiurad moix-
mars Sin, kustaruli we-
siT dakonservebul
bostneuls (albaT, sxva
qveynebis mosaxleobaze
gacilebiT metad). am
faqts ki udidesi mniS-
vneloba aqvs botuliz-
mis epidemiologiaSi.
ase magaliTad, 2001-
2004 wlebSi, saqarTve-
loSi dafiqsirebuli
botulizmis 100 SemTx-
vevidan 92 avad gaxda
dakonservebuli bost-
neulis miRebiT, 7 SemTxvevaSi daavadebis mizezi Sebolili
Tevzi iyo, xolo erTi, Sebolilma Zexvma gaxada avad. (Zexvs
27
laTinurad `Botulus~-i hqvia, ZexviT mowamvlas _ botuli-
zmi. es termini pirvelad 1820 wels ixmara viurtembergel-
ma eqimma iustinius kernerma germaniaSi da mas Semdeg dam-
kvidrda samedicino literaturaSi).
uaxlesi monacemebiT, arsebobs sami saxis botulizmi: 1)
sakvebismieri botulizmi, romelic gamowveulia botuliz-
mis toqsinis Semcveli produqtis miRebiT; 2) Wrilobis
botulizms iwvevs WrilobaSi moxvedrili botulizmis mik-
robebis mier gamomuSavebuli toqsini; 3) axalSobilebis
botulizmiT daavadeba SesaZloa gamoiwvios TviT mikrobe-
bis moxvedram sakvebTan erTad nawlavebSi da iq gamomuSave-
bulma toqsinma.
saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT dafiqsirebulia mxolod
sakvebismieri botulizmi. igi kvebiTi mowamvlis erT-erTi
mZime formaa da xasiaTdeba centraluri nervuli sistemis
dazianebiT. avadmyofobis ZiriTadi meqanizmi sakveb pro-
duqtSi warmoqmnili toqsiniT mowamvlaa, magram ar SeiZle-
ba misi, rogorc marto toqsemiis ganxilva. inficirebul
sakvebTan erTad organizmSi xvdeba ukve gamomuSavebuli
toqsini da botulizmis mikrobebi. toqsinis moqmedebiT
Seqmnili paTologiuri foni ganapirobebs organizmSi mik-
robebis gamravlebasa da toqsinis axali porciebis warmo-
qmnas, ris gamoc intoqsikacia da organizmis mowamvla
ufro da ufro Zlierdeba.
inkubaciuri periodi. sakvebiT gamowveuli botulizmis
dros pirveli simptomebis gamovlineba xdeba inficirebu-
li sakvebis miRebidan 18-36 saaTis Semdg, Tumca SesaZloa
gamovlindes 6 saaTidan 10 dRemde.
daavadebis simptomebi. daavadeba iwyeba gulisreviT,
zogjer RebinebiT, temperatura normaluria an Cerdeba
subfebrilur cifrebze. faRaraToba, rogorc wesi gamor-
icxulia, xSirad aRiniSneba yabzoba da muclis Seberva.
avadmyofebi uCivian saerTo sisustes, Tavbrusxvevas, Tavis
tkivils, mxedvelobis dabindvas da gaorebas. obieqturi
gamokvlevebiT avadmyofebs aReniSnebaT zeda quTuTos
daSveba (ftozi), sielme, gugebis gafarToeba da sxvadasxva
28
zoma. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve laparakisa da ylapvis gaZnele-
ba, piris simSrale. pulsi dasawyisSi Senelebulia, Semdgom-
Si _ xSirdeba. daavadebis mogvianebiT stadiaSi zemoT
CamoTvlils emateba sunTqvis moSla. Cvil bavSvebSi gamoxa-
tulia uCveulo Zilianoba, cudi mada, yabzoba, bavSvi Cu-
mad, sustad tiris, daqveiTebulia kunTebis tonusi. yvela
es CamoTvlili simptomi gamoxatavs baqteriuli toqsiniT
ganviTarebul kunTebis damblas.
botulizmis garTulebebi. botulizmi SesaZloa leta-
lurad damTavrdes, risi uSualo mizezi sasunTqi sistemis
ukmarisoba da damblaa. am daavadebisagan gamojanmrTele-
bul pacients ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi aReniSneba hae-
ris ukmarisoba, daRliloba da a. S. sruli gamojanmrTeleb-
isaTvis SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes xangrZlivi mkurnaloba.
botulizmis diagnostika. SesaZloa eqimma dasvas botu-
lizmis winaswari diagnozi avadmyofobis simptomebisa da
epidanamnezis mixedviT, Tumca zogjr es sakmarisi ar aris,
msgavsi simptomebi SesaZloa hqondes iseT daavadebebs,
rogoricaa gien-bares sindromi, sisxlis mimoqcevis moSla
Tavis tvinSi, miasTenia. diagnozis dadasturebis ZiriTa-
di saSualebaa botulizmis toqsinis an TviT baqteriis aR-
moCena daavadebulis ganavalSi, sisxlSi an moxmarebuli
sakvebi produqtis darCenil ulufaSi. mniSvnelovani faq-
toria aseve erTdroulad daavadebis ramdenime SemTxveva
dakavSirebuli erTi da igive produqtis miRebasTan.
botulizmis mkurnaloba. mkurnaloba Cveulebriv iwye-
ba kuWis amorecxviT 5%-iani sodiani xsnariT. ukeTdebaT
penicilini Cveulebrivi doziTa da sqemiT. radikaluri sa-
Sualebaa polivalenturi antibotulinuri Srati 500 000
antitoqsikuri erTeuli kunTebSi (mZime SemTxvevaSi me-
tic). Sratis adreuli SeyvaniT daavadebis yvela simptomi
swrafad mcirdeba da SemdgomSi qreba. ylapvis moSlasTan
dakavSirebiT aucilebelia parenteralurad fiziolo-
giuri xsnarisa da 5-procentiani glukozis Seyvana, agreT-
ve, striqnini da adrenalini kunTebSi. yabzobisas iyeneben
sifonur oynas.
29
 daavadebis iseTi Sorswasuli SemTxvevebi, rogoricaa
sasunTqi sistemis dambla, saWiroebs reanimaciul Carevas
_ avadmyofis xelovnuri sunTqvis aparatze CarTvas (zog-
jer SesaZloa ramdenime kviriTac) da Sesabamis movlas. sak-
maod xangrZlivi periodis gavlisas TandaTanobiT iwyeba
avadmyofis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba. adreuli diagnos-
tikis SemTxvevaSi samkurnalod gamoiyeneba antitoqsikuri
Srati, romelic axdens avadmyofis sisxlSi mocirkulacie
toqsinis blokirebas, es ki icavs pacients mdgomareobis
Semdgomi gauarsebisagan. saboloo gamojanmrTelebas ki
ramdenime kvira sWirdeba. sasurvelia, avadmyofis nawla-
vebSi jer kidev arsebuli inficirebuli sakvebis mocile-
ba, Rebinebis gamowveviT an gamwmendi oynis saSualebiT.
epidsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi. aucilebelia botu-
lizmze saeWvo yvela avadmyofis saswrafo hospitalizacia
da diagnozis dazustebamde dauyovnebliv mkurnalobis
dawyeba polivalnturi SratiT. yvela subieqtze, romleb-
mac botulizmze saeWvo produqti miiRes, aucileblia same-
dicino meTvalyureobis daweseba 10-12 dRiT. saeWvo pro-
duqti aucileblad unda ganadgurdes.
bunebaSi botulizmis mikrobTa rezervuari Tbilsis-
xlian arsebaTa (maT Soris, adamianTa) nawlavebia, sadac isi-
ni saprofitebis saxiT binadroben da drodadro ganaval-
Tan erTad gamoiyofian gareT.
organizmis gareT (niadagSi) sicocxlis SesanarCuneb-
lad es mikrobebi qmnian Zalian gamZle formebs _ sporebs,
romelTa dasaxasiaTebladac sakmarisia aRvniSnoT Tundac
erTi faqti – isini duRils uZleben 5 saaTs. am xangrZlivo-
bis Termuli damuSaveba ki mogexsenebaT arc erT sakveb
produqts ar sWirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu produqti
botulizmis mikrobiT dainficirda, mas veraviTari kusta-
ruli gasterileba da Sebolva ver uSvelis. maT gasauvne-
blad mizanSewonilia avtoklavireba (parametrebi: temper-
atura 120 gradusi celsiusiT, wneva _ 2 atmosfero, dro
_ 20 wuTi), magram avtoklavi ar Sedis sayofacxovrebo apa-
raturis nusxaSi – ojaxebs da wvril kustarul sawarmoebs
30
igi ara aqvT, amdenad, maT ar ZaluZT srulyofili steril-
izaciis Catareba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gasagebi xde-
ba, ratom imata am bolo wlebSi botulizmiT daavadebis
SemTxvevebma.
saxlSi, konservebis kustaruli wesiT warmoeba ver iZl-
eva botulizmiT daavadebis Tavidan acilebis garantias.
inficirebulma produqtma botulizmiT daavadeba rom gam-
oiwvios, aucilebelia ori piroba: garkveuli dro (sul
mcire ori kvira mainc) da uhaero anu uJangbado are. pirve-
li saWiroa mikrobTa gasamravleblad da produqtSi maT
mier warmoqmnili toqsinis dasagroveblad, meore ki TviT
botulizmis mikrobTa bunebidan gamomdinareobs _ igi
aris mkacri anaerobi e. i. izrdeba da toqsins gamoimuSavbs
mxolod uhaero sivrceSi.
amdenad, Semodgomaze daxuful-dakonservebuli sxva-
dasxva saxis bostneuli da Sebolili Zexveul-Tevzeuli,
Tuki igi inficirebulia botulizmis sporebiT, zamTri-
saTvis warmoadgens botulizmiT daavadebis ucilobel
mizezs. aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros produqtis organolep-
tikuri Tvisebebi (suni, feri, gemo) ar icvleba da adamiani
ver sazRvravs misi Wamis saSiSroebas (Tu igi Zalian didi
xnis Senaxuli ar aris. didi xnis Senaxvis SemTxvevaSi igi
icvlis fers, edeba mZaRe karaqis suni, icvleba konsisten-
ciac). sagulisxmoa is viTarebac, rom, Tu inficirebuli
produqti mkvrivia (erTi cali Sebolili Tevzi, an erTi
cali Zexvi) misi Wamis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa erTi adamiani
moiwamlos, meore ki uvneblad gadarCes, rac imiTaa ganpi-
robebuli – vis ulufaSi moxvdeba gamravlebuli mikrobe-
bi da maT mier gamomuSavebuli toqsini. Txieri produqtis
SemTxvevaSi es SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu produqti Seicavs 8%-ze met
sufris marils an 45%-ze met Saqars, masSi botulizmis mik-
robebi ver ganviTardeba e. i. toqsinic ar warmoiqmneba da
daavadebasac ver gamoiwvevs. amitomacaa, rom murabebisa-
gan, Taflisagan, kanfetebisagan an kitris, pamidvris, ko-
mbostos mwnilisagan, ra xangrZlivobisac ar unda iyos is
31
da ra pirobebSic ar unda iyos Senaxuli (daxufuli Tu
dauxufavi), adamiani ar avaddeba.
amrigad, botulizmi kvebiTi mowamvlis erT-erTi umZi-
mesi formaa. mis paTogenezSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
sawamlavs anu toqsins, romelsac gamoimuSavebs mikrobi da
grovdeba sakveb produqtSi, amitom profilaqtikis sakiTx-
is gadawyvetisas yuradReba unda gamaxvildes botuloto-
qsinis im Tvisebaze, rom igi ar aris Termostabiluri – gacx-
elebas uZlebs mxolod 80 gradusamde celsiusiT, metze ki
(duRilisas) swrafad iSleba da kargavs toqsikur Tvise-
bebs. amitom zamTrisaTvis kustarulad damzadebuli pro-
duqtis miRebisas, aucilebelia, Wamis win Termuli damu-
Saveba (10 wuTi duRili), riTac uzrunvelyofili iqneba
usafrTxoeba.
am statiaze muSaobisas, rakiRa kvebasa da produqtebze
iyo saubari, Zalauneburad fiqrebSi amotivtivda am Temaze
rostevan mefis sentencia vefxistyaosnidan:
`sma-Wama-didad Sesargi, deba ra savargulia?!
rasaca gascem, Senia, rac ara dakargulia!~
mkiTxvelis yuradRebas mivapyrob sityvebs _ `deba ra
savargulia?!~ e.i. Senaxva, momarageba, gamozogva (Tanamed-
rove gagebiT _ dakonserveba, daxufva, Sebolva da sxva) ar
vargao. ver avukrZalavT Cvens Tanamemamuleebs am proce-
durebis Catarebas, magram survili ki miCndeba xmamaRla vi-
yviro mTeli saqarTvelos gasagonad _ ar WamoT auduReb-
lad Sin dakonservebuli produqti!

32
 agresia kacobriobis winaaRmdeg

msoflios masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi atexili

iyo didi xmauri da miTqma-moTqma imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom 2001 wlis seqtemberis TveSi teroristebma amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebisa da sxva qveynebis winaaRmdeg gam-
oiyenes baqteriologiuri iaraRi, kerZod, jilexis (cimbi-
ruli wylulis) sporebi. sporebi fxvnilis saxiT, safosto
gzavnilebis saSualebiT gaavrceles floridaSi, niu-iork-
Si, vaSingtonsa da sxva qalaqebSi, ramac ukve gamoiwvia ram-
denime adamianis daavadeba jilexiT, aris letaluri SemTx-
vevac. 30 adamianis analizSi aRmoCnda jilexis CxirebTan
kontaqtis kvali. gamokvleulia aTasobiT adamiani, visac
SesaZloa kontaqti hqonda aRniSnul werilebTan. aaS-s mTa-
vroba acxadebs premias 1 mln dolaris odenobiT maTTvis,
vinc aRmoaCens da saaSkaraoze gamoiyvans am saSineli bo-
rotmoqmedebis CamdenT. radganac Cveni qveyanac Sedis mso-
flio Tanamegobrobis samyaroSi da gamoricxuli araa, rom
teroristebis gamogzavnilma werilebma rogorc sxva qvey-
nebSi, CvenTanac SemoaRwios. amitomac mizanSewonilad mig-
vaCnia detalurad SeviswavloT, ganvmartoT, Tu ra Tvise-
bebis gamo airCies borotmoqmedebma es mikroorganizmebi
baqteriologiur iaraRad da rogor davicvaT Tavi misgan.
jilexis anu, rogorc mas xSirad eZaxian, cimbiruli wy-
lulis gamomwvevi mikroorganizmi aris sakmaod didi (mik-
robis pirobebze,
Torem ise umikrosk-
opod arc dainaxeba)
da tlanqi Cxiri. igi
sazrdos mimarT up-
retenzioa (izrdeba
ubralo bulionze an
Cveulebriv agarze),
Zalze mgrZnobiarea
penicilinisa da misi
rigis antibiotike-
33
bis mimarT. organizmis gareT, garemoSi, Jangbadis zemoq-
medebiT, swrafad gadadis sporul formaSi (sporulacia
iwyeba me-12 wuTidan). spora mikrobis damcavi formaa, ro-
melic xasiaTdeba didi gamZleobiT. is erTi saaTis ganmav-
lobaSi duRiliT ar kvdeba, gayinva mis cxovelmyofeloba-
ze saerTod ar moqmedebs, kargad uZlebs gamoSrobas. am
Tvisebebis gamo, jilexis spora garemoSi (Tundac miwaSi),
Zalze didxans (aTeuli wlobiT) inarCunebs sicocxlisu-
narianobasa da paTogenobas. jilexis sporis dasnebovnebis
indeqsi adamianTaTvis, Cveni monacemebiT, udris 23%-s.
jilexi zoonozuri daavadebaa, is, ZiriTadad, balaxism-
Wamel cxovelTa avadmyofobaa. adamiani jilexis epidemio-
logiuri procesis ciklSi Cixs warmoadgens, rac imas gu-
lisxmobs rom adamiani meore adamianisTvis infeqciis wya-
ros ar warmoadgens. am Tvisebis gamo, jilexi, sxva paToge-
nebTan SedarebiT, bioiaraRad nakleb saSiSia. samagirod mi-
si `damzadeba~, gamoyeneba da gavrceleba SedarebiT advi-
lia da mosaxleobaSi did panikas iwvevs.
adamianis organizmSi jilexis sporis moxvedris ramde-
nime forma arsebobs: kanis 99% da darCenili 1% Semdeg
formebze: abdominuri, filtvis. es ukanaskneli formebi Za-
lian mZimed mimdinareobs da umTavresad sikvdiliT mTavr-
deba. rogor gamovicnoT yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli _
kanis forma? amisaTvis mivyveT daavadebis ganviTarebis
dinamikas: inkubaciuri periodis (9 saaTidan 14 dRemde) gas-
vlis Semdeg mikrobis SeWris adgilas (aq aucilebeli pi-
robaa _ kani dazianebuli unda iyos Wrilobis, nakawris,
naxeTqis an mikrotramvis saxiT mainc) viTardeba molur-
jo – mowiTalo feris laqa, romelic erT-or dReSi papu-
lad gardaiqmneba, ris Semdeg (kidev erTi-ori dRe) masSi
dgeba serozuli siTxe da gadaiqceva vezikulad, romelic
male skdeba da viTardeba wyluli Savi feris fufxiT. unda
gvaxsovdes, rom es procesi nekrozul-hemoragiulia da
Cirqi damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. wylulis irgvliv mdebare
qsovilebi Zalze SeSupebulia da umtkivneulo (jilexis
toqsiniT nervuli daboloebebis parezis gamo). am daavade-
34
bisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, agreTve, gamoxatuli linfan-
goiti da uaxloesi limfuri jirkvlis limfadeniti. rac
Seexeba zemoT CamoTvlil jilexis sxva formebs, isini Zal-
ian swrafad, mwvaved mimdinareobs da avadmyofi klinikuri
diagnozis dasmamde (Tu epidemiologiuri anamnezi ar dag-
vexmara) iRupeba.
jilexi kargad emorCileba antibiotikoTerapias (maT
Soris, penicilinTerapiasac), riTac Cven mier zemoT aRwe-
rili procesebi swrafad ganicdis ukuganviTarebas da ava-
dmyofi droulad ikurneba. aSS-Si jilexis SemTxvevebis
mkurnalobisa da kontaqtSi myofTaTvis profilaqtikis
mizniT, farTod gamoiyenes ciprofloqsacini.
aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac: msoflios aTze met qveya-
naSi, maT Soris, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, baqteriologiur
iaraRad gamosayeneblad miRebuli iyo jilexis antibi-
otikebis mimarT rezistentuli Stamebic, rac am daavadebis
mkurnalobas did problemas uqmnida. Tanamedrove tero-
ristebs etyoba, xeli ver miuwvdebodaT amgvari Stamebi-
sadmi. maT mier gamoyenebuli jilexis Stamebi antibiotike-
bis mimarT mgrZnobiarea. sad SeeZloT teroristebs moe-
povebinaT jilexis kulturis Stamebi? amerikeli kolege-
bis kvlevis SedegebiT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebuli
Stamebi erTmaneTis identuri da bunebrivi warmoSobis iyo,
rac ar gamoricxavs maT gamotanas romelime laboratori-
idan. ra Tqma unda, maTi miReba, momzadeba da gamoyeneba spe-
cialur codnas moiTxovs.
rogor davicvaT Tavi teroristTa SesaZlo agresiisa-
gan? saeWvo safosto gzavnilebi, romlebSic moTeTro fe-
ris fxvnili SeiZleba iyos, ar unda gaixsnas. saqarTvelos
fostas miRebuli aqvs Sesabamisi instruqciebi. aseT kon-
vertebTan Sexeba SeiZleba mxolod rezinis xelTaTmanebis
gamoyenebiT, xolo gaxsna _ sasunTqi gzebis respiratoriT
an 4-feniani dolbandis gamoyenebiT, Tu konvertSi aRmoCn-
da saeWvo nivTiereba, misi mikareba ar SeiZleba. daavadeba-
Ta kontrolis erovnuli centris specialistebs, Sesabam-
isi organoebis miwveviT, SeuZliaT saeWvo nivTierebis us-
35
afrTxo aReba da laboratoriuli gamokvleva. sifrTxil-
is dacvisas daavadebis riski minimaluria.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom saWiroebis dros, xelis kargad da-
bana sapniT (gansakuTrebiT sarecxis sapniT) profilaq-
tikis saukeTeso saSualebaa. jilexis sporebs saimedod
klavs 1%-iani lizoformi, 8%-iani wyalbadis zeJangi da
qloriani kiris xsnari, sadac aqtiuri qloris Semcveloba
5%-ze naklebi ar unda iyos.
bioteroristuli aqtebis yvelaze damangreveli efeqti
mosaxleobaSi SiSiTa da panikiT gamomJRavndeba, gansakuT-
rebiT im qveynebSi, sadac jilexi bunebrivad TiTqmis ar gvx-
vdeba. amitom mosaxleobis sanitariul ganaTlebas, elemen-
tarul pirad profilaqtikas, masobrivi informaciis saSu-
alebebiT informaciis droul da swor gaSuqebas gadamwy-
veti mniSvneloba aqvs.

36
 brucelozi saSiSi infeqciaa

brucelozi CvenSi gavrcelebul infeqciur daavadebas

warmoadgens. igi xasiaTdeba retikulur-endoTeluri sis-
temis dazianebiT: procesSi CairTveba nervuli, sisxlZar-
RvTa da sxva sistemebic. daavadebisTvis damaxasiaTeblia
agreTve sayrden-samoZrao aparatis dazianeba da midreki-
leba qronikuli mimdinareobisken.
saqarTveloSi adamianTa Soris bruceloziT avadobis
sistematuri aRricxva daiwyo 1939 wlidan. Semdgom wlebSi
am daavadebis klinikuri da laboratoriuli diagnostikis
srulyofam ganapiroba daavadebulTa gamovlenis mateba,
romelmac maqsimums 50-ian wlebSi miaRwia. Sesabamisi pro-
filaqtikuri RonisZiebis gatarebam gamoiwvia mosaxleoba-
Si daavadebis kleba, rac 1978 wlamde gagrZelda. Semdgomi
wlebidan bruceloziT avadoba garkveul stabilur dones
inarCunebs, weliwadSi saSualod 200 axali SemTxveva aRi-
ricxeba.
ukanasknel periodSi, didi socialur-ekonomikuri cv-
lilebebis gamo (sazogadoebrivi meurneobis adgilze wv-
ril-wvrili kerZo fermeruli warmoebis gaCena), mniSvne-
lovnad gaizarda brucelozis problemis aqtualoba, ram-
denadac garTulda veterinaruli samsaxuris mier rigi
profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebis masStaburad ganxorcie-
leba. amdenad, miuxedavad bruceloziT adamianTa daavade-
bis SemTxvevebis aRricxvis arasrulyofilebisa (pacienti,
daavadebis msubuqi formiT xSirad ar mimarTavs eqims), mo-
salodnelia am daavadebis SemTxvevebis garkveuli zrda.
Tumca daavadeba ZiriTadad mecxoveleobaSi dasaqmebul
pirTa Sorisaa gavrcelebuli, saTanado wesebis ugulebel-
yofis pirobebSi, arc mosaxleobaa dazRveuli dasnebova-
nebisagan.
brucelozis rezervuars bunebaSi ZiriTadad sasoflo-
sameurneo cxovelebi warmoadgenen, upirveles yovlisa,
wvrilfexa da msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi. avadmyofi ada-
miani infeqciis wyaro ar aris. daavadebuli pirutyvi bru-
37
celebs gamohyofs daavadebis mTel periodSi rZiT, SardiT,
ganavliT da sanayofe wylebiT. adamiani avad xdeba avadmy-
ofi cxovelis xorcis an rZis produqtebis gamoyenebisas,
an avadmyof cxovelTan kontaqtis (upiratesad profesiu-
li xasiaTis) Sedegad. aqedan gamomdinare, gadacemis gzebi
alimentaruli da kontaqturia.
brucelozis gamomwvevTagan adamianTa daavadebaSi upi-
ratesi epidemiologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs Txa-cxvris bru-
celozis gamomwvevs _ Brucella melitensis .
gadacemis faqtori ufro xSirad auduRari rZe an misi
produqtebia, agreTve xorci. SedarebiT iSviaTad matyli,
tyavi.
mecxoveleTa inficirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
placenta da avadmyofi pirutyvis sxva gamonayofebi. bru-
celebi bunebaSi sakmaod maRali gamZleobiT xasiaTdeba.
magaliTad, rZeSi macivris temperaturaze or kviras Zlebs,
yvelSi – 45-60 dRemde. duRilisas swrafad iRupeba.
adamianTa amTvisebloba brucelozis mimarT maRalia da
ganisazRvreba brucelas saxeobiT. ase magaliTad, Zroxis
brucelozis kerebSi 20 inficirebulidan avad xdeba erTi,
maSin, roca Txa-cxvris brucelozis keraSi avad xdeba TiT-
qmis yvela inficirebuli. daavadebis Semdgomi imuniteti
xanmoklea.
daavadebis klinikuri gamovlineba mravalferovania,
avadmyofoba iwyeba TandaTanobiT (zogjer mwvaved), aRin-
iSneba gamoxatuli cxeleba (39_40ºC), romlic grZeldeba
3-7 dRe, SesaZloa ganviTardes angina, faringiti, mSrali
bronqiti. damaxasiaTebelia kunTebis, saxsrebis tkivili,
zogjer SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mwvave morecidive bruce-
lozi. am SemTxvevaSi cxelebian Setevebs enacvleba usicxo
periodebi 1-2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. cxelebian periodSi avad-
myofi aRgznebulia, uCivis uZilobas, Zlier oflianobas.
usicxo periodSi avadmyofs unarCundeba kunTebis sisuste,
adinamia, kidurebis tkivili. daaxloebiT 6 Tvis Semdeg
avadmyofoba gadadis qronikul formaSi, romlis drosac
xdeba sxvadasxva organosa da sistemis perioduli kero-
38
brivi dazianeba: SesaZloa ganviTardes arTriti, nefriti,
pleqsiti, radikuliti, orqiti, endometriti. bruceloz-
is dros letaloba 2% ar aRemateba.
brucelozis laboratoriuli diagnostika emyareba se-
rologiur da baqteriologiur gamokvlevebs, agreTve ka-
nis alergiul sinjs.
brucelozis samkurnalod gamoiyeneba: antibiotikebi,
zogjer vaqcina, mastimulirebeli da sadesensibilizacio
saSualebebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi brucelozi yvelgan
erTnairad araa gavrcelebuli. Cvens qveyanaSi adamianTa
bruceloziT avadobis 95 %-ze meti aRmosavleT saqarTve-
loze modis. aq daavadebis intensivobis mixedviT gamoirCe-
va 14 raioni: sagarejo, yazbegi, aspinZa, duSeTi, axmeta, de-
dofliswyaro, ninowminda, TianeTi, TeTriwyaro, siRnaRi,
gardabani, Telavi, dmanisi, lagodexi.
brucelozis sawinaaRmdego acrebi adamianebisaTvis re-
komendebulia mxolod wvrilfexa rqiani pirutyvis aqti-
ur kerebSi momuSave personalisTvis (vaqcinacia SedarebiT
nakleb efeqtiania).
brucelozis profilaqtikaSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs
mosaxleobisaTvis imis codnas, Tu ra saSiSroebas warmoad-
gens Seumowmebeli, auduRari rZis, umarilo yvelisa da
Termiulad arasakmarisad damuSavebuli xorcis sakvebad
xmareba.

39
 jilexis `afeTqeba~

infeqciur sneulebaTa Soris, jilexi erT-erTi iseTi

avadobaa, romlis epidemia yumbarasaviT afeTqdeba xolme
da mosaxleobaSi SiSsa da dabneulobas iwvevs. es ki am daa-
vadebis ramdenime TaviseburebiTaa ganpirobebuli. pirve-
li _ is ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia kvebis iseT produqt-
Tan, rogoricaa xorci. meore _ misi gamomwvevi mikrobebis
sporebi gamZlea da duRils uZlebs zustad erT saaTs. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, inficirebuli xorciani sakvebi, romlis
Termiul damuSavebas erT saaTze naklebi duRili sWirde-
ba, qmnis sikvdilis saSiSroebas. albaT amitomac iyo 1999
wlis seqtembris pirveli naxevari Tbilisis bazrebSi saqon-
lis xorcis gasayidi daxlebi dacarielebuli. xalxs eSino-
da xorcis yidva (mogexsenebaT andaza _ `SiSs didi Tvale-
bi aqvso~). gaWra radioTi da televiziiT gavrcelebulma
informaciam jilexis epidemiuri afeTqebis Sesaxeb gar-
dabnisa da dedofliswyaros raionebSi (soflebSi: aqtag-
lia, kalinino, meurneobis dasaxleba, sabaTlo), qalaqebSi:
rusTavi, Tbilisi, samtredia.
ramdenime dReSi aRniSnul regionebSi Cacxra jilexis
epidemiuri afeTqeba (gavida daavadebis inkubaciuri _
faruli periodis maqsimumi 12_14 dRe ukanaskneli SemTx-
vevidan). masobrivi informaciis saSualebebma kargi samsax-
uri gauwia Cvens Tanamemamuleebs (gangaSis wyalobiT xalxi
gafrTxilda, ar yofila registrirebuli nawlavuri for-
ma, yvela SemTxveva kanis forma iyo da arc sikvdilianoba
dafiqsirebula).
sainteresoa, ram ganapiroba jilexis esoden mZlavri epi-
demiuri afeTqeba. jilexi, ZiriTadad, sasoflo-sameurneo
pirutyvis daavadebaa da adamianebi maTgan xdebian avad (re-
gistrirebuli 47 avadmyofidan erTis garda yvela daavad-
da dacemuli pirutyvis dakvlisa da gatyavebisgan an xor-
cis damuSavebisagan). jilexisagan pirutyvis dasacavad sa-
Wiroa maTi yovelwliuri acra, rac ver moxerxda ekonomi-
uri siZneleebis gamo. amasTanave, angariSgasawevia maSinde-
40
li uCveulod cxeli da gvalviani zafxuli (gadamxmari ba-
laxis gamo, pirutyvi iZulebulia, ufro mWidrod Seexos
miwas drunCiT, riTac izrdeba misi inficirebis Sansi jile-
xis sporebiT).
momavalSi jilexidan gamowveuli garTulebebis Tavidan
asacileblad saWiroa, gaZlierdes veterinaruli momsaxu-
reba. pirutyvi unda ikvlebodes mxolod erTsa da imave
adgilze – sasaklaoze. meti yuradReba unda daeTmos cxo-
velsamarxebis mowyobas (jilexiT dacemuli pirutyvis le-
Si jer unda daiwvas da mere ferfli daimarxos), saWiroa
adgilebze gamovlindes axali da Zveli cxovelsamarxi da
dawesdes maTze veterinaruli zedamxedveloba (pirvel
rigSi gaukeTdes maT izolireba e. i. SemoiRobos), rac mcire
gamonaklisis garda arsad ar xdeba, rac SeiZleba pirutyvis
met raodenobas Cautardes jilexis sawinaaRmdego acrebi.
gasayidad gamotanili xorci aucileblad damowmebuli
unda iyos specialistis mier (Cvens Tanamoqalaqeebs Tavi-
suflad da uSiSrad SeuZliaT ivaWron bazrebis saqonlis
xorcis gasayid daxlebTan).
Cems TanamemamuleT (imaT, vinc mecxoveleobas misdevs)
ki erTi andaziT Sevexmianebodi _ `vinc davardnil saqo-
nels ar daklavs, is arc avaddeba jilexiTo~.

41
 Savi Wiri – wyevlis sinonimi

Savi Wiri. imdeni ubedureba moutania am ori sityviT sax-

eldebul daavadebas kacTa modgmisTvis, rom igi wyevlis
sinonimad iqca. qarTul matianeSi Savi Wiris epidemiebi Ja-
mianobis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. dRevandeli axalgazr-
da eqimi am daavadebas mxolod wignis saSualebiT Tu icn-
obs, magram arc ise didi xania, rac Savi Wiris gamoCena SiSis
zars scemda mosaxleobas, romelic Tavis gadarCenis miz-
niT tovebda saxl-kars, sarCo-sabadebels da garboda sai-
Tac SeeZlo. Tavis gadarCenas yvela ver axerxebda, bevri
dawyebul avadmyofobas versad gaurboda da mas yvelgan
avrcelebda, amitom XIX saukuneSi CvenSi xSiri iyo Savi Wi-
ris mZvinvare epidemiebi. maTi Seswavlis mizniT gavecani sa-
xelmwifo centralur saistorio arqivSi dacul dokumen-
tebs, movZebne da davamuSave 24 fondis 287 saqme, ramac gar-
dasul JamTa siavis uSualo mowmeni gagvxada.
Savi Wiri gansakuTrebiT saSiSi infeqciuri daavadebaa.
bunebaSi Savi Wiris gamomwvevi mikrobebis rezervuaria sx-
vadasxva saxis mRrRneli, xolo gadamtani _ rwyilebi. amde-
nad, igi bunebrivkerovani, transmisiuli daavadebaa. bune-
briv keraSi dasnebovanebisas adamians Savi Wiris bubonuri
(jirkvlovani) an septikuri forma uviTardeba, romelic Se-
saZloa garTuldes filtvis meoradi formiT. es ki udides
saSiSrobas qmnis irgvliv myofTaTvis, radgan Savi Wiris
mikrobTa gavrceleba haerovan-wveTovani gziT iwvevs ada-
mianTa daavadebas filtvis pirveladi formiT. avadmyofo-
bis yvela formis inkubaciuri periodi meryeobs 1-5 dRis
farglebSi.
arCeven Savi Wiris `velur~ (bunebriv) da `saporto~ ker-
ebs. maT Soris damakavSirebeli rgolia sinantropuli (ada-
mianTan mcxovrebi) mRrRnelebi.
adamiani Savi WiriT SeiZleba daavaddes sxvadasxva piro-
bebSi: uSualod bunebriv kerebSi, intensiuri epizootiis
(daavadebis gavrceleba cxovelebSi) fonze, SemTxveviT an
sameurneo saqmianobisas. daavadebis wyaroa sinantropuli
42
mRrRnelebi, Sinauri cxovelebi, avadmyofi adamiani an misi
gvami. daavadebis gza ZiriTadad transmisiulia _ inficir-
ebuli rwyilebisagan adamianis dakbena. aseT SemTxvevaSi Sa-
vi Wiris bubonuri forma viTardeba, romelTa diagniosti-
kisaTvis bubonis SigTavsis baqteriologiur gamokvlevas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
daavadeba, rogorc wesi iwyeba uecrad, SemcivnebiTa da
Tavis tkiviliT. sxeulis temperatura ramdenime saaTis
ganmavlobaSi matulobs 39-40 gradusamde, avadmyofis saxe
sisxlsavsea da SeSupebuli, gamoxatavs SeSfoTebas. koniun-
qtivebi hiperemiulia, ena – TeTri nadebiT, kankalebs da
Znelad gamodis piris Rrudan, nestoebi gafarToebuli,
tuCebi mSrali. avadmyofi agznebulia, bodavs.
aRwerili saerTo simptomebis fonze avadmyofs uviTar-
deba adgilobrivi dazianebebi, rac gansazRvravs Savi WiriT
daavadebis formas, romelic ZiriTadad sami saxisaa: bubo-
nuri, septikuri da filtvis.
aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi adamianTa Savi WiriT daavade-
bis saSiSroeba?
aris! es ki imiT aixsneba, rom garda damoukidebeli bune-
brivi kerebisa, saqarTvelos teritoria garemoculia Savi
Wiris moqmedi kerebiT. ase magaliTad, aRmosavleTiT da
samxreTiT Cven vemijnebiT azerbaijanis teritoriaze gan-
lagebul Savi Wiris vrcel bunebriv keras, sadac am sneu-
lebis gamomwvevis rezervuars warmoadgens wiTelkuda meq-
viSia (gareuli mRrRneli) 1966 wlis gazafxulze mosazRvre
dedofliswyaros raionSi, xolo 1968, 1969, 1970 da 1971
wlebSi gardabnis raionSi, swored am saxeobis mRrRnele-
bidan da maTi rwyilebidan Savi Wiris gamomwvevi mikrobebi
iqna gamoyofili.
samxreTiT Cveni momijnavea somxeTSi arsebuli Savi Wi-
ris bunebrivi kera (aq am sneulebis rezervuaria Cveuleb-
rivi memindvria). samocdaaTiani wlebis bolos, oTxmociani
da oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi, ninowmindis raionSi
dadasturda zemoT aRniSnul mRrRnelebSi Savi Wiris epi-
zootia.
43
 kavkasionis CrdiloeT kalTebze registrirebulia Savi
Wiris bunebrivi kerebi (yabardo-balyareTi, daRestani), ma-
Ti zegavlena Cvens teritoriebze, marTalia, jerjerobT,
daudgenelia, magram arcTu ise Soreuli warsuli, am mxriv
friad sagulisxmo monacemebs Seicavs.
ganvixiloT saqarTvelos centralur saistorio arqivSi
daculi dokumentebi:
_ «Ëîìàòü, à áóäå ìîæíî ñæèãàòü òå ñàêëè, ãäå áûë ÷óìíîé, à
áóäå íà òî íóæíî âîéñêîâîé ïîìîùè òî òðåáîâàòü ñèëîþ åãî îò áëè-
æàéøåé âîéñêîâîé êîìàíäû». (fondi_2, anaweri_1, saqme_79,
gv._58).
es saqarTvelos
mTavarmarTeblis
1804 wlis 2 Teber-
vlis # 13 dadge-
nilebaa. aRniSnu-
li RonisZieba, ud-
avod, calmxrivi
iyo da bevrad ver
SezRudavda Savi
Wiris epidemias,
romelmac gansa-
kuTrebiT imZlavra 1806 wels sofel stefanwmindaSi da
qvemo qobaanSi, xolo «â Êèñòèéñêèõ óùåëúÿõ æèòåëè îò ñèëúíîãî
ñâèðåïñòâîâàíèÿ çàðàçèòåëúíîé áîëåçíè ïî÷òè âñå âûìåðëè» (fon-
di 16, anaweri-1, saqm 452, gv. 1-5). aq albaT, Savi Wiris fil-
tvis formazea laparaki.
1807 wels Savi WiriT daavadeba daiwyo larsis simagreSi
ganlagebul samxedro mosamsaxurTa Soris da gavrcelda
mTeli kavkasiis samxedro xazze.
6 TveSi (28 maisidan 12 dekembramde) am ubanze Savi WiriT
1596 kaci daavadda. romelTagan mokvda 1144 e.i 71% ( fon-
di 2. anaweri 1, saqme – 158, gv. 137).
male Jamianoba Tbilissac moedo.
«Æèòåëè ãîðîäà Òèôëèñà, áîÿñü çàðàçèòåëüíîé áîëåçíè, âûõîäÿò
èç ãîðîäó â ïðåäìåñòüÿ îíîãî, ÿ íóæíûì íàõîæó ïðåäïèñàòú âàøåìó
44
Ïðåâîñõîäèòåëúñòâó, ÷òîáû ïîçâîëèòü òîëüêî äâîðÿíàì è ïî÷òåííûì
ãðàæäàíàì âûõîäèòü èç ãîðîäó è ðàñïîëîãàòüñÿ â ïðåäìåñòüÿõ îíîãî
èëè â ñàäàõ , íî íå èíà÷å, êàê ïî áèëåòàì Âàøèì, ñî âçèÿòèåì îò íèõ
oáÿçàòåëüñòâà, ÷òîá îíè ëþäåé ïðè íèõ íàõîäÿùèåõñÿ, îòíþäü íèêóäà
îò ñåáÿ íå îòïóñêàëè äà è ñàìè áû íå ðàñõîäèëèñü â äðóãèå ìåñòà,
÷òîæ êàñàåòñÿ äî ÷åðíîãî íàðîäó Òèôëèñå íàõîäÿùèåõñÿ, òî îíûé
íèêàê âûñåëÿòüñÿ èç ãîðîäà íå äîëæíû, èáî ÷åðåç òî ìîãóò ïðîèçîéòè
ãèáåëüíàÿ äëÿ ïðî÷èõ ìåñò ïî Ãðóçèè ïîñëåäñòâèÿ, òàê êàê íàðîä ñåé
ïîâñþäó ðàçîéäåòñÿ, à îñòàâÿ îíûé â Òèôëèñå ðàñïîðÿäèòå òîëüêî,
÷òîáû â ãîðîäå íå áûëî íåäîñòàòêó â ñúåñòíûõ ïðèïàñàõ, ïðèêàæèòå
âíóøèòü âñåì âîîáùå ïèñàòåëÿì, ÷òîáû îíè ê ñîõðàíåíèþ ñåáÿ îò
çàðàçû ïðèíèìàëè âñå ìåðû ïðåäîñòîðîæíîñòè, íàòèðàëè áû ñåáÿ
óêñóñîì è ïåðåìåíÿëè ÷àùå áåëüå, ïåðåìûâàÿ åãî õîðîøåíüêî. Óìåð-
øèõ çàðàçîþ èìóùåñòâî ïðåäîâàòü îãíþ. Âîêðóã ãîðîäà ÷èñëî ïîñòîâ
ïàòðóëåé óâåëè÷èòü, ÷òîáû øàòàþùèõñÿ áåç áèëåòà ïðåïðîâîäèòü â
kàðàíòèí.» (fondi 16, anaweri _1, saqme _ 1237, gv. 17)
es pataki saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblisadmi Tbilisis
komendantis mier wardgenilia 1811 wlis 11 ivliss.
am droisaTvis TbilisSi funqcionirebda sakarantino sa-
guSagoebi. magaliTad, avlabris karantinSi aRniSnuli wlis
27 agvistosaTvis iyo 78 avadmyofi, xolo orTaWalis karan-
tinSi 124 (f.-16, anaw.-1, saqme.-1256, gv-60,64). male Savi Wiris
epidemia Tbilisidan gavrcelda maxlobel soflebSi: Cu-
RureTi, yarajala, diRomi, martyofi.
saqarTvelos saeqimo mmarTvelobis operatori 1811 w. 8
ivliss upatakebda xelisufalT, rom sof. martyofSi dai-
wyo Savi Wiris epidemia, ris sawinaaRmdegodac man Semdegi
RonisZiebebi ganaxorciela: soflis garSemo daayena gu-
Sagebi, raTa maT aravin gamoeSvaT soflidan, garda mind-
vris muSebisa. mcxovrebTagan gamoyo 4 kaci daxocilTa da-
samarxavad. avadmyofebi gaacalkeva soflis moSorebiT ca-
lke SenobaSi. mravalricxovani ojaxebi (mWidrod rom ar
yofiliyvnen) dayo ramdenime nawilad da daasaxla baRebSi.
SemoiRo daxocilTa tansacmlisa da nivTebis sajaro dawva.
daasufTavebina soflis quCebi da orRobeebi. soflis gle-
xobas sistematurad STaagonebda, rom xSir-xSirad See-
45
bolaT, Semdeg ki gaeniavebinaT TavianTi saxlebi, Savi Wi-
riT daavadebis acilebis mizniT ( f._16, anaw._1, saqme
_1254, gv. 9).
zemonaTqvamidan Cans, rom imdroindeli mmarTveloba
eyrdnoboda sakarantino RonisZiebaTa elementarul wes-
ebs da krZalavda epidemiis keridan mosaxleobis ganTesvas.
zogjer adgilobrivi mebatoneebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen am
RonisZiebebis gatarebas.amaze metyvelebs arqivSi moZebni-
li erTi dokumenti (f._16, anaw._1, saqme-1092, gv. .27. iqvea
misi rusuli Targmanic gv. 20). es aris saqarTvelos mTavar-
marTebelis saxelze gagzavnili Txovna, romlis Sinaarsic
mogvyavs sityvasityviT:
`Cems sofel diRomSi ramdenime kacs Wiri kvlav gamosCe-
nia, romelic iqaurma mouravma da mamasaxlisma gamomicxa-
da, amisTvis maqvs pativi moxsenebad, rom Tumca aqvT maT
soflis moSorebiT saxlebi imgvari avadmyofis gansacal-
keveblad, magram imiT didad SeuZlebeli aris am sneuleb-
is gardavardna, Tu srulad is sofeli ar aiyreba da cal-
calke ar dadgeba. amisaTvis gTxovT umorCilesad raTa
ubrZanoT iq mdgom russ, rom imisgan ayra ar daeSalos, manam
sarwmuno Seiqmnebodnen da rodesac sarwmuno Seiqmnebian
im sneulebis gadavardnisa, maSin isev TavTavis saxlebSi
dadgnen. sxveb davSTebi da Cemi da Tqvendami pativiscemi-
Ta da samudamo SevrdomiT.
Tqvenis aRmatebulebis
morCili msaxuri
da Reneral-maiori
muxran batoni
ivlisi 17 1811 wlisa~.
Cven jerjerobiT ver vnaxeT iseTi dokumenti, sadac aR-
niSnuli iqneba Tu ra pasuxi miiRo muxran batonma mTavar-
marTeblisagan. erTSi darwmunebuli varT _ uaryofiTi
sjobda uciloblad, rogorc diRmelebisaTvis, ise maTi me-
zobeli soflebisTvisac.
mogvianebiT, Savi Wiris epidemiam Tavi iCina qalaq gor-
Si, sadac im droisaTvis arsebobda sakarantino saguSago,
46
magaliTad 1811 wlis 21 agvistosTvis goris karantinSi iyo
Savi WiriT daavadebuli 15 kaci, romelTagan erTi kviris
ganmavlobaSi mokvda 3 (fondi_16, anaw. -1, saqme_1258,
gv._74). miuxedavad miRebuli sakarantino RonisZiebebisa,
Savi Wiris epidemia mainc gavrcelda goris mazris sofleb-
Si: surami, ali, breTi, saRoraSeni, dirbi, kemperti, osiau-
ri, Cala, bekami, tirZnisi, qinZaTi, vake, advisi, Ceronisi,
Zagini, Zagla. aRniSnul soflebSi Savi WiriT mokvda 308
adamiani (f._16, anaw._1, saq._1092, gv._4).
1811 wlis 10 ivliss qalaq Telavis komendanti ityobine-
boda, rom qalaqSi daiwyo Savi Wiris epidemia, ris gamoc mo-
saxleobam miatova saxl-kari da gaiqca sxvadasxva mimarTu-
lebiTo (f._16, anaw._1, saq._1237, gv._65). amas male moh-
yva epidemiis gavrceleba soflebSi: kurdRelauri, xodaSe-
ni, sagarejo, ruispiri, vardisubani, yarabulaxi, Silda da
winandali.
imave wlis agvistoSi mosaxleobis Savi WiriT daavadeba
aRiniSna siRnaRis mazris soflebSi: yarajala, vejini, gur-
jaani. im saxlebSi, sadac avadmyofebi iyvnen, daayenes dara-
jebi, raTa maTTan Sewyvetiliyo yovelgvari urTierToba
(f.-16, anaw.-1, saq.-1254, gv.-10). miuxedavad amisa, Savi Wiris
epidemia mainc gavrcelda da moedo sof. bodbisxevis mo-
saxleobas, ris gamoc siRnaRis mazris ufrosi Txovda xeli-
sufalT saeqimo daxmarebas da sofelSi sakarantino sagu-
Sagoebis mowyobas (f.-16, anaw.-1, saq.-1237, gv._23)..
Savi Wiris epidemiis Semdegi talRa gamoCnda 1829 wels.
wina wlis miwuruls goris mosaxleobaSi registrirebuli
iyo daavadebis ramdenime SemTxveva, xolo 1829w. dasawyi-
sSi daavadeba xanZariviT moedo mTel qalaqs da gavrcelda
mezobel soflebSi: dirbi, wveri, breTi. amasTan dakavSire-
biT goris mazraSi daarsda sakarantino saguSagoebi (f.
1491, anaw.-1, saq.-322 da 323), xolo mazris eqimad dainiSna
gamocdili specialisti p. klapitonaSvili, romelmac didi
da Tavdauzogavi Sroma gaswia Savi Wiris epidemiis salikvi-
daciod. epidemia marTlac likvidirebuli iqna, risTvisac
mogvianebiT goris mazris ufrosi i. menkovi, daajiloves
47
warCinebis niSniT, masve mieniWa podpolkovnikis wodeba (f.-
26, anaw.-1, saq._773).
1829 w. mais-seqtemberSi Savi Wiris epidemia gansakuTre-
buli ZaliT boboqrobda borCalos mazris soflebSi: kaza-
nCi, Sulaveri, aq sxva epidsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebTan
erTad farTod gamoiyenes ukiduresi RonisZieba _ Savi Wi-
riT daavadebulTa da daxocilTa saxlebis dawva, ris gamoc
am soflebis mravali mkvidris bina cecxlis als misces (f.-
504, anaw.-1, saq._5).
mecxramete saukunis 40-ian wlebSi somxeTis teritori-
aze farTod gavrcelda Savi Wiris epidemia. aq, gogCis maz-
raSi, epidsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaSi
aqtiur monawileobas iRebda Cveni sasiqadulo poeti da ma-
muliSvili aleqsandre WavWavaZe, romelic `amierkavkasiis
mxaris Savi Wiris epidemiebisgan dacvis komitetis~ Tavmj-
domare iyo, saarqivo dokumentebSi daculia misi avtog-
rafi. (f.-2, anaw.-1, saq.-7, gv.-391).
erT-erTi saarqivo masalidan (f.-2, anaw.-1, saq.-7395)
irkveva, rom 1841 w. dasawyisSi Savi Wiris epidemia aleqsan-
dropolis (somxeTi) mazridan SemoiWra borCalos (marneu-
li) mazraSi, swrafad gavrcelda qvemo qarTlis soflebSi
da miaRwia Tbiliss, sadac pirvelad gamovlinda s. Saxnaza-
rovis sikvdilis SemTxveva, romelic eWvmitanili iyo Savi
WiriT daavadebaze (f.-2, anaw._1, saq.-7388). Semdeg Tanda-
TanobiT gaxSirda aRniSnuli daavadebiT sikvdilis SemTx-
vevebi da sul male Tbiliss cecxlis aliviT moedo Savi
Wiris epidemia, ris gamoc mas sakmaod didi xnis ganmavloba-
Si samxedro nawilebiT alya hqonda Semortymuli (f._378,
anaw.-1, saq.-6013).
im xanebSi Tbilisis mazris eqimad muSaobda z. zubalaS-
vili, romelsac didi Rvawli miuZRvis TbilisSi Savi Wiris
epidemiis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis SemuSavebasa da
ganxorcielebaSi, ris gamoc is waradgines wminda stanisla-
vis III xarisxis ordeniT dasajildoeblad (f.-2, anaw._1,
saq.-12058).
aRsaniSnavia agreTve meore qarTveli eqimis, s. basta-
48
maSvilis moRvaweoba TbilisSi Savi Wiris epidemiis dros.
is imxanad muSaobda, qalaqis samxedro hospitalSi da bev-
ris sicocxle gadaarCina ulmobeli senisagan. s. bastama-
Svili amave dros aqtiurad monawileobda profilaqtikuri
RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi Tbilisis mosaxleobis dasacavad.
(f.-5, anaw.-1, saq. -2464).
1841 w. seqtemberSe Telavis mazris soflebSi gaxSirda ga-
damdebi sneulebiT adamianTa sikvdilis SemTxvevebi. erT-
erTi aseTi SemTxvevis gamosakvlevad sof. tularSi miav-
lines Telavis mazris eqimi g. davriSvili. gamokvlevam daa-
dastura, rom sikvdili gamowveuli iyo Savi WiriT, mazris
eqimis iniciativiT miRebuli iqna zomebi Telavis mazraSi
Savi Wiris gavrcelebis SesazRudavad (f.- 2, anaw.-1, saq.-7386).
miRebuli epidsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis miuxedavad epi-
demia mazraSi mainc gavrcelda. Savi WiriT daavadebis uka-
naskneli SemTxvevebi likvidirebuli iqna mxolod 1843w.
sof. sabuesa da axmetaSi. (f.-2, anaw.-1, saq. 10552 da 10553).
saarqivo masalebSi moZebnilia dokumenti, romliTac
dasturdeba, rom samurzayanos okrugSi (afxazeTi) 1849
wels mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli iyo avadmyofoba Zalian
maRali kontagiozobiTa (gadamdebloba) da sikvdiliano-
biT (fondi-4, anaw.-6, saq._83). Cveni azriT, aq albaT, Savi
Wiris epidemia mimdinareobda.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze Savi Wiris ukanaskneli SemTx-
veva registrirebulia 1910 wels qalaq baTumSi. am drois-
aTvis mecnierul doneze ukve damuSavebuli iyo epidsawi-
naaRmdego da profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi, romelTa gan-
xorcielebis Sedegad avadmyofoba qalaqis farglebs ar ga-
scilebia da mokle droSi iqna likvidirebuli.
naSromSi dasaxelebulia mravali dasaxlebuli punqti
(soflebi, qalaqebi), sadac mecxramete saukunis pirvel na-
xevarSi mZvinvarebda Savi Wiris epidemia. rogorc analizma
gviCvena isini Semotanili unda iyos. mizanSewonilad mig-
vaCnia Seswavlil iqnas maTi ekologiuri da fizikur- geog-
rafiuli pirobebi, rom gamoiricxos Savi Wiris bunebrivi
keris arsebobis SesaZlebloba.
49
 moZebnili da damuSavebuli saarqivo pirvelwyaroebi
naTels fens zogierTi qarTveli eqimis moRvaweobas Znel-
bedobis periodSi, rac saintereso masalaa am dargSi momu-
Save mkvlevarTaTvis.
Cveni dRevandeloba did socialur gardaqmnaTa epoqaa.
gadavediT ra erTi sazogadoebrivi formaciidan meoreze,
epidsawinaaRmdego muSaobaSi Tavi iCina arsebiTma siZne-
leebma (ZiriTadad usaxsrobis gamo), ris Sedegadac mogve-
Zala iseTi gansakuTrebiT saSiSi infeqciuri daavadebebi,
rogoricaa jilexi, cofi. epidemiologiuri situaciis uf-
ro garTulebis Tavidan asacileblad gadaudebeli amoca-
naa ganvaxorcieloT mudmivi meTvalyureoba im regioneb-
Si, sadac SesaZlebelia gareul mRrRnelebSi gavrceldes
Savi Wiris epizootia.

50
 epidemiam arc mSveniereba daindo
Sen mogayares miwa beltebad,
mkerdze rom vardsac Zlivs ikarebdi.
giorgi leoniZe

adamiani qoleras uZvelesi droidan icnobs. berZeni is-

torikosebi, romlebmac aRweres aleqsandre makedonelis
laSqrobebi, adastureben, rom sored qoleris umZimesma
epidemiam aiZula dampyrobeli, ar SeWriliyo indoeTSi da
ukan mobrunebuliyo. evropam es avadmyofoba mxolod XIX
saukuneSi gaicno, roca 1817 wlidan daiwyo qoleris cno-
bili pandemiebi, TiTqmis yvela pandemiis gza amierkavkasi-
asa da saqarTveloze gadioda, amitom bevrjer yofila qvey-
ana am sneulebisagan iavarqmnili. qolera CvenSi gansakuT-
rebuli siZlieriT mesame pandemiis wlebSi (1846-1862) bob-
oqrobda. erTi saintereso detali am pandemiidan.
1857 wels indoeTsa da filipinebze daZrulma qoleris
epidemiis talRam aaoxra avRaneTi, Sua aziis qveynebi da
gavrcelda iransa da amier-
kavkasiaSi. saqarTveloSi
qolera zemoT aRniSnuli
wlis maisis miwuruls ga-
moCnda siRnaRis mazraSi da
epidemiis xasiaTi rom mii-
Ro, gza swrafad gaikvlia
Tbilisisaken. TbilisSi da-
avadebis pirveli SemTxve-
vebi aRiricxa 12 ivniss, qa-
laqSi epidemia gagrZelda
28 agvistomde da moicva 854
mosaxle, romelTagan 224
imsxverpla. msxverplTa So-
ris erT maTganze SevaCereb
mkiTxvelis yuradRebas saa-
rqivo dokumentis moSveli-
ebiT: `1857 wlis 28 ivniss, 44
51
wlisa, xoleriT gardaicvala statski sovetnikis gribo-
edovis qvrivi, nina aleqsandres asuli WavWavaZe. aRsareba
aTqmevina da aziara dekanozma ioseb grigorevma~ (saqarTve-
los centraluri saistorio arqivi. fondi _ 489, anaw. 7,
saq. 10, gv. 157).
qoleris epidemia weliwadis Tbil Tveebze modis, amit-
om gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs wylis faqtors, uaRresad
mniSvnelovania piradi higienac. Zveli avtorebi qoleras
`WuWyiani xelebis daavadebas~ uwodebdnen, magram marto
xelebis sisufTave ver dagvicavs daavadebisagan, Tu qvey-
nis saerTo sanitariul-higienuri done saTanado simaR-
leze ar dgas.
qolera aris anTroponozuli, sakonvencio, gansakuTre-
biT saSiSi infeqciuri daavadeba, gamomwvevis gadacema xde-
ba fekalur-oraluri meqanizmebiT. igi xasiaTdeba wyal-ma-
rilovani da cilovani cvlis moSliT, gauwylovanebiT, to-
qsikoziTa da gastroenteritiT. am daavadebis gamomwvevi
baqtriebi vibrionTa gvars ekuTvnis. aqamde cnobili iyo 2
saxis vibrioni; klasikuri qoleris da el-toris, axlaxan
aRmoaCines qoleris gamomwvevi mesame saxis _ `0 139~ _ vib-
rionic.
meoce saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi el-toris vibrion-
iT gamowveuli qoleris gavrcelebam pandemiis xasiaTi mi-
iRo (meSvide pandemia). igi SeiWra yvela kontinentis mraval
qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic (1970 wels, sam qala-
qSi: baTumi, rusTavi, Tbilisi dafiqsirda qoleris SemTx-
vevebi). ukanasknel wlebSi CvenSi aRiniSneba mxolod Semo-
tanili qoleris erTeuli SemTxveva. sayuradReboa 1994
wlis qoleris epidemiis sakmaod didi afeTqeba Cven mezo-
bel daRestanSi sadac avad gaxda 1600 –ze meti adamiani.
el-toris vibrioni garemoSi gamZlea: Ria wyalsacaveb-
Si ramdenime Tve Zlebs, sakanalizacio wylebSi – 30 saaTs;
kargad mravldeba axal rZeSi, xorcis produqtebSi; uZlebs
dabal temperaturas, swrafad ixoceba gamoSrobisas, mzis
sxivebis pirdapiri moqmedebiT da mJave areSi; aduReba myi-
sierad xocavs; swrafad ixoceba qloris Semcvel sadezin-
52
feqcio saSualebebis zemoqmedebiTac. el-toris vibrions
unari aqvs ara marto SeinarCunos sicocxlisunarianoba
Tevzebsa da kiborCxalebis organizmSi, aramed gamravldes
kidec.
daavadebis gamomwvevi mikrobis rezervuari da infeqci-
is wyaro avadmyofi an vibriomatarebeli adamiania. vibri-
omatarebeli SeiZleba iyos rekonvalescenti (daavadebam-
oxdili), romelic vibrions gamoyofs saSualod 2-4 kviris
ganmavlobaSi, tranzitoruli (janmrTeli) matarebeli 9-
14 dRis ganmavlobaSi da qronikuli matarebeli, romelic
vibrionebs gamoyofs ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
qoleris inkubaciuri periodi meryeobs ramdenime saaTi-
dan 6 dRemde, ufro xSirad 1-2 dRe.
miuxedavad qoleris mimarT adamianTa maRali mgrZnobe-
lobisa, erT klinikurad gamoxatul daavadebulze modis
10-dan 1000-mde janmrTeli vibromatarebeli. ufro xSirad
avad xdebian kuWis wvenis mJavadaqveiTebuli adamianebi (ana-
ciduri gastriti, anemiis zogierTi forma, Wiebis invazia).

53
 ilia WavWavaZe _ sanitariuli meurve

saarqivo wyaroebi mow-

mobs, rom XIX saukuneSi,
qoleris pandemiebis dros,
es daavadeba saqarTvelo-
Sic iCenda Tavs da gark-
veul daRs asvamda Cveni
xalxis yofa-cxovrebas.
statiaSi gvinda SevCer-
deT im dokumentze, ro-
melsac respublikis sax-
elmwifo centralur sai-
storio arqivSi mivakvli-
eT (fondi_504, anaw._1,
saqme -634, gv. 33_40). es
aris pataki Tbilisis gu-
bernatorisadmi, romelic
Seadgina Cvenma didma Tan-
amemamulem ilia WavWava-
Zem da daTariRebulia
1892 wlis ivlis_agvis-
toTi (im dros ilia daniSnuli iyo Tbilisisa da duSeTis
mazrebis sanitariul meurved).
dokuments adevs Tbilisis gubernatoris giorgi Serva-
SiZis rezolucia, romelic mogvyavs sityvasityviT:
_ «Ñåðäå÷íî îáðàäîâàí ñòîëü óìåëûì âûïîëíåíèåì Êíèÿçåì
Èëüåþ Ãðèãîðüèåâè÷åì âîçëîæåííûõ ìíîþ íà íåãî îáÿçàííîñòåé ïî
áîðüáå ñ åïèäåìèåé è çà íàñòîÿùèé îò÷¸ò, äîñòîéíûé âñåì èçâåñåòûõ
äàðîâàíèèÿ è äîáðîñîâåñòíîñòè ïî÷¸òíîãî àâòîðà. Ïîëàãàþ âåñüìà
ïîëåçíûì íàïå÷àòàíèå â ãàçåòå «Êàâêàç» èçâëå÷åíèÿ èç íåãî»
albaT, cenzuram dokumenti TiTqmis mTlianad gadaxaza
(safiqrebelia Cinovnikma mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala teqstis
gamoqveyneba). didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad SevZeli teqstis
amokiTxva, riTac saSualeba momeca, gavcnobodi ilia Wav-
WavaZis moRvaweobas saqarTveloSi qoleris epidemiis dros.
54
es dRemde ucnobi, sakmaod saintereso faqtia ilias biogra-
fiaSi.
ilias pataki gazeT `kavkazSi~ ar dabeWdila. igi arc mis
krebulSia gamoqveynebuli. masalebis gamoqveynebis mcde-
loba mqonda 70-ian wlebSi gazeT `literaturul saqarTve-
loSi~, magram uSedegod. maSindelma redaqtorma zrdilo-
biani uariT gamomistumra. iZulebuli gavxdi dokumentis
fotoasli qarTuli literaturis s/k institutis teqs-
tologiis ganyofilebaSi mimetana. institutis eqspertiz-
is Sedegad, saSualeba momeca 1981 wels gazeT `komunist-
Si~ nawilobriv gamomeqveynebina saarqivo dokumenti saTau-
riT `Tavi Wirsa ar damridad~. 1987 wels mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis centraluri samecniero biblioTekis mier gamoce-
mul wignSi (avt. i. giorgaZe, n. gurgeniZe) `ilia WavWavaZe
_ cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis matiane~ citirebulia mxo-
lod gubernatoris rezolucia.
mecxramete saukuneSi kacTa modgmas ramdenjerme daat-
yda Tavs qoleris didi epidemia (pandemia), romelic gavr-
celebis masStabebiT zogjer mTel dedamiwas moicavda xo-
lme. amjerad, mexuTe pandemiaze minda SevaCero mkiTxvelis
yuradReba. (1883 – 1896 ww). roca es daavadeba sam kontinen-
tze mZvinvarebda (azia, afrika, evropa). saqarTveloSi qol-
eriT daavadebis pirveli SemTxveva TbilisSi dafiqsirda
1892 wlis 14 ivniss. avadmyofi im dRes baqodan Camosuli
jariskaci _ iakob txorui iyo. qolera swrafad gavrcelda
(xuT TveSi avad gaxda 531 adamiani, gardaicvala 316), Tanda-
Tan moedo mTlianad Tbilisis mazras, xolo ivnisis bolo-
saTvis duSeTis mazraSic gadavida. am mazris sofel jiRau-
rSi 24 komlidan erT dRSi avad gaxda 28 adamiani. aman miiq-
cia ilia WavWavaZis yuradReba, da igi dauyovnebliv gamocx-
adda SemTxvevis adgilze, raTa exelmZRvanela epidsawina-
aRmdego RonisZiebebisaTvis.
am droisaTvis medicinisa da epidemiologiis ganviTare-
bis done SedarebiT dabali iyo. gardamavali periodis Se-
saxeb (1801-1860 ww.) prof. mixeil Sengelia wignSi `qarTuli
medicinis istoria~ aRniSnavs – `qoleris epidemiologiis
55
sakiTxebSi bevri ram gaugebari iyo, rogorc Cans, ar icod-
nen qolera haeriT vrceldeboda Tu SexebiT, ris gamoc
uamrav Secdomebs uSvebdnen epidsawinaaRmdego RonisZie-
bebis gatarebisa da mkurnalobisas~.
ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT sof. jiRauri sanitar-
iulad moawesriges. yvela saxlsa da nagebobebSi sagul-
dagulod Catarda dezinfeqcia, yvela avadmyofma drou-
lad miiRo samedicino daxmareba. aq ilia gansakuTrebiT
gamoarCevs eqimis Tavdadebas:
«.... Ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü âûíóæäàåò ìåíÿ çàÿâèòü, ÷òî ã. Ãåäåâàíîâûì ñäå-
ëàíî áûëî âñ¸, ÷òî âîçìîæíî òðåáîâàòü îò ÷åëîâåêà, ñâÿòî ñîçíàþùåãî
ñâîé äîëã è ñàìîîòâåðæåííî ïðåäàííîãî èñïîëíåíèþ ñâîåé îáÿçàííîñòè.
Áûâàëè ñëó÷àé, î÷åâèäöåì êîòîðûõ áûë ÿ, ÷òî áåç âñÿêîãî ñòðàõà è
îïàñåíèÿ áûòü çàðàæ¸ííûì, îí ñàì ëè÷íî íàòèðàë òðóäíî áîëüíîãî»
naxsenebi gedevanovi
iyo cnobili eqimi daviT
aleqsandres Ze gedevani-
Svili. igi daibada 1858
wels daba manglisSi. saSu-
alo ganaTleba miiRo tfi-
lisis klasikur gimnazia-
Si, romlis damTavrebis
Semdeg swavla ganagrZo
moskovis universitetis
samedicino fakultetze.
1889 wlidan igi saeqimo
moRvaweobas Seudga tfi-
lisis mixeilis saavadmyo-
foSi, mas didi wvlili mi-
uZRvis saqarTveloSi qo-
leris epidsawinaaRmdego
saqmianobaSi. iyo aqtiuri
sazogado moRvawe. usasyi-
dlod emsaxureboda tfi-
lisis operis Teatris TanamSromlebsa da skolebis maswav-
leblebs. saeqimo saqmianobaSi didi damsaxurebisaTvis mog-
56
vianebiT (ukve sabWoTa periodSi) mas miniWebuli hqonda
Sromis gmiris sapatio wodeba. daviT gedevaniSvili garda-
icvala sakmaod xandazmuli 1937 wels.
ilia WavWavaZe udides yuradRebas aqcevda mosaxleobis
wyliT momaragebis saqmes, radgan darwmunebuli iyo, rom
qoleris gavrceleba mxolod alimentaruli gziT iyo Sesa-
Zlebeli. am mxriv sof. jiRaurSi mdgomareoba namdvilad
savalalo iyo. is weli Turme gvalviani yofila da isedac
damSrali wyaro zeda soflelebs gadagdebuli hqoniaT
baRebis mosarwyavad. jiRaurelebi ki iZulebuli gamxda-
ran sasmelad gamoeyenebinaT wyaros kalapotSi nagubari
wyali an ezidaT igi mdinare aragvidan:
«Ïðèïèñàâ ýòîìó îáñòîÿòåëüñòâó âñþ áåäó äåðåâíè, ÿ óïðîñèë íàñå-
ëåíèå âåðõíèõ äåðåâåíü ïåðåñòàòü îðîøàòü ñàäû íà âðåìÿ åïèäåìèè
è ñïàñòè Äæèãàóðè îò ãèáåëè, ÷òî ñïàñåò è èõ ñàìèõ, èáî óíè÷òîæíèå
ýïèäåìèè â Äæèãàóðè âûãîäíî ïîâëèÿåò íà ñèëó åÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ
â îêðåñòíîñòè. Ñ áîëüøèì ñî÷óâñòâèåì îòíåñëèñü ê ìîåé ïðîñüáå
äâîðÿíå è êíÿçüÿ ñåë. Àõàòàíû, êîòîðûå ïðîïóñòèëè ðîäíèêîèóþ âîäó
ê ñåëó Äæèãàóðè».
miRebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad, ivlisis bolosTvis,
SesaZlebeli gaxda sofel jiRaurSi qoleriT daavadebis
Sewyveta. mimdebare soflebSic rom ar gavrcelebuliyo.
«ß âìåñòå ñ äîêòîðîì îáúåõàë äåðåâíè è óâåùåâàë êðåñòüÿí ïðå-
äîõðàíèòü ñåáÿ îò õîëåðû ñîñðåäîòî÷åíèåì âñåõ çàáîò íà îõðàíåíèå
è îãðàæäåðèå âîä îò íå÷èñòîò, à ìåñòàìè ïðè ñåáå çàñòàâëÿë î÷èùàòü
èñòîêè è ðóñëà âîäû, ñòàâèë ñòîðîæåé äëÿ îõðàíåíèÿ è ñîäåðæàíèÿ
èõ â äîëæíîé ÷èñòîòå. Ýòà ìåðà íàñòîëüêî îêàçàëîñü öåëåñîîáðàçíîþ,
÷òî â äåðåâíÿõ, óñïåâøèõ îáåçîïàñèòü ñåáÿ ñ ýòîé ñòîðîíû, èëè âîâñå
íå ïîÿâëÿëîñü ñëó÷àåâ çàáîëåâàíèé èëè çàáîëåâàíèÿ îãðàíè÷èâàëèñü
åäèíè÷íûìè ñëó÷àÿìè; â äåðåâíÿõ æå, óæå çàðàæåííûõ, óäàâàëîñü
áûñòðî ïðåêðàùàòü çàðàçó».
is mainc gavrcelda mezobel soflebSi _ sofel zaqaro-
Si pirvel agvistos avad gaxda 4 adamiani, Semdgom dReebSi
ki daavadebulTa ricxvi sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda.
aqac saswrafod Catarda epidsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi,
sofels miamagres ferSali:
57
 «Íå óäîâîëüñòâóÿñü âñåì ýòèì, ÿ ïðèãëàñèë ìåñòíîãî ïîëèöåéñêîãî
ïðèñòàâà, îòïðàâèëñÿ âìåñòå ñ íèì íà ìåñòî ýòîãî íîâîãî çàðàæåíèÿ
ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ñ ïîëîæåíèåì äåðåâíè îòíîñèòåëüíî ïèòüåâîé
âîäû. Îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî ïèòåâàÿ âîäà ýòîé äåðåâíè áåð¸ò íà÷àëî ïî÷òè
èç áîëîò è, ïðîòåêàÿ îòñþäà íà ïðîñòðàíñòâî äî òð¸õ âåðñò ÷åðåç ñàäû,
åþ îðîøàåìûå, îáðàçåò â ñâîåì òå÷åíèè ëóæè. Íåìåäëåííî ïðèêàçàíî
áûëî î÷èñòèòü èñòîê è âñå ïðîñòðàíñòâî òå÷åíèÿ âîäû, è âñëåä çà
ýòèì íåìåäëåííî æå ïðåêðàòèëîñü çàáîëåâàíèå, òàê ÷òî 17-ãî àâãóñòà
ïî ñèå âðåìÿ íîâûõ çàáîëåâàíèé óæå íåò.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì âî ââåðåííîì ìíå ðàéîíå ñ 17-ãî àâãóñòà âîâñå íåò
íîâûõ çàáîëåâàíèé è ýïèäåìèÿ ïðåêðàùåíà íà âñ¸ì ïðîñòðàíñòâå
ðàéîíà».
SemdgomSi ilia aRwers im meTodebs, romlebic gamoiyenes
qoleris epidemiis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. aRsaniSnavia,
rom mis mier wamoyenebuli TiToeuli mosazreba absolu-
turad safuZvliania da savsebiT Seesabameba epidemiologi-
is dRevandel moTxovnebs:
«Ïðè ñ¸ì èìåþ ÷åñòü óêàçàòü ñàìóþ ñèñòåìó áîðüáû ñ õîëåðîþ,
êîòîðûé äåðæàëèñü ìû è êîòîðàÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå îêàçàëàñü óñïåø-
íîþ, èáî äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè íåò äðóãîé ÷àñòè ãóáåðíèè, â êîåé
ýïèäåìèÿ ìîãëà ñ÷èòàòüñÿ ïðåêðàùåííîþ, òîãäà êàê âî ââåðåííîì
ìíå ðàéîíå îíà ïðåêðàòèëàñü â ïðîäîëæåíèå ïî÷òè îäíîãî ìåñÿöà ñî
äíÿ ïîÿâëåíèÿ.
Ïåðâûå çàáîòû íàøè áûëè íàïðàâëåíû íà óëó÷øåíèå ñàíèòàðíîãî
ñîñòîÿíèÿ äåðåâåíü, à èìåííî: 1) î÷èñòêó èõ îò íå÷èñòîò è ìóñîðà; 2)
âûñóøåíèå áîëîò è ëóæ, ãäå òàêîâûå îêàçûâàëèñü; 3) î÷èñòêó äóõàíîâ
è õàð÷åâåíü îò ìóñîðà è óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ñîææåíèÿ âñåõ
íåïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïèùè ïðèïàñîâ êàê â äåðåâíÿõ, òàê è íà ïðîåçæèõ
ïóòÿõ; 4) ïðåêðàùåíèÿ îðîøåíèÿ êóêóðóçíûõ ïîëåé, ñàäîâ è îãîðîäîâ;
5) î÷èñòêó èñòîêà è ðóñëà ïèòüåâûõ âîä è îãðàæäåíèÿ è îõðàíåíèÿ èõ
ïîñðåäñòâîì îñîáûõ ñòîðîæåé îò âñÿêîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ, ïðè÷åì ñòðîãî
âîñïðåùàëîñü äîïóñêàòü ñêîò äëÿ êóïàíèÿ è ïðîõëàæäåíèÿ â ðóñëå âîä,
ñëóæèâøèõ äëÿ ïèòüÿ. Ïðè âñ¸ì ýòîì íåìàëî ñîäåéñòâîâàëè óñïåõó
ñëîâåñíûå óâåùàíèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ ñîäåðæàòü ñåáÿ è âåñü ñâîé îáèõîä â
âîçìîæíîé ÷èñòîòå è îïðÿòíîñòè, âîçäåðæàòüñÿ îò åäû ôðóêòîâ, çåëåíè,
îò ïðîñòóäû, îò èçëèøåñòâ â ïèòüå è ïèùå, ïðè÷åì ïðåäëîãàëîñü
58
çàïàñòèñü íåãàøåííîþ èçâåñòüþ äëÿ íóæä äåçèíôåêöèè èçâåðæåíèé,
òðóïîâ è ìîãèë, íà ñëó÷àé ïîÿâëåíèÿ õîòÿ áû îäíîãî çàáîëåâàíèÿ
ïðèêàçûâàëîñü ìåñòíîé ñåëüñêîé âëàñòè íåìåäëåííî äàâàòü çíàòü ìíå,
èëè âðà÷ó, ïðåáûâàþùåìó â ðàéîíå, à â ñëó÷àÿõ ñìåðòè îò õîëåðû -
âîçäåðæàòüñÿ îò îáûêíîâåííûõ ïðèãëàøåíèé ðîäíûõ è çíàêîìûõ íà
ïîõîðîíû è, åñëè âîçìîæíî, òî è îò îòïðîâëåíèÿ äî ïîðû äî âðåìåíè
õðèñòÿíñêèõ òðåá èç îïàñåíèÿ ðàçíåñòè õîëåðó ïî âñåé äåðåâíå è â
îêðåñíîñòè. Ê ÷åñòè íàñåëåíèÿ ñëåäóåò ñêàçàòü, ÷òî îíî ïî÷òè íå îêàçàëî
íèêàêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ïðèíÿòûì ñàíèòàðíûì ìåðàì è âåçäå
ïîääàâàëîñü óâåùîâàíèÿì â òîé èëè â äðóãîé ñòåïåíè.
Âñå ýòè äåéñòâèÿ èìåëè öåëüþ ïðåäóïðåäèòü, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè,
ïîÿâëåíèå õîëåðû. Íà ñëó÷àé ïîÿâëåíèÿ, íåìåäëåííî îòïðàâëÿëàñü
ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ïîìîùü ñ ìåäèêàìåíòàìè è äåçèíôåêöèîííûìè ñðåäñò-
âàìè ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì âðà÷à èëè ôåëüäøåðà. Èì ïðåäëàãàëîñü êðîìå
ïîìîùè, èçîëèðîâàòü áîëüíîãî, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè, äåçèíôèöèðîâàòü
äîì áîëüíîãî è âñå æèëûå ñòðîåíèÿ ðàñòâîðîì ñóëåìû, òàêæå ïîñòó-
ïèòü ñî âñåìè áîëåå èëè ìåðåå áëèçêèìè ñîñåäñêèìè äîìàìè, à åñëè
âîçìîæíî, ñî âñåìè æèëûìè è íåæèëûìè ñòðîåíèÿìè äåðåâíè, î÷è-
ùàòü è îáåççàðàæèâàòü ìåñòà èçâåðæåíèè, õîðîíèòü ì¸ðòâûõ íà îñî-
áîì êëàäáèùå, îáëèâàòü ñàâàí, ãðîáû è ìîãèëó êîðáîëîâóþ êèñëîòîþ,
îáñûïàòü èçâåñòüþ, ñæèãàòü ïîñòåëü, áåëü¸ è ò.ï., ðûòü ìîãèëû íà
ãëóáèí íå ìåíåå ñàæåíè, íå äîçâîëÿòü ñêîïëÿòüñÿ íàðîäó íà ïîõîðîíàõ
è, åñëè âîçìîæíî, èçáåãàòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ õðèñòÿíñêèõ òðåá, êîòîðûå
íå îáõîäÿòñÿ áåç ñáîðèù. Åñëè çàáîëîâàíèÿ â îäíîé è òîé æå äåðåâíå
ó÷àùàëèñü, òî ôåëüäøåð áûë îáÿçàí èìåòü â ýòîé äåðåâíå ñâî¸ ìåñòî-
ïðåáèâàíèå âïðåäü äî ïîëüíîãî ïðåêðàùåíèÿ õîëåðû è òîëüêî â ñëó÷àå
íóæäû â åãî ïîìîùè åìó ïðåäïèñûâàëîñü îòñþäà ñîâåðøàòü ñâîè
ïîåçäêè ïî îêðåñòíîñòÿì ñ òåì, ÷òîáû âíîâü íåìåäëåííî æå âåðíóòüñÿ
ê ìåñòó ñâîåãî ïðåáûâàíèÿ. Êðîìå âñåãî ýòîãî áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñìûø-
ë¸ííûì êðåñòüÿíàì òîé èëè äðóãîé äåðåâíè äåëàëèñü íàñòàâëåíèÿ
êàê îêàçûâàòü ïåðâîíà÷àëüíóþ ïîìîùü çàáîëåâøèì, êàê óõàæèâàòü
çà íèì, ïðè÷¸ì îíè ñíàáæàëèñü ìåäèêàìåíòàìè, óïîòðåáëåíèå êîòî-
ðûõ áåç íàáëþäåíèÿ âðà÷à, âëèÿÿ íà íåêîòîðûå óëó÷øåíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèå
áîëüíîãî, íå âëå÷¸ò çà ñîáîþ íèêàêèõ âðåäíûõ ïîñëåäñòâèè, è áåçî-
ïàñíûìè äåçèíôåêöèîííûìè ñðåäñòâàìè êàê äëÿ íèõ ñàìèõ, òàê è
äëÿ áîëüíûõ»
59
 aq aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba. qoleris sawinaaRmdego
RonisZiebebs rom axorcielebda, ilia TviTon uSualod
trialebda movlenebis SuagulSi, amowmebda dakisrebuli
funqciebis Sesrulebas da adgilzeve iRebda Sesabamis
gadawyvetilebebs.
«Ïðè âñ¸ì ýòîì íàõîæó íåîáõîäèìûì îòìåòèòü òîò ôàêò, ÷òî òàê
íàçûâàåìûå ñàíèòàðû èç êðåñòüÿí íå âåçäå îïðàâäàëè ñâî¸ íàçíà÷åíèå,
èáî îíè â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ñêîðåå îáðåìåíÿëè íàñåëåíèå íàïðàñ-
íûìè ïðèäèðêàìè ñ òîþ èëè äðóãîþ íåáëàãîâèäíîþ öåëüþ, ÷åì ïîìî-
ãàëè äåëó, ïðè ïîÿâëåíèè æå ñëó÷àåâ çàáîëåâàíèÿ ïî÷òè ïåðâûå îíè
óáåãàëè èç ñòðàõà çàðàçèòüñÿ. Â âèäó ýòîãî äåéñòâèÿ èõ áûëè ìíîþ
ïðåêðàùåíû, à îáÿçàííîñòè èõ âîçëîæåíû íà ïîìîùíèêîâ ñòàðøèí
èëè äðóãèõ íàëè÷íûõ äîëæíîñòíûõ ëèö äåðåâíè».
daskvnaSi ilia mokled aanalizebs Sesrulebul samuSaos
da mis samoqmedo ubanze qoleris epidemiis procentuli
monacemebi mohyavs.
«Íå ñìåþ óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî ýòè èìåííî ðàñïîðÿæåíèÿ ïîìîãëè äåëó,
íî ôàêò òîò, ÷òî ýïèäåìèÿ, íà÷àâøàÿñÿ â ìî¸ì ðàéîíå 10 èþëÿ çàìåòíî
îñëàáåëà ïî ÷èñëó çàáîëåâàíèÿ 28 èþëÿ è âîâñå ïðåêðàòèëàñü ê 17-ìó
àâãóñòó, è äî ñåãî âðåìåíè íè â ÷¸ì ñåáÿ íå îáíàðóæèëà, òàê ÷òî íûíå
ðàéîí ìîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç áëàãîïîëó÷íûõ ìåñò ãóáåðíèè.  çàêë-
þ÷åíèè íå ìîãó íå äîëîæèòü Âàøåìó ñèÿòåëüñòâó, ÷òî â ÷àñòè Òèô-
ëèññêîãî óåçäà ââåðåííîãî ìíå ðàéîíà, à èìåííî, ïîñ¸ë. Çåìî–Àâ÷àëû
ïðåêðàùåíèåì ýïèäåìèè ìû ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì îáÿçàíû ïîìîùè, ïî-
äàííîé îò ãîðîäà Òèôëèñà.
Îáùèå âûâîäû èç öèôð ïî âåäîìîñòè, ïðè ñåì ïðèëàãàåìîé, ïðåäñ-
òàâëÿåòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì ïðîöåíòíîì îòíîøåíèè:

1) ÷èñëà çàáîëåâàíèè ê ÷èñëó äîìîâ (ê ñîæàëåíèþ íå ìîã äîáèòü

ñâåäåíèè î ÷èñëå äóø) ................................................................. 8%
2) ÷èñëà ñìåðòíûõ ñëó÷àåâ ê ÷èñëó çàáîëåâàíèè
à) ìóæ÷èí ïî÷òè ............................................................................. 52%
á) æåíùèí áåç ìàëîãî .................................................................... 54%
3) ÷èñëà âûçäîðîâëåíèé ê ÷èñëó çàáîëåâàíèé
à) ìóæ÷èí ñ íåçíà÷èòåëüíîþ äðîáüþ .......................................... 48%
á) æåíùèí áåç ìàëîãî .................................................................... 46%
60
 uamrav saarqivo dokumentebSi dakarguli didi moRvawis
cxovrebis erTi epizodis gamosamzeureblad teqsti TiTq-
mis mTlianad warmovadgine. mindoda damedasturebina, rom
`eris wyluli maCndes wylulad~ mxolod poeturi deklara-
cia ar iyo da ilia WavWavaZe Cveulebisamebr Tavdauzogavad
saqmianobda gasaWirSi Cavardnili Tanamemamuleebis gada-
sarCenad. albaT, amaSi pouloben gamarTlebas misive sity-
vebi:
`marad da yvelgan saqarTvelov, me var SenTana!.....
me varo Seni Tanamdevi, ukvdavi suli~.

61
 sisxliani warsulis mogoneba

1956 wlis marti idga. stalinis kultis kritikam apoge-

as miaRwia (imdroindeli sakavSiro mTavroba mxolod uary-
ofiTi konteqstiT moixseniebda stalins). amiT ukmayofi-
lo Tbilisis mosaxleoba 5 martidan yoveldRe ikribebo-
da sanapiros baRSi stalinis ZeglTan da kiTxulobda leq-
sebs, Congurze mReroda simRerebs beladze (gansakuTrebu-
li popularobiT sargeblobda ioseb noneSvilis leqsi `ma-
mav Zvirfaso~).
instituti axali damTavrebuli mqonda. sanapiros baR-
Tan axlos vcxovrobdi da TiTqmis yovel saRamos veswre-
bodi uneblie koncer-
tebs. Cem Tvalwin Tanda-
Tan icvleboda situacia.
dasawyisSi, xalxis gulub-
ryvilo moTxovna _ aRe-
dginaT stalini Tavis Ri-
rsebebiT, mTavrobis wi-
naaRmdeg gamosvlebSi ga-
daizarda. gansakuTrebiT
daiZaba viTareba 9 martis
saRamos, roca erT-erTma
momitingem waikiTxa dek-
laracia xruSCovis gaday-
enebisa da mis nacvlad mo-
lotovis daniSvnis, xolo
saqarTveloSi stalinis
Svilis mowvevis Sesaxeb.
meore momitingem xalxs
mouwoda, depeSebi gaeg-
zavnaT moskovSi da mokavSire respublikebSi, raTa ecnobe-
binaT maTi gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. ixuvla zRva xalxma da
jorjiaSvilis quCiT (axlandeli g. Wanturias q.) kavSirgab-
mulobis saxlisken daiZra. xalxs gavyolodi Tu ara didx-
ans vifiqre. bolos, cnobismoyvareobam damZlia da jor-
62
jiaSvilis quCisaken gaveSure. tramvais liandags rom mi-
vuaxlovdi avtomatebis gabmuli kakani gaisma. Senobis ke-
dels amovefare da srolis xmis minelebas davelode. Sem-
deg kedel-kedel ganvagrZe gza. kinoTeatr `Tbilisis~
Sesasvlelamde. rusTavelis prospeqtze amosuls Tvalwin
Semzaravi suraTi gadameSala _ kavSirgabmulobis saxlis
win prospeqti mofenili iyo daxocilebiTa da daWrilebiT.
male `zemelis~ mxridan saswrafo daxmarebis manqanebis mTe-
li kolona gamoCnda, romlebmac daWrilebi da daRupulebi
gadaiyvanes.
sastumro `Tbilisis~ Sesasvlelis win axalgazrdebis di-
dma jgufma samxreebiani gamvleli (ver gavarkvie milicie-
li iyo Tu samxedro, radgan moSorebiT isev safaridan vuT-
valTvalebdi) SeaCera da sastikad gausworda. davardnili
saswrafo daxmarebis manqanam gaiyvana. ramdenime wuTis Sem-
deg axalgazrdaTa imave jgufma gaaCera `pobedas~ markis
avtomanqana, romlidanac gadmosva mamakaci da swrafad
Semoertya gars. vdgavar safarSi da mesmis SeZaxilebi: biWe-
bo, eg griSaSvilia, stalinuri premiebi ki miiRo, magram
axla Cven belads ar esarCleba. cnobismoyvareobam damZlia,
axalgazrdebis jgufs mivuaxlovdi da saxtad davrCi _
wreSi batoni irakli menTeSaSvili iyo (batoni irakli, im
xanad samedicino institutis direqtori, partorganizaci-
is mdivanTan erTad gamosuliyo student-axalgazrdobis
dasaSoSmineblad). mdgomareoba daiZaba. saWiro iyo saswra-
fod gamosarCleba. axalgazrdobis wreSi (TiTqmis yvela,
provinciidan Camosuli, studqalaqis mkvidrni iyvnen) nac-
nobi ver aRmovaCine da iZulebuli viyavi marto memoqmeda.
mivuaxlovdi baton iraklis da Sevecade garemocvidan ga-
momeyvana, magram amaod, yuradRebas aravin maqcevda. mivx-
vdi ase fons ver gavidodi da xerxs mivmarTe. biWebo, me ga-
vuswordebi, SeZaxiliT daveZgre garemomcvelTa rkals.
axalgazrdebi gakvirvebiT miyurebdnen. kidev ramdenime
gabrZoleba da rkali gavarRvie. baton iraklisTan erTad
operis Teatrisken wamovedi. SemTxvevis adgilidan ramden-
ime nabijis moSorebiT vuTxari, samSvidobos varT-meTqi.
63
mxolod maSin Semomxeda saxeze da micno Tavisi nastuden-
tari.
operis TeatrTan viqnebodiT misuli, rom `zemelis~ mx-
ridan kvlav gaisma avtomatebis kakani da Cvenken momavali
xalxis masa gamoCnda. mivtrialdiT da janmrTelobis dac-
vis saministros Sesasvlels mivadeqiT (saministro axlan-
deli Teatraluri institutis SenobaSi iyo). darajma ba-
toni irakli icno da kari gagviRo. ramdenime saaTi am Seno-
baSi SevyovndiT. SuaRame gadasuli iqneboda gza rom gavag-
rZeleT. Tavis saxlTan batonma iraklim madloba gadamixa-
da da mxurvaled damloca.
mas Semdeg bevrma wyalma Caiara da Tan waiRo Cemi axal-
gazrdoba. karga xania batoni irakli cocxali aRaraa, mag-
ram ver viviwyeb im sisxliani dRis Tavgadasavals.

64
 istoriis foliantebi

saqarTvelos saistorio arqivSi daculi zogierTi do-

kumenti naTlad warmogvidgens ama Tu im istoriuli mov-
lenis ucnob detalebs, amjerad or aseT dokumentze minda
SevaCero mkiTxvelis yuradReba; maTSi mkafiod airekleba
qarTveli xalxis yofa-cxovrebis konkretuli fragmente-
bi XIX saukunis gariJraJze. erTi maTgani dawerilia qarTl-
kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis giorgi meTormetes qaliSvileb-
is mier (fondi_2, anaweri_1, saqme 123, gv.551, iqvea misi ru-
suli Targmanic _ gv. 550). cnobilia, rom mefe giorgis 9
Svili hyavda: daviTi, ioane, bagrati, Teimurazi, sofio,
nino, rifsime, gaiane da barbare. saarqivo pirvelwyaros
xels awren rifsime da gaiane. igi Txovnaa wardgenili saqar-
Tvelos mTavarmarTebel graf gudoviCisadmi. movlenebSi
ukeT gasarkvevad mcire istoriuli eqskursi.
meTvramete saukunis ukanaskneli wlebi saqarTvelos
cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli ZvrebiT aRiniSneboda. qarTl-
kaxeTis mdgomareoba Zalian mZime iyo. mas ar asvenebdnen uc-
xoeli moZaladeebi: qveynis mesveurebma kidev erTxel sca-
des, kavSiri daemyarebinaT dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoe-
bTan, magram uSedegod.
1783 wels mefe ereklem xe-
li moawera ruseTTan `me-
gobrobis pirobas~, anu
`traqtats~, magram verc
aman uSvela saqarTvelos
gareSe mtrebi SeeCerebi-
na. piriqiT, saqarTveelos
proevropulma da proru-
sulma orientaciam me-18
saukunis miwuruls kidev
ufro gaaborota sparse-
Tis da osmaleTis mmarT-
velebi. amas Sedegad moh-
yva am qveynebis araerTi
65
gamxecebuli Semoseva Cvens qveyanaSi, rasac daRestnel xan-
Ta Tavdasxmebic emateboda. saukunis miwuruls _ 1798
wlis 11 ianvars mefe erekle gardaicvala, taxti misma Svil-
ma giorgi mefem daikava. SfoTsa da areulobaSi saxelmwi-
fos mdgomareoba uimedo iyo, amitom giorgi mefem sTxova
ruseTis mTavrobas, xelSekrulebis punqtebi Seesrulebi-
na. 1799 wlis noemberSi ruseTidan jari Semoiyvanes. 1800
wlis seqtemberSi ki erTi rusuli polki qarTl-kaxeTis te-
ritoriaze dabanakda. male giorgi mefe gardaicvala. amiT
isargebla ruseTis imperatorma pavle pirvelma da 1801
wlis 20 ianvars gamosca manifesti, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
gauqmebisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelo
ruseTis guberniad gamocxadda. 1801 wlis 20 ianvris brZa-
nebis safuZvelze, `saqarTvelos samefo saxlis yvela we-
vri~ ruseTSi gaiwvies. es iyo saqarTvelos samefo karis Zir-
fesviani amoZirkva. iZulebiT gadasaxleba da tragikuli
xvedri, romelic qarTvelTa erT nawils xvda wilad.
Cven mier dasaxelebuli saarqivo dokumenti daTariRe-
bulia 1806 wlis 19 noemberiT. am droisaTvis mefis didi
ojaxis umetesoba ukve gadakarguli iyo ruseTis ukidega-
no imperiaSi. 1801 wlis martSi saqarTvelodan peterbur-
gis gzas gauyenes qarTvelTa jgufi, romlis Semadgenlo-
baSi iyvnen mefis Svilebi _ ioane, bagrati, daviTi da maTi
mxleblebi. mefe giorgis nabolara _ Teimurazi, am droi-
saTvis gaqceuli iyo da sparseTSi afarebda Tavs (es ukanas-
kneli Semdgom wlebSi ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis pir-
veli qarTveli akademikosi gaxda). male samefo karis qaleb-
is gasaxlebis droc dadga. ruseTSi gaasaxles mefe erekles
qvrivi _ dedofali darejani. gasasaxlebel ormotrial-
Si mefe giorgis qvrivs dedofal mariams Semoakvda moZa-
lade generali lazarevi, risTvisac igi iZulebiT aRkvec-
es monazvnad belgorodis dedaTa monasterSi. jeri mefe
giorgis qaliSvilebzec midga (dokumentis teqsti mogvyavs
sityvasityviT).
`brwyinvaleo Rrafo mowyaleo xelmwifev
radgan aqav mqonda zogi erTi mosamzadi, romelTaca gar-
66
da avTa saWiroTagan, TiTqmis Znel iqnnebis wasula Cveni,
amisaTvis umdablesad gTxovT raTa ukeTu SesaZlo iyos
ineboT xazinidam veqsiliT valad mogvces equsasi oqro,
romelsac moskovs misulsa Cuensa mivcemT imas visac Tqve-
ni brwyinvaleba daniSnavs da gamovixsniT veqsilsa Cuensa,
romlisa momlodineni, vSTebiT niadag mosurneni mSvido-
bisa Tqvenisani.
Tqvenis brwyinvalebisa mowyalisa xelmwifisa
umdablesad momxsenebelni
saqarTvelos mefis giorgis asulni
rifsima da gaiana
Cyv. noembers-iT
tfilisi~
saarqivo dokuments (arc dedans, arc rusul Targmans)
araviTari rezolucia ar adevs. arc calke Segvxvedria mTa-
varmarTeblis pasuxi qaliSvilebis Txovnaze.
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan yuradRebas ipyrobs Txovna-
Si Cadebuli didi taqtisa da TavdaWeris grZnoba, miuxeda-
vad im gaborotebisa, romelic situaciidan gamomdinare,
udavod, eqnebodaT mefis qaliSvilebs ruseTis yvela mox-
elis mimarT. mavani ityvis _ meti ra gza hqondaTo. iqneb,
esec marTalia, magram xazi minda gavusva imas, rom am Txov-
naSic Cans sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba da zrdiloba, ise ki,
albaT, ufro upriani iqneboda mkiTxvelebisaTvis migven-
do amis Sesaxeb azris gamotana.
meore saarqivo dokumenti, romelsac vTavazobT mkiTx-
vels, Sedgenilia momdevno 1807 wlis 10 dekembers (fon-
di_2, anaweri_1, saqme 158, gv. 620). man yuradReba imiT mi-
ipyro, rom xels awers armiis maiori yazbegi, vicodi, rom
am gvaris fuZemdeblia Cveni sasiqadulo mwerlis papa _
gabriel yazbegi (CofikaSvili). Sevecade gameSifra doku-
menti. is Zalze gaugebari xeliT aris dawerili, teqsti
rusulia, azri bundovnad gadmocemuli, xelmowera qar-
Tul-rusuli asoebiT _ `armiis maiori yazbeki~. etyoba swa-
vla-ganaTlebaze cota mwyralad iqneboda cxonebuli gab-
rieli, Tumca es arc aris gasakviri, Tu drosa da garemoe-
67
bas miviRebT mxedvelobaSi. dro da TariRi zemoT mogax-
seneT, garemoeba ki imiT gamoixateboda, rom igi moxeve gle-
xi yofila, ruseTis samsaxurSi didad dawinaurebuli. mas
didi samsaxuri gauwevia saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis
saqmisTvis. amis gamo gabrieli xevis mmarTvelad dauniSni-
aT, aznauroba uboZebiaT, samxedro wodeba miuniWebiaT.
ganaTlebas ki verc uboZebdnen da verc mianiWebdnen.
didxans vukirkite gasaSifr teqsts (lupac davixmare) da
ris vai-vaglaxiT SevZeli Cavwvdomodi Sinaarss: _ daria-
lis xeobaSi Sesul rusis jars ukanidan Tavs dasxmian qar-
Tveli moxeveebi. auxsniaT furaJSi Sebmuli xarebi da gau-
tacniaT. jari gaWedila darialis viwroebSi, radgan ufu-
raJod verc win wasulan da verc ukan. TavdamsxmelTa dadev-
nebas Sedegi ar miucia, ris gamoc jaris sardlobas daxmare-
bisaTvis xevis mmarTvel gabriel yazbegisaTvis miumarTavs.
man miakvlia da mkacrad dasaja (gaarozgvina) gamtacebelni,
xarebi daubruna jars, riTac saSualeba misca ganegrZo gza.
dokumentSi es ambavi patakis saxiT aris wardgenili. vla-
dikavkazis garnizonis general-maior g. rafiveliCisadmi.
hgavs Tu ara dokumentSi monaTxrobi ambavi aleqsandre
yazbegis siuJetis fragments, amis gansja mkiTxvelisTvis
mimindvia.
ise ki Cven droSi aqtualuri gaxda saubari darialis xeo-
basa da sofel larsze. imaze, rom ruseTis mxarem darialis
xeobaSi calmxrivad gadmoswia saxelmwifo sazRvari sofel
larsTan.
darialis xeoba da larsi imTaviTve badebs qarTvel kac-
Si garkveul asociaciebs: _ pitalo kldeebSi CaWedili
saqarTvelos samxedro gza da Tergis Rriali (`Tergi rbis,
Tergi Rrialebs~), omaxiani qarTuli simRera `tialo dar-
ialao~ ... da aleqsandre yazbegis gmirebis samoqmedo area-
li. CemTvis am asociaciebs emateba saxelmwifo saistorio
arqivSi muSaobisas mikvleuli zemoT moxseniebuli saarqi-
vo dokumentic.

68
 WavWavaZiaanT ojaxuri saidumlo

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi muSaobisas

wavawydi dokuments _ Öåðêîâíî ìåòðè÷åñêàÿ êíèãà «Ìàìàäàâè-
òè» (fondi 489, anaweri 7, saqme-10). mis gverdebze 82, 89, 92
da 158 dafiqsirebulia saxelovni qarTveli poetisa da ma-
muliSvilis aleqsandre WavWavaZis ojaxuri ambebi da mov-
lenebi. cnobilia, rom es ojaxi (sami umSvenieresi asuliT
_ nino, ekaterine, sofio da erTi vaJiT _ daviTi) Zalian
popularuli da pativsacemi yofila TanamedroveTaTvis.
marto aleqsandre griboedovisa da nikoloz baraTaSvilis
saxelebi rad Rirs. vfiqrob, Cveni sazogadoeba interesiT
gaecnoba am ojaxis Sesaxeb yovelgvar saarqivo pirvel-
wyaros.
zemoT miTiTebul dokumentSi aRwerili zogierTi faq-
ti ucnobi ar aris wignieri sazogadoebisaTvis. magram uSu-
alo kontaqts saarqivo pirvelwyarosTan udavod aqvs gar-
kveuli koloriti da STabeWdilebis simZafre: `1846 wels 5
noembers 50 wlisa droSkidan gadmovardnis SemTxvevis
gamo, gardaicvala Reneral-leitenanti Tavadi aleqsandre
WavWavaZe. aziara mRvdelma ioseb grigorevma~.
mRvdeli grigorevi SesaZloa qarTveli kaci iyo _ ioseb
grigoraSvili (aseTi gvari arsebobs saqarTveloSi), magram
winaT xom xSiri iyo qarTuli gvarebis rusul yaidaze gar-
daqmna. rogorc magaliTad Tarxanovi, beritovi da sxva.
Semdeg dokumentSi aRwerili ambavi momdevno wels mo-
xda:
`1847 wlis 25 ivniss 50 wlisa, sidamblisagan gardaicva-
la aleqsandre WavWavaZis qvrivi salome ioanes asuli. dasa-
flavebuli aris tfilisis mTawmindis eklesiaSi~. movle-
naTa logikas Tu mivyvebiT, albaT, qalbaton salomes Zvir-
fasi meuRlis tragikuli daRupviT miRebuli nervuli
stresis Sedegad ramdenime TveSi ganuviTarda hipertoni-
uli daavadeba, rasac mohyva insulti _ Tanmxlebi dambl-
iTa da sikvdiliT. es cnoba meore mxrivac sayuradReboa.
dokumentze momuSavis xelmowera uwyisSi ar aris. es ki imas
69
niSnavs, rom Cemamde am cnobiT aravis usargeblia. es Tu
asea, maSin Cveni literaturisa da kulturis mkvlevarTa-
Tvis, albaT, saintereso da yuradsaRebia, rom aleqsandre
garsevanis Ze WavWavaZis meuRle `dasaflavebuli aris tfi-
lisis mTawmindis eklesiaSi~.
mesame da meoTxe cnobaSi aRwerili pikanturi ambavi ki-
dev erTi wlis Semdeg _ 1848 wels moxda. Tumca, umjobesia
dokumentebs mivmarToT:
_ `1848 wlis 17 ivliss kapitan Tavad daviT aleqsandres
Ze WavWavaZes sjulieri colisagan SeeZina qaliSvili, rome-
lsac salome daarqva~.
_ `1848 wlis 18 ivliss kapitan Tavad daviT aleqsandres
Ze WavWavaZes moaxle melaniasgan SeeZina ukanonod dabade-
buli vaJiSvili, romelsac aleqsandre daarqva~.
sayuradReboa TariRebi 1848 wlis 17 da 18 ivlisi _
`sjulieri colis~ mSobiarobidan meore dRes umSobiaria
moaxle melanias. bavSvebisTvis ki axladgardacvlili bebi-
isa da papis pativsacemad salome da aleqsandre uwodebia.
am dokumentis gacnobisas TvalSi momxvda Canaweri `uka-
nonod dabadebuli~ _ udavod mkacradaa naTqvami. ise ki,
frangebs gacilebiT moxdenili gamoTqma SeurCeviaT amgva-
ri SemTxvevisTvis_ `siyvarulis nayofi~.
saarqivo dokumentis publikaciiT vgrZnob gavamJRavne
(isic sajarod!) WavWavaZianT ojaxuri saidumloeba, magram
imeds vitoveb, rom codvad ar CameTvleba, rameTu mas Sem-
deg Zalian didi droa gasuli (zustad saukune-naxevari). am
xnis ganmavlobaSi mravali Taoba Seicvala (TaobaTa cvlis
Sesaxeb ki didma rusTavelmac ase brZana _ `igi wava da sxva
mova turfasa sabaRnarosao~) ambavmac dakarga simZafre da
praqtikuli mniSvneloba. rac Seexeba aleqsandre WavWavaZis
uSualo STamomavalT (Tuki moaRwies Cven dromde) _ mda-
blad qeds vidrek maT winaSe da Sendobas viTxov Cadenili
uneblie codvis _ ojaxuri saidumlos gamxelisTvis.

70
 Sesavali wignidan
`jilexis kerebi saqarTveloSi~

uxsovari droidanaa jilexi (Anthrax) adamianisaTvis cno-

bili. amas adasturebs Zveli samyaros zogierTi moRvawis
Txzuleba, sadac aRwerili seni migvaniSnebs jilexis epizo-
otiasa da epidemiaze. ase magaliTad, moses meore wignSi mo-
Txrobilia, rom egvipteSi mZvinvare raRac daavadebisagan
ixocebodnen cxenebi, saxedrebi, aqlemebi, xarebi da cxvre-
bi, imavdroulad xalxic ziandeboda `avTvisebiani Savi mu-
wukiT~ (Ë.Â. Ãðîìàøåâñêèé, Ã.Ì. Âàéíäðàõ – «×àñòíàÿ ýïèäåìèî-
ëîãèÿ», Ìîñêâà, 1947, ñòð. 632).
saqarTveloSic mosaxleobisaTvis jilexi odiTganve
cnobilia. sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mas sxvadasxva saxeliT moix-
senieben _ `jilexi~, `Tvala~, `muwuki~, `xuzara~, `bednie-
ri~. interess iwvevs ukanaskneli saxelwodeba, ratom unda
daerqva xalxs mZime da veragi avadmyofobisaTvis `bednie-
ri~. am sakiTxze adrec xSirad misaubria epidemiologiis
kaTedris damaarsebelsa da kaTedris pirvel gamgesTan, aw
gansvenebul baton konstantine kacitaZesTan da or garemo-
ebaze SevTanxmebulvarT: pirveli – es avadmyofoba Ziri-
Tadad mesaqonleobas ukavSirdeba, amitom ufro xSirad is
`bednieri~ xalxi xdeboda avad, visac meti cxvari, Zroxa da
cxeni hyavda mflobelobaSi. meore varianti ufro damajer-
ebeli meCveneba. saqme imaSia, rom daavadebuli Sesaxedavad
Zalian mZime STabeWdilebas axdens (farTo SeSupeba, Rrma
wyluli Savi fufxiT), subieqturad ki avadmyofi tkivils
ver grZnobs, jilexis mikrobTa egzotoqsiniT mgrZnobiare
nerviuli daboloebebis parezis (nawilobrivi dambla) gamo.
dReisaTvis bevri (maT Soris, veterinariisa da medici-
nis specialistebic ki) jilexs rusuli kalkiT _ `cimbiris
wyluli~ moixseniebs, rac umarTebuloa. amis dasadasture-
blad istoriaSi mcireodeni eqskursi dagvWirdeba.
1788 wels Celiabinskelma samxedro eqimma stefane andri-
evskim ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis samedicino kolegi-
as warudgina naSromi, romelSic aRwerili iyo im xanebSi
71
cimbirSi gavrcelebuli jilexis epidemia da epizootia.
andrievskim specialuri komisiis TandaswrebiT xelovnu-
rad daiavada Tavi (xelis ganakawrze daido jilexiT dace-
muli pirutyvis sisxlSi dasvelebuli Zafi), Semdeg ki dai-
wyo dRiurebis wera. roca ver SeZlo (avadmyofobis simZi-
mis gamo), dRiurebi misma ferSalma gaagrZela. andrievski
gadarCa da gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg zemoxsenebuli naSro-
mi Seadgina, romelSic adamianebsa da pirutyvSi mimdinare
daavadebis identurobas adasturebda. naSroms saTaurad
wamZRvarebuli hqonda «Î ñèáèðñêîé ÿçâå». etyoba, andriev-
skis egona, rom aRmoaCina raRac axali cimbiruli daavade-
ba, Tumca zogierT rus avtors (Á.Ë. ×åðêàññêèé – «Ïóòåøåñòâèå
ýïèäåìèîëîãà âî âðåìåíè è ïðîñòðàíñòâå», Âîðîíåæ, 2003, ñòð. 402)
miaCnia, rom amiT mxolod avadobis aziur warmomavlobas
gulisxmobda.
jilexs ZvelTaganve icnobdnen saqarTveloSi, winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi, sworupovari sulxan-saba orbeliani ver
ganmartavda ase lakonurad da zustad am daavadebis simw-
vaves, simZimesa da zoonozur xasiaTs: _ `jilexi ewodebis
senTa momsvrelTa kacTa da pirutyvTaca erTbaSad~ (Txzu-
lebani. tomi IV, Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 455).
es ganmarteba sulxan-sabam mogvca Tavis leqsikonSi, ro-
melsac vaxtang VI siyvaruliT `sityvis kona~ uwoda. igi
xelnaweris saxiT pirvelad 1697 wels gamoqveynda. amasTan
dakavSirebiT erTi ambavi maxsendeba:
gasuli saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi jilexis profilaq-
tikis sakiTxebze sakavSiro konferenciebi tardeboda.
miviRe ra mosawvevi erT-erT aseT konferenciaSi monawile-
obis Sesaxeb, gavgzavne naSromi, romelSic sulxan-sabac mo-
vixsenie Tavisi ganmartebiTa da misi gamoqveynebis Tari-
RiT. konferenciis Tezisebis gacnobisas saxtad davrCi,
radgan sulxan-sabas moRvaweobisa da `sityvis konis~ gamoq-
veynebis TariRad nacvlad 1697 wlisa, miTiTebuli iyo 1897
weli. roca am SecdomasTan dakavSirebiT Tezisebis krebu-
lis redaqtorTan Cemi guliswyroma gamovxate, mipasuxa _
`gvegona SegeSalaT TariRi, Torem rogor SeiZleba Tqvens
72
qveyanaSi andrievskize adre scodnodaT jilexis proble-
mebi~-o.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ukeTesia ucxo
enidan gadmoTargmnils Cvenive sityva vamjobinoT, rogorc
amas akeTeben frangebi, ingliselebi, germanelebi. aki amas
poetic gviqadagebs:
`sityvebs, winaparT mier gaxednilT,/ didi rusTvelis
uRelSi nabamT,/ SobilT klarjeTiT, qarTliT, kaxeTiT,/
erTad Sekriba romelnic sabam,/ vealersebi, viTarca yva-
vilT,/ sicocxlec marto imitom minda,/ rom Cem saflavze
yayaCosaviT/ hyvaodes sityva, qarTuli sityva~ (muxran ma-
Wavariani. Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 7).
rakiRa jilexis problemebs istoriul WrilSi ganvixi-
lavT, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoeba – jilexi
farTod maSin iCenda Tavs, rodesac CvenSi gvalviani wlebi
idga. saarqivo monacemebiT aseTi iyo mecxramete saukunis
miwuruli (kerZod, 1890 da 1892 wlebi). am periodSi jilex-
iT daavadebulTa Soris erT-erTi Cveni sasiqadulo poetic
iyo. ai, ras mogviTxrobs amis Sesaxeb vaJa-fSavelas Zma ale-
qsandre (sandro) razikaSvili: `1890 wlis zafxulSi vaJas
biZam, mwariam, sofel bowaxSi avadmyofi xari dakla. vaJam
ojaxis sarCenad TiTqmis naxevari xari ahkida cxens da Sin
wamoiRo. Turme xari Wiriani yofila da es arc biZa mwarias
scodnia. sxvas araferi da vaJas ki, Cans, Tvalze moisva xor-
ciani xeli `bednieri~ gamoaCnda. meore Tu mesame dRes va-
Jas sicxe misca da Tvalis quTuToze qavili dauwyo, zed
muwukic gamouvida. maSinve Seatyo dedaCemma, rom es muwu-
ki `bednieri~ iyo. is imodena xorci sul miwaSi CavfaliT,
rom ZaRlebsac ki ar eWamaT. vaJas cxenic, romelsac is xor-
ci ekida, ver ascda am Wirs. imasac gamoaCnda `bednieri~.
vaJas deda mkurnalobda Sinauri wamlebiT. mainc ver gan-
ikurna mTlianad, Tvalis quTuTo Camofxavebuli darCa da
cremlmdinari. aseTi Tvalis gamo fSavelebma misTvis Serq-
meul `razikaanT devs~ `calTvala~ daumates da axla `razi-
kaanT calTvala devs~ eZaxian~ (gigi xornauli, cxovreba
vaJa-fSavelasi, Tbilisi, 1987, 115).
73
 jilexiT avadmyofobas iwvevs Bac. anthracis. igi uZravi,
gramdadebiTi Cxiria, warmoqmnis sporas, xolo cxovelisa
da adamianis organizmSi – kafsulas. mikrobis paTogenobas
ganapirobebs kafsulisa da specifiuri egzotoqsinis gamo-
muSavebis unari. garemoSi mikrobTa gamZleobas gansazRv-
ravs maTi arsebobis biologiuri forma. vegetaciuri for-
mebi xasiaTdebian SedarebiT naklebi gamZleobiT. 750C-ze
ixocebian 1 wuTSi. met rezistentobas iCenen dabali tempe-
raturis mimarT (_240C uZleben 12 dRes). maTi sporebad ga-
rdaqmna atmosferuli Jangbadis zemoqmedebiT xdeba. gar-
daqmna mimdinareobs ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi da mTa-
vrdeba pirvel dRes. jilexis mikrobTa sporovani formebi
gansakuTrebuli gamZleobiT gamoirCevian. duRilis dros
inarCuneben sicocxlisunarianobas 60 wuTis ganmavlobaSi;
maRali wneviT orTqlis (1100C) moqmedebas uZleben 5 wuTs.
gayinva Txieri haeriT (_1900C) maT sicocxlisunarianobaze
araviTar zemoqmedebas ar axdens. gamomSral mdgomareo-
baSi sporebi Zleben aTeul wels. jilexis sporebi sakmaod
rezistentulni arian sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebis mi-
marT: 10%-iani qloraminis xsnari klavs 14 saaTSi, xolo 5%
aqtiuri qloris Semcveli qloriani kiris xsnari – 1 saaTSi.
adamianTa da cxovelTa jilexiT daavadeba umTavresad spo-
rovani formebis saSualebiT xdeba.
bunebaSi jilexis mikrobTa rezervuars warmoadgens in-
ficirebuli niadagi. Tanamedrove samedicino da veterina-
rul mecnierebaSi gabatonebulia Sexeduleba, rom jilexis
bacila cocxali makroorganizmis gareSe – niadagSic inar-
Cunebs reproduqciis unars (sporovani forma vegetirebis
Semdeg mravldeba da isev sporad qceuli grovdeba infici-
rebis adgilas). saamisod es adgili optimaluria, Tu: 1) ni-
adagi Savmiwa, yavisferi an aluviuri (mdinaris an nakadu-
lis mier monatani, danaleqi) tipisaa; 2) neitraluri an od-
nav tute reaqcia aqvs (pH 5,5-7,5); 3) mdidaria organuli niv-
TierebebiT (humusi 4% da meti); 4) sineste – aranakleb 20%-
sa; 5) temperaturuli reJimi 15-450C-is farglebSi; 6) niada-
gi ar unda iyos Raribi sxvadasxva aminomJaveebiTa da mik-
74
roelementebiT (Á.Ë. ×åðêàññêèé, «Ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿ è ïðîôèëàêòè-
êà ñèáèðñêîé ÿçâû», Ìîñêâà, 2002, 100). sxva SemTxvevebSi jilex-
is bacila niadagSi kargavs reproduqciisa da paTogenobis
unars (rac niadagis TviTgawmendis faqtoradac SeiZleba
CaiTvalos).
jilexis epizootiebi umTavresad sezonur xasiaTs ata-
rebs. cxovelTa daavadebis pirveli SemTxvevebi maTi saZo-
vrebze garekvis dros emTxveva, xolo ivlis-oqtombris Tve-
ebSi cxovelTa jilexiT avadoba mkveTrad matulobs. jile-
xiT TiTqmis yvela saxeobis cxoveli avaddeba. mis mimarT
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea mobalaxe Sinauri da gareuli
pirutyvi. naklebad mgrZnobiarea – Rori, ZaRli, kata. mta-
cebeli cxovelebi iSviaTad avaddebian jilexiT. mgrZnobi-
are cxovelebSi avadmyofoba mZimed, generalizebuli for-
miT mimdinareobs. xSiria elviseburi mimdinareoba, romlis
Sedegad pirutyvi uecrad kvdeba. sikvdilis uSualo mize-
zad jilexis egzotoqsinia miCneuli. daavadebuli pirut-
yvi gadamdebia avadmyofobis mTeli periodis ganmavloba-
Si, rameTu mikrobebs gamoyofs garemoSi Sardis, fekaluri
masebisa da filtvebis sisxliani gamonadenis saSualebiT.
sikvdilis Semdeg ki gadamdebia misi yvela organo da qso-
vili, maT Soris tyavi, matyli, jagari, rqebi, Cliqebi. ufro
rezistentul cxovelebSi (Rorebi) avadobis procesi Reb-
ulobs lokalur xasiaTs xaxis limfuri jirkvlebis sero-
zul-hemoragiuli an nekrozuli anTebis saxiT.
jilexiT adamianTa daavadeba umTavresad xdeba daziane-
buli kanidan mikrobTa SeWriT avadmyofi pirutyvis dakv-
lis, gatyavebisa da xorcis aqnis dros (infeqciis bunebrivi
mimRebloba anu kontagiozuri indeqsi ar aris maRali. risk-
is faqtors daqvemdebarebulTa mxolod 20-30% xdeba avad),
ufro iSviaTad infeqciis SeWris adgili SeiZleba iyos saW-
mlis momnelebeli traqtisa da sasunTqi gzebis dazianebu-
li lorwovani garsi. zogjer aRiniSneba adamianTa daavade-
bis SemTxvevebi inficirebuli niadagiT an miwiT dasvrili
sagnebiT. avadmyofi adamianidan janmrTelze jilexis gada-
cemis sarwmuno monacemebi msoflio praqtikaSi ar moipov-
75
eba, amitom jilexiT daavadebul adamians epidemiologi-
uri mniSvneloba ara aqvs da ganixileba, rogorc am daavade-
bis epidemiologiuri procesis biologiuri Cixi.
adamianTa jilexiT avadoba umTavresad sporadul xasi-
aTs atarebs da xSirad emTxveva cxovelTa avadobis se-
zonobas (zafxuli-Semodgoma). sayofacxovrebo da sawar-
moo pirobebSi adamianebi avaddebian Semdeg mizezTa gamo:
1. veterinaruli Semowmebis gareSe avadmyofi pirutyvis
dakvla, gatyaveba, xorcis aqna, dacemuli pirutyvis da-
marxva;
2. avadmyofi pirutyvis movlisas piradi higienis wesebis
daucveloba;
3. dakluli avadmyofi pirutyvis xorciT sakvebis momza-
deba da misi gamoyeneba;
4. SemTxveviT SeZenil da jilexze Seumowmebel mecxove-
leobis produqtebTan (xorci, matyli, tyavi, jagari) kon-
taqti;
5. mecxoveleobis produqciis mwarmoebeli, gadamamuSa-
vebeli, Semnaxveli, gadamtani da gamyidveli dawesebulebe-
bis TanamSromelTa mier usafrTxoebis teqnikis daucve-
loba;
6. saamSeneblo, agroteqnikuri, hidromelioraciuli da
sxva miwis samuSaoebis dros inficirebul niadagTan kon-
taqti.
adamianebSi samedicino literatura umTavresad jilex-
is sam klinikur formas ganasxvavebs: kanis, nawlavebis da
filtvebis (maTgan absoluturad uxSiresi, TiTqmis 99% ka-
nis formaa). daavadebis ganviTarebaSi wamyvan rols asrul-
ebs gamomwvevis virulentoba da makroorganizmis imunuri
sistemis mdgomareoba. daavadeba tovebs myar imunitets –
ganmeorebiTi daavadeba iSviaTia.
mikrobebi organizmSi limfis an sisxlis nakadis meSveo-
biT gadaadgildeba da sabolood limfur jirkvlebSi xvde-
ba, sadac ibudebs, mravldeba da iwvevs nekrozsa da hemora-
gias. kanqveSa da kanSigniTa inficirebisas ukve 3-4 saaTis
Semdeg mikrobTa ZiriTadi masa regionalur limfur jirkv-
76
lebSia dabudebuli, nawili ki inokulaciis (SeWris) adgi-
las mravldeba. jilexis diagnozi efuZneba epidemiologi-
ur anamnezs, klinikur suraTs, kanis alergiul sinjsa da
laboratoriuli kvlevis Sedegebs. sainkubacio periodi me-
ryeobs 9 saaTidan 14 dRemde, ufro xSirad 2-3 dRe. daava-
debis dasawyisSi kanis inficirebis adgilze Cndeba papula,
romelic gardaiqmneba vezikulad, sabolood ki yalibdeba
wyluli Savi nekrozuli centriT – fufxiT (daavadebis sae-
rTaSorisod miRebuli ZvelberZnuli saxelwodebac aqedan
iRebs saTaves, Anthrax - naxSiri). igi mkveTri konturiT aris
SemosazRvruli da kanidan odnav amoweulia. dazianebis ad-
gili sagrZnoblad SeSupebulia da gadahkravs mowiTalo-
lurji elferi. wyluli Seicavs serozul-hemoragiul siT-
xes da umtkivneuloa. jilexis kanis formis dros aucile-
belia daavadebis diferencireba stafilokokur da strep-
tokokur karbunkulTan, eqTimur gangrenasTan, mweris nak-
benTan, daavadebebTan, romelTac bubonis warmoqmna axasi-
aTebT. klinikurad jilexis kanis forma SesaZloa ori saxiT
mimdinareobdes: generalizebulad da lokalurad. pirve-
li umZimesi mimdinareobaa. am dros gamoricxuli araa gan-
viTardes filtvebisa da Tavis tvinis SeSupeba, nawlavebSi
gaCndes wylulebi da a. S. es baqteriemiisa da toqsinemiis
Sedegia da infeqciur-toqsikuri Soki avadmyofisaTvis si-
cocxlis SenarCunebas naklebad mosalodnels xdis. misi ga-
darCena bevradaa damokidebuli zust diagnozsa da drou-
lad dawyebul eTiotropul mkurnalobaze. lokaluri mim-
dinareobis dros ki prognozi keTilsaimedoa.
jilexis mkurnaloba kompleqsuria. specifiuri mkurna-
lobisaTvis gamoiyeneba heterogenuli jilexis sawinaaR-
mdego imunoglobulini. amavdroulad, aucilebelia eTio-
tropuli mkurnaloba antibiotikebiT. intoqsikaciis sa-
likvidaciod da nivTierebaTa cvlis mosawesrigeblad mi-
marTaven infuzorul Terapias (gadasxmebi). araviTar Sem-
TxvevaSi ar SeiZleba wylulis gakveTa – amas SeiZleba infe-
qciis generalizeba mohyves. jilexiT daavadebulis hospi-
talizacia aucilebelia. palataSi atareben mimdinare dez-
77
infeqcias sveli wesiT (sulemis xsnari 1:1500, fenolis 3%-
iani xsnari). avadmyofis gamonayofebs umateben 10%-ian
qloramins. avadmyofs gamoyofili aqvs individualuri
WurWeli, romelsac xmarebis Semdeg gamoxarSaven. naxmari
Sesaxvevi masala unda daiwvas. avadmyofis sawolTan yovel-
gvar manipulacias atareben rezinis xelTaTmanebiT. avadm-
yofis gawera SeiZleba fufxis mocilebisa da wylulis dan-
awiburebis Semdeg. daavadebis keraSi atareben daskvniT de-
zinfeqcias. daavadebul cxovelTan kontaqtSi myof pirs,
agreTve imaT, vinc monawileoba miiRo avadmyofi cxovelis
gauvneblobasa da damarxvaSi an inficirebuli xorci miiRo
sakvebad, profilaqtikis mizniT ukeTeben jilexis sawina-
aRmdego imunoglobulins: mozrdilebs 20-25 ml-s, bavSvebs
ki – 5-8 ml-s. Tu dainficirebuli xorcis miRebidan gavida
5 dRe, globulinoprofilaqtika mizanSewonili ar aris.
acrebs utareben im pirebs, romlebic muSaoben mecxovele-
obaSi, tyavis nedleulis damzadebisa da gadamamuSavebel
sawarmoebSi, xorckombinatebSi, sasaklaoebsa da sayasboeb-
Si. acra warmoebs kanzeda meTodiT, mSrali, cocxali vaqci-
niT, revaqcinacia – yovelwliurad.
jilexiT daavadeba gvxvdeba saqarTvelos yvela adminis-
traciul-sasoflo raionSi. gavrcelebis intensivobis mx-
riv sxvadasxva regionebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTmane-
Tisagan. am mxriv yvelaze ufro arakeTilsaimedoa Sida ka-
xeTis, Sida da qvemo qarTlis dablobi da ivris zegani. am
regionebSi adamianTa jilexiT avadobis intensiuri maCve-
nebeli yvelaze ufro maRalia. aq arsebuli Tbili klimati,
zomieri sinotive, humusiT mdidari yavisferi, aluviuri
da Savmiwa niadagebi qmnian xelsayrel pirobebs garemoSi
jilexis sporebis xangrZlivi arsebobisaTvis, rac kargad
ganviTarebul mesaqonleobasTan kavSirSi ganapirobebs ji-
lexiT avadobis intensiuri maCveneblis sidides. saqarTve-
loSi es maCvenebeli yvelaze ufro mcirea dasavleT kavka-
sionze (mestiis, lentexis, cagerisa da nawilobriv, onisa
da ambrolauris raionebi).
jilexis sawinaaRmdego brZola xorcieldeba samedici-
78
no da veterinaruli samsaxurebis mier Catarebuli komple-
qsuri RonisZiebebiT. veterinaruli zedamxedvelobis mi-
zania: infeqciis wyaros gamovlena, kerebis aRricxva da
cxovelTa acra. vetsamsaxuri axorcielebs zedamxedvelo-
bas xorcisa da cxoveluri nedleulis damzadebaze, Senax-
vasa da transportirebaze, dacemuli cxovelebis gauvneb-
lobasa da specialuri samarxebis mowyobaze; jilexis pro-
filaqtikaSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs sanitariul-sagan-
manaTleblo muSaobas mosaxleobaSi.
dedamiwis calkeul teritoriaze jilexis avadobis min-
imumamde Sesamcireblad da salikvidaciod aucilebeli pi-
robaa am senis geografiis, istoriis, epidemiologiisa da
epizootologiis detaluri Seswavla. saqarTvelo mdebar-
eobs amierkavkasiis centralur da dasavleT nawilSi. igi
moicavs kavkasiis farTobis 16% teritorias (69,7 aTas
kv.km., mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove – 77 adamiani 1
kv.km.). CvenSi jilexiT avadobis mudmiv saSiSroebas qmnis am
sneulebis mdgradi da xangrZlivad moqmedi niadaguri ke-
rebi.
mas Semdeg, rac 2001 wels, saerTaSoriso teroristulma
organizaciebma amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg
egreT wodebuli `safosto~ diversia (werilebi, amanaTebi)
ganaxorcieles da floridaSi, niu-iorkSi, vaSingtonsa da
sxva qalaqebSi jilexis sporebi (moTeTro fxvnilis saxiT)
gaavrceles, daavadda 22 adamiani, romelTagan naxevari ga-
rdaicvala, jilexis problemam wina planze wamoiwia. saqar-
TveloSi jilexis bunebrivi kerebis arsebobis gamo am infe-
qciiT yovelwliurad saSualod 30-40 adamiani avaddeba.
gaviTvaliswineT ra Cveni qveynisaTvis jilexis proble-
mis aqtualoba, gadavwyviteT misi mravalmxrivi gamokvleva.
saqarTveloSi jilexze oficialuri cnobebi mxolod
saarqivo dokumentebSia Semonaxuli calkeul samedicino
da veterinarul eqimTa patakis, moxsenebiTi baraTebisa da
samuSao angariSebis saxiT.
kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg, mecxramete saukunis
meore naxevridan saqarTveloSi daiwyo mmarTvelobis samo-
79
qalaqo organoebis Camoyalibeba. mazrebis centrebSi ga-
moCnda TiTo-orola sxvadasxva dargis eqimi-specialisti.
maTi simciris gamo sakmarisi ar iyo samedicino da veteri-
naruli momsaxureba. mosaxleoba ver iTvaliswinebda jile-
xis gamomwvevis Taviseburebebs, amitom xSiri iyo veterina-
rul-sanitariuli wesebis uxeSi darRveva, rac iwvevda qvey-
nis niadagebis intensiur dainficirebas sporebiTa da daa-
vadebis axal-axali kerebis ganviTarebas.
jilexis gamomwvevi sporis didi gamZleoba da mraval-
mxrivi xasiaTis organotropizmi ganapirobebs daavadebis
formaTa simravles. balaxismWamel pirutyvSi daavadebis
ZiriTadi (sawyisi) forma nawlavuria. avadmyofi pirutyvi,
romelic Tavis nawlavebSi Seicavs daavadebis gamomwvevs,
drodadro nawlavis SigTavsTan erTad gamohyofs garemo-
Si (saZovarze). adre Tu gvian sakvebTan (balaxTan) erTad
igi aucileblad gadainacvlebs janmrTeli pirutyvis naw-
lavebSi. jilexis pirveladi nawlavuri formiT daavade-
bul pirutyvs uviTardeba meoradi septicemia, ris gamoc
igi kvdeba. magram avadobis baqteriemiis periodSi, infeqci-
is nakeliT moTesvasTan erTad warmoiqmneba misi farTod
gavrcelebis axali SesaZlebloba: rogorc cnobilia, fr-
Tiani fexsaxsrianebi (buzankali, sisxlis mwovi buzi, mos-
kiti, qinqla da sxva) ZiriTadad ikvebebian cxovelTa sisx-
liT. mowovs ra avadmyofi pirutyvis sisxls mweri, xuTi
dRis ganmavlobaSi, xdeba infeqciis Semdgomi gavrcelebis
faqtori. am SemTxvevaSi janmrTeli pirutyvis organizmSi
infeqcia SeiWreba mweris nakbeni Wrilobidan da viTardeba
jilexis kanis forma. mfrinavi sisxlismwovi mwerebiT in-
feqciis gavrcelebis meqanizmi moqmedebs ufro intensiu-
rad, vidre nawlavuri meqanizmi, amitom darTuli avadmyo-
fobis kanis forma swrafad gadaizrdeba epizootiaSi, ro-
melic ganviTarebis tempiT bevrad uswrebs nawlavuri for-
mis epizootias. gasagebia, rom jilexis mwerebiT gavrcele-
ba SesaZlebelia mxolod weliwadis Tbil dros, romlis
damTavrebasTan erTad epizootiis es tipic mTavrdeba. uf-
ro mogvianebiT (zamTarSi pirutyvis bagur pirobebSi ga-
80
dayvanis gamo) nawlavuri formis epizootiis SesaZleblo-
bac mTavrdeba. magram, rCeba dainficirebuli niadagi, ro-
melic zogjer adamianTa uvicobis gamo (leSis gadayra xe-
vebSi, katabardebSi, mdinareSic ki) Zalze didi xniT (zog-
jer asobiT weli) avadobis infeqciis wyarod gvevlineba.
Tu dacemuli pirutyvis leSs, misi mTlianobis yovelgvari
darRvevis gareSe Rrmad (2 metri) CavflavT miwaSi, lpoba-
di procesebis gamo jilexis mikrobTa vegetaciuri forme-
bi ramdenime (2-5) dReSi daixoceba. magram, aqve gasaTval-
iswinebelia erTi garemoeba, agoniis periodSi da sikvdil-
is Semdeg ramdenime saaTi sxeulis bunebrivi xvrelebidan
(cxviris nestoebi, piris naprali, ukana gasavali) gamoiyo-
fa jilexis bacilebis uxvad Semcveli sisxliani gamonade-
ni, romelic sporebiT ainficirebs garemos, amitomacaa
Tanamedrove veterinariaSi gaTvaliswinebuli jilexiT
dacemuli pirutyvis leSis damarxvamde dawva, samarxis au-
cilebeli izolirebiT (dabetoneba an SemoRobva). manamde
ki laboratoriuli analizisaTvis saWiro masalis mosapo-
veblad leSis miwaze mibjenili mxaris sapirispiro yurze
ideba ori kvanZi da yuri moiWreba kvanZTa Soris. yuris
CamonaWeri adgili unda moiwvas. es manipulaciebi tarde-
ba imitom, rom atmosferuli Jangbadis vegetaciur forma-
ze zemoqmedebis Sedegad spora ar ganviTardes da ar Seiqm-
nas jilexis axali kera. jilexis aqtiur kerad iTvleba ad-
gili, sadac nebsiT Tu uneblied moxda avadmyofi piru-
tyvis dakvla. mouniSnavi (SemouRobavi), miviwyebuli, Zve-
li cxovelsamarxi an calkeuli saflavi warmoadgens ji-
lexis Zalze saSiS keras. zogjer jilexis infeqciis wyarod
iqcevian tyavgadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi. wvimebisa da wya-
ldidobebis dros sporebi miwis nawilakebTan erTad gada-
itaneba Sor manZilze da mdinareTa xeobebSi, sarwyluleb-
sa da saZovrebze warmoiqmneba jilexis axali kerebi (amis
dadasturebaa 2005 wlis magaliTi, roca uCveulod didi
wvimebis, wyaldidobebisa da Rvarcofebis Sedegad, marto
aRniSnul erT weliwadze modis ukanasknel 30 weliwadSi
axlad registrirebuli kerebis 23%).
81
 jilexis niadaguri kerebis ganxilvisas, SeuZlebelia ar
aRvniSnoT pirutyvis gadasarek trasaze egreT wodebuli
`wyeuli mindvrebi~ (es termini frangebis mieraa Serqmuli
_ `champs maudits~), romelzec saqonlis yoveli gadarekvis
dros, faraSi iwyeboda masobrivi dacema (jilexis epizo-
otiis gamo). rusul veterinarul literaturaSi miTiTe-
bulia aseTi teritoriis arseboba Savi da azovis zRvispi-
reTSi (Ì.Ñ. Ãàííóøêèí – «Îáùàÿ ýïèçîîòîëîãèÿ», Ìîñêâà, 1954).
jilexze masalis Segrovebisas Cvenc movipoveT cnobebi `wy-
euli mindvris~ Sesaxeb. saarqivo dokumentebSi aseT adgi-
lad fiqsirebulia `rkinisjvari~, romelic mesxeTis qedze
zekaris uReltexilis Zveli saxelwodebaa.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio ar-
qivis fondebis (504 Âðà÷åáíîå îòäåëåíèå Òèôëèññêîãî ãóáåðíñêîãî
ïðàâëåíèÿ da 505 Âåòåðèíàðíûå îòäåëåíèÿ ãóáåðíñêèõ ïðàâëåíèé)
Seswavlis Sedegad, SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvedgina didi ra-
odenobiT jilexze arakeTilsaimedo punqtebi. regionebSi
am punqtTa ganlagebis mixedviT davrwmundiT, rom isini,
ZiriTadad, Tavmoyrilia humusiT mdidar Savmiwa da yavis-
fer niadagebze; qviSrobebsa da marilian adgilebze jilex-
is mdgradi kerebi ar arsebobs.
dReisaTvis, roca ar gagvaCnia niadagis sanaciis efeqtu-
ri saSualebebi, cxovelsamarxebis veterinarul-sanitar-
iuli mdgomareoba aradamakmayofilebelia, xolo sasof-
lo-sameurneo pirutyvis aRricxva da vaqcinacia – aras-
rulyofili, adamianTa da cxovelTa jilexiT avadobis Zir-
iTadi mizezi – warsulSi misi teritoriuli gavrcelebis
ucodinrobaa, ris gamoc bevri arakeTilsaimedo punqti
rCeba aRuricxavi da ucnobi. zemoTqmulis WeSmaritebaSi
advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu ganvixilavT ukanasknel 20 we-
liwadSi saqarTveloSi jilexis (baqteriologiurad da-
dasturebul) sam did epidemiur `afeTqebas~.
pirveli, jer kidev sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros dafiq-
sirda, kerZod, 1989 wels gurjaanis raionis sofel melaan-
Si. jilexis gavrceleba cxovelebsa da adamianebSi dakavSi-
rebuli iyo miwis samuSaoebTan, romelic tardeboda sof-
82
lis mimdebare xevSi, wyalsagubaris mSeneblobaze (etyoba
gaixsna `ucnobi~ Zveli cxovelsamarxi, ramac gamoiwvia pi-
rutyvis masobrivi dacema. amas ki mohyva jilexis gavrcele-
ba adamianebze).
meore, masStaburobiT yvelaze didi epidafeTqeba reg-
istrirebul iqna 1992 wlis ivlisis TveSi wyaltubos zo-
nis sofel maRlakSi. aqac es `afeTqeba~ dakavSirebuli iyo
miwis samuSaoebTan (soflis saZovrebze gaTxares sadrena-
Je arxi). imdenad, ramdenadac am movlenebis uSualo monawi-
le gaxldiT, Tavs uflebas vaZlev ufro dawvrilebiT Seve-
xo imdroindel ambebs.
`vinc daijerebT, es Cemis TvaliT
minaxavs, vinc ara da Tqven iciT.”
sulxan-saba orbeliani
saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo omi mZvinvarebda. iyo Zarcva,
rbeva, sayovelTao ganukiTxaoba da sxvadasxva saZmoebis
TareSi. moSlili iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfe-
ro. bevri rom ar gavagrZelo, andazisa ar iyos _ `ZaRli
patrons ver scnobda~.
aseT viTarebaSi erT dRes CvenTan – daavadebaTa kontro-
lis erovnul centrSi movida axalgazrda kaci da gviambo,
rom xelze wyluli gauCnda. mimarTa quTaisis avtoqarxnis
poliklinikis qirurgs (maRlaki quTaisis avtoqarxnis mim-
debare didi sofelia), romelmac etyoba ver amoicno daa-
vadeba, daumuSava iara (gauWra) da gauSva saxlSi. mdgomar-
eobis gauaresebis gamo avadmyofi Camovida TbilisSi, kiTx-
va-kiTxviT mogvagno da gviTxra, rom sofelSi bevria mis-
nairi avadmyofi, ris gamoc xalxi SeSinebuliao. gasinjvisas
jilexisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi wyluli vunaxeT, ro-
melsac nebismieri maswavlebeli inatrebda samedicino dar-
gis studentis saCveneblad.
imave dRes momixda sanavias xaziT quTaisSi gadafrena.
is Rame quTaisis saavadmyofoSi gavaTene. visargeble SemTx-
veviT da avadmyofebi movinaxule (am droisaTvis ukve das-
muli iyo jilexis diagnozi). erT avadmyofs agoniaSi mivus-
wari. momakvdavis colma miambo, rom davardnili xbo sasw-
83
rafod dauklavs, xorci soflis Saragzaze gauyidia, elen-
Ta ki Seuwvavs da martos uWamia, rasac emsxverpla kidec.
meore dilas sofel maRlakisaken aviRe gezi. is erTi lama-
zi, mwvaneSi Cafluli, imeruli pewiT Semkuli sofelia, mag-
ram iseT panikasa da aliaqoTs Seveswari, rom gaognebuli
davrCi. saxlebidan qalebis viSviSi da kivili ismoda (ras
izam, imerlebi cota eqspansiurebi arian). adgilobriv sa-
medicino personalTan erTad saswrafod SevudeqiT saqmi-
anobas. avadmyofTa gamovlenis mizniT kardakar Semovia-
reT mosaxleoba, daavadebulebi saavadmyofoSi gadavagza-
vneT. soflis gamgeblisa da policiis daxmarebiT aRvkve-
TeT xorciT vaWroba (jer kidev sofelSi Semosvlisas Sa-
raze SevamCnie gasayidad Camokiduli xorcis naWrebi). da-
wesda sasoflo-sameurneo pirutyvis karantini. sofelSi
da mis SemogarenSi gaiTxara ramdenime didi ormo, sadac
Caiyara naxmari avtosaburavebi, SeSa, zemodan daeyara daxo-
cili pirutyvis leSi da mieca cecxls (ubnis veterinaris
cnobiT daxocil marto msxvilfexa saqonlis raodenoba 90
suls aWarbebda). veterinarulma samsaxurma saswrafod da-
iwyo pirutyvis vaqcinacia (bevrad upriani iqneboda igi Ta-
vis droze – adre gazafxulze CaetarebinaT, maSin xom maR-
lakelebic ascdebodnen am ubedurebas). inficirebul obi-
eqtebTan kontaqtirebul mosaxleobas dauwesda samedici-
no meTvalyureoba da Cautarda eqsternuli profilaqtika.
aRwerilma movlenebma etyoba imdenad daainficira so-
fel maRlakis garemo, rom aRniSnuli wlidan TiTqmis yo-
velwliurad am sofelSi aRiricxeboda pirutyvTa da ad-
amianTa jilexiT daavadebis erTeuli SemTxvevebi, xolo
2001 wels patara epidafeTqebac moxda – erTdroulad uSu-
alod miwidan daavadda 8 adamiani, romlebic avtoqarxnis
nagavsayrelidan liTonis jarTs agrovebdnen.
jilexis mesame, sakmaod didi epidafeTqeba saqarTvelo-
Si dafiqsirda 1995 wels gardabnis raionis sofel gamar-
jvebaSi. igi aqac miwis samuSaoebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
avad gaxda ramdenime aTeuli adamiani. iyo letaluri SemTx-
vevac.
84
 Cveni kvlevisaTvis gamoyenebul iqna:
a) saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio ar-
qivis monacemebi (mravalricxovani angariSebi, mimoxilve-
bi, statistikuri masala);
b) samedicino da veterinaruli dawesebulebebis saarqi-
vo da operatiuli dokumentacia;
g) jilexis calkeul kerebze piradi dakvirvebis gamoc-
dileba;
epidemiologiuri da epizootologiuri masalebis mosa-
poveblad, gansakuTrebiT ki jilexis kerebis adgilmdebar-
eobis dasazusteblad saqarTvelos bevri dasaxlebuli
punqti uSualod iqna gamokvleuli.
calkeuli administraciuli raionebis mixedviT jilex-
is kerebis dazustebis Sedegad Seiqmna `jilexis kerebi sa-
qarTveloSi~ (qveynis administraciul-teritoriuli day-
ofis monacemebi gamoyenebulia 2001 wlis 1 oqtombris md-
gomareobiT). masSi mocemulia saqarTvelos TiToeul ad-
ministraciul raionSi jilexze arakeTilsaimedo punqtTa
kadastri (CamonaTvali) im wlebis aRniSvniT, romlebSic
fiqsirdeboda am punqtebSi pirutyvebisa da adamianebis ji-
lexiT daavadebis SemTxvevebi.
`saqarTveloSi jilexze arakeTilsaimedo punqtTa at-
lasi~ pirvelad wignad daistamba rusul enaze mecniereba-
Ta akademiis gamomcemlobis mier 1976 wels. drom da didma
socialur-ekonomikurma gardaqmnebma Secvala garemoeba:
zogi sofeli `aRigava pirisagan miwisa~ (SeuerTda axlom-
debare qalaqsa da dabas), bevrma dasaxlebulma punqtma Se-
icvala saxeli, gaCnda axali jilexze arakeTilsaimedo pun-
qtebi. avtorma Tanamedroveobis Sesabamisad Seavso, gada-
amuSava da moamzada kadastri qarTul da inglisur enebze
gamocemisaTvis. masSi warmodgenili 1627 arakeTilsaimedo
punqti Seadgens saqarTvelos yvela dasaxlebuli punqtis
35%-s. arakeTilsaimedo punqtTa 3,5% jilexis aqtiuri
keraa, rac imas niSnavs, rom ukanasknel 10 weliwadSi maTSi
aRiniSneboda jilexiT daavadebis SemTxvevebi.
`jilexis kerebi saqarTveloSi~ aris am infeqciur sneu-
85
lebaze asocdaxuTwliani monacemebis erTad Tavmoyris
pirveli mcdeloba. igi xels Seuwyobs qveynis samxareo pa-
Tologiis sakiTxebis Seswavlasa da daexmareba dargis muSa-
kebs jilexis sawinaaRmdego saqmianobis dagegmvaSi, Catare-
basa da gakontrolebaSi.
garda samedicino da veterinaruli muSakebisa, kadastri
fasdaudebel samsaxurs gauwevs yvela im specialists,
visac saqme aqvs miwis samuSaoebTan (geologebs, mSeneblebs,
melioratorebs, arqeologebsa da sxva), raTa Tavidan aici-
lon is ubedureba, rasac jilexis epizootiisa da epidemi-
is `afeTqeba~ hqvia. amis naTelsayofad erTi magaliTic ik-
marebda. moxda ise, rom navTobsadenis gayvanisas trasa
jilexze 1958 wlidan arakeTilsaimedo punqtis cxovelsa-
marxze gadioda. Cven winaswar SeviswavleT garemoeba, ris
Sedegadac cxovelsamarxidan da mis axlomdebare terito-
riidan aRebuli miwis sinjebidan gamovyaviT jilexis gamom-
wvevi mikrobis virulenturi Stamebi. mSeneblobis xelmZR-
vanelobis mier miRebulma sagangebo RonisZiebebma Sedegi
gamoiRo – garTulebebi Tavidan iqna acilebuli.

86
 avtobiografiis magivrad

Cemi gvari saTaves leCxumidan iRebs, sadac sofel zubis

mcxovrebni umetesad am gvarisani arian. gadmocemiT vici,
Zvel droSi erT-erT maTgans CxubSi kaci Semokvdomia da
SurisZiebis SiSiT dadians mihkedlebia. samegreloSi gvarma
ganicada mcireodeni fonetikur-transkripciuli cvli-
leba (kuxaleiskua - kuxaleiSvili megrulad ufro iolad
gamosaTqmeli bgerebia).
deda, maria vilhemis asuli anglikovskaia (warmoSobiT
poloneli), Zalian gamWriaxi da gabeduli qali iyo. amis da-
sadastureblad erT magaliTs movitan: 1929 wels, politi-
kuri motivebis gamo mama daapatimres da kavSirgabmulobis
saxlis ukan mdebare Sinsaxkomis jurRmulebSi Caagdes, sa-
idanac cocxali ver daaRwevda Tavs, dedaCemis gambedao-
basa da Tavganwirvas rom ar eSvela. saqme imaSia, rom winas-
war daazusta ra mTavrobis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis (lapa-
rakia filipe maxaraZeze) avtomanqanis dilis moZraobis
marSruti (saxlidan samsaxuramde), erT dRes fexmZime qali
patara bavSviT xelSi manqanas borblebSi Cauvarda. mZRo-
lma saswaulebrivi moxerxebiT auqcia da daamuxruWa avto-
mobili. gadarCenil qals uTxovia mTavrobis meTaurisaT-
vis udanaSaulo qmris gaTavisufleba, rasac ramdenime dRe-
Si dadebiTi Sedegi mohyolia.
davibade 1929 wlis 21 dekembers qalaq TbilisSi. mamaCemi
(grigol aleqsis Ze kuxalaSvili) samegrelos erT-erT ula-
mazes sofel muxuridan iyo. axlac Tvalwin midgas bavSvo-
baSi zafxulobiT iq gatarebuli dReebi: oCofexebze wamod-
gmuli megruli facxa, ezoSi maRal msxlis xeebze daxveu-
li adesis jiSis vazi (erTxel rTvelis dros xidan veRar
Camovdiodi da mamam Tokze mibmuli gideliT yurZenTan
erTad CamomiSva dabla). facxis gverdiT ido erTiani didi
xisgan gamoTlili sawnaxeli, romelSic Cayril yurZnis
dasaWyletad didxans ibanda fexebs mezobeli axalgazrda
kaci _ bagia.
vizrdebodi TbilisSi, CuRureTis ubanSi. bavSvobidan
87
erTi ambavi damamaxsovrda, ris gamoc xSirad damcinodnen
kidec. sabavSvo baRSi wayvanis an Sin mobrunebis dros ram-
denjerac CavuvlidiT gverdiT marjaniSvilisa da javaxi-
Svilis quCebis kuTxeSi mdgar eklesias, dedas vekiTxebodi
_ es eklesia rom daingres da stalini moyves nangrevebSi,
mokvdeba Tu ara-meTqi. amis mizezi ki is iyo, rom gasuli
saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi, roca stalinis kulti aRzeve-
bas ganicdida, xSiri iyo misi uzarmazari suraTebis gamofe-
na Senobebze da patara bavSvs sinamdvileSic iseTive uzar-
mazari megona, rogoric naxatebSi iyo. meore mxriv, xSirad
mesmoda: esa da es eklesia daangries, im eklesias gumbaTze
jvari moglijes da protestis niSnad survili gamiCnda,
gamego eklesiis nangrevi Tu moklavda mTavrobis xelmZR-
vanels, romlis brZanebiTac xdeboda es ambavi.
skola vercxlis medalze davamTavre. samedicino insti-
tutSi swavlis periodidan ori SemTxveva ar maviwydeba aqa-
mde: medicinis istoriis kaTedris gamgem, ubadlo pedagog-
ma profesorma mixeil saakaSvilma ramdenime studenti Sea-
rCia sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva qalaqebSi mivlinebiT ga-
sagzavnad (maT samedicino institutebSi saarqivo masala
unda SeegrovebinaT, iq kurs-
damTavrebul Cveni institu-
tis profesorebze). samivli-
nebod qalaqi xarkovi mergo
da Cem sixaruls sazRvari ar
hqonda, magram iZulebuli
gavxdi uari meTqva mivli-
nebaze erTi Zalian ubralo
mizezis gamo _ fexsacmelSi
wyali Semdioda, SesakeTeb-
lad ar vargoda, axlis sayid-
lad ki fuli ar mqonda da
verc veravis gavumxile Cemi
gasaWiri. arada susxiani zam-
Tari idga da ver gavbede
CrdiloeTisken gamgzavreba.
88
meore mosagonari ki is gaxldaT, rom meoTxe kursze ivane
TarxniSvilis saxelobis stipendia daminiSnes, riTac eko-
nomiurad cota moviTqvi suli. instituti davamTavre war-
CinebiT, vimuSave soflis eqimad. gaviare infeqciur sne-
ulebaTa kaTedris klinikuri ordinaturis kursi, Semdeg
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi vmuSaobdi saqarTvelos Savi Wiris
sawinaaRmdego sadgurSi. 1974 wels moskovis epidemiolo-
giis centralur institutSi davicavi samecniero disert-
acia Temaze _ `jilexis epidemiologiuri geografia sa-
qarTveloSi~. pensiaze gasvlamde vmuSaobdi daavadebaTa
kontrolis erovnuli centris zoonozur infeqciaTa
ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze.

89
 kompiuteruli grafika – nino TarxniSvili

SekveTa #97

Sps `poligraf Tbilisi~

Tbilisi, marjaniSvilis 5

90